MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [435]

FLUID MECHANICS
GATE QUESTIONS

1. Fluid Properties

GATE-1999

1. Kinematic viscosity of air at 20ºC is given to be 1.6 × 10−5 m 2 /s . Its kinematic viscosity at 70ºC will
be vary approximately (GATE-1999)
−5 −5
(a) 2.2 × 10 m /s
2
(b) 1.6 × 10 m /s 2

−5
(c) 1.2 × 10 m /s
2
(d) 3.2 × 10−5 m 2 /s

2. If ‘p’ is the guage pressure within a spherical droplet, then gauge pressure within a bubble of the
same fluid and of same size will (GATE-1999)
p p
(a) (b) (c) p (d) 2p
4 2

GATE-2001

3. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity (v) is (GATE-2001)

m2 kg m m 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
sec (m sec) sec 2 sec 2

4. A static fluid can have (GATE-2001)

(a) Non-zero normal and shear stress
(b) Negative normal stress and zero shear stress
(c) Positive normal stress and zero shear stress
(d) Zero normal stress and non-zero shear stress

GATE-2004

5. An incompressible fluid (kinematic viscosity, 7.4 × 10−7 m 2 /s, specific gravity, 0.88) is held between
two parallel plates. If the top plate is moved with a velocity of 0.5 m/s while the bottom one is held
stationary, then fluid attains a linear velocity profile in the gap of 0.5 mm between these plates; the
shear stress in Pascals on the surface of top plate is (GATE-2004)
−3
(a) 0.651 × 10 (b) 0.651 (c) 6.51 (d) 0.651 × 103

GATE-2006

6. For a Newtonian fluid (GATE-2006)

(a) Shear stress is proportional to shear strain
(b) Rate of shear stress is proportional to shear strain
(c) Shear stress is proportional to rate of shear strain
(d) Rate of shear stress is proportional to rate of shear strain

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [436]

GATE-2014

7. In a simple concentric shaft-bearing arrangements, the lubricant flows in the 2 mm gap between the
shaft and the bearing. The flow may be assumed to be a plane Couette flow with zero pressure
gradient. The diameter of the shaft is 100 mm and its tangential speed is 10 m/s. the dynamic
viscosity of the lubricant is 0.1 kg/m.s. The frictional resisting force (in newton) per 100mm length
of the bearing is ______. GATE-2014 (Set-1, 2 Marks)
2
8. The difference in pressure (in N/m ) across an air bubble of diameter 0.001 m immersed in water
(surface tension =0.072 N/m) is _________ GATE-2014 (Set-2, 1 Mark)

GATE-2016

9. Consider fluid flow between two infinite horizontal plates which are parallel (the gap between them
being 50 mm). The top plate is sliding parallel to the stationary bottom plate at a speed of 3 m/s.
The flow between the plates is solely due to the motion of the top plate. The force per unit area
2
(magnitude) required to maintain the bottom plate stationary is _________ N/m .
3
Viscosity of the fluid µ = 0.44 kg/m-s and densityρ = 888 kg/m .
GATE-2016 (Set-2, 2 Marks)

GATE-2018

10. A solid block of 2.0 kg mass slides steadily at a velocity V along a vertical wall as shown in the
figure below. A thin oil film of thickness h = 0.15 mm provides lubrication between the block and
the wall. The surface area of the face of the block in contact with the oil film is 0.04m2 . The
velocity distribution within the oil film gap is linear as shown in the figure. Take dynamic
viscosity of oil as 7 × 10 −3 Pa − s and acceleration due to gravity as 10 m/s2 . Neglect weight of the
oil. The terminal velocity V (in m/s) of the block is _________ (correct to one decimal place).
(Set-1, 2-Marks)

SOLUTIONS
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c)
5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (15.712N) 8. (288)
9. (26.4) 10. (10.71)

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [437]

2. Fluid Kinematics

GATE-1999

1. For the function φ = ax 2 y − y 3 to represent the velocity potential of an ideal fluid, ∇ 2 φ should be
equal to zero. In that case, the value of ‘a’ has to be (GATE-1999)
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) –3 (d) 3

2. ( )
If the velocity vector in a two-dimensional flow field is given by V = 2 xyiˆ + 2 y 2 − x 2 ˆj then
→
vorticity vector, curl V will be (GATE-1999)
→ → 
2
(a) 2 y j (b) 6 y k (c) zero (d) −4 xk

GATE-2001
→ → →
3. The 2-D flow with, velocity V = ( x + 2 y + 2) i + (4 − y ) j is (GATE-2001)
(a) compressible and irrotational (b) compressible and not irrotational
(c) incompressible and irrotational (d) incompressible and not irrotational

GATE-2004
→ → →
4. A fluid flow is represented by the velocity field V = ax i + ay j , where a is a constant. The
equation of stream line passing through a point (1, 2) is (GATE-2004)
(a) x – 2y = 0 (b) 2x + y = 0 (c) 2x – y = 0 (d) x + 2y = 0

5. For a fluid flow through a divergent pipe of length L having inlet and outlet radii of R1 and R 2
respectively and a constant flow rate of Q, assuming the velocity to be axial and uniform at any
cross-section, the acceleration at the exit is (GATE-2004)
2Q(R1 − R 2 ) 2Q (R1 − R 2 )
2
(a) (b)
πL R2 3
π L R 32
2Q 2 (R1 − R 2 ) 2Q 2 (R 2 − R1 )
(c) (d)
π2 L R 52 π2 L R 52

6. A closed cylinder having a radius R and height H is filled with oil of density ρ. If the cylinder is
rotated about its axis at an angular velocity of ω, then thrust at the bottom of the cylinder is
ρω2 R 2
(a) π R 2 ρg H (b) π R 2 (GATE-2004)
4
 ρω2 R 2 
(c) π R 2 (ρω2 R 2 + ρg H) (d) π R 2  + ρg H 
 4 
GATE-2005

7. The velocity components in the x and y directions of a two dimensional potential flow are u and v
∂u
respectively. Then is equal to (GATE-2005)
∂x

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [438]

∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
(a) (b) − (c) (d) −
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
8. A leaf is caught in a whirlpool. At a given instant, the leaf is at a distance of 120 m from the center
of the whirlpool. The whirlpool can be described by the following velocity distribution;
 60 × 103  300 × 103
Vr = −  m/s and V = m/s
 2π r  2π r
0

where r (in meters) is the distance from the center of the whirlpool. What will be the distance of the
leaf from the center when it has moved through half a revolution? (GATE-2005)
(a) 48 m (b) 64 m (c) 120 m (d) 142 m

GATE-2006

9. In a two-dimensional velocity field with velocities u and v along the x and y directions respectively,
the convective acceleration along the x-direction is given by (GATE-2006)
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v
(a) u +v (b) u +v
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂v ∂u ∂u ∂u
(c) u +v (d) v +u
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
10. A two-dimensional flow field has velocities along the x and y directions given by u = x 2t and
v = –2xyt respectively, where t is time. The equation of stream lines is
(GATE-2006)
(a) x y = constant
2
(b) x y = constant
2

(c) x y = constant (d) not possible to determine

GATE-2007
 3x 
11. In a steady flow through a nozzle, the flow velocity on the nozzle axis is given by v = u0 1 +  i,
 L
where x is the distance along the axis of the nozzle from its inlet Plane and L is the length of the
nozzle. The time required for a fluid particle on the axis to travel from the inlet to the exit plane of
the nozzle is (GATE-2007)
L L L L
(a) (b) ln 4 (c) (d)
u0 3u0 4u0 2.5u0

12. Which combination of the following statements about steady incompressible forced vortex flow is
correct? (GATE-2007)
P: Shear stress is zero at all points in the flow
Q: Vorticity is zero at all points in the flow
R: Velocity is directly proportional to the radius from the center of the vortex
S: Total mechanical energy per unit mass is constant in the entire flow field
(a) P and Q (b) R and S (c) P and R (d) P and S

GATE-2008
→ → →
13. For the continuity equation given by ∇ .V = 0 to be valid, where V is the velocity vector, which
one of the following is a necessary condition? (GATE-2008)
(a) steady flow (b) irrotational flow
(c) inviscid flow (d) incompressible flow

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [439]

Statement for Linked Answer Question 14 and 15

The gap between a moving circular plate and a stationary surface is being continuously reduced, as the
circular plate comes down at a uniform speed V towards the stationary bottom surface, as shown in the
figure. In the process, the fluid contained between the two plates flows out radially. The fluid is assumed
to be incompressible and inviscid.
R Moving
r circular plate

h V

Stationary
surface (GATE-2008)
14. The radial velocity vr at any radius r, when the gap width is h, is
Vr Vr 2Vh Vh
(a) vr = (b) vr = (c) vr = (d) vr =
2h h r r
15. The radial component of the fluid acceleration at r = R is
3V 2 R V2R V2R V2R
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4h 2 4h 2 2h 2 4h 2

GATE-2009
16. You are asked to evaluate assorted fluid flows for their suitability in a given laboratory application.
The following three flow choices, expressed in terms of the two-dimensional velocity fields in the
xy-plane, are made available.
P. u = 2y, v = –3x
Q. u = 3xy, v=0
R. u = 2x, v = 2y
Which flows (s) should be recommended when the application requires the flow to be
incompressible and irrotational? (GATE-2009)
(a) P and R (b) Q (c) Q and R (d) R

GATE-2010
→ ^ ^
17. Velocity vector of a flow field is given as V = 2 x y i − x 2 z j . The vorticity vector at (1, 1, 1) is
(GATE-2010)
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
(a) 4 i − j (b) 4 i − k (c) i − 4 j (d) i − 4 k

GATE-2011
18. A streamline and an equipotential line in a flow field (GATE-2011)
(a) are parallel to each other
(b) are perpendicular to each other
(c) intersect at an acute angle
(d) are identical

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [440]

GATE-2014

19. For an incompressible flow field, V , which one of the following conditions must be satisfied?
GATE-2014 (Set-2, 1 Mark)

    ∂V  
(a) ∇.V = 0 (b) ∇ × V = 0 (c) (V .∇)V = 0 (d) + (V .∇)V = 0
∂t
20. A flow field which has only convective acceleration is GATE-2014 (Set-4, 1 Mark)
(a) a steady uniform flow (b) an unsteady uniform flow
(c) a steady non-uniform flow (d) an unstable non-uniform flow

21. Consider the following statements regarding streamline (s): GATE-2014 (Set-4, 2 Marks)
(i) It is a continuous line such that the tangent at any point on it shows the velocity vector at the
point
(ii) there is no flow across streamlines
dx dy dz
(iii) = = is the differential equation of a streamline, where u, v, and w are velocities in
u v w
directions x, y and z , respectively
(iv) In an unsteady flow, the path of a particle is a streamline
Which one of the following combinations of the statements is true?
(a) (i), (ii), (iv) (b) (ii), (iii), (iv) (c) (i), (iii), (iv) (d) (i), (ii), (iii)

22. Consider a velocity field V = K ( yiˆ + xkˆ), where K is a constant. The vorticity, Ω z , is
GATE-2014 (Set-4, 2 Marks)
(a) –K (b) K (c) –K/2 (d) K/2
GATE-2015

23. Match the following

Equation Physical Interpretation

P ∇ ×V = 0 I Incompressible continuity equation

Q ∇.V = 0 II Steady flow

R DV III Irrotational flow
=0
Dt

S ∂V IV Zero accelerator of fluid particle
=0
∂t
(a) P-IV, Q-I, R-II, S-III GATE-2015 (Set-1, 2 Marks)
(b) P-IV, Q-III, R-I, S-II
(c) P-III, Q-I, R-IV, S-II
(d) P-III, Q-I, R-II, S-IV

24. The velocity field of an incompressible flow is given by

V = (a1 x + a2 y + a3 z )i + (b1 x + b2 y + b3 z ) j + (c1 x + c2 y + c3 z )k , where a1 = 2 and c3 = –4. The value
of b2 is ________ (GATE-2015 Set-1, 2 Marks)

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [441]

25. If the fluid velocity for a potential flow is given by V(x, y) = u(x, y)i + v(x, y)j with usual notations,
then the slope of the potential line at (x, y) is GATE-2015 (Set-2, 1 Mark)
2
v u u
(a) (b) − (c) 2
v
(d)
u v u v
GATE-2016
26. The instantaneous stream-wise velocity of a turbulent flow is given as follows:
u ( x, y, z , t ) = u ( x , y , z ) + u '( x , y , z , t ) GATE-2016 (Set-1, 1 Mark)
The time-average of the fluctuating velocity u '( x , y , z , t ) is
(a) u '/ 2 (b) −u / 2 (c) zero (d) u / 2

27. The volumetric flow rate (per unit depth) between two streamlines having stream functions ψ1 and
ψ2is GATE-2016 (Set-2, 1 Mark)
(a) |ψ1+ψ2| (b) ψ1ψ2 (c) ψ1/ψ2 (d) |ψ1–ψ2|

28. For a certain two-dimensional incompressible flow, velocity field is given by 2xyiˆ − y 2 ˆj . The
streamlines for this flow are given by the family of curves
GATE-2016 (Set-3, 1 Mark)
(a) x y = constant
2 2
(b) xy = constant
2

(c) 2 xy − y 2 = constant (d) xy = constant

 x y
29. For a two-dimensional flow, the velocity field is u = iˆ +
ˆj , where iˆ and ˆj are the
x +y 2
x + y2
2 2

basis vectors in the x-y Cartesian coordinate system. Identify the CORRECT statements from
below. GATE-2016 (Set-3, 2 Marks)
(1) The flow is incompressible.
(2) The flow is unsteady.
−y
(3) y-component of acceleration, a y = 2
( x + y 2 )2
−( x + y )
(4) x-component of acceleration, ax =
( x 2 + y 2 )2
(a) (2) and (3) (b) (1) and (3) (c) (1) and (2) (d) (3) and (4)
GATE-2017

30. Consider the two-dimensional velocity field given by V = ( 5 + a1 x + b1 y ) + iˆ + ( 4 + a2 x + b2 y ) ˆj .
Where a1, b1a2 and b2 are constants. Which one of the following conditions needs to be satisfied for
the flow to be incompressible? (GATE-2017 Set-1, 1-Mark)

(a) a 1+ b1 = 0 (b) a 1+ b2 = 0 (c) a 2 + b2 = 0 (d) a 2 − b2 = 0


31. ( )
For a steady flow, the velocity field is V = − x 2 + 3 y iˆ + ( 2 xy ) ˆj . The magnitude of the
acceleration of a particle at (1, –1) is (GATE-2017 Set-1, 2-Marks)

(a.) 2 (b) 1 (c) 2 5 (d) 0

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [442]

GATE-2018

32. For a two-dimensional incompressible flow field given by u = A(xiˆ − yjˆ),which A > 0, which one of
the following statements is FALSE? (GATE-2018 Set-1, 1-Mark)

(a) It satisfies continuity equation. (b) It is unidirectional when x → 0 and y → ∞.

(c) Its streamlines are given by x = y. (d) It is irrotational.

33. A flat plate of width L = 1 m is pushed down with a velocity U = 0.01 m/s towards a wall resulting
in the drainage of the fluid between the plate and the wall as shown in the figure. Assume two-
dimensional incompressible flow and that the plate remains parallel to the wall. The average
velocity, uavg of the fluid (in m/s) draining out at the instant shown in the figure is
_____________(correct to three decimal places). (GATE-2018 Set-1, 1-Mark)

34. In a Lagrangian system, the position of a fluid particle in a flow is described as x = x0e–kt and 𝑦𝑦 =
𝑦𝑦𝑜𝑜𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑘𝑡𝑡 where t is the time while 𝑥𝑥𝑜𝑜, 𝑦𝑦𝑜𝑜, and k are constants. The flow is
(GATE-2018 Set-1, 2-Marks)

(a) unsteady and one-dimensional (b) steady and two-dimensional

(c) steady and one-dimensional (d) unsteady and two-dimensional

GATE-2019
  4 
35. Water flows through a pipe with a velocity given by V =  + x + y  ˆjm/s , where ĵ is the
t 
unit vector in the y direction, t(>0) is in seconds, and x and y are in meters. The
magnitude of total acceleration at the point (x, y) = (1, 1) at t = 2s is ____ m/s2.
(GATE-2019 Set-1 , 1-Mark)

36. A two-dimensional incompressible frictionless flow field is given by u = xiˆ − yjˆ . If ρ is

the density of the fluid, the expression for pressure gradient vector at any point in the flow
field is given as (GATE-2019 Set-2 , 1-Mark)
(a) ρ(xiˆ + yj)
ˆ (b) −ρ(xiˆ + yj)
ˆ (c) ρ(xiˆ − yj)
ˆ (d) −ρ(x 2 ˆi + y 2 ˆj)

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [443]

ANSWER-KEY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
d d d c c a d b a a
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
b b d a a d d b a c
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
d a c 2 b c d b b b
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
c c 0.05 b 3 b

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [444]

3. Fluid Dynamics

GATE-1999
d
1. Water flows through a vertical contraction from a pipe of diameter d to another of diameter
2
(see figure). The flow velocity at the inlet to the contraction is 2 m/s and pressure 200 kN/ m 2 .
If the height of the contraction measures 2 m, the pressure at the exit of the contraction will be very
nearly

d/2 φ

2m

dφ (GATE-1999)
2
(a) 168 kN/ m (b) 192 kN/ m 2 (c) 150 kN/ m 2 (d) 174 kN/ m 2
GATE-2000

2. Navier Stoke’s equation represents the conservation of (GATE-2000)

(a) energy (b) mass (c) pressure (d) momentum

3. Air flows through a venturi and into atmosphere. Air density is ρ; atmospheric pressure is Pa ;
throat diameter is Dt ; exit diameter is D and exit velocity is U. The throat is connected to a
cylinder containing a frictionless piston attached to a spring. The spring constant is k. The bottom
surface of the piston is exposed to atmosphere. Due to the flow, the piston moves by distance x.
Assuming incompressible frictionless flow, x is
D U
Dt

Ds Pa
x
(GATE-2003)

 ρ U2   ρ U 2   D2 
 π Ds   2 − 1 π D s
2
(a)  2
(b) 
 2k   8k   D t 
 ρ U 2   D2   ρ U   D4
2

  2 − 1 π D s   4 − 1 π D s
2 2
(c)  (d) 
 2k   Dt   8k   D t 
GATE-2000
4. A venturimeter of 20 mm throat diameter is used to measure the velocity of water in a horizontal
pipe of 40 mm diameter. If the pressure difference between the pipe and throat sections is found to
be 30 kPa then, neglecting frictional losses, the flow velocity is
(GATE-2005)
(a) 0.2 m/s (b) 1.0 m/s (c) 1.4 m/s (d) 2.0 m/s

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [445]

GATE-2010

5. A smooth pipe of diameter 200 mm carries water. The pressure in the pipe at section SI (elevation:
10 m) is 50 kPa. At section S2 (elevation: 12 m) the pressure is 20 kPa and velocity is 2 ms −1 .
Density of water is 1000 kgm −3 and acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 ms −2 . Which of the following
is TRUE? (GATE-2010)
(a) Flow is form S1 to S2 and head loss is 0.53 m
(b) Flow is from S2 to S1 and head loss is 0.53 m
(c) Flow is from S1 to S2 and head loss is 1.06 m
(d) Flow is from S2 to S1 and head loss is 1.06 m

GATE-2011

6. Figure shows the schematic for the measurement of velocity of air (density = 1.2 kg/m3) through a
constant-area duct using a pitot tube and a water tube manometer. The differential head of water
(density = 1000 kg/ m3 ) in the two columns of the manometer is 10 mm. Take acceleration due to
gravity as 9.8 m/s2 The velocity of air in m/s is (GATE-2011)

Flow

10 mm

(a) 6.4 (b) 9.0 (c) 12.8 (d) 25.6

GATE-2012

7. A large tank with a nozzle attached contains three immiscible, inviscid fluids as shown. Assuming
that the changes in h1 , h2 and h3 are negligible, the instantaneous discharge velocity is

(GATE-2012)

 ρ h ρ h 
(a) 2 gh3 1 + 1 1 + 2 2  (b) 2 g ( h1 + h2 + h3 )
 ρ3 h3 ρ3 h3 

 ρ h + ρ2 h2 + ρ3 h3   ρ h h + ρ2 h3 h1 + ρ3 h1h2 
(c) 2g  1 1  (d) 2g  1 2 3 
 ρ1 + ρ2 + ρ3   ρ1h1 + ρ2 h2 + ρ3 h3 

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [446]

GATE-2013
8. Water is coming out from a tap and falls vertically downwards. At the tap opening the stream
diameter is 20 mm with uniform velocity of 2 m/s. Acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/s2.
Assuming steady inviscid flow, constant atmospheric pressure everywhere and neglecting curvature
and surface tension effects, the diameter in mm of the stream 0.5 m below the tap is approximately.
(GATE-2013)
(a) 10 (b) 15 (c) 20 (d) 25

GATE-2014

9. A siphon is used to drain water from a large tank as shown in the figure below. Assume that the
level of water is maintained constant. Ignore frictional effect due to viscosity and losses at entry and
exit. At the exit of the siphon, the velocity of water is GATE-2014 (Set-3, 2 Marks)

(a) 2 g ( zQ − z R ) (b) 2 g ( zP − zR ) (c) 2 g ( zO − zR ) (d) 2 gzQ

GATE-2015

10. Water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3) flows through a venturimeter with inlet diameter 80 mm and throat
diameter 40 mm. The inlet and throat gauge pressures are measured to be 400 kPa and 130 kPa
respectively. Assuming the venturimeter to be horizontal and neglecting friction, the inlet velocity
(in m/s) is ________. GATE-2015 (Set-1, 2 Marks)

11. A Prandtl tube (Pitot-static tube with C=1) is used to measure the velocity of water. The differential
manometer reading is 10 mm of liquid column with a relative density of 10. Assuming g = 9.8m/s2,
the velocity of water (in m/s) is ________ GATE-2015 (Set-3, 2 Marks)

GATE-2016
−5
12. Oil (kinematic viscosity, voil = 1.0 × 10 m 2 /s ) flows through a pipe of 0.5 m diameter with a
velocity of 10 m/s. Water (kinematic viscosity, vw = 0.89 × 10−6 m 2 /s ) is flowing through a model
pipe of diameter 20 mm. For satisfying the dynamic similarity, the velocity of water (in m/s) is
__________ GATE-2016 (Set-1, 2 Marks)

13. A channel of width 450 mm branches into two sub-channels having width 300 mm and 200 mm as
shown in figure. If the volumetric flow rate (taking unit depth) of an incompressible flow through
the main channel is 0.9 m3/s and the velocity in the sub-channel of width 200 mm is 3 m/s, the

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [447]

velocity in the sub-channel of width 300 mm is _____________ m/s.

GATE-2016 (Set-3, 1 Mark)
Assume both inlet and outlet to be at the same elevation.

14. The water jet exiting from a stationary tank through a circular opening of diameter 300 mm
impinges on a rigid wall as shown in the figure. Neglect all minor losses and assume the water level
in the tank to remain constant. The net horizontal force experienced by the wall is ___________
kN. Density of water is 1000 kg/m3. GATE-2016 (Set-3, 2 Marks)
2
Acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m/s .

GATE-2017
15. The arrangement shown in the figure measures the velocity V of a gas of density 1kg/m3 flowing
through a pipe. The acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/s2. If the manometric fluid is water
(density 1000 kg/m3) and the velocity V is 20m/s, the differential head h(in mm) between the two
arms of the manometer is _________ (GATE-2017 SET-2, 2-Marks)

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [448]

GATE-2018
16. A tank open at the top with a water level of 1 m, as shown in the figure, has a hole at a height of 0.5
m. A free jet leaves horizontally from the smooth hole. The distance X (in m) where the jet strikes
the floor is (GATE-2018 SET-1, 2-Marks)

(a) 0.5 (b) 1.0 (c) 2.0 (d) 4.0

17.
3
Air flows at the rate of 1.5 m / s through a horizontal pipe with a gradually reducing cross-section
as shown in the figure. The two cross-sections of the pipe have diameters of 400 mm and 200 mm.
3
Take the air density as 1.2 kg/ m and assume inviscid incompressible flow. The change in pressure
( p2 − p1 ) (in kPa) between sections 1 and 2 is (GATE-2018 SET-2, 2-Marks)

(A) -1.28 (B) 2.56 (C) -2.13 (D) 1.28

−2
18.
2
A frictionless circular piston of area 10 m and mass 100 kg sinks into a cylindrical container of
3
the same area filled with water of density 1000 kg/ m as shown in the figure. The container has a
−3 2
hole of area 10 m at the bottom that is open to the atmosphere. Assuming there is no leakage
from the edges of the piston and considering water to be incompressible, the magnitude of the
piston velocity (in m/s) at the instant shown is _____ (correct to three decimal places).
(GATE-2018 SET-2, 2-Marks)

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [449]

GATE-2019

19. Two immiscible, incompressible, viscous fluids having same densities but different
viscosities are contained between two infinite horizontal parallel plates, 2 m apart as
shown below. The bottom plate is fixed and the upper plate moves to the right with a
constant velocity of 3 m/s. With the assumptions of Newtonian fluid, steady, and fully
developed laminar flow with zero pressure gradient in all directions, the momentum
d2u
equations simplify to = 0 . If the dynamic viscosity of the lower fluid, µ2 is twice that
dy 2
of the upper fluid, µ1, then the velocity at the interface (round off to two decimal places) is
________ m/s (GATE-2019 Set-1 , 2-Marks)

ANSWER-KEY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
c d d d d c a b b 6
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1.328 22.25 1 8.7648 20.4 b a 1.456 1

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [450]

4. Boundary Layer

GATE-2002
1. If x is the distance measured from the leading edge of a flat plate, then laminar boundary layer
thickness varies as (GATE-2002)
1
(a) (b) x4/5 (c) x 2 (d) x1/2
x

2. Flow separation in a flow past a solid object is caused by (GATE-2002)

(a) a reduction of pressure to vapour pressure
(b) a negative pressure gradient
(c) a positive pressure gradient
(d) the boundary layer thickness reducing to zero

GATE-2002
3. For air flow over a flat plate, velocity (U) and boundary layer thickness (δ) can be expressed
respectively, as
3
U 3 y 1 y 4.64 x
= −   ;δ=
Uα 2 δ 2  δ  Re x
If the free stream velocity is 2 m/s, and air has kinematic viscosity of 1.5 × 10−5 m 2 /s and density
of 1.23 kg/ m3 , then wall shear stress at x = 1 m, is (GATE-2004)
(a) 2.36 × 102 N/ m 2 (b) 43.6 × 10−3 N/ m 2
(c) 4.36 × 10−3 N/ m 2 (d) 2.18 × 10−3 N/ m 2
GATE-2006
Statements of linked Answer and Question 4 and 5
A smooth flat plate with a sharp leading edge is placed along a gas stream flowing at U = 10 m/s.
The thickness of the boundary layer at section r-s is 10 mm, the breadth of the plate is 1 m (into the paper)
and the density of the gas ρ = 1.0 kg/ m3 . Assume that the boundary layer is thin, two-dimensional, and
 y
follows a linear velocity distribution, u = U   , at the section r -s, where y is the height from plate.
δ
q r U
U u δ
s
p
Flat plate (GATE-2006)
4. The mass flow rate (in kg/s) across the section q-r is
(a) zero (b) 0.05 (c) 0.10 (d) 0.15
5. The integrated drag force (in N) on the plate, between p-s, is
(a) 0.67 (b) 0.33 (c) 0.17 (d) zero

GATE-2007
6. Consider an incompressible laminar boundary layer flow over a flat plate of length L, aligned with
the direction of an oncoming uniform free stream. If F is the ratio of the drag force on the front half
of the plate to the drag force on the rear half, then (GATE-2007)
(a) F < 1/2 (b) F = 1/2 (c) F = 1 (d) F > 1

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [451]

7. A phenomenon is modeled using n dimensional variables with k primary dimensions. The number
of non-dimensional variables is (GATE-2010)
(a) k (b) n (c) n – k (d) n + k

8. Match the following (GATE- 2010)

P: Compressible flow U: Reynolds number
Q: Free surface flow V: Nusselt number
R: Boundary layer flow W: Weber number
S: Pipe flow X: Froude number
T: Heat convection Y: Mach number
Z: Skin friction coefficient
(a) P-U Q-X R-V S-Z T-W
(b) P-W Q-X R-Z S-U T-V
(c) P-Y Q-W R-Z S-U T-X
(d) P-Y Q-W R-Z S-U T-V

9. An incompressible fluid flows over a flat plate with zero pressure gradient. The boundary layer
thickness is 1 mm at a location where the Reynolds number is 1000. If the velocity of the fluid
along is increased by a factor of 4, then the boundary layer thickness at the same location, in mm
will be (GATE-2012)
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.25

10. Consider laminar flow of water over a flat plate of length 1m. if the boundary layer thickness at a
distance of 0.25 m from the leading edge of the plate is 8 mm, the boundary layer thickness (in
mm), at a distance of 0.75 m, is _____ GATE-2014 (Set-2, 2 Marks)

GATE-2015
11. The Blasius equation related to boundary layer theory is a GATE-2015 (Set-1, 1 Mark)
(a) third-order linear partial differential equation
(b) third-order nonlinear partial differential equation
(c) second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation
(d) third-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation

12. Air (ρ = 1.2 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity, v = 2 × 10–5 m2/s) with a velocity of 2 m/s flows over
the top surface of a flat plate of length 2.5 m. If the average value of friction coefficient is
1.328
Cf = , the total drag force (in N) per unit width of the plate is _________.
Re x
(GATE-2015 Set-1, 2 Marks)
13. Within a boundary layer for a steady incompressible flow, the Bernoulli equation
(a) holds because the flow is steady GATE-2015 (Set-2, 1 Mark)
(b) holds because the flow is incompressible
(c) holds because the flow is transitional
(d) does not hold because the flow is frictional

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [452]

GATE-2016

14. A steady laminar boundary layer is formed over a flat plate as shown in the figure. The free
stream velocity of the fluid is Uo.. The velocity profile at the inlet a-b is uniform, while that at a
 y y 
2
downstream location c-d is given by u = U 0  2   −   
  δ   δ  

The ratio of the mass flow rate, mbd, leaving through the horizontal section b-d to that entering
through the vertical section a-b is _____ GATE-2016 (Set-1, 2 Marks)

GATE-2017
u  πy 
15. The velocity profile inside the boundary layer for flow over a flat plate is given as = sin  
U∞  2δ 
, where U∞ is the free stream velocity and δ is the local boundary layer thickness. If δ is the local
*

δ*
displacement thickness, the value of is (GATE-2017 Set-1, 2-Marks)
δ
2 2 2
(a) (b) 1 − (c) 1 + (d) 0
π π π
16. Consider the laminar flow at zero incidence over a flat plate. The shear stress at the wall is
denoted by τw. The axial positions x1 and x2 on the plate are measured from the leading edge in the
direction of flow. If x2 > x1 then (GATE-2017 Set-2, 1-Mark)
(a) τ w x = τ w x = 0 (b) τ w x = τw x ≠ 0 (c) τ w x > τ w x (d) τ w x < τ w x
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

17. For the laminar flow of water over a sphere, the drag coefficient CF is defined as CF = F/(ρU2D2),
where F is the drag force, ρ is the fluid density, U is the fluid velocity and D is the diameter of the
sphere. The density of water is 100kg/m3. When the diameter of the sphere is 100mm and the fluid
velocity is 2m/s, the drag coefficient is 0.5. If water now flows over another sphere of diameter
200mm under dynamically similar conditions, the drag force (in N) on this sphere is _________
(GATE-2017 Set-2, 2-Marks)
GATE-2018

18. The viscous laminar flow of air over a flat plate results in the formation of a boundary layer.
The boundary layer thickness at the end of the plate of length L is δ L . When the plate length
is increased to twice its original length, the percentage change in laminar boundary layer
thickness at the end of the plate (with respect to δ L ) is ________ (correct to two decimal places).
(GATE-2018 Set-2, 1-Mark)

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [453]

GATE-2019
19. The aerodynamic drag on a sports car depends on its shape. The car has a drag coefficient
of 0.1 with the windows and the roof closed. With the windows and the roof open, the
drag coefficient becomes 0.8. The car travels at 44 km/h with the windows and roof
closed. For the same amount of power needed to overcome the aerodynamic drag, the
speed of the car with the windows and roof open (round off to two decimal places), is
________ km/h. (The density of air and the frontal area may be assumed to be constant).
(GATE-2019 Set-2 , 2-Marks)

ANSWER-KEY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
d c c b c d c d c 13.86
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
d 0.015 d 0.333 b c 20 41.42 21.90
to
22.20

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [454]

5. Flow Through Pipes and channels

GATE-2003
Statement of Linked Answer Question 1 and 2
A syringe with a frictionless plunger contains water and has at its end a 100 mm long needle of 1 mm
diameter. The internal diameter of the syringe is 10 mm. Water density is 1000 kg/m3. The plunger is
pushed in at 10 mm/s and the water comes out as a jet (GATE-2003)
10 mm 100 mm
10 mm/s
F
1 mm Water Jet
Syringe Needle
1. Assuming ideal flow, the force F in newtons required on the plunger to push out the water is
(a) 0 (b) 0.04 (c) 0.13 (d) 1.15
2. Neglect losses in the cylinder and assume fully developed laminar viscous flow throughout the
64
needle; the Darcy friction factor is . Where Re is the Reynolds number. Given that the viscosity
Re
of water is 1.0 × 10−3 kg/sm, the force F in newtons required on the plunger is
(a) 0.13 (b) 0.16 (c) 0.3 (d) 4.4

GATE-2006

3. The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow in a pipe of diameter D is given by
 4r 2 
u = u0 1 − 2  , where r is the radial distance from the center. If the viscosity of the fluid is µ,
 D 
the pressure drop across a length L of the pipe is (GATE-2006)
µ u0 L 4µ u0 L 8µ u0 L 16µ u0 L
(a) (b) (c) (d)
D2 D2 D2 D2
4. A siphon draws water from a reservoir and discharges it out at atmospheric pressure. Assuming
ideal fluid and the reservoir is large, the velocity at point P in the siphon tube is
P

h1

h2

(GATE-2006)
(a) 2gh1 (b) 2gh2 (c) 2 g (h2 − h1 ) (d) 2 g (h2 + h1 )

GATE-2007

5. Consider steady laminar incompressible axisymmetric fully developed viscous flow through a
straight circular pipe of constant cross-sectional area at a Reynolds number of 5. The ratio of
inertia force to viscous force on a fluid particle is (GATE-2007)
1
(a) 5 (b) (c) 0 (d) ∞
5

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [455]

Statement of Linked Answer and Questions 6 and 7

Consider a steady incompressible flow through a channel as shown below

The velocity profile is uniform with a value of u0 at the inlet section A. The velocity profile at section B
downstream is
 y 0≤ y≤δ
Vm δ ,

u =  Vm , δ ≤ y′ ≤ H − δ
 H− y H−δ≤ y≤H
 Vm ,
 δ
V
6. The ratio m is (GATE-2007)
u0
1 1 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d)
δ δ δ
1 − 2  1−   1+  
H H H
p − pB
7. The ratio A (where pA and pB are the pressures at section A and B, respectively, and ρ is
1
ρ u0
2

2
the density of the fluid) is
1 1 1 1
(a) −1 (b) (c) −1 (d)
  δ 
2
  δ 
2
  2δ  
2
δ
− − 1+  
1 −    1 
  H   1    H
  H      H 

GATE-2009

8. Consider steady, incompressible and irrotational flow through a reducer in a horizontal pipe where
the diameter is reduced from 20 cm to 10 cm. The pressure in the 20 cm pipe just upstream of the
reducer is 150 kPa. The fluid has a vapour pressure of 50 kPa and a specific weight of 5kN/m3 .
Neglecting frictional effects, the maximum discharge (in m3 / s) that can pass through the reducer
without causing cavitation is (GATE-2009)
(a) 0.05 (b) 0.16 (c) 0.27 (d) 0.38

9. Water at 25ºC is flowing through a 1.0 km long G.I. pipe of 200 mm diameter at the rate of
0.07 m3 /s. If value of Darcy friction factor for this pipe is 0.02 and density of water is 1000 kg/ m3 ,
the pumping power (in kW) required to maintain the flow is
(GATE-2009)
(a) 1.8 (b) 17.4 (c) 20.5 (d) 41.0

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [456]

10. The velocity profile of a fully developed laminar flow in a straight circular pipe, as shown in the
figure, is given by the expression
R 2  dp   r2 
u (r ) = −   1 − 
4µ  dx   R2 
dp
where is a constant
dx

x u(r) R

The average velocity of fluid in the pipe is (GATE-2009)

R 2  dp  R 2  dp  R  dp 
2
R  dp 
2
(a) −   (b) −   (c) −   (d) −  
8µ  dx  4µ  dx  2µ  dx  µ  dx 

GATE-2010

11. The maximum velocity of a one-dimensional incompressible fully developed viscous flow,
between two fixed parallel plates, is 6 ms −1 . The mean velocity (in ms −1 ) of the flow is
(GATE-2010)
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

GATE-2012

12. Oil flows through a 200 mm diameter horizontal cast iron pipe (friction factor, f = 0.225) of length
500 m. The volumetric flow rate is 0.2 m3/s. The head loss (in m) due to friction is (assume
g = 9.81m/s 2 ) (GATE-2012)
(a) 116.18 (b) 0.116 (c) 18.22 (d) 232.36

GATE-2013

13. For steady fully developed flow inside a straight pipe of diameter D, neglecting gravity effects,
the pressure drop ∆ P over a length L and the wall shear stress τw are related by
(GATE-2013)
∆P D ∆P D 2
∆ P D 4 ∆ P L
(a) τw = (b) τw = 2
(c) τw = (d) τw =
4L 4L 2L D
GATE-2014

14. Water flows through a pipe having an inner radius of 10 mm at the rate of 36 kg/hr at 25ºC. The
viscosity of water at 25ºC is 0.001 kg/m.s. The Reynolds number of the flow is _______
GATE-2014 (Set-1, 2 Marks)

15. For a fully developed flow of water in a pipe having diameter 10 cm, velocity 0.1m/s and kinematic
viscosity 10–5 m2/s, the value of Darcy friction factor is ________. GATE-2014 (Set-1, 2 Marks)

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [457]

16. Water flows through a 10 mm diameter and 250 m long smooth pipe at an average velocity of 0.1
−6
m/s. The density and the viscosity of water are 997 kg/m3 and 855 × 10 N .s / m , respectively.
2

Assuming fully-developed flow pressure drop (in Pa) in the pipe is _____
GATE-2014 (Set-2, 2 Marks)

17. Consider the turbulent flow of a fluid through a circular pipe of diameter, D. Identify the correct pair
of statements GATE-2014 (Set-3, 1 Mark)
I. The fluid is well-mixed
II. The fluid is unmixed
III. ReD<2300
IV. ReD> 2300
(a) I, III (b) II, IV (c) II, III (d) I, IV

−5
18. A fluid of dynamic viscosity 2 × 10 kg/m.s and density 1 kg/m3 flows with an average velocity of
1 m/s through a long duct of rectangular (25 mm × 15 mm) cross-section. Assuming laminar flow,
the pressure drop (in Pa) in the fully developed region per meter length of the duct is _______
GATE-2014 (Set-3, 2 Marks)

GATE-2015

19. Consider fully developed flow in a circular pipe with negligible entrance length effects. Assuming
the mass flow rate, density and friction factor to be constant, if the length of the pipe is double and
the diameter is halved, the head loss due to friction will increase by a factor of
(GATE-2015 Set-1, 1 Mark)
(a) 4 (b) 16 (c) 32 (d) 64

20. The head loss for a laminar incompressible flow through a horizontal circular pipe is h1. Pipe length
and fluid remaining the same, if the average flow velocity doubles and the pipe diameter reduces to
half its previous value, the head loss is h2. The ration h2/h1 is __________
GATE-2015 (Set-2, 2 Marks)
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16

21. For a fully developed laminar flow of water (dynamic viscosity 0.001 Pa-s) through a pipe of radius
5 cm, the axial pressure gradient is – 10 Pa/m. The magnitude of axial velocity (in m/s) at a radial
location of 0.2 cm is _________ GATE-2015 (Set-2, 2 Marks)

22. Three parallel pipes connected at the two ends have flow-rates Q1 ,Q2 and Q3 respectively, and the
corresponding frictional head losses are hL1, hL2 and hL3 respectively. The correct expressions for
total flow rate (Q) and frictional head loss across the two ends (hL) are
(a) Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q 3 ; hL = hL1 + hL 2 + hL 3 GATE-2015 (Set-3, 1 Mark)
(b) Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q 3 ; hL = hL1 = hL 2 = hL 3
(c) Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q 3 ; hL = hL1 + hL 2 + hL 3

(d) Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q 3 ; hL = hL1 = hL 2 = hL 3

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [458]

23. Couette flow is characterized by GATE-2015 (Set-3, 1 Mark)

(a) steady, incompressible, laminar flow through a straight circular pipe
(b) fully developed turbulent flow through a straight circular pipe
(c) steady, incompressible, laminar flow between two fixed parallel plates
(d) steady, incompressible, laminar flow between one fixed plate and the other moving with a
constant velocity

GATE-2016

24. Consider a fully developed steady laminar flow of an incompressible fluid with viscosity µ through
a circular pipe of radius R. Given that the velocity at a radial location of R/2 from the centerline of
the pipe is U1, the shear stress at the wall is KµU1/R, where K is _
GATE-2016 (Set-3, 2 Marks)
GATE-2017

25. For steady flow of a viscous incompressible fluid through a circular pipe of constant diameter, the
average velocity in the fully developed region is constant. Which one of the following statements
about the average velocity in the developing region is TRUE? (GATE-2017 Set-1, 1-Mark)
(a.) It increases until the flow is fully developed
(b.) It is constant and is equal to the average velocity in the fully developed region
(c.) It decreases until the flow is fully developed
(d.) It is constant but is always lower than the average velocity in the fully developed region.

26. Water (density = 1000 kg/m3) at ambient temperature flows through a horizontal pipe of uniform
cross section at the rate of 1kg/s. If the pressure drop across the pipe is 100 kPa, the minimum
power required to pump the water across the pipe, in watts, is ______
(GATE-2017 Set-1, 1-Mark)

27. Consider steady flow of an incompressible fluid through two long and straight pipe of diameters d1
and d2 arranged in series. Both pipes are of equal length and the flow is turbulent in both pipes. The
friction factor for turbulent flow though pipes is of the form, f = K(Re)–n, where K and π are known
positive constants and Re is the Reynolds number. Neglecting minor losses, the ratio of the
 ∆P 
frictional pressure drop in pipe 1 to that in pipe 2  1  is given by
 ∆P2 
(GATE-2017 Set-1, 2-Marks)
(5− n ) 5 (3− n ) (5+ n )
d  d  d  d 
(a)  2  (b)  2  (c)  2  (d)  2 
 d1   d1   d1   d1 

GATE-2019

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MECHANICAL Questions FLUID MECHANICS [459]

28. Water enters a circular pipe of length L =5.0 m and diameter D =0.20 m with Reynolds
number ReD =500. The velocity profile at the inlet of the pipe is uniform while it is
parabolic at the exit. The Reynolds number at the exit of the pipe is ________
(GATE-2019 Set-2 , 1-Mark)

29. Water flows through two different pipes A and B of the same circular cross-section but at
different flow rates. The length of pipe A is 1.0 m and that of pipe B is 2.0 m. The flow in
both the pipes is laminar and fully developed. If the frictional head loss across the length
of the pipes is same, the ratio of volume flow rates Q B /Q A is _____ (round off to two
decimal places) (GATE-2019 Set-2 , 2-Marks)

ANSWER-KEY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
b c d c a c a b b a
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
c a a 636.94 0.064 6840 d 1.82 d c
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
6.24 b d 2.666 b 100 a 500 0.5

Published by: ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA-E.I.I.  ALL RIGHT RESERVED

61C Kalu-Sarai, Near Hauz khas Delhi-16 Ph. 011-46054888. www.engineersinstitute.com