Communication Engineering (Questions)

1. Define Communication, Communication System.

2. What are the fundamental components of Communication System?
3. Define Transducer and Channel.
4. Give some examples of Channel.
5. Define Modulation and describe the necessity of Modulation.
6. What is the only disadvantage of Modulation?
7. Define Signal and Classify Signal.
8. What are the advantages of Digital Communication System?
9. What are the disadvantages of Digital Communication System?
10. What is ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)? What are the steps of ADC?
11. Define Sampling, Quantization and Coding.
12. Define Sampling or Nyquest Theorem.
13. What is DAC?
14. Define Channel Bandwidth, Randomness and Redundancy.
15. Classify Modulation. What is the classification of Analog Modulation?
16. What is the classification of Amplitude Modulation?
17. Define Amplitude Modulation and Modulation Index of AM.
18. In which cases Modulation Index has been defined?
19. What value of Modulation Index is better? ( > / < or = )
20. What are the sidebands of AM? Show the Frequency Domain Representation of
AM.
21. What are the USB and LSB of AM?
22. Define the power of AM signal.
23. What are the advantages and Disadvantages of AM?
24. Define DSB/SC, SSB/SC.
25. What are the advantages of DSB/SC and SSB/SC and Disadvantage of SSB/SC?
26. What are the applications of SSB/SC?
27. What are the frequency domain representation of DSB/SC and SSB/SC?
28. What are the Methods of Amplitude Modulation?
29. Classify Linear Method of Amplitude Modulation.
30. Classify Square Law Modulation Method.
31. Define Frequency Modulation (FM). Give Advantages of Disadvantages of FM.
32. Where FM is used?
33. Give the relationship between Phase and Frequency.
34. Define Angular Velocity and Define System (in general).
35. Find Modulation Index for a given modulated Signal.
36. What are the difference between FM and PM (Phase Modulation)?
37. Define Digital Modulation. Classify Digital Modulation.
38. Define – ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying), FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) and PSK
(Phase Shift Keying).
39. Why the term Shift keying is used?
40. Give the figures of ASK, FSK and PSK.
41. Where PSK are used?
42. Classify PSK. Define – Binary PSK, Quaternary PSK and Quadrature PSK.
43. Classify Binary PSK.
44. Define – Differential and Coherent Encoding of Binary PSK.
45. Define – Quaternary PSK (QPSK) and Quadrature AM (QAM).
46. What is Pulse Modulation? Classify Pulse Modulation.
47. Define- PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation), PWM/PDM (Pulse Width
Modulation/Pulse Duration Modulation and PPM (Pulse Position Modulation).
48. Give circuit diagram of PAM.
49. Give the circuit diagram of PWM/PPM.
50. Define –PCM (Pulse Code Modulation), DPCM (Differential Pulse Code
Modulation), DM (Delta Modulation) and ADM (Adaptive Delta Modulation).
51. Why PCM is very popular and mostly used?
52. What are the advantages and uses of DPCM?
53. Define – Granular and Slope Overload Noise.
54. What are the difference between PCM and DM?
55. What are the methods of AM Demodulation?
56. Define- Coherent and Envelope Detector.
57. Define-Noise. Classify Noise.
58. Define- External Noise, Internal Noise, Thermal Noise, Short Noise, Dark Current
Noise, Receiver Noise and Impulse Noise.
59. Define- Crosstalk and SNR.
60. Give the equation of Capacity of the channel, C.
61. Define- Noise Figure and Noise Temperature.
62. Define- Strip Lines and Micro-strip lines.
63. Define- Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) wave.
64. Define- Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR).
65. What is plane of polarization? How many types of polarizations are there?
66. What is EMW (Electro-Magnetic Wave)/Radio Wave? How many types of Radio
Waves of are?
67. Define-Ground Wave, Space Wave and Sky Wave.
68. Define-Skip Distance, Silent Zone or Dead Zone and Multi-hop Propagation.
69. Define-Antenna Impedance.
70. What are the plans or interconnections of Telecommunication Network?
71. What is the Plesiochronous Digital Hikkkerarchy?
72. What is Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) or Define Synchronous Optical
Network (SONET).
73. Define – Synchronous Transport Module (STM).
74. Define- Integrated Digital Network (IDN).
75. Define – Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN).
76. Why ISDN is better than PSTN?
77. What are the types of ISDN are there?
78. Give the Architecture of Intelligent Network.
79. Define- Private Network and Virtual Private Network (VPN).
80. Define –Transmission System. What are the components or parts of Transmission
System?
81. What are the parts of Numbering System?
82. What are the elements of Switching System? Show the Inlet/outlets Connections
of Switching System.
83. What are the advantages of Automatic Switching System over Manual Exchange?
84. What is the Customer Line Signaling?
85. What is the principle of Dial Telephone?
86. What is the principle of Push-button Telephone? Why Push-button Telephone is
better than Dial Telephone?
87. What is DTMF (Dual Tone Multi-frequency) signaling? What are the advantages
of DTMF?
88. Define-Trunking, Traffic Intensity, Erlang, Hold Time, Congestion.
89. What is Traffic Offered?
90. Define – Grade of Service (GS). What is the impact of GS in the performance of
telephone Service?
91. What are the Generations of Communication?
92. Define-1G, 2G and 3G.
93. What are the standards of 2G and show the chart of their Uplink, Downlink and
Spacing between each channel.
94. Give the chart of 2G, 2.5G and 3G of 3GPP and 3GPP2.
95. Define- Paging System and show the Architecture of Paging System.
96. Define- Control Channel, Forward Channel, Reverse Channel, Transciver,
Subscriber, Simplex System, Roamer, Page, MS (Mobile Station), MSC (Mobile
Switching Station), Handoff/Handover, Half and Full Duplex System.
97. What is Cordless Telephone System? Show the Architecture of Cordless
Telephone System.
98. Show the Transmission Bands of various Radio Bands.
99. Define – BER (Bit Error Rate).
100. What are the procedures of Handover process?
101. What are the types of Handover?
102. What are the criteria of Performance of Cellular System?
103. Define- Load, Request Rate.
104. What are the Multiple Access Techniques?
105. Define-FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), TDM (Time Division
Multiple Access) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).
106. Define- Direct Sequence CDMA.
107. What are Narrowband System and Wideband System?
108. What are the advantages and disadvantages of FDMA?
109. Where FDMA is used?
110. What are the advantages and disadvantages of TDMA?
111. Define- Repeater Station.
112. What are the classifications of Spread Spectrum Multiple Access?
113. Define-FHMA (Frequency Hopping Multiple Access) and Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum (DSSS) or CDMA.
114. Define- Spreading Signal, Pseudo Noise and Chip Rate.
115. Why the name Spread Spectrum is given?
116. Define-Spreading Factor.
117. What are the features of CDMA and give some advantages and disadvantages of
CDMA.
118. What are the difference between TDMA and CDMA?
119. What is the standard GSM (Global System of Mobile Communication)? Why
GSM was introduced?
120. What are qualities a standard GSM should have?
121. Give the chart of the variant of GSM and mention the uplink and downlink
frequency?
122. What is MSC Service Area?
123. What is GSM Service Area?
124. What is PLMN Service Area?
125. What are the services of GSM PLMN?
126. What are the Modulations methods used in GSM?
127. How many channels are there in GSM? What are they?
128. What is GSM Traffic Channel?
129. What is GSM Control Channel? How many control Channels are there?
130. Define- Broadcast Channel, Common Control Channel and Dedicated Control
Channel.
131. What are parts of GSM Frame Structure?
132. Define- Optical Fiber.
133. What are the main parts or components of an Optical Fiber?
134. Mention all the parts of Optical Fiber.
135. What are the applications, advantages, disadvantages, and uses of Optical Fiber?
136. What is the Classification of Optical Fiber? What are the modes in Optical
Fiber?
137. Define- Deflection and Refraction in case of Optical Fiber.
138. What is the law of Reflection?
139. Define- Attenuation, Absorption and Dispersion.
140. What are the types of Absorption?
141. What are the types of Dispersion?
142. Define- Intra-modal or Chromatic Dispersion.
143. Define- Diffraction and Scattering.
144. Define – Critical Angle or Angle of Reflection.
145. What is the Snell’s Law?
146. Define – Numerical Aperture.
147. What are Microband and Macroband?
148. Define – Optical Transmitter.
149. What are the Optical Sources?
150. What are the types of Optical Light Source?
151. Show the Methods of Modulating by LED or LD.
152. What is Chromatic Color? What is the term “Coherent” means?
153. What is Optical Fiber Bandwidth?
154. What is Full Internal Reflection?
155. What are the types of Noises in Optical Fiber?
156. What is the historic advancement of Optical Fiber?
157. Define- Response Time.
158. What are the features or characteristics a Detector or Optical Receiver should
have?
159. What is Splicer? How many types of Splicers are there?
160. What is Radar? What is the historic advancement of Radar?
161. What does the word “RADAR” mean?
162. What is the working principle of RADAR?
163. What is the “Range to Target”?
164. Show the Radar waveform.
165. Give the classification of Radar.
166. What is the equation of Received Power (Pr) ?
167. What is the equation of Maximum Range (Rmax)?
168. Draw the Radar Block Diagram.
169. Define- Duplexer. How Duplexer works?
170. How Radar signal is processed?
171. What is the Frequency Bands f Radar?
172. What are the functions of Radar Antenna?
173. What is Radar Polarization?
174. What are the types of Radar Antenna?
175. What are the types of Radar Transmitters that are commonly used?
176. What are the applications of Radar?
177. Define – Calling Party and Called Party.
178. What are the numbers of links and entities used in Point-Point Connection?
179. Define – Signaling or Control Function.
180. Classify – Switching System.
181. Define- Manual, Strowger and Crossbar Switching System.
182. Define – Space Division Switching, Time Division Switching.
183. What are Analog and Digital Switching?
184. What are Space Switching, Time Switching and Combination Switching?
185. Define – Trunk.
186. Show the figure of Telecommunication Network.
187. Show the Architecture of Public Telephone Network.
188. Show the Architecture of Public Network (ISD and NWD).
189. What are the construction and functionality of Microphone?
190. What is Echo Suppressor? Where it is used? How it works?
191. Describe the construction of Telephone Receiver and describe how it works?
192. Define –Simplex Communication, Sidetone.
193. What is ANTIC (Anti-Side Tone Induction Coil)?
194. What is Pulse Dialing?
195. What is Signaling Tone? How many signaling tones are there?
196. Define – Dial Tone, Call-in progress tone, Ringing Tone, Busy tone and
Number Unobtainable tone.
197. Define – Switching Capacity.
198. What are the design parameters of Strawger System?
199. Define – Switching Capacity, Traffic Handling Capability, Equipment
Utilization Factor, Call Setup Time, Cost Capacity Index.
200. How Crossbar System works?
201. What is Strowger Trunking? How it works?
202. Define – Traffic, Traffic Intensity.
203. What is Antenna? Define Transmission Line.
204. How the Transmission line works and how Reflection or Standing Wave occurs
in Transmission lines?
205. Define – Dipole Antenna, Isotropic Antenna,.
206. What are the spacesaround antenna?
207. What are the types of Radiation Pattern?
208. Define- Lobes.
209. What are Major, Minor, Side and Back lobe.
210. Define – Antenna Gain, Directivity.
211. What is Symmetry?
212. Define – Directive Gain (Gd), Power Gain (Gp), Effective Area or Effective
Aperture and Front to Back Ratio (FBR).
213. Define – Antenna Beam Width. What are the applications of Antenna beam
width?
214. Define – Antenna Beam Efficiency and Radiation Intensity.
215. Classify – Aperture or Antenna Area.
216. What is Absorption Ratio?
217. What is Aperture Efficiency?
218. What is Antenna Efficiency?
219. Define – Loss Aperture, Collecting Aperture.
220. Define-Antenna Array. What are the types of Antenna Array used?
221. Define – Broadside Array, Endfire Array and Collinear Array.
222. Mention some types of Antennas that are commonly used?
223. Define – Vee Antenna and Rhombic Antenna.
224. What are the types of Microwave Antennas?
225. Define – Sneell’s Law.
226. Define – Total Internal Reflection, Acceptance Angle, Numerical Aperature
(NA), Refractive Index, Refraction.
227. Give the frequency spectrum and wavelength of Optical fiber.
228. What are the advantages, limitations and application areas of Optical Fiber?
229. What are the optical sources used?
230. What are the difference between LED and ILD (Injection Laser Diode).
231. Define – Radiance/Brightness, Incoherent Source and Coherent Sources.
232. What are the materials that are used as outer jacket of Optical Fiber?
233. Define – Muti-Mode Step-index, Multi-Mode Graded Index, Single mode step
index.
234. Define – Modal Dispersion.
235. Define – Optical Fiber Connector. What are the types of fiber connectors that
are used?
236. Define – Couplers, Splicing (Splicer) and Optical Amplifier.
237. Where Optical Fiber Amplifier is used?
238. What are the losses occur in Optical Fiber?
239. Define – Optical Detector. What are the characteristics an ideal Optical Detector
should have?
240. Mention the classification of Detector.
241. What is SEA-ME-WE-4?
242. Define – Station, Network, Topology, Switching and Routing.
243. Which Multiplexing Technique is used in Optical Fiber?
244. What is Optical Amplifier? What are the benefits of Optical Amplifier?
245. Define – In Line Amplifier, Booster and Pre-Amplifier.
246. Define – Filters, Pass Band (PB) and Stop Band (SB).
247. Classify Filter. Define – Low Pass Filter (LPF), High Pass Filter (HPF) and
Band Pass Filter (BPF).
248. Define – Ideal Filter and Real Filter.
249. What are the difference between Baseband and Passband.
250. What is the equation of DSBSC and show the symbolic diagram of DSBSC.
251. Show the demodulation process of DSBSC.
252. What are the main or important qualities of Receiver?
253. Define – Selectivity and Sensitivity. Define – Resonant Frequency.
254. Draw the figure of Simple Radio Receiver.
255. Show the time and frequency domain representation of signal.
256. Show the block diagram of FM Wave Generator and PM Generator.
257. Draw the circuit diagram of Superheterodyne AM Radio Receiver.
258. Define – Q Factor of Receiver.
259. Define – Ganging.
260. Draw the circuit diagram of Tuned Radio Frequency Receiver.
261. Draw the circuit diagram of Stage IF Amplifier.
262. Define – Modulation Index (FM).
263. What are the types of Modulator used in communication circuit?
264. Draw the circuit diagram of Diode Bridge Modulator.
265. What is Frequency Converter or Mixer? Show the frequency domain
representation of Mixer.
266. Define – Multimedia.
267. What are the Internet Multimedia services available?
268. Define – Steaming Stored Audio/Video, Streaming Live Audio/Video and
Interactive Audio/Video.
269. Describe – Digitizing Video, Compression.
270. What are the Audio Compression methods?
271. Define – Predictive Encoding and Perceptual Encoding.
272. Describe – Video Compression. What are the types of Video Compression
methods used?
273. Define – JPEG, MPEG.
274. What are the phases of JPEG process?
275. What is DCT?
276. Define – Spatial and Temporal Compression.
277. What are the types of Video Frames used in MPEG?
278. Define – I Frame, P-Frame and B-Frame.
279. What is E-Mail (Electronic-Mail)?
280. Which protocol is used in Email?
281. What are the applications of Multimedia?
282. What is Broadcast TV?
283. What is Interlaced Scanning?
284. How many types of Switching are there and what are they?
285. What are Circuit and Packet Switching?
286. Define – Virtual Circuit Switching.
287. What is Data Gram Approach?
288. What is OSI (Open System Interconnection) model?
289. What are the layers of OSI Model?
290. Mention the responsibilities or functions of Physical Layer.
291. Mention the responsibilities or functions of Datalink Layer.
292. Mention the responsibilities or functions of Network Layer.
293. Mention the responsibilities or functions of Transport Layer.
294. Mention the responsibilities or functions of Session Layer.
295. Mention the responsibilities or functions of Presentation Layer.
296. Mention the responsibilities or functions of Application Layer.
297. What is “Translation” function of Presentation Layer?
298. What are the 5 layer of TCP/IP?
299. Define – Radar.
300. Define – Antenna Scan, Maximum Un-ambiguous Range.
301. Define-Duty Cycle, Doppler Frequency Shift.
302. Describe ODOP (Offset Doppler) Radar Tracking System.
303. Define – Imaging Radar.
304. What are the applications of Imaging Radar?
305. Define – Radar Clutter.
306. What are the types of Radar System?
307. What is “Scanning” in case of Radar?
308. Classify Radar.
309. What is Information Theory?
310. What are the areas that Information Theory is concerned with?
311. Who is the Father of Information theory?
312. Define – System Capacity, Entropy.
313. Define – Information Rate, Shannon’s Theory.
314. What are codeword and dataword?
315. Define – Average Codeword Length.
316. Define- Coding Efficiency.
317. What are the applications of Information Theory?
318. Mention “Shannon’s Source Coding Theorem”.
319. Define – Data Compression/ Compaction/ Compulsion.
320.