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Monaco Declaration
found today; hundreds of thousands to millions of years will Fortunately, partial remedies already on the table, if
be required for coral reefs to return, based on the past record implemented together, could solve most of the problem.
of natural coral-reef extinction events. We must start to act now because it will take years to
change the energy infrastructure and to overcome the
atmosphere’s accumulation of excess CO2, which takes
Ocean acidification can be controlled only time to invade the ocean.
by limiting future atmospheric CO2 levels
So-called geo-engineering strategies that would not aim to Therefore, we urge policymakers
restrict future atmospheric CO2 concentrations would not to launch four types of initiatives:
reduce ocean acidification. Mitigation strategies that aim
to transfer CO2 to the ocean, for example by direct deep- 4 to help improve understanding of impacts of ocean
sea disposal of CO2 or by fertilising the ocean to stimulate acidification by promoting research in this field, which is
biological productivity, would enhance ocean acidification still in its infancy;
in some areas while reducing it in others. Climate-change
negotiations focused on stabilizing greenhouse gases must 4 to help build links between economists and scientists
consider not only the total radiation balance; they must also that are needed to evaluate the socioeconomic extent of
consider atmospheric CO2 as a pollutant, an acid gas whose impacts and costs for action versus inaction;
release to the atmosphere must be curtailed in order to limit
ocean acidification. Hence, limits (stabilization targets) for 4 to help improve communication between
atmospheric CO2 defined based on ocean acidification may policymakers and scientists so that i) new policies are
differ from those based on surface temperature increases based on current findings and ii) scientific studies can be
and climate change. widened to include the most policy-relevant questions;
Despite a seemingly bleak outlook, there remains hope. 4 to prevent severe damages from ocean acidification
We have a choice, and there is still time to act if serious and by developing ambitious, urgent plans to cut emissions
sustained actions are initiated without further delay. First drastically.
and foremost, policymakers need to realize that ocean
acidification is not a peripheral issue. It is the other CO2
problem that must be grappled with alongside climate
change. Reining in this double threat, caused by our An example to illustrate the intense effort needed:
dependence on fossil fuels, is the challenge of the century. To stay below an atmospheric CO2 level of about 550 ppm,
Solving this problem will require a monumental world- the current increase in total CO2 emissions of 3% per year
wide effort. All countries must contribute, and developed must be reversed by 2020. Even steeper reductions will be
countries must lead by example and by engineering new
technologies to help solve the problem. Promoting these needed to keep most polar waters from becoming corrosive
technologies will be rewarded economically, and prevention to the shells of key marine species and to maintain favourable
of severe environmental degradation will be far less conditions for coral growth. If negotiations at COP-15 in
costly for all nations than would be trying to live with the Copenhagen in December 2009 fall short of these objectives,
consequences of the present approach where CO2 emissions
and atmospheric CO2 concentrations continue to increase, still higher atmospheric CO2 levels will be inevitable.
year after year.
*Declaration approved by 155 scientists from 26 countries, leaders of research into ocean acidification and its impacts.
This document is based on the report Research Priorities for Ocean Acidification
(available at http://ioc3.unesco.org/oanet/HighCO2World.html along with the Declaration, endorsements, and photo credits).
This declaration does not necessarily reflect the views of the organizers and financial sponsors of the symposium or the
organizations to which the approving scientists are associated.
Eric Achterberg, NOCS Southampton, UK Will Le Quesne, CEFAS, UK
Simone Alin, Seattle, USA Julien Leblud, University of Mons, Belgium
Denis Allemand, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco Louis Legendre, Villefranche Oceanography Laboratory, France
Andreas Andersson, BIOS, Bermuda Patrick Lehodey, CLS, France
Pia Andersson, SMHI, Sweden Orly Levitan, Bar Ilan University, Israel
Murat V. Ardelan, NTNU, Norway Michael MacCracken, Climate Institute Washington DC, USA
Joana Barcelos e Ramos, IFM-GEOMAR Kiel, Germany Chandan Mahanta, Centre for the Environment IIT Guwahati, India
James P. Barry, MBARI, USA Cornelia Maier, CNRS-University of Paris 6, France
Nina Bednarsek, British Antarctic Survey, UK Sophie Martin, IAEA-MEL, Monaco
Olivier Bernard, INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, France Francesca Marubini, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, UK
Anthony Bertucci, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco Evin McGovern, Marine Institute, Ireland
Maria Betti, IAEA-MEL, Monaco Triona McGrath, Marine Institute, Ireland
Jelle Bijma, AWI, Germany Christina McGraw, University of Otago, New Zealand
Jerry Blackford, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK Ben McNeil, University of New South Wales, Australia
Christian Bock, AWI, Germany Frank Melzner, IFM-GEOMAR Kiel, Germany
Antje Boetius, AWI and MPI Bremen, Germany Agostino Merico, GKSS, Germany
Florence Boisson, IAEA-MEL, Monaco Joanna Miest, Hamburg, Germany
Michel Boisson, Monaco Ahmed Ali Mohamud, Nairobi, Kenya
Laurent Bopp, LSCE/CNRS, France Pedro MS Monteiro, CSIR, South Africa
Andrea Borghi, Université de Neuchâtel, Switzerland Aurélie Moya, Univ. Nice, France
Eike Breitbarth, University of Otago, New Zealand Marius N. Müller, IFM-GEOMAR Kiel, Germany
Emily Breviere, SOLAS IPO UEA, UK Guy Munhoven, University of Liège, Belgium
Wendy Broadgate, IGBP, Sweden Anne-Marin Nisumaa, CNRS-Université Paris 6, France
Lucy Buxton, Australia Jón Ólafsson, University of Iceland, Iceland
Ken Caldeira, Carnegie Institution Stanford, USA Anna Orlikowska, IOW, Germany
Juan-Carlos Miquel, IAEA-MEL, Monaco James Orr, IAEA-MEL, Monaco
Nicolas Cassar, Princeton University, USA Ronald Osinga, Wageningen University, Netherlands
Ana I. Catarino, BIOMAR-ULB, Belgium Christian Pansch, IFM-GEOMAR Kiel, Germany
Anastasia Charalampopoulou, NOC Southampton, UK Silvio Pantoja, University of Concepcion, Chile
Lei Chou, Université LIbre de Bruxelles, Belgium Laura Parker, University of Western Sydney, Australia
Catriona Clemmesen, IFM-GEOMAR Kiel, Germany Matti Perttila, FMI, Finland
Steeve Comeau, CNRS-University of Paris 6, France Gian-Kasper Plattner, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Kim Currie, NIWA, New Zealand Annika Pollani, HCMR, Greece
Jan Czerny, IFM-GEOMAR Kiel, Germany Hans Pörtner, AWI, Germany
Mike DeGrandpre, University of Montana, USA Lucia Porzio, Stazione Zoologica A.Dohrn Naples, Italy
Andrew Dickson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA Rosa Ma. Prol-Ledesma, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico
Delphine Dissard, AWI, Germany Sophie Rabouille, CNRS, France
Philippe Dubois, Marine Biology Laboratory ULB, Belgium Stéphanie Reynaud, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco
Cynthia Dumousseaud, NOCS Southampton, UK Sophie Richier, CNRS-University of Paris 6, France
Sam Dupont, Marine Ecology Göteborg University, Sweden Andy Ridgwell, University of Bristol, UK
Hronn Egilsdottir, Iceland Ulf Riebesell, IFM-GEOMAR Kiel, Germany
Jonathan Erez, Hebrew University, Israel Lisa Robbins, St. Petersburg FL, USA
Victoria J. Fabry, California State University San Marcos, USA Donna Roberts, Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems CRC, Australia
Richard Feely, Seattle, USA Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, UK
Helen Findlay, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK Christopher L. Sabine, Seattle, USA
Maoz Fine, Interuniversity Institute for Marine Science, Israel Joan-Albert Sanchez-Cabeza, IAEA-MEL, Monaco
Jan Helge Fosså, Institute of Marine Research, Norway Julia Saphörster, IFM-GEOMAR Kiel, Germany
Reidun Gangstø, University of Bern, Switzerland Yoshikazu Sasai, JAMSTEC, Japan
Jean-Pierre Gattuso, CNRS-University of Paris 6, France Toru Sato, University of Tokyo, Japan
Marion Gehlen, LSCE, France Daniela Schmidt, University of Bristol, UK
Claire Godinot, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco Birgit Schneider, University of Kiel, Germany
Nicolas Gruber, ETH Zurich, Switzerland Kai G. Schulz, IFM-GEOMAR Kiel, Germany
Magdalena Gutowska, AWI, Germany Miriam Schutter, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Jason Hall-Spencer, Marine Institute University of Plymouth, UK Joachim Segschneider, MPI-MET Hamburg, Germany
Henrietta Hampel, EC, Belgium Kyoungsoon Shin, KORDI, Republic of Korea
Lina Hansson, CNRS-University of Paris 6, France Yoshihisa Shirayama, Kyoto University, Japan
Judith Hauck, AWI, Germany Yasmin Shirin Appelhans, IFM-GEOMAR Kiel, Germany
Peter M. Haugan, University of Bergen, Norway Kiminori Shitashima, CRIEPI, Japan
Chris Hauton, NOC Southampton, UK Lisa Suatoni, Natural Resources Defense Council, USA
Jon Havenhand, Univ. Gothenburg, Sweden Coleen Suckling, British Antarctic Survey & Cambridge University, UK
Eric Heinen De Carlo, University Of Hawaii, USA Stefanie Sudhaus, IFM-GEOMAR Kiel, Germany
Christoph Heinze, UiB/BCCR, Norway Toru Suzuki, MIRC/JHA, Japan
Hermann Held, PIK, Germany Sylvie Tambutté, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco
Nathalie Hilmi, HFRI/IUM, Monaco Jean-Louis Teyssie, IAEA-MEL, Monaco
Maria Hood, UNESCO-IOC, France Michael Thorndyke, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sweden
Frances Hopkins, University of East Anglia,UK Erik V. Thuesen, Evergreen State College, USA
Fanny Houlbreque, IAEA-MEL, Monaco Trisha Towanda, University of Rhode Island, USA
Will Howard, Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems CRC, Australia George Triantafyllou, HCMR, Greece
Tatjana Ilyina, University of Hawaii, USA Carol Turley, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK
Lars Inge Enstad, University of Bergen, Norway Toby Tyrrell, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, UK
Kirsten Isensee, IOW, Germany Thomas Vance, Newcastle University, UK
Masao Ishii, MRI, Japan Sue-Ann Watson, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, UK
Ross Jeffree, IAEA-MEL, Monaco Markus Weinbauer, CNRS-University of Paris 6, France
Philip Kerrison, University of Essex, UK Steve Widdicombe, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK
Joanie Kleypas, National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA Hannah Wood, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK
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