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Yngve Selén and Henrik Asplund
Ericsson Research
Ericsson AB, Isafjordsgatan 14E, SE-164 80 Stockholm, Sweden.
Email: <first name>.<last name>@ericsson.com
Abstract—In this article we present downlink simulation re- a reality in the LTE networks, also for small handsets. To this
sults for a realistic implementation of the LTE (Long Term end, we present simulations of LTE downlink transmission
Evolution) 3G standard. In contrast to previous studies, actual for a single user occupying 10 MHz of bandwidth in the
measured channels (as opposed to computer generated artificial
channels) have been used in the simulation. The used 2×2 MIMO 2.66 GHz band.1 The novelty of the present simulation study
channels were measured using two realistic receiver mockups, is that actual measured 2×2 MIMO channels for some realistic
one laptop and one handset, as well as a pair of reference dipole antenna setups have been used. Also, the simulator resembles
antennas. The results suggest that LTE is able in practice to a realistic implementation which includes channel estimation
support multi stream transmission with very high data rates, errors, realistic link adaptation, error vector magnitude (EVM)
even for small hand held terminals. Also, the improvements of
2 × 2 MIMO over SISO transmission are clearly shown. etc. (this is further described in Section III). This allows stud-
ies of how the expected link performance of an actual deployed
I. I NTRODUCTION system can be expected to vary with different settings.
The results, presented in Section III-C, show that, under
The use of mobile broadband has shown a tremendous
realistic conditions, LTE will be able to support very high
increase recently: the portion of packet data traffic in the
data throughput as well as multi stream transmission. This
WCDMA networks surpassed that of voice in spring 2007
conclusion holds also for user equipments (UEs) with small
[1] and the increase in packet data traffic is expected to
form factors, such as handsets and laptops.
continue as the prices of HSPA subscriptions drop and as the
coverage increases. This puts high pressure on operators to II. C HANNEL M EASUREMENTS
increase the capacities of their networks, and on the industry
for enabling such an increase also in the long term future The equipment used for channel measurements consists
via more efficient and flexible communication standards. LTE of a base station (BS) located on the roof of Ericsson’s
(Long Term Evolution) [2] is one track of 3G evolution, which headquarters in Kista, Stockholm, Sweden, and a UE mounted
is currently being standardized within the Third Generation inside a measurement van. The BS transmits pilot symbols
Partnership Project (3GPP). The technique is based on orthog- over a bandwidth of 20 MHz at a carrier frequency of 2.66
onal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in the downlink GHz. These are measured by the UE and are used to estimate
and single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC- the MIMO channel. The UE continuously logs the channel,
FDMA) in the uplink. LTE offers several important benefits at a rate high enough to sample the channel more than twice
both for operators and end-users. Among the most important per wavelength, as the van drives along a pre-defined route;
are [1], [2] see, e.g., Figure 7 (the map covers an area of about 800 by
850 m). The route includes parts with line-of-sight as well
• High throughput: LTE allows for peak throughput rates
as highly shadowed areas. The GPS positions of the UE are
above 200 Mbps, and LTE peak rates of up to 160 Mbps
logged simultaneously with the channels, so that each channel
have already been demonstrated in experimental systems
measurement can be associated with a geographical position.
[3].
This procedure is then repeated for different antenna setups
• Low latency: The latency requirements are much tighter
on the BS and the UE sides.
in LTE than in WCDMA, with radio access network
round trip times below 10 ms. A. Antenna Configurations
• Flexibility: LTE supports both the frequency division
duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD) modes on We present results for three different antenna setups. On
the same base station platform [3]. Also, LTE supports the TX side (base station) a pair of cross polarized (±45◦ )
a greater bandwidth flexibility, from below 5 MHz up to antennas with a common phase center was used. This enables
20 MHz, than WCDMA. a very compact antenna installation, see Figure 1. On the RX
side the following receiver antenna setups were used:
The goal of the present article is to demonstrate the link
performance that can be expected from LTE, and to show that 1 This is in operating band VII evaluated for UTRA/FDD [4], and corre-
MIMO transmission with multiple data streams will indeed be sponds to a wavelength λ of about 11 cm.
10
−10
−30
Fig. 1. The base station, with the used dual-polarized TX antenna marked
−40
in the figure.
−50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time delay [μs]
40
30
20
10
−10
dB
Fig. 5. Example of the fast fading in time and frequency over a 20 MHz
bandwidth and during a 2 s long segment. Fig. 7. Channel SNR (in dB) over various locations for the used simulation
settings and Configuration C (laptop). The x-mark shows the location of the
BS. Note that the effect of the EVM, which limits the SNR (see Section III-B)
1 is not included in this plot.
0.9
0.8 1
Configuration A (ref. antennas)
0.7 0.9 Configuration B (handset)
Configuration C (laptop)
0.6 0.8
EVM 4%
CDF
0.5 0.7
0.4 0.6
Configuration A (ref. antennas)
CDF
0
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Fig. 6. Cumulative distribution functions for the correlation between SNR (dB)
receive antennas for the three different UE antenna configurations. Also, the
correlation between the two transmit antennas is shown. Fig. 8. Cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of the channel SNRs in
dB. The SNR limiting EVM at 4% is also marked in the figure.
B. Simulation Setup
40
We simulated downlink transmission to a single user in
an interference free environment over numerous one second
30
segments along the measurement route, each represented by a
dot on the throughput maps in Figures 9-11. This was done
20
for each of the antenna settings described in Section II-A.
The UE utilized 10 MHz bandwidth in the 2.66 GHz band.
Link adaptation was enabled, whereby the UE could select 10
0.5
SNR (which is different due to different path loss and different
0.4
RX antenna efficiencies) while the antenna correlations were
0.3 sufficiently low for all configurations.
0.2 The simulation study strengthens the belief that multi stream
0.1
transmission will be a realistic method for increasing the data
throughput in LTE systems, also for small hand held devices.
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
throughput (Mbps) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Thomas Bolin at Sony
Fig. 12. CDF for the throughput measurements. A SISO case corresponding Ericsson Mobile Communications AB in Lund, Sweden, for
to Configuration A has also been included.
supplying the modified handset (antenna configuration B), and
Anders Derneryd at Ericsson Research in Gothenburg, Swe-
den, for supplying the laptop mockup (antenna configuration
1 C). Also, thanks goes to Johan Furuskog at Ericsson Research,
0.9 Kista, Stockholm, Sweden, for performing the channel mea-
0.8 surements.
0.7 R EFERENCES
0.6 [1] Ericsson AB, “Long term evolution (LTE): an introduction.” online:
http://www.ericsson.com/technology/whitepapers/-
CDF
0.5
lte_overview.pdf, October 2007. White Paper.
0.4 [2] E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Sköld, and P. Beming, 3G Evolution: HSPA
and LTE for Mobile Broadband. Oxford, UK: Academic Press, 2007.
0.3
[3] Ericsson AB, “Ericsson first to demonstrate LTE in both FDD
0.2 Configuration A (ref. antennas) and TDD modes on the same base station platform.” online:
Configuration B (handset)
http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/press/releases/-
0.1 Configuration C (laptop)
SISO case (ref. antennas) 20080130-1186619.shtml, January 2008. Press release.
0 [4] 3GPP, “Universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) base sta-
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
throughput (Mbps)
tion (BS) radio transmission and reception (FDD),” January 2008. 3GPP
TS 25.104 version 8.1.0 Release 8.
2 In the previously shown results, the TX power was the same for all
Fig. 13. CDF of the throughput measurements when the TX power has been
varied such that all configurations experience the same SNR as in Figure 7. configurations, whereas the SNR varied due to different path loss and antenna
gains for the different configurations.