FULL NAME:

SPECIALISATION: BIOLOGY (Part-Time Programme)

YEAR OF STUDY: II
GROUP:1102
DATE: 5.06.2020
ENESCU SINZIANA

FINAL TEST

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the function of the skeleton in an animal body?
A: The skeleton provides physical support, movement and protection for the body.

2. How many regions is the vertebral column subdivided into? What are their names?
A: The vertebral column is subdivided into five regions which are cervical, thoracic,
lumbar, sacral, and caudal.

3. What parts does the skull consist of?

A: . The skull consists of the cranium and the face.

4. What cavities are situated in the cranium?

A: We can find the orbital, nasal, oral and middle ear cavity.

5. What happens to the food in the following:

- mouth cavity : The food is grasped, torn or chewed. The tongue can help in capturing
and swallowing the food.
- oesophagus : Carries the food past the region of the heart and lungs.
- stomach : This is where the food is stored and digestion begins.
- small intestine : The main region for digestion and absorption of food.
- large intestine : Completes the absorption and the undigested residues are formed into
masses of faeces for expulsion.

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6. What are the two large digestive glands, and what are their functions?
A: The liver and pancreas are the large digestive glands. The main functions of the liver
are the secretion of bile which aids the digestion, enzyme activation, excretion of bilirubin,
cholesterol, hormones, and drugs and storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals.
The pancreas produces digestive enzymes which are then activated by the liver.

7. What process occurs in the liver?

A: The liver's main function is to filter the blood coming from the digestive tract, before
passing it to the rest of the body. The liver also detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. As it
does so, the liver secretes bile that ends up back in the intestines.

8. What is the result of mineral deficiencies (phosphorous, copper, etc.) in animal food?
A: The result in mineral deficiencies can have various repercussions, from abnormal
metabolism, bone formation problems, irregular appetite, anaemia to reproduction problems.

9. What is the function of vitamins?

A: Vitamins are organic substances that regulate various vital processes, they are
essential for normal health, growth and reproduction and regulates one or more particular
functions.

10. What are the essential parts of the circulatory system?

A: The essential parts are:

 Blood
 Heart
 System of tubular blood vessels through which the fluid is moves;

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11. Describe the action of the heart.

A: The action of the heart is under involuntary nervous control: the atrium fills and
contracts, followed almost at once by the ventricles(s). The short intervals while the chambers
are filling provide the only rest for the heart muscle throughout life.

12. What does the circulatory system serve for?

A: The system is responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen and other gases, and
as well as hormones to and from cells.

13. What substances does the human blood plasma consist of?

A: Plasma consists of about 92% water, proteins and other organic compounds.

14. How long do the red cells normally live and how many circuits do they make in the blood
stream?

A: Red cells normally live for 25-100 days and make 50,000 or more circuits in the blood
stream.

15. Where are the red cells produced?

A: Red cells are produced in the red bone marrow, and an excess supply is often stored in
the spleen.

16. What is the fundamental characteristic of every type of organic response?

A: The fundamental characteristic of an organic response is provided by their excitability.

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17. What is a stimulus?

A: A stimulus is any physical or chemical change capable of exciting an organism or its

parts.

18. What are the main types of stimuli?

A: The main types are internal stimuli which results from water, oxygen, quantity of
food, wastes in the body and the second type is the external stimuli which is a reaction to
temperature, moisture, light, contact, pressure, oxygen supply, salt concentrations and odours.

19. What is the nervous system composed of?

A: We can bisect the nervous system in CNS (central nervous system) and
PNS(Peripheral nervous system). CNS consists of the brain connected to the nerve cord while
the PNS has 10 or 12 pairs of cranial nerves from the brain and a pair of spinal nerves. The
nervous system is composed of nerve cells with cell processors known as dendrites and axones.

20. What kind of change is the nerve impulse supposed to be?

A: Some impulses can be gradual and elicit a slow response others are abrupt and
produce a quick response. The change depends on the kind of cells or organs excited and their
physiological condition.