Chapter 20: Heat Capacity

Thermal Properties • General: The ability of a material to absorb heat

• Quantitative: Energy required to increase T
Issues to address...
J
energy:
• How does a material respond to heat? heat capacity: dQ mol
J C=
• How do we define and measure... dT
mol-K temperature change: K
• heat capacity
• coefficient of thermal expansion
• Two ways to measure heat capacity:
• thermal conductivity Cp: Heat capacity at constant pressure
• thermal shock resistance Cv: Heat capacity at constant volume
• How do ceramics, metals, and polymers rank?

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Heat Capacity vs T Comparison: Heat Capacity Values

• Heat capacity • Polymers cp (J/kg-K) at room temperature
increases with temperature Polypropylene 1925
reaches a limiting value of 3R Polyethylene 1850 cp: (J/kg-K)
Heat capacity, Cv Polystyrene 1170 Cp: (J/mol-K)
3R Cv= constant Teflon 1050
• Ceramics data from
Callister, Callister,
gas constant Magnesia (MgO) 940 Table 20.1
Fig. 20.2
= 8.31 J/mol-K Alumina (Al2O3) 775
T (K) Glass 840
θD Significantly
Debye temperature larger for
• Metals polymers: why?
(usually less than Troom) Aluminum 900
• Atomic view: Steel 486
Energy is stored as atomic vibrations. Tungsten 128
As T goes up, so does avg. energy of atomic vibr. Gold 138

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 Thermal Expansion Comparison: Thermal Expansion Values
• Materials change size when heating α (10-6/K) at room temperature
• Polymers
Lfinal - Linit Polypropylene 145-180
= α(Tfinal - Tinit) Polyethylene 106-198 data from
Linit Callister,
Tinit Polystyrene 90-150 Table 20.1
coefficient Linit Teflon 126-216
of thermal Tfinal • Metals
Lfinal Generally
expansion (1/K) Aluminum 23.6 decreases
• Atomic View: Mean bond length increases with T Steel 12 with increasing
Bond energy Tungsten 4.5 bond energy
Gold 14.2
• Ceramics Why?
Bond length (r)
Magnesia (MgO) 13.5
T5 Alumina (Al2O3) 7.6
bond energy vs bond length 9
Soda-lime glass
T1 curve is “asymmetric” 0.4
Silica (cryst. SiO2)
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Thermal Conductivity Comparison: Thermal Conductivities

• General: The ability of a material to transfer heat • Metals k (W/m-K) Energy Transfer
• Quantitative: Aluminum 247 By vibration
Temperature Steel 52 of atoms and
heat flux: gradient (K/m) Tungsten 178
dT motion of
J q = -k Gold 315 electrons
dx
m2 s J • Ceramics data from
thermal conductivity Magnesia (MgO) 38 Callister,
mKs Table 20.1
Alumina (Al2O3) 39
By vibration
Soda-lime glass 1.7
T1 T2 of atoms
Silica (cryst. SiO2) 1.4
x1 heat flux x2
• Polymers
Polypropylene 0.12 By vibration/
• Atomic View: Atomic vibrations in hotter regions Polyethylene 0.46-0.50 rotation of chain
carry energy (vibrations) to cooler regions) Polystyrene 0.13 molecules
Teflon 0.25

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 Example: Thermal Stress Thermal Shock Resistance
• Occurs due to: • Occurs due to:
- uneven heating/cooling
- uneven heating/cooling rapid quench
- mismatch in thermal expansion tension develops in cooled surface
σ
Example Problem 20.1 tries to contract during cooling T2 σ = -Eα(T1-T2) [ = σf for fracture! ]
doesn’t want to contract T1
A brass rod is stress-free at room temperature (20C). σf
It is heated up but prevented from lengthening. (T1-T2) ∝ quench rate/k (T1-T2)for fracture =
At what T does the stress reach a compression of 172MPa? Eα
set equal
Troom σf k
Answer: 106C Result: (quench rate)for fracture ∝
Lroom Eα
T 20 x 10-6/C
Thermal shock resistance
∆L = ε 100GPa 20C
Lroom thermal = α(T-Troom) • A large thermal shock resistance means a large
σ = E (-εthermal) = -Eα(T-Troom) quench rate is needed to fracture!
compressive σ keeps ∆L = 0
-172MPa
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Thermal Protection System

Fig. 23.16, Callister
Space Shuttle Orbiter Re-entry T
Distribution

silica
reinf nylon felt,
Fig. 23.0, Callister tiles
C-C silicon rubber
(400-
(1650°C) coating
silica tiles (400- 1260°C) 1260°C)
(400°C)

~90% porous!
silica fibers
w/aluminum
borosilicate
fibers (strength)

100µm
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