CHEMISTRY YEAR 09 Class activity sheet-27 (The particulate nature of matter)

Lesson objectives:
By the end of this lesson, about 70% of the learners should be able to:
 State the differences between the states of matter.
 Distinguish between physical and chemical changes.
 Interpret and explain heating and cooling curves

Recap of previous lesson:

What can you recall about the last lesson?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Prompt for prior knowledge:

What do you know about the states of matter?

Particulate nature of matter
- Every matter irrespective of the state is made up of particles.
-
(A) States of matter

- Definition: Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

- Matter exists in three states which are solid, liquid and gas.
The table below compares the three states of matter.
Property SOLID LIQUID GAS
Arrangement of Very close together Particles are close Particles are far apart
particles
Shape fixed shape No fixed shape but No fixed shape but
takes the shape of its takes the shape of its
container container
Volume Fixed volume Fixed volume No fixed volume
Density Fixed and quite high Fixed and high Variable and quite low
Forces between Very Strong Relatively strong Very weak
particles
Movement of Vibrate about a fixed Move randomly slowly Move randomly very
particles position fast
Compressibility Incompressible Incompressible compressible
Ease of flow Do not flow Flow flow

ACTIVITY 01:
(a) Water exists in three states. State the name given to water as:
Ice
a solid. …………………… Water
a liquid. …………………… Water vapour.
a gas. …………………………
(b) A substance is found to have a fixed volume. In what state of matter does the substance exist?
The substance can be in the solid or liquid state because solids and liquids have
Explain. ………………………………………………………………………………………
fixed volumes.
……………….………………………………………………………………………………
(c) A substance is found to have a fixed shape. In what state of matter does the substance exist?
Solid state because only solids have a fixed shape.
Explain. ………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) A substance is found to flow. In what state of matter does the substance exist? Explain.
The substance can be in the solid or the liquid state since only liquids and gases flow.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(e) A substance is found to have a fixed volume but no fixed shape. In what state of matter does the
In the liquid state since only liquids have fixed volumes but no
substance exist? Explain. ……………………………………………………………………...
fixed shapes.
……………….………………………………………………………………………………
(f) The diagrams X, Y and Z below show the arrangement of particles in the states of matter. Identify
the state of matter represented by each diagram.
X Y Z

Solid
………………… liquid
…………………….. gas.
……………………..
(B) Change in state of matter
- When matter changes from solid to liquid or liquid to gas, the matter is described to have
changed state.
- The scheme below shows the terms used to describe change in state of matter.
- Change in the states of matter is accompanied by change in all the properties on the table above
such as shape, volume, arrangement of particles etc.
- The change in state of matter can be brought about by cooling or heating the matter.
- All changes in the states of matter are classified as physical changes
-
ACTIVITY 02:
(a) When ice is kept in a dish it gradually changes to
water. What term is used to describe the change?
Melting.
………………………………………………………..
(b) When a wet piece of cloth is place in sun, it dries up.
What change has the water on the wet piece of cloth
Evaporation.
undergone? …………………………………………...
(c) When camphor balls are place in a box, they gradually turn into a gas. What change has the
Sublimation.
camphor balls undergone? …………………………………………………………………………
(d) Select from the terms heat up, cool down to explain the cause of water in oceans turning to
Heat up.
water vapour in the atmosphere. …………………………………………………………………...
(e) Select from the terms heat up, cool down to explain the cause of water vapour in atmosphere
Cool down.
falling as rain. ……………………………………………………………………………………...
(f) Complete the below by giving three examples in each case in DISAS that can be
classified as a solid, liquid or gas.
Solid Liquid Gas
Tables water butane
Chairs petrol oxygen
Books coca cola nitrogen
(C) Physical and chemical changes

- Definition: A Physical change is a change in which no new substance is formed.

- Definition: A Chemical change is a change in which a new substance is formed.
Differences between physical and chemical change
SN Physical change Chemical change
1 Easily reversible Not easily reversible
2 No new substance New substance always formed
3 No mass change Mass redistributed
4 Chemical properties do not differ Chemical properties differ

-
ACTIVITY 03: Classify each of the following as a physical change or chemical change.
Physical change.
(a) A glass falls and shatters (breaks into pieces). ………………………………………………………
chemical change.
(b) Soup turns sour. ……………………………………………………………………………………...
Physical change.
(c) A hundred francs coin is attracted by a magnet. ……………………………………………………..
Physical change.
(d) A rubber band is stretched……………………………………………………………………………
chemical change.
(e) Fresh tomatoes get rotten. ……………………………………………………………………………
Physical change.
(f) Sugar dissolves in water……………………………………………………………………………...

(D) Heating and cooling curves

- A heating curve starts from a lower temperature and rises with time indicating that heat is
continuously added.
- A cooling curve starts from a higher temperature and falls with time indicating that heat is
continuously removed.
- Melting is change from solid to liquid by absorbing heat to break force of attraction holding
particles together.
- The temperature at which solid melts is called its melting point.
- From the graph:
- A-B: the temperature of solid increases to melting point.
T E B-C: the temperature remains constant as heat is
absorbed to break forces of attraction instead of raising
temperature. Solid and liquid are present.
- C-D: liquid heats up as heat energy increases
temperature.
- D-E: the temperature remains constant as heat is
absorbed to break forces of attraction instead of raising
temperature. Liquid and gas are present.
ACTIVITY 04:
(a) Is the above curve above a cooling curve or a heating curve? Explain.
Heating curve since curve begins from a lower temperature and rises with time.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) What name is given to the temperature T on the diagram? Explain.
Boiling point since liquid is converted to gas i.e. liquid and gas present.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Why does temperature not change along B-C and D-E even though cooling or heating
Energy absorbed is used to break bonds only.
continues? …………………………………………………………………………………..
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
ASSIGNMENT
(a) What term is used to describe each of the following changes?
(i) Solid to gas. …………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Solid to liquid. ………………………………………………………………………...
(iii) Gas to liquid. ………………………………………………………………………….
(iv) Liquid to solid. ………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Diagrams A, B and C represent states of matter.

(i) Which letter may represent particles in your chemistry exercise book? Explain.
…………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………….
(ii) Which letter may represent particles in the air around you? Explain.
…………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………….
(iii) Which letter may represent particles in orange juice? Explain.
…………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………….
(c) The curve shown below is obtained by studying the change undergone by a substance as
temperature changes with time.
(i) Is the curve a cooling curve or heating curve?
Explain. …………………………………….
………………………………………………
(ii) What is the state of the substance at 20°C?
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
(iii) State the melting point of the substance. ……………………………………………..
(iv) State the boiling point of the substance. ………………………………………………
[Grand total = 15 mks]