Lecture 10 - Introduction To Earthquake Resistant Design of RC Structures (Part II) Color

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Lecture-10
Introduction to Earthquake
Resistant Analysis & Design
of RC Structures (Part II)
By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
www.drqaisarali.com
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Topics Addressed
 Load Combinations
 Analysis using software
 Gravity vs. Earthquake Loading
 ACI Special Provisions for Seismic Design
 ACI Special Provisions for Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF)
 ACI Special Provisions for Intermediate Resisting Frame (IMRF)
 Miscellaneous Considerations
 Design Example
 References
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 2
1
Load Combinations
 UBC-97 Load Combinations

 UBC-97 adopts load combinations and strength reduction
factors of ACI 318-99.
UBC-97 (section 1612.2.1)

Load Combinations Strength Reduction Factors
1.4D 0.9 (flexure)
1.4D + 1.7L 0.85 (Shear)
1.2D + 0.5L ± 1.0E 0.70 (Tied )
0.9D ± 1.0E 0.75 (Spiral)
 According to UBC-97, earthquake combinations shall be

multiplied by 1.1 for concrete structures.
Load Combinations

 Definition of E in UBC-97
 According to section 1630.1.1 of UBC-97 (section 5.30.1.1 of BCP SP-
2007), E is given as:
E = ρEh + Eν
 Eh = Horizontal component of the earthquake load (storey Force).
 Eν= Vertical component of the earthquake ground motion.
 In most of the cases, ρ ≈ 1, so,
E = Eh + Eν
 Now, Eν = 0.5CaID, therefore,
E = Eh + 0.5CaID
2
Load Combinations

 Therefore, the following load combinations of UBC-97 are
generated:
 1.1[1.2D + 0.5L ± 1.0 (Eh + 0.5CaID)} ]…..……(i)
 1.1[0.9D ± 1.0 (Eh + 0.5CaID)] …………………(ii)
NOTE: D, L and Eh represents load effects axial force, shear, and

bending moment due to respective loads.
Load Combinations

 As an example let’s write UBC Load Combinations for
following seismic zone data:
 Seismic Zone: 2B
 Soil type: SD
 Importance factor (I)= 1
 For seismic zone 2B and soil type SD, Seismic coefficient Ca = 0.28
 With this data, following UBC-97 load combinations are

obtained:
3
Load Combinations

1.1[1.2D + 0.5L ± 1.0 (Eh + 0.5CaID)]…..……(i)
1.1[1.2D + 0.5L ± 1.0 (Eh + 0.5 × 0.28 × 1.00 ×D)]
1.32D + 0.55L ± 1.1Eh ± 0.154D
1.474D + 0.55L ± 1.1Eh …………….. (ia)
1.166D + 0.55L ± 1.1Eh …………….. (ib)
Load Combinations

Similarly,
1.1[0.9D ± 1.0 (Eh + 0.5CaID)] …………………(ii)
1.1[0.9D ± 1.0 (Eh + 0.5 × 0.28 × 1.00 ×D)]
0.99D ± 1.1Eh ± 0.154D
1.14D ± 1.1Eh …………….. (iia)
0.84D ± 1.1Eh ……………. (iib)
4
Load Combinations

Finally, following six load combinations would be used in design.
1.4D
1.4D+1.7L
1.474D + 0.55L ± 1.1Eh …………….. (ia)
1.166D + 0.55L ± 1.1Eh …………….. (ib)
1.14D ± 1.1Eh …………….. (iia)
0.84D ± 1.1Eh ……………. (iib)
Load Combinations
 Load Combinations in Other Codes

 ACI 318-14
 1.4D
 1.2D+1.6L
 1.2D + 1.0L ± 1.0E
 0.9D ± 1.0E
 Note: This “E” must be calculated using IBC code.
 BCP SP-2007
 BCP has same combinations as UBC-97.
5
Load Combinations
 Compatibility of BCP (UBC) and ACI

 BCP chapter 7 can be used for earthquake resistant design of
RC structures using load combination and Strength Reduction
Factors of chapter 5 of BCP (UBC 97 load combinations).
 To maintain compatibility in the usage of BCP code, analysis is

done using load combinations of UBC-97. Design can be done
using:
 UBC-97 design procedure of chapter 19 which is ACI 318-99.
 ACI 318-14 using load combinations and strength reduction factors of UBC-
97.
Load Combinations
 Application of Load Combinations

 Following steps are followed to apply load combinations:
 The structure is analyzed for unamplified load cases separately e.g.,
 Analysis for unamplified dead load (1.0D),
 Analysis for unamplified live load (1.0L)
 Analysis for unamplified lateral storey load cases (1.0Eh).
 Load effects obtained for each load case are multiplied with amplification
factors and combined as per code load combination requirements.
 With this approach, the structure has to be analyzed only for each load case.
After analysis, any load combinations can be performed with load cases.
6
Load Combinations

 Example 1: Apply Load combinations to analysis results of the encircled bay of
the given structure.
Seismic Zone: 2B
SDL = 40 psf Soil: SD
LL = 60 psf Slab: 6″
fc′ = 3 ksi Beams:12″ × 18″
SDL = 40 psf fy = 40 ksi Columns: 12″
LL = 60 psf
SDL = 40 psf
LL = 60 psf
BAY
15 ft
15 ft
15 ft
20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft
Load Combinations

 Example 1
 Following UBC-97 load combinations for zone 2B and soil SD are
used:
 1.4D+1.7L
 1.474D + 0.55L ± 1.1Eh …………….. (ia)
 1.166D + 0.55L ± 1.1Eh …………….. (ib)
 1.14D ± 1.1Eh …………….. (iia)
 0.84D ± 1.1Eh ……………. (iib)
7
Load Combinations

 Example 1
 Sign convention
Bent left (+) Bent right (−)

BM Sign convention for column
Bent down (+) Bent up (−)

BM Sign convention for beam
Load Combinations Bent left (+) Bent right (−)

 Application of Load Combinations Bent down (+) Bent up (−)

 Example 1 E E
26 22 22
9
-1.4
-43 -43 -0.5 -17 -17 -39 -22 -37 39 -22 37
2.0 1.0 37 33 -37 -33

1.0D 1.0L 1.0E −1.0E
For higher zone, this value might
43 31 become positive
52 35 22 52
-89 -89 -45 -97 -97 -43 -45 -25 -73 -42 -45 -97 -97 -43
-2.8 41 -79 -29 41 42 -60 -12 40
44 40 43 39
4.5 -37 -37 -39 -35 44 -37
1.4D + 1.7L 1.474D + 0.55L + 1.1E 1.14D + 1.1E Envelop
1.166D + 0.55L − 1.1E 0.84D − 1.1E
8
Load Combinations

 Case Study 1: Study on Results of Analysis using UBC and ACI
Load Combinations. Seismic Zone: 2B
SDL = 40 psf Soil: SD
LL = 60 psf Slab: 6″
Beams:12″ × 18″
fc′ = 3 ksi Columns: 12″
SDL = 40 psf fy = 40 ksi
LL = 60 psf
SDL = 40 psf
LL = 60 psf Portion of frame
considered
15 ft
15 ft
15 ft
20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft
Load Combinations

 Case Study 1: Following load combinations for zone 2B and soil
SD are used:
UBC-97 Load Combinations: ACI 318-14 Load Combinations:

1.4D+1.7L 1.2D+1.6L
1.474D + 0.55L + 1.1E 1.2D + 1.0L + 1.0E
1.166D + 0.55L − 1.1E 1.2D + 1.0L − 1.1E
1.14D + 1.1E 0.9D + 1.0E
0.84D − 1.1E 0.9D − 1.0E
 In ACI load combination, “E” is as per IBC. In this example E is

taken as per UBC with vertical component ignored.
9
Load Combinations
Bent left (+) Bent right (−)
 Application of Load Combinations BM Sign convention for column
 Case Study 1
26 22 Bent down (+) Bent up (−)
-1.4 -39 -37
-43 -43 -22
2.0 37 33
1.0D 1.0E
9 22
-0.5 -17 -17 39 37

-22
1.0 -37 -33

1.0L −1.0E
Analysis Results for Unamplified Individual load Cases
Load Combinations

 Case Study 1
52 46
-2.8 -2.5
-89 -89 -79 -79
4.5 4.0
1.4D + 1.7L (UBC-97) 1.2D + 1.6L (ACI-318-14)
Load combination 1
10
Load Combinations

 Case Study 1
43 40
-45 -43 -41 -39

-48 -47
-97 -91
44 40 40 36
1.474D + 0.55L + 1.1E (UBC-97) 1.2D + 1.0L + 1.0E (ACI-318-14)

35 40
41 39 37 35
-35 -47
-84 -91
-38 -33 -34 -30
1.166D + 0.55L − 1.1E (UBC-97) Load combination 2 & 3 1.2D + 1.0L − 1.0E (ACI-318-14)
Load Combinations

 Case Study 1
30 23
-44 -42 -40 -17 -38

-25 -61
-73
43 39 39 35
1.14D + 1.1E (UBC-97) 0.9D + 1.0E (ACI-318-14)

22 23
42 39 38 36
-12 -17
-60 -61
-39 -35 -35 -31
0.84D − 1.1E (UBC-97) Load combination 4 & 5 0.9D − 1.0E (ACI-318-14)
11
Load Combinations

 Case Study 1: Conclusions
 For the given frame, except gravity load combination 2, there is no significant
difference between UBC-97 and ACI 318-14 load combination results.
However in some cases it may be more.
 Note that in each case, strength reduction factors are different. Therefore,
there will be difference in reinforcement as well.
 Caution about use of load combination in SAP2000: Before designing in SAP2000,
make sure that combinations used are the same as used in the relevant code.
Load Combinations

 Example 2: Complete Example using Approximate Analysis
SDL = 40 psf Seismic Zone: 2B
LL = 60 psf Soil: SD
Slab: 6″
fc′ = 3 ksi Beams:12″ × 18″
SDL = 40 psf
fy = 40 ksi Columns: 12″
LL = 60 psf
SDL = 40 psf
LL = 60 psf
15 ft
15 ft
15 ft
20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft
12
Load Combinations

 Example 2: E-W Frame to be analysed. Lateral load from Static
Lateral Force Procedure are shown.
F3 =23 kips
h=10.5 ft
F2 =15.5 kips
h=10.5 ft
F1 = 7.74 kips
h=10.5 ft
l1=20 ft l2=20 ft l3=20 ft l4=20 ft

Load Combinations

 Example 2: Analysis Results for 1.0D
Column
Moments
Beam
Moments
13
Load Combinations

 Example 2: Analysis Results for 1.0L
Column
Moments
Beam
Moments
Load Combinations
 Applications of Load Combinations

 Example 2: Analysis Results for 1.0E
14
Load Combinations

 Example 2: Analysis Results for −1.0E
Load Combinations

 Example 2: Analysis Results for 1.2D+1.6L
Column
Moments
Beam
Moments
15
Load Combinations
 Applicationn of Load Combinations

 Example 2: Analysis Results for 1.2D+1.0L+1.0E
Column
Moments
Beam
Moments
Load Combinations

 Example 2: Analysis Results for 1.2D + 1.0L − 1.0E
Column
Moments
Beam
Moments
16
Load Combinations

 Example 2: Analysis Results for 0.9D + 1.0E
Column
Moments
Beam
Moments
Load Combinations

 Example 2: Analysis Results for 0.9D − 1.0E
Column
Moments
Beam
Moments
17
Load Combinations
 Application of load Combinations

 Example 2: Envelop Used For Design & Comparison with SAP
74 52 31 52 74 54 22 21 22 54
Column
55 62 52 62 55 56 42 37 42 56
Moments
91 133 123 133 91 85 81 77 81 85
78 58 58 78 84 36 36 84
-74 -109 -88 -88 -88 -88 -109 -74 -38 -60 -80 -71 -71 -80 -60 -38
10 78 2 58 2 2 58 2 78 10 6 50 37 37 50 6
-100 -135 -114 -114 -114 -114 -135 -100 -72 -93 -86 -85 -85 -86 -93 -72
Beam
Moments 56 78 37 48 58 48 48 58 48 37 78 56 46 54 10 3 37 10 10 37 3 10 54 46
-146 -181 -160 -160 -160 -160 -181 -146 -97 -123 -109 -105 -105 -109 -123 -97
Approximate Analysis Envelop SAP2000 Envelop
Gravity vs. Earthquake

Loading
 Case Study 2
 Comparative study between gravity and earthquake load analysis
for various zones of the given structure using SAP2000.
The study has been done
using SAP2000 using ACI
318-14 load combinations
and is done for all
seismic zones. The study
has been done on the
same 4 by 3 (20′×15′)
panel building.
15 ft
15 ft
15 ft
20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft
18

Loading
 Case Study 2
 The objective of this study is to determine for the given 3D
structure:
 Bending moment due to gravity loads
 Bending moments due to earthquake loads from zone 1 to 4.
 Compare the bending moments to see the variation in bending

moments due to change in loading.
 Compare the reinforcement requirement due to change in loading.

Loading
 Case Study 2
 Gravity Load Analysis (1.2D+1.6L) for all seismic zones
44
51 37
-38
34
-50 -80 -75 -73
54 36
-36
-38 -85 -79 -71 -2
1.2D+1.6L
19

Loading
 Case Study 2
 Combinations for Zone 1
22 13
-19 35 25 -12 27 25
11 4
-21 -65 -41 -59 -10 -48 -25 -44
54 31
-16 -8 32 17
-5 -95 -51 -80 -35 9 -61 -19 -52 -32
1.2D+1.0L+1.0E 0.9D+1.0E
36 27
-31 31 25 -23 21 18
34 27 -44
-46 -43 -60 -39 -36 -27 -24
41 33 22 19
-32 -25
-60 -51 -86 -42 32 -45 -18 -55 -15 32
1.2D+1.0L−1.0E 0.9D−1.0E

Loading
 Case Study 2
 Combinations for Zone 2A
25 8
48 33 28 18
-22 -7
8 -19 -5
-89 -47 -80 0 -57 -18 -52
59 33 40 19
-16 -2
17 -113 -30 -95 -60 32 -79 -5 -67 -61
1.2D+1.0L+1.0E 0.9D+1.0E
51 33
-43 40 33 -28 21 19
50 37
-66 -49 -81 -45 -46 -18 -52 -16
-46 41 37 -32 23 22
-83 -33 -100 -27 64 -68 0 -69 0 63
1.2D+1.0L−1.0E 0.9D−1.0E
20

Loading
 Case Study 2
 Combinations for Zone 2B
21 4
-19 50 33 -4 30 19
2 -11
-13 -94 -42 -85 6 -63 -13 -56
63 33 46 20
-12 -2
-31 -123 -21 -105 -77 -90 3 -77 -80
1.2D+1.0L+1.0E 0.9D+1.0E
54 37
-45 40 34 -30 22 20
56 42
-72 -44 -86 -40 -53 -12 -57 -12
41 38 -36 24 24
-50
-97 -22 -109 -18 81 -82 10 -78 9 80
1.2D+1.0L−1.0E 0.9D−1.0E

Loading
 Case Study 2
16 0
53 33 32
-16 0 20
-5 -18
-4 -101 -36 -91 14 -70 -7 -63
70 36 49 23
-6 7
49 -138 -15 -117 -100 64 -105 15 -89 -101
1.2D+1.0L+1.0E 0.9D+1.0E
59 42
-49 39 36 -34 22 21
64 50
-81 -37 -92 -34 -61 -5 -63 -5
-56 42 40 -31 26 28
-116 -8 -121 -5 104 -101 24 -90 22 104
1.2D+1.0L−1.0E 0.9D−1.0E
21

Loading
 Case Study 2
12 -5
54 33 35 20
-11 2
-13 3 -26 23
-108 -29 -98 -77 0 -69
78 37 58 21
-1 12
68 -152 -4 -130 -122 83 -119 26 -102 -123
1.2D+1.0L+1.0E 0.9D+1.0E
64 46
-53 40 35 -38 23 22
71 58
-89 -29 -97 -27 -70 1 -69 0
42 44 29 34
-61 -47
-134 6 -132 6 127 -119 39 -101 34 126
1.2D+1.0L−1.0E 0.9D−1.0E

Loading
 Case Study 2
 Beam Moment Comparison for all zones
B
Story 2
A
(A) (B)
22

Loading
 Case Study 2
B
A Story 1
(A) (B)

Loading
 Case Study 2
Story 2
C F
(C) (F)
23

Loading
 Case Study 2
 Comparison for all zones
Story 1
C F
(C) (F)

Loading
 Case Study 2
E
Story 2
(E)
24

Loading
 Case Study 2
 Comparison for all zones
E
Story 1
(E)

Loading
 Case Study 2
 Column Moment Comparison for all zones
Top moment
25

Loading
 Case Study 2
 Conclusions
 The moments in almost all cases increases due to lateral loads in a
progressive manner from top to bottom and from low to high zone.
 However, there is no significant change in beam mid span positive

moments for all zones.
 Within a storey, exterior negative moment in a beam increases more

than that of interior negative moments in the same seismic zone.
 Positive end moments in beams, especially in lower stories, may

become significant in higher seismic zones.
Analysis & Design Using FEA

Software
 ETABS
 Following slides present broad steps required to perform analysis.
26
Analysis & Design Using FEA Software

• ETABS
3. Goto Define → Special Seismic Load Effects and select from two
options based
Vertical on requirement:
component of earthquake loads can also be neglected
1. After(i)completing
Include Special
Vertical Seismic
theDefine
modeling,
component
Goto of Design
goto
earthquake
if Load Data
loadsDesign
Add Default
acceptable. can be
(ii) Do
Option Not
→ Include
Preferences
Click
Goto
included Define
from
Combos Special
Modify→
this
Select →LoadSeismic
Concrete
Button
option.
toConcrete
Generate to
load
Frame Design
Frame
detailsto
Combinations
Design Data
Design
seecombinations
of
to see the
Option (i) is normally selected.
load
Load
generated
generate combinations
Combination
load combinations details
Load combinations
for concrete
Select UBC-97 so that
Load UBC load including
combination combinations
verticalcan be generated
(Without inclusion
material of vertical
component
component of earthquake
of earthquakeload
load)
Analysis & Design Using FEA

Software
 SAP2000
 Following slides present broad steps required to perform analysis.
27
Analysis & Design Using FEA Software

• SAP2000
Option 21
In a second option, To perform analysis and design as per BCP, manually define all load
combinations as per UBC-97 in Define Load Combination section.
Then go to design Concrete Frame Design View/ Revise Preferences and change design code
to ACI 318-05.
Change the strength Go reduction
to Design factors
Concrete as Frame
per UBC Design
i.e., ΦView/
for shear
Revise
andPreferences
torsion = 0.85 instead
of 0.75. After tocompleting
select code for thedesign.
structural model, go to Define Load cases
SometimesDefined Load load
the desired patterns
combinations might not match the required code
and Go required
all to Define load
load Combinations
patterns. to generate Load
Note: UBC 97 used for earthquake load definition.
combinations, therefore all combinations should be checked before final design.
combinations
To generate load aspattern
per UBC-97
combinations select the code. As UBC isdiscussed
used for in
AfterEarthquake
this, the model load
is ready should
for analysis bedesign
and defined
as perasUBC-97.
earthquake
previous definition therefore select UBC.
lecture
ACI Special Provisions for

Seismic Design
 The principal goal of the Special Provisions is to ensure adequate
toughness under inelastic displacement reversals brought on by
earthquake loading.
 The provisions accomplish this goal by requiring the designer to

provide for concrete confinement and inelastic rotation capacity.
 No special requirements are placed on structures subjected to low or

no seismic risk.
 Structural systems designed for high and moderate seismic risk are
referred to as Special and Intermediate respectively.
28

Seismic Design
 Based on moment resisting capacity, there are three types of RC
frames,
 SMRF (Special Moment Resisting Frame),
 IMRF (Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame),
 OMRF (Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame).
 Some general requirements will be presented first, which are

common to all frames. Specific requirements for each type of frame
are presented later on.

Seismic Design
 General Requirements
 Concrete in members resisting earthquake induced forces
 Min f’c = 3000 Psi (cylinder strength) for all types
 No maximum limit on ordinary concrete
 5000 psi is maximum limit for light weight
29

Seismic Design
 Reinforcement in members resisting earthquake induced forces
 Grade 60, conforming to ASTM A 706 (low alloy steel)
 Grade 40 or 60, conforming to ASTM A 615 (billet steel) provided that
 Fy (actual) – Fy (specified) ≤ +18 Ksi
 Actual Ultimate / Actual Fy ≥ 1.25

Seismic Design
 Hoops, Ties and Cross Ties
 Confinement for concrete is provided by transverse reinforcement

consisting of stirrups. hoops, and crossties.
 To ensure adequate anchorage, a seismic hook (shown in figure) is used

on stirrups, hoops and crossties .
(Seismic Hook)
30

Seismic Design
 Hoops, ties and Crossties: Advantages
 Closely spaced horizontal closed ties in column help in three ways:
i. they carry the horizontal shear forces induced by earthquakes, and thereby
resist diagonal shear cracks,
ii. they hold together the vertical bar and prevent them from excessively
bending outwards (in technical terms, this bending phenomenon is called
buckling), and
iii. they contain the concrete in the column. The ends of the ties must be bent
at 135° hooks. Such hook ends prevent opening of hoops and
consequently buckling of concrete and buckling of vertical bars.
ACI Provisions for Special

Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF)
 Provisions for Flexural Members
 These provision applies to flexural members with:
 Factored axial compressive force  Agf’c/10.
 Note: These provisions generally apply to beams because axial load on beams
is generally less than Agfc′/10.
 However they are also applicable to columns subjected to axial load less
than Agfc′/10.
31

1. Size: The members must have:
a. clear span-to-effective-depth ratio of at least 4, (Ln/d ≥ 4)
e.g., for Ln = 15 ft, d = 16″, Ln/d = 15 × 12/16 = 11.25 > 4, O.K.
b. width-to-depth ratio of at least 0.3, b/d ≥ 0.3
e.g., for width (b) = 12″ and depth (h) = 18″, b/h = 12/18 = 0.67 > 0.3, O.K.
c. web width of not less 10 inches.

2. Flexural Reinforcement
rmin = 3f’c/fy, 200/fy (at critical sections)
rmax = 0.025 (at critical sections)

Asl− Min. 2 bars continuous at all sections Asr−
Asl+  (Asl−)/2 Asr+  (Asr−)/2
As− or As+ (at all section)  (maximum of As at either joint)/4

32

3. Transverse Reinforcement
d/4
8  smallest longitudinal bar diameter
s
24  hoop bar diameter
 2” 12”
s  d/2
≥ 2h ≥ 2h
Column
Column

Lap splice length =1.3 ld = 1.3 0.05 (fy/ √fc′)db
4. Lap Splice
50 db for fc′ 3 and fy 40 ksi
Lapping of Spacing of stirrups

Longitudinal bars Least of d/4 or 4
inches
≥ 2h ≥ 2h
Lapping prohibited in regions where

longitudinal bars can yield in tension
33


 Mechanical Splice of Longitudinal Reinforcement
 Mechanical Splices shall conform to 18.2.1.
 Section 18.2.8.1 says that welded splice shall conform to 25.5.7

which states “A full mechanical splice shall develop in tension or
compression, as required, at least 125 % of the specified yield
strength (fy) of the bar.


 Welded Splice of Longitudinal Reinforcement
 Welded Splices shall conform to 25.5.7.
 Section 18.2.8.1 says that welded splice shall conform to 25.5.7

which states “ A full welded splice shall develop at least 125 % of
the specified yield strength (fy) of the bar.
34

 Provision for Frame Members Subjected to Bending and Axial Load
 The provision applies to members with:

 Factored axial compressive force > Agf’c/10

1. Size
a) Each side at least 12 inches
b) Shorter to longer side ratio ≥ 0.4.
i.e. 12/12, 12/18, 12/24 OK; but 12/36 not O.K
35

 Provision for Frame Members

Subjected to Bending and Axial
Load
2. Longitudinal Reinforcement
Clear span, hc
0.01 rg 0.06

 Provision for Frame h1
Members Subjected
to Bending and lo
Axial Load
h2
3. Trans. Rein.
0.25  (smaller of h1 or h2)

s  6  long. bar dia.
so
Larger of h1 or h2
lo  Clear span/6
6  long. bar dia.
18” s 
6”
72
36

3. Trans. Rein. Provide add.
6db  3” 6db extension trans. reinf.
if thickness > 4”
hx
Alternate hx
90-deg hooks
hx hx hx
4” ≤ so = 4 + [(14 – hx)/3] ≤ 6”
hx = max. value of hx on all column faces
hx  14”

 Provision for Frame Members Subjected
to Bending and Axial Load
4. Lap Splice
Spacing of ties in lap Tension lap splice

splice not more than within center half of
smaller of d/4 or 4″ member length
Lap splice length =1.3 ld = 1.3  0.05 (fy/ √fc′)db

37

 Joints of Special Moment Frame
Beam Column Joint

Beam
Column Column ties (with 135o)

hook continued through joint
(ACI 25.3.4)


 Successful seismic design of frames require that the
structures be proportioned so that hinges occur at locations
that least compromise strength. For this, “weak Beam-strong
column” approach is used.
 After design, the member capacities are calculated based

on designed section.
 Column flexural capacity > Beam flexural capacity
38


 Minimum Flexural Strength of Column at Joint
M+nc,t M-nc,t
M+nb,r
M-nb,l M+nb,l M-nb,r
M-nc,b M+nc,b
M+nc,b + M-nc,t  6(M+nb,l + M-nb,r)/5 M-nc,b + M+nc,t  6(M-nb,l + M+nb,r)/5

 To prevent beam column joint cracking, ACI Code 18.8.2.3
requires that the column dimension parallel to the beam
reinforcement must be at least 20 times the diameter of the
largest longitudinal bar.
Beam Beam longitudinal
reinforcement with
diameter (db)
20db
Column
39

 Beam longitudinal reinforcement that is terminated within a
column. must be extended to the far face of the column core.
The development length (ldh) of bars with 90° hooks must be not
less than 8db, 6 inch, Or fydb/ (65 √ fc′).
 The ACI 318-14 does not give complete details for the design
and detailing of joints of SMRF. For details see ACI 352-02
ACI Provisions for Intermediate

Moment Resisting Frames (IMRF)
 Provision for Flexural Members
1. Size: No special requirement (Just as ordinary beam

requirement).
2. Flexural steel: Less stringent requirement as discussed next.
3. Transverse steel: Same as for SMRF.
4. Lap: No special requirement (Just as ordinary beam

requirement).
40

2. Flexural Reinforcement
rmin = 3f’c/fy, 200/fy (at critical sections)
t ≥ 0.004
Asl− Asr−
Asl+  (Asl−)/3 Asr+  (Asr−)/3
As− or As+ (at all section)  (maximum of As at either joint)/5


 Provision for Columns

1. Size: No special requirement (Just as ordinary column
requirement)
2. Flexural steel: No special requirement (Just as ordinary column

requirement)
3. Transverse steel: Less Stringent requirement as given next.
4. Lap: No special requirement (Just as ordinary column

requirement)
41

h1
 Provision for Columns
 so/2
lo h2
Trans. reinf. based on Mn and

factored tributary gravity load
8  smallest long. bar dia.

24  tie bar dia.
so 
0.5  min. (h1 or h2)
12”
Larger of h1 or h2
Clear span/6 s ≤ d/2 (As per ACI 25.7)
lo 
18”
Miscellaneous Considerations
 IMRF are not allowed in regions of high seismic risk, however,

SMRF are allowed in regions of moderate seismic risk.
 Unlike regions of high seismic risk, two way slab system without
beams are allowed in regions of moderate seismic risk.
 In regions of low or no seismic risk ordinary moment resisting

frames OMRF are allowed but IMRF and SMRF may also be
provided.
42
Design Example
 Detail the selected frame of E-W interior frame of the given
structure as per SMRF requirements. The structure is already
designed for the following seismic zone data.
 Seismic zone: 4
 Magnitude of earthquake ≥ 7.0
 Slip rate ≥ 5.0
 Closest distance to known seismic source > 15 km.
 Soil type: SD (stiff).
 Concrete compressive strength = 3 ksi,
 Steel yield strength = 40 ksi
 Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 3000 ksi.
Design Example
Slab-Beam
 Given 3D structure: Frame
Structure
Beams: 15″ × 24″
fc′ = 3 ksi Columns: 15″ square
fy = 40 ksi
SDL = 40 psf
LL = 60 psf
SDL = 40 psf 10.5 ft (floor to floor)

LL = 60 psf
SDL = 40 psf 10.5 ft

LL = 60 psf 15 ft
15 ft
10.5 ft Zone = 4
15 ft Ca = 0.44
20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft
Cv = 0.64
I=1
W = 2002
V = 259 kip
43
Design Example
 Load Combinations
 ACI 318-14 load combinations have been used.
 1.2D+ 1.6L
 1.2D + 1.0L + 1.0E
 1.2D + 1.0L − 1.0E
 0.9D + 1.0E
 0.9D − 1.0E
Design Example
 Analysis
 Analysis has been done using SAP2000. SAP2000 develops
envelop of maximum bending moments automatically for the
given load combinations.
44
Design Example
 Analysis
 Analysis results for shown portion of E-W interior frame is
shown next.
10.5 ft (floor to floor)
10.5 ft
15 ft
15 ft
10.5 ft
15 ft
20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft
Design Example Bent left (+) Bent right (−)

 Analysis Results Bent down (+) Bent up (−)

E E
26 -38.7 38.7
11
-1.4
-37 -37 -0.5 -13.6 -13.6 -72
-38.7 -68 72 -38.7 68
2.0 1.0 67 61 -67 -61

1.0D 1.0L 1.0E −1.0E
42 23
49 42 +4 23 +4 +4 +49 +4
-80 -80 -74 -19.3 -96.7 -70 -73 -82 -82 -69 -74 -96.7 -96.7 -70
-2.5 70 -96.7 - 67 70 68
19.
70 3 64 69 63
4 -64 -58 -65 -59 70 64
1.2D + 1.6L 1.2D + 1.0L + 1.0E 0.9D + 1.0E Envelop
1.2D + 1.0L − 1.0E 0.9D − 1.0E
45
Design Example
 Selected portion of E-W interior Frame:
 Bending Moment Envelop
 As the software checks SMRF moment capacity requirements and ACI
minimum moment capacity requirements at critical sections. Therefore
final shape of the bending moment envelop of the beam is as shown:
According to SMRF requirements the +ve As at the beam ends = ½ -ve As at beam ends. Therefore value of 4 has been changed to 48.3.
Mid span bending moment value of 49 has been changed to 95.3 due to the requirement of minimum reinforcement at critical regions.
+4 +49 +4 48.3 95.3 48.3 Values used in design

-74 -96.7 -96.7 -74 −96.7 −96.7
70 64
Analysis Envelop
20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft
Design Example 2 (SMRF)
 Reinforcement from Design:

For the beam in the given frame, we have
Asmin = 0.005 x15 x 21 = 1.575 in2
Reinforcement in in2 Asmax = 0.025x15 x 21 = 7.875 in2
Negative reinforcement at the ends and

1.61 1.61
1.02 1.57 1.02 positive reinforcement at the mid span must
2.25 2.25 be greater than Asmin and reinforcement at all
locations must be less than the Asmax
This is OK for the values on the given beam.
For the column, we have

20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft Asmin = 0.01 x15 x 15 = 2.25 in2
This is also OK.
46
Design Example
 Calculation of number of bars:

# of bars = As/Ab
Use No. 5 bar,
Negative reinforcement at beam ends:
No. of #5 bars Left end:
1.61/0.31= 5.19 (take 6 bars in 2 layers)
Right end:
6 bars 6 bars 1.61/0.31= 5.19 (take 6 bars in 2 layers)
4 bars 6 bars 4 bars
8 bars 8 bars Positive bars (mid span):
1.57/0.31 = 5.1 (take 6 bars in 1 layer)
Positive bars (at joint):

1.01/0.31 = 3.29 (take 4 bars in 1 layer)
20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft
Column reinforcement:
2.25/ 0.31 = 7.25 (take 8 bars for even
distribution of bars at all faces of column)
Design Example
 SMRF Requirements Checklist
 Provisions for Beams
 Sizes
 ln/d = 20 × 12/21 = 11.4 > 4 (ACI 18.6.2.1a satisfied)
 Width/ depth = 15/24 = 0.625 > 0.3 (ACI 18.6.2.1b satisfied)
 Width = 15″ > 10″, O.K.
 Therefore 15″ × 24″ deep beams is OK.
47
Design Example
 Flexural Reinforcement
Asl− = 6 #5 Asr− = 6 #5
Asl+ = 4 #5 Asmid+ = 6 #5 Asr+ = 4 #5
As+ (at joints) ≥ ½ As− (at joints) As (at all critical sections) ≥ Asmin
4 #5 bars ≥ ½ (6 #5 bars) OK As Asmin = 6 #5 bars OK
Provide at least 6 bars at critical sections)
As (any section) ≥ ¼ Max. As at joints
As (at any section) ≤ Asmax
2 #5 bars ≥ ¼ (6 #5 bars) OK Asmax = 0.025bd = 25 #5 bars OK
Design Example
 Flexural Reinforcement
Asl− = 6 #5 Asr− = 6 #5
Asl+ = 4 #5 Asmid+ = 6 #5 Asr+ = 4 #5
48
Design Example
 Transverse Reinforcement
d/4 = 21/4 = 5.25″

8  smallest long. bar dia.= 8 × 5/8= 5″
s
24  hoop bar diameter = 24 × 3/8= 9″
 2” 12”
s  d/2 = 21/2 = 11″

2h = 48″ 2h = 48″
Column
Design Example
 Lap Splice: If required then,
 Not to be provided within joints. Not to be provided within 2h region from face of
the support.
 Spacing of hoops within lap = least of d/4 or 4″ c/c = 4″ c/c
 Lap splice length =1.3 ld = 1.30.05 (fy/ √fc′)db ≈ 30″ = 2.5′
 50 db = 50  (5/8) = 31.25″ ≈ 2.5′ for fc′ 3 and fy 40 ksi
2h=48″ 2h=48″
49
Design Example
 Provisions for Columns
 Size: All columns are 15″ square, which is more than least required for
SMRF (i.e., 12″).
 Flexural Reinforcement: All columns are reinforced with 8 #5 bars

which gives ρg = 0.011, within the specified range 0.01 ≤ ρg ≤ 0.06.
Design Example
 SMRF Requirements
Checklist
 Provision for Columns
lo
 Transverse Reinforcement:
 lo = max (larger column

dimension, hc/6, 18″) = 18″ hc = 8.5′
 Spacing of ties in lo region is

least of = smaller column 8, #5 bars
dimension/4, 6  long bar lo
dia = 3.75″
 Spacing in the remaining

region will be least of 6  15” × 15”
long bar dia or 6″ = 3.75″ column
50
Design Example
 Provisions for Columns
 Lap Splice:
 Tension lap splice within center

half of member length.
 Spacing of ties in lap splice not

hc = 8.5′
more than smaller of d/4 or 4″
 Lap length = 1.3  0.05 (fy/ √fc′ )db=

30″ ≈ 2.5′
 And from 50db = 50(5/8) =

31.25″
Design Example
 Provision for Joints
 To prevent beam column joint cracking, ACI Code 18.8.2.3 requires that
the column dimension parallel to the beam reinforcement must be at
least 20 times the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar.
 20 × 5/8 = 12.5″
 Column dimension parallel to beam long bar = 15″, OK
51
Design Example
6 #5 bars
2″
6 #5 bars
Beam
Joint Column
Interior joint
Design Example
 For exterior columns, the column dimension parallel to beam longitudinal
bar must be greater than the development length of beam bars in
columns with 90° hooks is not to be less than largest of:
 The development length of beam bars in columns with 90° hooks is not
to be less than largest of:
 8db = 8 × 5/8 = 5″
 6″
 ldh = fydb/(65 √fc′) = 40000 × (5/8)/ {65 × √(3000)} = 7″
 Therefore, development length = 7″. The column dimension is 15″ which

satisfies this requirement.
52
Design Example
Development of beam
reinforcement in column
= 13″ > ldh = 7″
Development of beam
reinforcement in column
= 22″ > ldh = 7″
2″
Beam
Joint Column
Exterior Joint
References
 ACI 318-14
 Design of Concrete Structures by Nilson, Darwin and Dolan.
 UBC-97
 BCP
53
The End
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 Analysis using software

 Gravity vs. Earthquake Loading

 ACI Special Provisions for Seismic Design

 ACI Special Provisions for Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF)

 ACI Special Provisions for Intermediate Resisting Frame (IMRF)

 UBC-97 Load Combinations

UBC-97 (section 1612.2.1)

 According to UBC-97, earthquake combinations shall be

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 UBC-97 Load Combinations

 Eh = Horizontal component of the earthquake load (storey Force).

 Eν= Vertical component of the earthquake ground motion.

 In most of the cases, ρ ≈ 1, so,

 Now, Eν = 0.5CaID, therefore,

 UBC-97 Load Combinations

 1.1[0.9D ± 1.0 (Eh + 0.5CaID)] …………………(ii)

NOTE: D, L and Eh represents load effects axial force, shear, and

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 UBC-97 Load Combinations

 Importance factor (I)= 1

 With this data, following UBC-97 load combinations are

 UBC-97 Load Combinations

1.32D + 0.55L ± 1.1Eh ± 0.154D

1.474D + 0.55L ± 1.1Eh …………….. (ia)

1.166D + 0.55L ± 1.1Eh …………….. (ib)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 UBC-97 Load Combinations

1.1[0.9D ± 1.0 (Eh + 0.5CaID)] …………………(ii)

1.1[0.9D ± 1.0 (Eh + 0.5 × 0.28 × 1.00 ×D)]

0.99D ± 1.1Eh ± 0.154D

1.14D ± 1.1Eh …………….. (iia)

0.84D ± 1.1Eh ……………. (iib)

 UBC-97 Load Combinations

1.474D + 0.55L ± 1.1Eh …………….. (ia)

1.166D + 0.55L ± 1.1Eh …………….. (ib)

1.14D ± 1.1Eh …………….. (iia)

0.84D ± 1.1Eh ……………. (iib)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 Load Combinations in Other Codes

 1.2D + 1.0L ± 1.0E

 Note: This “E” must be calculated using IBC code.

 Compatibility of BCP (UBC) and ACI

 To maintain compatibility in the usage of BCP code, analysis is

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 Application of Load Combinations

 Analysis for unamplified dead load (1.0D),

 Analysis for unamplified live load (1.0L)

 Analysis for unamplified lateral storey load cases (1.0Eh).

 Application of Load Combinations

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 Application of Load Combinations

 1.474D + 0.55L ± 1.1Eh …………….. (ia)

 1.166D + 0.55L ± 1.1Eh …………….. (ib)

 1.14D ± 1.1Eh …………….. (iia)

 0.84D ± 1.1Eh ……………. (iib)

 Application of Load Combinations

Bent left (+) Bent right (−)

Bent down (+) Bent up (−)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Load Combinations Bent left (+) Bent right (−)