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EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
In this example a continuous beam-column is subjected to factored axial load P =
1400 kN, major-axis bending moment My = 200 kN-m, and a minor axis bending
moment of Mz = 100 kN-m. This example was tested using the Italian NTC-2008
steel frame design code. The design capacities are compared with independent
hand calculated results.
Z-Z
L P
A A
Mz,bot
My,bot Section A-A
L = 0.4 m
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are taken from hand calculations based on the CSI steel
design documentation contained in the file “SFD-NTC-2008.pdf,” which is
available through the program “Help” menu.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The results show an exact comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: S275 Steel
E = 210,000 MPa
G = 80,769 MPa
fy = 235 MPa
Section: 457x191x98 UB
A = 12,500 mm2
b = 192.8 mm, tf = 19.6 mm, h = 467.2 mm, tw = 11.4 mm, r = 10.2 mm
hw = h − 2t f = 467.2 − 2 • 19.6 = 428 mm
γM1 =
1.05
Loadings:
P = 1400 kN axial load
M z −1 = 100 kN-m
M z − 2 = −100 kN-m
M y −1 = 200 kN-m
M y − 2 = 0 kN-m
Results in the following internal forces:
N Ed = 1400 kN
M y , Ed = 200 kN-m
M z , Ed = 100 kN-m
Vy , Ed = 500 kN-m
Vz , Ed = 0 kN-m
Section Compactness:
235 235
=ε = = 1
fy 235
1 N Ed
−1 ≤=
α 1 − ≤ 1
2 2htw f y
1 1, 400, 000
=
α 1 − = 2.7818 > 1, so
2 2 • 467.2 • 11.4 • 235
α =1.0
c 80.5
λe = = = 4.11
t f 19.6
=
λ e 4.11 < λ=
cl .1 9
So Flange is Class 1 in combined bending and compression
d 407.6
λe = = = 35.75
tw 11.4
=
λ e 35.75 > =
λ cl .1 33.00
456ε 456 • 1
λ= = = 38.00
13α − 1 13 • 1 − 1
cl .2
=
λ e 35.75 < λ
= cl .2 38.00
So Web is Class 2 in combined bending & compression.
N c , Rd = 2797.6 kN
AV , y = 5,565.5 mm 2
fy 235
=
Vc , y , Rd = Avy • 5,565.5
γM 0 3 1.05 3
Vc , y , Rd = 719.2 kN
fy 235
=
Vc , z , Rd = Avy • 7, 620.8
γM 0 3 1.05 3
Vc , z , Rd = 984.7 kN
η =1.0
M c , y , Rd = 499.1kN-m
M c , z , Rd = 84.8 kN-m
2
2VEd 2 • 500 2
ρ
= − 1= − 1= 0.1525
V 719.2
c , Rd
M V ,r , Rd = 481.3kN-m
N Ed 1400
=n = = 0.50
N pl , Rd 2797.6
A − 2bt f 12,500 − 2 • 192.8 • 19.6
=a = = 0.40 ≤ 0.5
A 12,500
M N , y , Rd = 310.8 kN-m
K y = 1.00
Lcr , y 400
Lcr , y =
K y Ly =
1 • 400 =
400 mm, = =
2.091
ry 191.3
π2 E π2 • 210, 000
=N cr , y = = 5,925, 691kN
K y Ly 12,500 • ( 2.091)
2 2
A
ry
Af y 12,500 • 235
=
λy = = 0.022
N cr , y 5,925, 691
( )
φ y 0.5 1 + α y λ y − 0.2 + λ= 0.5 1 + 0.21( 0.022 − 0.2 ) + 0.0222
2
=
y
φ y =0.482
1 1
=
Stress Reduction Factor: χ y = = 1.0388
φy + φy − λ y
2 2
0.482 + 0.482 2
− 0.0222
=
χ y 1.0388 > 1.0, so=
χ y 1.0
K z = 1.00
Lcr , z 400
Lcr , z =
K z Lz =
1 • 400 =
400 mm, = =
9.231
rz 43.33
π2 E π2 • 210, 000
=N cr , z = = 304, 052 kN
K z Lz 12,500 • ( 9.231)
2 2
A
rz
Af y 12,500 • 235
=
λz = = 0.098
N cr , z 304, 052
( )
φ z 0.5 1 + α z λ z − 0.2 + λ= 0.5 1 + 0.34 ( 0.098 − 0.2 ) + 0.0982
2
=
z
φ z =0.488
1 1
=
Stress Reduction Factor: χ z = = 1.0362
φz + φz − λ z
2 2
0.488 + 0.488 2
− 0.0982
=
χ z 1.0362 > 1.0, so=
χ z 1.0
N bzz , Rd = 2, 797.6 kN
λ LT ,0 =(default
0.4 for rolled section)
β =0.75 (default for rolled section)
=
M B M=
y −2 0, = =
MA M y −1 200 kN-m
2
M
2
M 0 0
=
ψ 1.75 − 1.05 B + 0.3 B = 1.75 − 1.05 + 0.3 = 1.75
MA MA 200 200
π2 EI z I w ( Lcr , z ) GIT
2
M cr =
ψ +
( cr , z ) z
π2 EI z
2
L I
π2 • 210, 000 • 23, 469,998 1.176 • 1012 4002 • 80, 769 • 1, 210, 000
M cr =
1.75 • + 2
4002 23, 469,998 π • 210, 000 • 23, 469,998
M cr = 119, 477, 445,900 N-mm
( )
φ LT 0.5 1 + α LT λ LT − λ LT ,0 + βλ= 0.5 1 + 0.49 • ( 0.066 − 0.4 ) + 0.75 • 0.0662
2
=
LT
φ LT =
0.420
( )
1 − 0.5 (1 − kc ) 1 − 2 λ LT − 0.8 = 1 − 0.5 (1 − 1.329 ) 1 − 2 ( 0.066 − 0.8 ) =
2 2
f = 0.987
1 1 1 1
=χ LT ≤ 1.0 or 2
f φ LT + φ LT 2 + βλ LT 2 λ LT f
1 1 1 1
χ LT ≤ 1.0 or
0.987 0.420 + 0.4202 + 0.75 • 0.0662 0.066 0.987
2
χ=
LT 1.2118 ≤ (1.0 or 230.9 )
so
χ LT =
1.0
fy 235
M b , Rd =
χ LT W pl , y =
1.0 • 2, 230, 000 •
γM1 1.05
M b , Rd = 499.095 kN-m
D
= 2.044 (Governs)
C
k yz = 0.479
k zy = 0.698
k zz = 0.798