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MEC 451
CHAPTER
Thermodynamics

3 Lecture Notes:
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450
Shah Alam, Selangor

Prepared By:
Dr Idris Saad

Reviewed by
Dr. Alhassan Salami Tijani
Dr. Nor Afifah Yahaya First Law of
February – July 2020
Thermodynamics
For students EM 220 and EM 221 only
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Idris Saad

Part 3
Closed System

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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Idris Saad

Energy Balance for a Closed System

Clue for sign convention:

desire and required energy
is positive

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 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
-Qout
+Qin
Qnet Wnet
Closed System Closed System
+Wout
-Win

 According to classical thermodynamics

Qnet  Wnet  Esystem

(Qin  Q out )  (W out  W in )  Esystem

 The first law of thermodynamics for closed systems then can be
written as

Qnet  Wnet  U  KE  PE

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 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM

 The first law of thermodynamics can be in the form of

 V2  V1
2 2
g ( z2  z1 ) 
Q net  W net  m  u2  u1   
 (kJ )
 2000 1000 
 V2  V1
2 2
g ( z2  z1 ) 
qnet  wnet   u2  u1   
 (kJ / kg)
 2000 1000 

 For a constant volume process,

 V2  V1
2 2
g ( z2  z1 ) 
Q net  W net  m  u2  u1   
 2000 1000 
 V2  V1
2 2
g ( z2  z1 ) 
Q net  (Wbdry  Wothers )  m  u2  u1   

 2000 1000 
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 For a constant pressure process,

 V2  V1
2 2
g ( z2  z1 ) 
Q net  W net  m  u2  u1   

 2000 1000 
 V2  V1
2 2
g ( z2  z1 ) 

Q net  (W others  W bdry)  m  u2  u1   

 2000 1000 

 V2  V1
2 2
g ( z2  z1 ) 
Q net  W others  m  u2  u1  W bdry   
 2000 1000 

 V2  V1
2 2
g ( z2  z1 ) 
Q net  W others  m  u2  u1  P(v2  v1 )   
 2000 1000 

 V2  V1
2 2
g ( z2  z1 ) 

Q net  W others  m  h2  h1   

 2000 1000  6
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM

Example of Closed Systems

Rigid tank Piston cylinder

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MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Idris Saad

Energy Balance for a Closed System

Sample Problem 3.11 Problem−solving Technique
A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred by a paddle 1. Substance or working fluid.
2. Device / cycle & system.
wheel. Initially the internal energy of the fluid is 800 kJ. During the cooling 3. Thermodynamics process.
process, the fluid loses 500 kJ of heat and the paddle wheel does 100 kJ of 4. Schematic &/or process
diagram.
work on the fluid. Determine the final internal energy of the fluid. 5. Given thermodynamics
properties.
Solution 6. Assumptions &
approximations.
Assumption; Closed system ; no mass flow; 7. Calculations
stationary tank i.e ΔKE = ΔPE = 0; i. Define state
ii. Process
iii. Laws
Given; U1  800kJ ; Qout  500kJ ; Win  100kJ iv. Systematic & logic
8. Reasoning, verification, and
discussion
Hence, the energy balance becomes;
Q net  W net  m u2  u1   U 2  U1

(Qin  Q0ut )  (W out  W in )  U 2  U1

 500  (100)  U 2  800 U 2  400 kJ [Ans]

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 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Idris Saad

Energy Balance for a Closed System

Sample Problem 3.12
Problem−solving Technique
1. Substance or working fluid.
A piston-cylinder device contains 25 g of saturated water vapor that is 2. Device / cycle & system.
3. Thermodynamics process.
maintained at a constant pressure of 300 kPa. A resistance heater within the 4. Schematic &/or process
cylinder is turned on and passes a current of 0.2 A for 5 min from a 120 V diagram.
5. Given thermodynamics
source. At the same time, heat loss of 3.7 kJ occur. properties.
Show that for a closed system, the boundary work Wb and the change in 6. Assumptions &
approximations.
internal energy in the first law relation can be combined into one term, for a 7. Calculations
constant pressure process. i. Define state
ii. Process
Determine the final temperature of the steam. iii. Laws
iv. Systematic & logic
8. Reasoning, verification, and
discussion

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 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Idris/Alhassan/Mahadzir

Energy Balance for a Closed System

 V2  V1
2 2
g ( z2  z1 ) 

Q net  W others  m  h2  h1   
 2000 1000 

(Qin  Q0ut )  (W out  W in )  m(h2  h1 )

Welectric,in  VIt
 1kJ 
Welectric,in  120V  0.2 A  300s  s 
1000VA 
 
Welectric,in  7.2 kJ

State 1.- From table A-5

P1  300kPa
h1  hg @ 300kPa  2725.3 kJ kg
Sat.Vapor 

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 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Idris/Alhassan/Mahadzir

Energy Balance for a Closed System

(Qin  Q0ut )  (W out  W in )  m(h2  h1 )

(3.7)  (7.2)  0.025 h2  2725.3 h2  2865.3 kJ/kg

State 2.- From table A-6

P2  300kPa 

T  200 
C [Ans]
h2  2865.3 kJ 2
kg


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 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Idris Saad

Energy Balance for a Closed System

Sample Problem 3.13
Problem−solving Technique
1. Substance or working fluid.
A rigid tank is divided into two equal parts by partition. Initially, one side of 2. Device / cycle & system.
3. Thermodynamics process.
the tank contains 5 kg of water at 200 kPa and 25°C and the other side is 4. Schematic &/or process
evacuated. The partition is then removed, and the water expands into the diagram.
5. Given thermodynamics
entire tank. The water is allowed to exchange heat with it surroundings until properties.
the temperature in the tank returns to the initial value of 25°C. Determine; 6. Assumptions &
approximations.
a) the volume of the tank, 7. Calculations
b) the final pressure, and i. Define state
ii. Process
c) the heat transfer for this process. iii. Laws
iv. Systematic & logic
8. Reasoning, verification, and
discussion

H2O
m = 5 kg
P1 = 200 kPa evacuated
T1 = 25 0C space

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 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM

Data given: Solution:

initial 1 final 2 State1

P1  200 kPa, 
m T2 = T1  v  v  0.001003 m3

P1 T1  25o C  1 f @ 25 C kg

V2 = 2V1
T1 initial volume of half resevoir
V1  mv
 5  0.001003
Find: V2, P2, Qnet 0.005 m3

 The initial volume for entire tank

Vresevoir  2  0.005 
 0.01 m3 [Ans]

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 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM

 The final pressure

u1  u f @ 25 C  104.88 kJ
kg
State 2
u2  u f  x2 u fg
T2  25 C  v  0.001003 m 3

 f kg v2  v f
0.01 3  x2 
v2   0.002 mkg  vg  43.34 mkg
3
v fg
5 
check region !  2.3  105
v f  v  vg  saturated mixture  u2  104.88  2.3  105  2304.9 
then : P2  Psat  3.169 kPa [Ans]  104.93 kJ
kg

Then :
 The heat transfer for this process
Qnet  5 104.93  104.88 
Qnet  Wnet  m  u  ke  Pe   0.25 kJ [Ans]

Qnet  Wnet  m u  ke  Pe 
 +ve sign indicates heat transfer
Qnet  mu  m  u2  u1 
into the system.

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Practice Problems 3.2

1. A 0.5m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 160 kPa and 40 percent quality. Heat is now transferred to
the refrigerant until the pressure reaches 700 kPa. Determine (a) the mass of the refrigerant in the tank [10.03 kg]
and (b) the amount of heat transferred [2708 kJ]. Also, show the process on a P-V diagram with respect to
saturated lines.
2. A 0.6 m3 rigid tank initially contains saturated refrigerant-134a vapor at 1200 kPa. As a result of heat transfer from
the refrigerant, the pressure drops to 400 kPa. Show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturated lines,
and determine (a) the final temperature [8.91°C], (b) the amount of refrigerant that has condensed [24.56 kg], and
(c) the heat transfer [4883 kJ].
3. A rigid 10-L vessel initially contains a mixture of liquid water and vapor at 100°C with 12.3 percent quality. The
mixture is then heated until its temperature is 150°C. Calculate the heat transfer required for this process [46.9 kJ].
4. A fixed mass of saturated water vapor contained in a piston-cylinder device at 400 kPa is isothermally cooled until
it is a saturated liquid. Calculate the amount of specific heat rejected during this process [2133.4 kJ/kg].
5. A piston-cylinder device contains steam initially at 1 MPa, 450°C and 2.5 m3. Steam is allowed to cool at constant
pressure until it first starts condensing. Show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines and
determine (a) the mass of the steam [7.565 kg], (b) the final temperature [179.9°C], and (c) the amount of heat
transfer [4495 kJ].
6. An insulated piston-cylinder device contains 5 L of saturated liquid water at a constant pressure of 175 kPa. Water
is stirred by a paddle wheel while a current of 8 A flows for 45 min through a resistor placed in the water. If half of
the liquid is evaporated during this constant-pressure process and the paddle-wheel work amounts to 400 kJ,
determine the voltage of the source [223.9 V]. Also show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation
lines.
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 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Idris Saad

Practice Problems 3.2

7. A piston cylinder device initially contains 0.8 m3 of saturated water vapor at 250 kPa. At this state, the piston is
resting on a set of stops, and the mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 300 kPa is required to move it.
Heat is now slowly transferred to the water until the volume doubles. Show the process on a P-v diagram with
respect to saturation lines and determine (a) the final temperature [662°C], (b) the work done during this process
[240 kJ], and (c) the total heat transfer [1213 kJ].
8. A 40 L electrical radiator containing heating oil is placed in a 50 m3 and 100 kPa room. Both the room and the oil
in the radiator are initially at 10°C. The radiator with a rating of 2.4 kW is now turn on. At the same time, heat is
lost from the room at an average rate of 0.35 kJ/s. After some time, the average temperature is measured to be
20°C for the air in the room, and 50°C for the oil in the radiator. Taking the density and the specific heat of the oil
to be 950 kg/m3 and 2.2 kJ/kg.°C, respectively, determine how long the heater is kept on [1850 s]. Assume the
room is well-sealed so that there are no air leaks.
9. Saturated R-134a vapor at 40°C is condensed at constant pressure to a saturated liquid in a closed piston-
cylinder system. Calculate the specific heat transfer [163.0 kJ/kg] and specific work done during this process
[19.41 kJ/kg].
10. An insulated tank is divided into two parts by a partition. One part of the tank contains 2.5 kg of compressed liquid
water at 60°C and 600 kPa while the other part is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the water
expands to fill the entire tank. Determine the final temperature of the water [45.81°C] and the volume of the tank
[0.972 m3] for a final pressure of 10 kPa.

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 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Idris Saad

Practice Problems 3.2

11. Air is contained in a piston-cylinder device at 600 kPa and 927°C, and occupies a volume of 0.8 m3. The air
undergoes an isothermal process until the pressure is reduced to 300 kPa. The piston is now fixed in place and
not allowed to move while a heat transfer process takes place until the air reaches 27°C. (a) Sketch the system
showing the energies crossing the boundary and the P-V diagram for the combined processes. (b) For the
combined processes determine the net amount of heat transfer and its direction [Qout = 568 kJ].
12. A mass of 3 kg of saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water is contained in a piston-cylinder device at 160 kPa.
Initially, 1 kg of the water is in the liquid phase and the rest is in the vapor phase. Heat is now transferred to the
water, and the piston, which is resting on a set of stops, starts moving when the pressure inside reaches 500 kPa.
Heat transfer continuous until the total volume increases by 20 percent. Determine, (a) the initial [113.3°C] and
final [675°C] temperatures, (b) the mass of liquid water when the piston first starts moving [no liquid i.e.
superheated region [218 kJ], and (c) the work done during this process. Also, show the process on a P-v diagram.
13. A mass of 12 kg of saturated refrigerant-134a vapor is contained in a piston-cylinder device at 240 kPa. Now 300
kJ of heat is transferred to the refrigerant at constant pressure while a 110-V source supplies current to a resistor
within the cylinder for 6 min. Determine the current supplied if the final temperature is 70°C [12.8 A]. Also, show
the process on a T-v diagram with respect to the saturation lines.
14. A piston-cylinder device contains 0.8 kg of an ideal gas. Now, the gas is cooled at constant pressure until its
temperature decreases by 10°C. If 16.6 kJ of compression work is done during this process, determine the gas
constant [2.075 kJ/kg.K] and the molar mass [4.007 kg/kmol] of the gas. Also, determine the constant-volume
[3.111 kJ/kg.°C] and constant-pressure [5.186 kJ/kg.°C] specific heats of the gas if its specifics heat ratio is
1.667.

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