PROBLEM STATEMENT

Sustainable development is described as development that meets present needs

without undermining future generations ' ability to meet their needs. Sustainable

development stresses the need to preserve the diversity of genomes, animals and all

nature's terrestrial and aquatic habitats. In particular, this is possible to protect the

environmental quality and by preserving, improving and sustaining ecosystems that

are vital to biodiversity. Communicable diseases can lead to emergencies across

society, such as pandemics of influenza.

1. Introduction

A transmissible disease is one that spreads from person to person in a variety of ways

including blood and body fluid touch, airborne virus respiration, or insect bite. When

planning and reviewing measures to prevent and control disease, it is important that

reports of communicable diseases should be documented, adequate medical care

ensured, and that common source outbreaks detected. California legislation requires

health providers and laboratories to report 80 diseases or disorders to their local health

department.

1.1. How Do These Communicable Disease Transmit

Depending on the specific disease or infectious agent, how these diseases spread.

Several means of transmitting communicable diseases

1. Physical contact with an infected person, such as through touch (staphylococcus),

sexual intercourse (gonorrhea, HIV), fecal/oral transmission (hepatitis A), or droplets

(influenza, TB)

2. Contact with infected surfaces or objects (Norwalk virus), food (salmonella, E. coli),

blood (HIV, hepatitis B) or water (cholera)

3. Insect or animal bites that can transmit the disease (mosquito: malaria and yellow

fever; flea: plague)

4. Travel through the air, like influenza or measles, or when someone coughs.

5. Food and water that may become infected with germs, and people may become ill

by eating or drinking them.

1.2. Importance of Protection from Communicable Disease

• Infection control. Most vaccines are designed primarily to prevent disease and do not

necessarily protect against infection. Many vaccines also provide protection against

infection. Hepatitis A vaccine has been shown to be equally effective against

symptomatic disease and asymptomatic infections (more than 90 percent protection).

For the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, complete prevention of chronic vaccine-

type infection has been demonstrated. This defense is called "immunity sterilization."
Long-term immunity sterilization can wane, but disease defense typically continues as

immune memory minimizes the effects of infection.

• The disease not only impacts an individual's well-being, it also burdens families and

public resources, weakens economies and squanders talent. Therefore, people's

health and well-being at all ages is at the heart of sustainable development. Disease

security is not only essential for survival, it also provides opportunities for all and

promotes economic growth and prosperity.

1.3. The Health Risk of Communicable Disease

Higher mortality and morbidity from communicable diseases are correlated with

disaster situations:

• Population relocation

• deterioration of health services

• lack of disease control programs

• inadequate access to urban and rural healthcare

• poverty

• fragmentation of procurement and logistics

• weak collaboration between agencies

The incidence of transmissible diseases is primarily associated with the size and

characteristics of the population affected, including the following factors:

• quantity and quality of safe water

• working latrines

• displaced population nutritional status

• immunity and vaccination rates

• access to health care services

It is important to group communicable diseases and associated risk factors as follows:

Water-borne diseases

The insufficient transfer of water and food contaminants to clean water and sanitation.

Epidemics with high mortality will result in diarrhoeal conditions such as cholera,

typhoid fever, and schigellosis. Increased mortality among pregnant women was

caused by hepatitis E. Influxes and increased proximity of rodents to humans were

consistent with leptospirosis.

Vector-borne diseases

For over 80% of the areas affected by natural emergencies, malaria is endemic. A

higher risk of malaria death is attributed to reduced immunity:

• malnutrition

• co-infection

• insufficient shelter, rising vector exposure

• health services collapse

Dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and Rift Vallée fever, and tick-borne

diseases including Crimean – Congo haemorrhagic fever and Typhus are among the

other vector transmitted diseases in risk areas.

Diseases associated with overcrowding

Measles spread rapidly and outbreaks arise in unvaccinated populations, while

emergencies result in crowds. It is also easier to pass through crowding:

• meningococcal disease

• acute respiratory infections

• tuberculosis

• diarrheal diseases

Vaccine-preventable diseases

There is an increased risk of measles, tetanus, pertussis and diphtheria when baseline

immunization coverage levels are low.

1.4. Challenges Faced in The Control of Communicable Disease

The changing agent: microbial adaptation

There is a continuous evolution of microorganisms. Mutation results in the

development of resistant microbial agents and new strains of viral agents, often as a

response to inappropriate antibiotic use. Hosts ' immunological responses to these

changes vary in turn.

The changing host:

• Population growth

The population of the world is increasing at an average annual rate of about 1.5

percent. Nevertheless, this increase is disproportionate, as some nations, such as the

Russian Federation, are experiencing a shrinking population. In fact, population age

structure is changing dramatically. Many nations, like many in the West, have aging

populations, although many of them have relatively young populations in developing

countries. Such demographic changes will have impacts on disease dynamics and

associated prevention measures, often unforeseen. For example, while overcrowding

is likely to promote the spread of infectious diseases, population shrinkages (especially

when combined with an aging population) can lead to lower economic growth or a

reduced tax base, higher pension obligations, higher demands on the health system

and higher care resource constraints, with serious implications for sustainability.

• Population movements

The accelerated movement of people and the speed with which they can now cross

the globe means that the potential for transportation of infectious microbes globally in a
matter of days is very real. This ability was graphically demonstrated by the SARS

outbreak, affecting countries separated by thousands of miles within days.

• Human behaviour

Changes in behaviour, including sexual behavior and substance use ingestion, are

associated with changes in the prevalence of various infectious diseases. Certain, less

obvious habits still impact communicable diseases, however. For example, the

potential for fostering drug resistance in microorganisms is "non-compliance" by health

care workers, patients, pharmaceutical manufacturers and health care systems.

The changing context: a new and uncertain world

• Economic development, globalization, poverty and inequity

Global economic growth has been ongoing since the mid-1970s. The planet has

become wealthier in this period. Nevertheless, not all have benefited equally from this

growth. Differences in economic wealth between countries and within the country have

increased.

• New technologies

Developing and applying new technologies can have both beneficial and adverse

effects on regulation of communicable diseases. Although innovations can improve

economies and help capacities in diagnosis and treatment, they can lead to changes in

procedures that have untoward results.

• Climate change

It can be predicted that global warming will result in massive changes affecting

communicable diseases. Although low-lying areas may lose agricultural capacity and

supplies of fresh water due to flooding and supply pollution, other areas can benefit

from increased productivity in agriculture.

2. Solutions to The Challenges Faced in The Control of Communicable Disease

The risks of communicable diseases can be controlled by governments and societies

by:

Safe water, sanitation, site planning:

• The most effective preventive measure is to provide safe drinking water.

O Planners and engineers are essential to secure infrastructure for water and

sanitation.

O Chlorine is common, low-cost, easy to use and efficient against almost all

waterborne pathogens.

Primary care:

• Access to community-level primary care is vital to the prevention, early diagnosis and

treatment of a wide range of diseases.

Surveillance/early warning system:

• In order to ensure rapid control, rapid identification of cases of epidemic-prone

diseases is important.

• In order to predict outbreaks and track priority infectious diseases, surveillance and

early warning systems should be quickly established.

• Implementation of country and sub-national IHR monitoring (2005) offers an early

warning about new and re-emerging susceptible infectious diseases.

Immunization:

• Mass immunization and vitamin A supplementation in areas with insufficient coverage

are immediate health priorities.

Prevention of malaria and dengue

• Effective malaria prevention strategies are based on a local situation evaluation and

could include bed nets, immunization and water drainage improvements to reduce

vector breeding sites.

Read about these healthy habits to prevent disease and prevent the spread of germs

and infectious diseases:

1. Handle and Prepare Food Safely

Food may be carrying germs. When preparing any food, wash hands, utensils, and

surfaces often, particularly raw meat. Wash fruits and vegetables at all times. Cook

food and keep it at the right temperatures. Don't leave food out-quickly cool down.

2. Always wash hands

3. Clean and disinfect surfaces widely used

Germs are capable of living on surfaces. It's usually enough to clean with soap and

water. Nonetheless, your bathroom and kitchen should be regularly disinfected. If

someone in the house becomes sick, clean other places. You can use a disinfectant

approved by the EPA (look at the label's EPA registration number), bleach solution, or

alcohol rubbing.

4. Cough & sneeze into your sleeve

5. Do not share personal items

Do not share personal items that can not be disinfected, such as toothbrushes and

razors, or share towels among washes. Needles should never be exchanged, used

only once, and properly thrown away.

6. Vaccinated

Most infectious diseases can be avoided by vaccines. There are vaccines available to

provide protection against many communicable diseases for children and adults. There

are also vaccinations for travel to certain parts of the world that are recommended or

needed. Our system of immunization will educate you on immunizations and clinics

where you need to get vaccines.

7. Avoid touching wild animals

Be vigilant about wild animals as they are able to spread infectious diseases to you

and your pets.

8. Stay home when sick

Challenges in The Control of Communicable Diseases In Malaysia

The question of the prevalence of communicable disease is common to both rural and

urban areas. The incidents in the latter are primarily due to the growth of cities and

towns associated with rural-urban migration. Therefore, it is not unusual for many to

live in squatter settlements where overcrowding, inadequate housing, lack of basic

facilities and poor environmental conditions make it easier for enteric and respiratory

infections to occur widely.

•In Malaysia, dengue fever and haemorrhagic dengue fever are mainly a relatively

recent urban disease spread by the Aedes aegypti that spreads indiscriminately

around people in tins and containers, strongly linked to human behaviour.

• Sexually transmitted diseases, which are well known to be identified, continue to be a

national public health issue.

• In 2019, the World Health Organization named the anti-vaccine campaign to be the

top 10 global health threat. Immunizable childhood diseases tend to be a major focus

of our health services. Despite increases in immunization coverage, the prevalence of

these immunizable diseases in childhood continues to decline.

3. Potential Un-ethical Problems and Its Solution

Ethical issues related to public health policy and practice involving the prevention and

control of diseases often include contradictory rights and principles. Such disputes are

partly caused by tension between individual and community interests or by tension

surrounding cultural beliefs and practices.

3.1. Ethical problem:

• Protection and security of patients

. Conversations are strictly confidential between a physician and a patient, as is

knowledge about the medical condition of a person. The safety of private patient

information is one of the most important ethical and legal concerns in the healthcare

sector.

• Disease transmission

health care workers have the right to protect themselves from communicable diseases,

whether through direct or indirect communication with an infected patient. Ethical and

legal issues arise when the medical staff are not equipped with a patient's health

history. The patient are not being honest.

• Relationships

Sexual relationships are strictly prohibited at a health care facility between medical

practitioners and patients or between medical staff. Sexual harassment can be

detrimental to everyone concerned, including the service, so the ethics code should be

clear in this regard.

3.2. Solution:

• Ensure that the patient information is private and confidential by signing agreement

between the patient and the medical staff.

• Ensure that the records for patient are recorded in the database where all hospital

can access so that the patient’s health history can be refer.

• Enforce the law in the facility is strictly shown with the heavy consequences of

breaking it.