Islamic Education in the age of Information and Communication

Technology: The need for compliance

By
Aminu M. Yakubu Umar
(GSM: 07037776253)aminu.malam@yahoo.co.uk

Department of Islamic Studies

Federal College of Education,
Kontagora, Niger State

Abstract
Islamic Education is as old as Islam itself for the fact that right from inception, it emphasize
on the need to acquire education regardless of distance or source once such knowledge is
considered lawful and a person is not expected to perform any religious functions unless he
is fully aware of its legal injunctions. Hence, it is not a matter of coincidence that Islam and
Islamic education go together. Islamic Education is vast and continues process for all ages
and as an old institution, Islamic Education has passed through ages and stages from the
Prophetic era to date in terms of development. On the other hand, through advancements in
science and technology, modern man has turned the world into a global village and through
advancement is Information and Communication Technology, information is disseminated
far and wide within the shortest period. Since Islam does not oppose any modern inventions
that are beneficial to mankind and since information and communication technological
inventions can be used for either good or bad, this paper intends to identifies relevance of
Information and Communication Technology in the advancement of Islamic Education. The
paper would define the concept of Islamic Education, gives classification of Islamic
Education, define Information and Communication Technology as well as identify various
ways through which Islamic Education benefits or can benefit from the innovations in
Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
Introduction

Islamic Education is as old as Islam itself for the fact that right from inception, it emphasize
on the need to acquire education regardless of distance or source once such knowledge is
considered lawful and a person is not expected to perform any religious functions unless he
is fully aware of its legal injunctions. Hence, it is not a matter of coincidence that Islam and
Islamic education go together. Islamic Education is vast and continues process for all ages
and as an old institution, Islamic Education has passed through ages and stages from the
Prophetic era to date in terms of development.

Nevertheless, it is important to stress here that Islam is a religion that embraces all
forms of scientific advancement as long as they do not contradict its basic provision.
Scientific inventions are permitted, and in fact, encouraged as long as they promote
the general well being of humanity. It is the duty of every Muslim to learn to apply
the etiquettes pertaining to these inventions in order not to stray from the pristine path
of Islam without knowing. One of such new inventions is the information and
communication technology (ICT). Advancements in science and technology are
among the ways and means through which modern man has turned the world into a
global village via Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The siren of
Information Technology is being heard loud and clear in every sphere of human
endeavour[ CITATION Bap10 \l 2057 ]. ICT drives many of today's innovations, it offers
enormous potential for further innovations and development, and brings changes to
social life.

Just as the other world religions, Islam is not exempted from utilizing the new
medium for disseminating information and so, individuals and organizations
belonging to various Islamic groups and organizations are exploring the situation in
spreading Islam. Hence, great efforts have been carried by many Muslim scholars,
scientists and intellectuals to promote Islamic knowledge and information through the
use of ICT, particularly World Wide Web (www) technology. Consequently, we
witness the proliferation of Islamic sites on the Internet as well as software devoted to
Islamic propagation. Unquestionably, ICT has impact in the effectiveness of
knowledge dissemination effectively [ CITATION MUH \l 2057 ].
Since Islam does not oppose any modern inventions that are beneficial to mankind
and since these modern technological gargets can be used for either good or bad
objectives, depending on the decision of the user, this paper attempts to highlight the
various ways through which information technology can enhance Islamic Education
activities. In doing so, the paper would define the concept of Islamic Education, gives
classification of Islamic Education, define Information and Communication
Technology as well as identify various ways through which Islamic Education
benefits or can benefit from the innovations in Information and communication
technology.

What is Islamic Education?

Many attempts have been made to define Islamic education. According to Ashraf
and Hussain[ CITATION Ash79 \l 1033 ];

Islamic education entails giving instruction on pure1y theological

matters, such that the trainee would be able to practice the five
pillars of Islam.
However, the above definition cannot fits the concept of education in Islam for the
fact that Islamic education is not confined to ensuring the practice of the five pillars
of Islam alone. Not only this, spiritual and intellectual development are but two of
the three important dimensions of personality development, the definitions leave out
the psychomotor domain. To Ajidagba, Islamic education is a system of education,
which entails ideological concept expounding the very nature of life (here and
after), and prescribing the position of man and his role on earth. It refers to the
totality of the upbringing of an individual within the content and context of Islam. It
therefore transcends the classroom setting. It can be received formally, non-formally and
informally. [ CITATION AJI15 \l 1033 ].

Education in the context of Islam is regarded as a process that involves the complete
person, including the rational, spiritual, and social dimensions as noted by Syed
Muhammad al-Naquib al-Attas in 1979, is directed toward the "balanced growth of
the total personality…through training Man's spirit, intellect, rational self, feelings
and bodily senses…such that faith is infused into the whole of his personality" (p.
158). Thus, in Islamic educational theory, knowledge is gained in order to actualize
and perfect all dimensions of the human being and the goal of Islamic education is
that people be able to live as he lived. The first world conference on Islamic education
thus designed the direction to be followed to ensure true Islamic education and so, it
was agreed upon that:

Education should aim at the balanced growth of the total personality of

man through the training of man’s spirit, intellect, the rational self,
feelings and bodily senses. Education should therefore cater for the
growth of man in all its aspects: spiritual, both individually and
collectively, and motivate all these aspects towards goodness and the
attainment of perfection. The ultimate aim of Muslim education lies in
the realization of complete submission to Allah on the level of the
individual, the community and humanity at large1

Types of Islamic education

Islamic Education in Nigeria

It is important to note that whenever Islam spread, the rudimentary Knowledge of the
Qur’an, the Hadith and Shari’ah also began to be taught o the followers of the
religion[ CITATION ABa74 \l 1033 ] (p57). Hence, the history of Islamic education in
Nigeria is the same as the history of the religion of Islam itself. This is because Islam
goes to any place or community along with its own form of education[ CITATION ABa74
\l 1033 ]. It is not a matter of coincidence or accident that Islam and Islamic education
go together the fact is that, without the latter, the former cannot be said to have been
firmly understood and practiced[ CITATION AJI15 \l 1033 ].

In Nigeria, Islamic education can be looked at it in relation to our educational

system. In this respect, it can be classified as; non-formal, informal and formal
types of education.

The non-formal Islamic education refers to the traditional form of Islamic

education usually conducted in the mosque, private houses or premises especially
built for this purpose popularly known as Qur’an school. Thus, two types of
Qur’anic schools can be identified here; Makarantan Allo and makarantar Ilimi.
The first school is meant for beginners while the higher school embraces all
aspects of Islamic studies.[ CITATION ABa74 \l 1033 ] (Pp 55-72). In a typical

1
[ CITATION Ash79 \l 1033 ], p 44
Makarantan Allo, the Malam sits under a tree, or in his parlor, verandah or porch,
surrounded by volumes of Qur’an and other Islamic books. As early as the third
year of life, Muslim children are expected to start the first stage of Qur’anic
education, at this stage, the pupils learn the shorter chapters of the Qur’an through
by rote learning. The second stage, the learner learns the Arabic alphabets (26
letters all which are consonants). The third stage was to introduce the pupils on the
use of vowels with the consonants (the vowels are four; Fatahah, Qisrah,
Dhammah and Sukun written above or below a consonant). When he is able to do
this, then pupil then, employ his newly acquired skills in the reading of the first
two parts of the Qur’an. The method of instruction is rote learning whereby the
teacher recites to his pupils the verses to be learnt and they repeat it after him. He
does this several times until he is satisfied that they have mastered the correct
pronunciations. The teachers at the early stage depend for their living on charity
(Sadaqah). This noble principle, which was successfully applied in the early stage
of the development of Islamic education, reduced the status of a teacher to that of a
mere beggar; he came to occupy socially rather a low status. He had to wonder
from place to place looking for charitable Muslims to patronize him and give him
food and shelter[ CITATION ABa74 \l 1033 ] . Makarantar Ilimi is the second part or
high non-formal system of Islamic education and it has much broader and deeper
curriculum. The students begin by learning the meaning of the verses he has
committed to memory. He is also introduced to the studies of Hadith. It is also at
this stage that the students begin to learn grammar. Other courses of study include;
Nahw, Mantiq, Hisab, al Jabra, Fiqh, Aqa’id and Usul [ CITATION ABa74 \l 1033 ] (p
62).

The informal type of Islamic education refers to the modernized mode of Qur’anic
schools inform of Islamiyyah or Nizamiyyah schools. This type of system uses the
formal structure of education that include; existence of classrooms setting,
curriculum though not uniform, duration for graduation, awards of certificate,
school fee even though not much, holidays and can be owns by group of
individuals or Islamic organizations.

Formal Islamic educational system is the type that is carried out by the formal or
conventional government funded schools and colleges. It has a ladder or level that
runs from primary to tertiary levels of education. It is a structured education. In
addition, it is patterned for specific age, time and purpose. it is known as Islamic
Religious knowledge or Islamic Studies and is just a subject in the Nigerian
western-oriented educational system". This system was said to have been first
introduced by Abdullahi Bayero, the then emir of Kano in 1934 which he brought
from the east while returning from Hajj. He set up a school at Kano for the training
of Alkalis named Northern Provinces law School. In 1947, it was taken over by
government and renamed School for Arabic Studies [ CITATION ABa74 \l 1033 ] .
Today, Islamic studies is taught in primary schools up to the university high degree
levels with many erudite professors specializing in different Islamic disciplines.

Meaning of Information and Communication Technology

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a term that has various
meanings. Some scholars see it as a term that encompasses a lot of activities involving
the acquisition, storage, processing and dissemination of information through the use
of appropriate software and hardware designed for that purpose[ CITATION Bap10 \l
2057 ]. Wirsiy and Shafack (2002) as quoted by Abubakar (2010) have defined
Information Technology as: “a broad-based term that encompasses the gathering
(acquisition) organization (packaging), storage and retrieval (dissemination) of
information that can be in textual or numerical (books, documents), pictorial and
vocal forms (audiovisual) or a combination of all the above (multi-media), using a
combination of computers and telecommunications (telephony). [ CITATION Bap10 \l
2057 ]. To Anyakoha,[ CITATION Any05 \l 2057 ] ICT is the electronic means of
capturing, processing, storing, and disseminating information. Ebijuwa (2005) defined
ICT as tools used for collection, processing, storage, transmission, and dissemination
of information. The American Library Association (1983) defined information
technology (IT) as the application of computers and other technologies to the
acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of
information[ CITATION Ete10 \l 2057 ]. Also, Yousif, in his contribution asserts that
Information Technology (IT) is "the use of computers and telecommunications for the
processing and distribution of information in digital, audio, video and other
forms"[ CITATION You01 \l 2057 ]. To Uwadiegu, ICT is an umbrella term that includes
any communication devise or application encompassing radio, television, cellular,
computer and network hardware and soft ware, satellites systems as well as the
 various services and applications associated with information. [ CITATION Uwa09 \l
2057 ]

Ways through which Islamic education can benefits from ICT

The ICT resources that can be used for the facilitation of Islamic education are
assorted ranging from simply public address system to complex computer networking.
The following are some of the ICT resources which have been put in use by Muslims
in the advancement of Islamic education work.

1. Internet
Internet is a network of networks that links together several other networks of
computers. It has a chain interconnected computers each computer stores myriads of
digitized information[ CITATION Any05 \l 2057 ]. To Ajala (2000), internet is only one if
not the most significant of the newer information retrieval media. Information found
in the internet has opened up numerous possibilities for doing resource sharing at
local and global level[ CITATION Aja00 \l 2057 ]. Internet contains bundles of
information that can be rapidly and easily accessed by the users. A wide range of
information can be obtained from on-line resources which are pleasantly presented
through the use of World Wide Web (www) technology. The use of internet as a
medium of communication is totally dependent on how to use it. In fact, today there
are all sorts of different values being propagated through the internet. There are many
internet-related information and communication facilities that are developed for the
purpose of information disseminations. Some of these facilities are:

(a) Websites: Websites otherwise referred to World Wide Wave (www) enables
the users to conveniently obtain and display textual information, recorded sounds or
graphic images from variety of sources on the Internet. Websites technology allows
information to be conveyed in the most efficient scheme. Excellent Islamic
homepages sprang up which open opportunities for better way of communication and
providing references to both Muslims and non-Muslims about Islam, but so too did
the deviant sects giving blatantly false information and arguments. In this respect, a
great number of Islamic websites have been developed with an objective to deliver
information and knowledge on fiqh and fatwa by adopting the ICT applications. For
example, http://www.al-islam.com, http://www.harf.com, http://www.islamonline.net,
http://www.islam-qa.com, http://www.qaradawi.net. These websites provide useful
information on almost all aspects of Islamic disciplines such as Quran, fiqh, usul fiqh,
fatwa, qada’, etc. Among the valuable resources of this websites are the heritage
books of fiqh that are available in the Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence software
which amount to about 750,000 of Printed pages with full analysis and studies.
Similarly, users can search for any fatwa from these web’s database, and at the same
time can compose and submit new problems or questions to the sites and receive
intelligent and authoritative responses to any question about Islam, whether it comes
from a Muslim or a non-Muslim, and to help solving general and personal social
problems by eminent Islamic Jurists. There are also personal sites for Muslim scholars
which enables them to put forward their ideas, opinions, lectures, khutbah and even
fatwa on various current issues and problems faced by Muslims all over the world like
human cloning, dividend and interest, purchase of Israel's products, leadership of
woman etc. In addition, we find out that each of the Islamic websites provide e-mail,
mailing list and newsgroup applications. This can enrich users’ choices to search,
share and exchange information and knowledge available via the Internet.
(b) E-mails: Another prominent application offered by the ICT is electronic mail
(e-mail). Email enables users to electronically send, receive and read messages.
Written messages are sent between individuals or group of people to others who have
internet services many kilometers away.[ CITATION Fib10 \l 2057 ]. With E-mail,
personal communication has been made faster, easier and cheaper. Together with the
e-mail, offers Newsgroup and Web-based Forum which allow the Internet users to
exchange and share information digitally. Assignments, lecture notes, tutorial
questions and papers, project, thesis and dissertation works, field trip materials, etc
can be exchanged freely between the students and teachers using this means.
(c) Social Network: This simply can be referred to as a world of visual
communities, through which people tend to relate and interact more easily and
exchange messages, pictures, videos etc. examples include the very popular Facebook
which currently has more than 1.06 billion active users; and most of them spend
around 19 minutes per day for social networking. [ CITATION Rau12 \l 2057 ] . facebook
has the largest number of users in the world and thus, one of the best medium to
spread the information to all mankind. Twitter with up to 500 million users; YouTube
for uploading and streaming videos which also reach billion active user accounts in
recent years. It enables billions of people to discover, watch and share originally
created videos. It provides a forum for people to connect, inform, and inspire others
across the globe and acts as a distribution platform for original content creators.
Instagram for sharing pictures, Nairaland largest online forum in Nigeria, WhatsApp,
BBM, 2go, etc are other examples of social network through which Islamic education
can be impacted.[ CITATION Ade15 \l 2057 ] . The social network is a viable medium for
getting peoples’ attention and sharing the message of Islam to an uncountable
audience. This may be done through sharing Islamic updates, logical proof for the
authenticity of Islam; info-graphics, etc.
(d) Multimedia: Multimedia which encompasses animation, audio, video, graphic
(both two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D)) is another most complex and
rapidly changing areas in ICT. Multimedia can be useful tools in information
distribution. For example, http://www.al-islam.com, http://www.islamicity.com
http://www.islamonline.net are among the Islamic websites that enable the users to
listen for the khutbah or lectures conveyed by prominent Muslim scholars.[ CITATION
MUH \l 2057 ]
(e) Data base: Database system is among the sophisticated applications which are
offered by the advent technology. It is simply a system that handles the process of
centralizing the data, managing them efficiently, enables users to search for the
information using the easiest and most effective way [ CITATION MUH \l 2057 ] . Islamic
websites that adopt this approach provide Islamic information by linking their
databases to webs. With the advancement of technology these sources are now
accessible via internet and users can easily download and print out these materials
freely without buying them in the market. For instance, http://www.al-islam.com
allows the Internet users to digitally read and even print out some prominent heritage
books on fiqh and fatwa like Al-Fatawa Al-Fiqhiyyah Al-Kubra, Al-Fatawa Al-
Hindiyyah, I‘lam al-Muwaqqi’in ‘an Rabbi al-‘Alamin, Al-Turuq Al-Hukmiyyah, Al-
Ahkam Al-Sultaniyyah, Al-Mughni, Al-Furuuq, Al-Mawsu’ah Al-Fiqhiyyah and
others[ CITATION MUH \l 2057 ]
(f) Blog: Is a website containing a writer’s view or group writers own
experiences, observation, opinion, etc. it also often having images and link to other
websites. It is a discussion or informal site published on the World Wide Web and
consisting of discrete entries or posts. [ CITATION mad14 \l 2057 ]. Many useful
discourses on Islam could be found in blogs created by the concern Muslims today.
(g) Conferencing: ICT also enables real-time communication among the users
through either tele or video conferencing. For example, audio-conferencing allows
them to hear what people are saying into a microphone during a chat, while video
conferencing allows them to see the people as well. The technology can facilitate the
tasks of Islamic teachers and students in conducting research where they can find out
lots of information through direct contact with many renowned Islamic Scholars as
well as relate with those who are interested to share Islam with him.
(h) Software and Application Programmes
Software is a computer programme – a set of commands or instructions that aims to
perform a certain task or computation. These commands are written in a language that
the computer can understand. They instruct the computer exactly what to do. In this
respect, Muslim software developers have been proactive in developing such Islamic-
based software, which can really benefit in the dissemination of Islamic information.
Good examples here are soft wares developed to teach calculations of Nisab for
Zakat, shares for inherited estates, calendars for sighting the moon, Adhan software
for prayer time, Complete Qur’an with various recitations for Qur’aninc easy
memorization, software for detecting or determining the Qiblah to mention but few.
All these are rich teaching aid materials that can be utilize by Islamic teachers and
students in their pursuit for Islamic Education.
2. Television and Radio
Television and radio channels are popular forms of communication where message
and news transmission would reach a huge and diverse audience. Thus, they would be
effective and efficient tools to be used as instructional materials in Islamic education.
Today, We witnessed the proliferation of TV and Radio stations exclusively devoted
spread Islam and Islamic knowledge. Good examples of such local television satellite
channels that were established for the purpose of transmitting Islamic information and
knowledge in Nigeria include; Sunnah Tv, Faydha Tijdhaniyyah Tv, Wisal Hausa Tv,
Al-Afrikiyy Tv, Africa 3 Tv etc.
3. GSM Phones and Services
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a digital mobile telephony
system that is widely used in the world today. Mobile services based on GSM
technology were first launched in Finland in 1991[ CITATION Mar07 \l 2057 ]. GSM
digitizes and compresses data, then send it down a channel with two other streams of
user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz
frequency band.[ CITATION Mar07 \l 2057 ]. Today, more than 690 mobile networks
provide GSM services across 213 countries and it represent 82.4% of all global
mobile connections with over 5 billion GSM mobile phone users worldwide[ CITATION
wik15 \l 2057 ]. In addition to direct call, short messages can be sent through SMS
(Short Messaging Services and MMS (Multimedia Messaging Services). Also some
sophisticated cell phones carries assorted social networks packages like WhatsApp,
Facebook, 2go, Youtube, Twitter etc which serve as means of knowledge acquisition
and transmission.
The need for compliance
Many reasons are bound why it is necessary to comply with the current technological
invention even if simply for the fact that the inventions are not contrary to the
teachings of Islam. However, considering skyrocketing population of Muslims in
pursuits of this knowledge in the country which is not congruent with available
learning facilities in the country, it will be of great relief if information and
technological apparatus are implored. For instance, the recommended class size of
learners according to the National Policy on Education (FGN, 2004) is 30. But today,
we find crowded classrooms in our both formal and informal schools that teachers
find difficult to hand.

Also, over the years, our schools are facing the problem of in inadequacy of
educational infrastructures like physical facilities, instructional materials and it is
evident that no learning can effectively take place without due consideration of
necessary equipment and materials. ICT instructional facilities can be of very great
help to this effect.
Added to the above is problem of funding education in the country. An average
Nigerian Muslim parent does spend heavily on Western education for their children
but reverse is the case when it comes to Islamic education which some take as
secondary. Government that is sponsoring the formal Islamic education is not
adequately funding schools in general. Thus, unfortunately, there is dearth of physical
and instructional materials in our schools which make learning unattractive.
More so, in our present contemporary society, our young learners seem to tilt towards
ICT facilities and develop interest in anything internet or electronic. If we don’t
introduced them in using the modern electronic appliances to learn and appreciate
their religion, there is tendency that their attention would be diverted to other areas of
ICT since ICT can be use for both good and bad ways depending on the user.

However, the following are some of the benefits of ICT in the advancement of Islamic
Education that will justify the need for Islamic education to be ICT compliant.
It is inevitable that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) brings a lot of
programs for the advancement of Islamic education. For instant, there are lots of
Islamic sites being developed with the purpose of providing and disseminating
Islamic information. The primary purpose of various Islamic websites is to inform and
educate Muslims and clear misconceptions about Islam [ CITATION Abd14 \l 2057 ]. ICT
has becomes a new mechanism for Muslims all over the world to collect, exchange,
share and spread information about Islam. Through the websites, Muslims are given
on-line access to Qur’anic recitations and its’ translations, books of Hadith, books and
problems of Islamic fiqh, fatwa and other numerous Islamic databases.

The ICT is also a substance through which Muslims can network with each other and
stimulate debate and exchange data on matters of common interest. Muslim dialogue
and activism on a broad range of other issues take place online. [ CITATION Abd14 \l
2057 ].

ICT enables Muslim scholars located in different parts of the globe to interact, share
and seek latest information. For example, Yahoo operates a service called Groups, in
which individuals as small as two to as many as over ten thousands can get together
and exchange information, opinions, news and perspectives on any aspect of their
lives. The Islamic community on Yahoo is centred on ‘Islamic issues and values.
Numerous versions of the translation of the meaning of the Quran can be found,
linked into diverse commentaries and other materials, utilizing state-of-the-art
technology.[ CITATION Ami15 \l 1033 ]
ICT facilities especially the internet provide opportunities for students and teachers to
update their Knowledge by visiting educative websites because, there are a lot of
forum online where intellectually lifting information are shared.

Recommendations

It has been repeatedly said that Muslims constitute a large percentage of Nigerians. In
order to be fair and just to this large Muslim population, Islamic education should be
accorded a more dignified attention than it is presently being given. Even, if only for
spiritual and moral development, which the National Policy on Education (1981)
advocates for, government should be more interested in Islamic education.

It is expected that Muslims should establish numerous highly attractive websites for
the teaching of Islam, so as to compete with the other websites which have different
and perhaps more popular contents.
As Muslims, we are responsible to preach and disseminate Islam. This process is in
need for a sophisticated tool so that it can meet the ever changing requirements of
today’s dynamic society. Hence, Muslims need to equip themselves with the
knowledge of information and Communication technology which acts as the most
powerful tool of propaganda.

Muslims should not be passive observer to this sophisticated technology but have to
become major players adapting whatever applications invented in order to enhance
and accelerate of Islam.

The internet is nothing but a tool, and like a knife, can either be used for good or evil.
We must all be careful how we go about using the thing the virtual world has got to
offer, so that we may avoid hurting others, and at the same time avoid getting hurt by
others.

CONCLUSION
The ICT does not operate in a vacuum; it is a part and parcel of the society affecting
the society in all spheres of life. In light of the issues raised in this paper, there are
various facilities offered by ICT that can be efficiently utilized in advancing Islamic
education. Thus, it is expected that Islam can benefit from such advanced technology.
It therefore, becomes the responsibility of Muslims to learn, master and use this new
technology for the benefit of Islam and Muslims.

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