CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

1 l = 40.0 cm l = 50.0 cm l = 60.0 cm l = 70.0 cm l = 80.0 cm l = 90.0 cm

t = 25.2 s t = 28.2 s t = 31.0 s t = 33.6 s t = 35.8 s t = 38.2 s
T = 2.52 s T = 2.82 s T = 3.10 s T = 3.36 s T = 3.58 s = 3.82 s
T 2 = 6.35 s2 T 2 = 7.95 s2 T 2 = 9.61 s2 T 2 = 11.29 s2 T 2 = 12.82 s2 T 2 = 14.59 s2
Diagram 1.2 Diagram 1.3 Diagram 1.4 Diagram 1.5 Diagram 1.6 Diagram 1.7
(a) (i) Length of thread
(ii) Time for 10 swings
(iii) Mass of pendulum bob
(b) (i) 1mark – at least 5 readings are correct
1mark – all must with one decimal place
(ii) 1mark – at least 5 readings are correct with unit
(iii) 1mark – at least 5 data are correct with unit
(c) l / cm t / s T/s T2 / s2
40.0 25.2 2.52 6.35
50.0 28.2 2.82 7.95
60.0 31.0 3.10 9.61
70.0 33.6 3.36 11.29
80.0 35.8 3.58 12.82
90.0 38.2 3.82 14.59

Marking Criteria Tick 5 ticks – 3 marks

All the l/cm, t/s, T/s, T2/s2 are complete  3-4 ticks – 2 marks
All l values are in one decimal place  1-2 ticks – 1 mark
All t values are in one decimal place  0 tick – 0 mark
All T values are in one decimal place 
All T2 values are in two/or 3/4 decimal places 

(d) Marking Criteria Tick 7 ticks – 5 marks

T2/s2 on y-axis (must have symbol / unit)  6 ticks – 4 marks
l /cm on x-axis (must have symbol / unit)  4-5 ticks – 3 marks
Scale at T2 axis is even / uniform  2-3 ticks – 2 marks
Scale at l-axis is uniform  1 tick – 1 mark
0 tick – 0 mark
At least 5 points are plotted correctly 
Single straight line and smooth using metre rule 
Line of best fit 
2
(e) T is directly proportional to l (Student must show the line starting from origin)
2 (a) (i) T2 is directly proportional to l.
(ii) Show on the graph : 1 mark
T2 = 2.4 s2 : 1 mark [Accept answer with no unit]
T = 1.55 s : 1 mark for correct answer with unit
(iii Show on the graph: 1 m [label two points, show right angle triangle (at least 4 × 4 cm]
) (4.0−0)s 2
k= : 1 mark [accept the substitution with no unit]
(1.0−0 ) m
k = 4.0 s2 m : 1 mark for correct answer with unit
(b) 4 π2
g= : 1 mark and accept with no unit
4
g = 9.87 ms-2 : 1 mark for correct answer with unit ans answer can be in the range 9.8 to 9.9
(c) v = √ 2 ( 9.87 ) (7.0) : 1 mark for substitute
v = 11.75 ms-1 : 1 mark for correct answer with unit
1
 (d) Avoid parallax error by placing the eyes perpendicular to the scale of stopwatch during reading
Surrounding is free from wind which may affect the time of swings of pendulum
3 (a) Longer length of thread affects the swinging time of hanging lamp.
(b) Longer the length of thread, longer the swinging time
(c) (i) To study the relationship between the length of thread with the period of swing of the
pendulum
(ii) Manipulated Variable: length of thread
Responding Variable: period of swing of the pendulum
Constant Variable: angle of the swing / mass of pendulum bob
(iii) Apparatus: retort stand, pendulum bob, stopwatch, 2 wooden pieces
Material: thread
(iv) Wooden block

Retort l Thread
stand Pendulum bob
P Q R

Operational definition:
-The length of thread is measured by metre rule
-The time for 20 swings (one swing is P-Q-R-Q-P) is recorded using stopwatch
(v) 1. The experiment is started with the length of thread, l = 60.0 cm with the pendulum is
displaced to position P with small angle and then release. The pendulum is let to swing
for a while before starting to count for 20 swings. The time for 20 swings, T20 is
recorded.
2. The experiment is then repeated with the length of thread, l = 70.0 cm, 80.0 cm, 90.0
cm and 100.0 cm and the respective values of time are recorded.
(vi) Length, l / cm Time for 20 swings, t20 / s Period, T / s T2 / s2
60
70
80
90
100
(vii A graph of T2 / s2 against the l / cm is plotted.
)

2
 CHAPTER 2 FORCES AND MOTION
4
Diagram 4.2: 1 string Diagram 4.3: 2 strings Diagram 4.4: 3 strings

Length of x1 = 1.6 cm Length of x2 = 2.4 cm Length of x3 = 3.0 cm

Length of y1 = 4.0 cm Length of y2 = 7.2 cm Length of y3 = 10.2 cm
Acceleration, a1 = 500.0 cms-2 Acceleration, a2 = 1000.0 cms-2 Acceleration, a3 = 1500.0 cms-2
Diagram 4.5: 4 strings Diagram 4.6: 4 strings

Length of x4 = 3.6 cm Length of x5 = 4.0 cm

Length of y4 = 13.2 cm Length of y5 = 16.0 cm
Acceleration, a4 = 2000.0 cms-2 Acceleration, a5 = 2500.0 cms-2
(a) (i) Force
(ii) Acceleration
(iii) Mass of trolley
(b) (i) 1mark: At least 4 values of x are read correctly
1mark: At least 4 values of y are read correctly
1mark: At least 4 values of a are calculated correctly [Accept no decimal]
(ii) F/N x / cm y / cm a / cms-2
1 1.6 4.0 500.0
2 2.4 7.2 1000.0
3 3.0 10.2 1500.0
4 3.6 13.2 2000.0
5 4.0 16.0 2500.0
(d) a is directly proportional to F

5 m = 50.0 g m = 100.0 g

t20 = 10.8 s t20 = 15.4 s

T = 0.54 s T = 0.77 s

T2 = 0.29 s2 T2 = 0.59 s2
Diagram 5.2 / Rajah 5.2 Diagram 5.3 / Rajah 5.3

m = 150.0 g m = 200.0 g

t20 = 18.8 s t20 = 21.8 s

T = 0.94 s T = 1.09 s

T2 = 0.88 s2 T2 = 1.19 s2
Diagram 5.4 / Rajah 5.4 Diagram 5.5 / Rajah 5.5

m = 250.0 g m = 300.0 g

t20 = 24.4 s t20 = 26.6 s

T = 1.22 s T = 1.33 s

T2 = 1.49 s2 T2 = 1.77 s2
3
 Diagram 5.6 / Rajah 5.6 Diagram 5.7 / Rajah 5.7
(a) (i) Mass of plasticine
(ii) Period of oscillation
(iii) Length of jigsaw blade used
(b) (i) 1 mark: At least 4 values of t are correct
1mark: Answer has unit
(ii) 1 mark: At least 4 values of T are correct
(iii) 1 mark: At least 4 values of T are correct
(c) m/g t/s T/s T2 / s2
50.0 10.8 0.54 0.29
100.0 15.4 0.77 0.59
150.0 18.8 0.94 0.88
200.0 21.8 1.09 1.19
250.0 24.4 1.22 1.49
300.0 26.6 1.33 1.77
2
(e) T is directly proportional to m.

6 Diagram 6.2 / Rajah 6.2: No load / Tiada beban

Original length / Panjang asal, lo = 10.0 cm

Diagram 6.3 / Rajah 6.3: Mass / Jisim, m = 50 g

New length / Panjang baru, l1 = 10. 8 cm
Extension / Pemanjangan, x = l1 – lo = 0.8 cm

Diagram 6.4 / Rajah 6.4: Mass / Jisim, m = 100 g

New length / Panjang baru, l2 = 11.6 cm
Extension / Pemanjangan, x = l2 – lo = 1.6 cm

Diagram 6.5 / Rajah 6.5: Mass / Jisim, m = 150 g

New length / Panjang baru, l3 = 12.4 cm
Extension / Pemanjangan, x = l3 – lo = 2.4 cm

Diagram 6.6 / Rajah 6.6: Mass / Jisim, m = 200 g

New length / Panjang baru, l4 = 13.2 cm
Extension / Pemanjangan, x = l4 – lo = 3.2 cm

Diagram 6.7 / Rajah 6.7: Mass / Jisim, m = 250 g

New length / Panjang baru, l5 = 14.0 cm
Extension / Pemanjangan, x = l5 – lo = 4.0 cm

(a) (i) Mass of load

(ii) Extension of spring
(iii) Diameter of spring
(b) 1mark: At least 4 values of l are correct
1mark: At least 4 values of x are correct
(c) m/g li / cm x / cm
50 10.8 0.8
100 11.6 1.6
150 12.4 2.4
200 13.2 3.2
250 14.0 4.0
(e) x is directly proportional to m
4
7 (a) (i) l increases linearly with m
(ii) 1 mark: Show the extrapolation using dashed-line
l0 = 7.5 cm [1 m]
(b) (i) 1m: Show the points with right-angle triangle [Distance between points must at least 4×4 cm]
(25−10)cm
c= 1 mark: Show the substitution [accept no unit]
( 70−10 ) g
c = 0.25 cm g-1 [1 mark: Answer with unit]
(ii) 1000
k= 1m: show the substitute
0.25
k = 4000 g cm-1 [1mark: Answer with unit]
(c) k’ = 2k for parallel
= 2(4000) [1 mark: show the substitution]
k ’= 8000 g cm-1 [1 mark: answer with unit]
(d) Avoid parallel error by placing the eye perpendicular to the scale of metre rule during reading
Use the same spring throughout the experiment
8 (a) The mass of car affects its acceleration.
(b) The lower the mass of car, the higher its acceleration.
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the mass of car and the acceleration at constant
force applied
(ii) Manipulated variable: mass
Responding variable: acceleration
Constant variable: force applied
(iii) Apparatus: trolley, ticker timer, power supply 12V, runway, connecting wire
Materials: ticker tape, elastic cord
(iv)

Operational definition
-The mass of trolley is varied by sticking plasticine on it and measured using weighing
balance
-The acceleration of trolley is analysed from the ticker tape obtained from ticker timer.
The ticker tape is cut into 10-tick strip and calculated using a = (v – u)/t
(v) -The arrangement of apparatus as shown above diagram is set up.
-Ticker timer is turned on and the trolley of mass, m = 1 kg is pulled down the runway
using an elastic cord at the same pulling force applied to it.
-The acceleration of the trolley is calculated by analyzing the ticker tape containing 10
ticks strip using a formula a = (v – u)/t
-The experiment is repeated with the mass of trolley, m = 1.5 kg, 2.0 kg, 2.5 kg, 3.0 kg.
The mass of trolley is changed by sticking the plasticine to it and measured using
weighing balance.
(vi) m / kg a / ms-2
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
(vii Plot a graph of a / ms-2 against m / kg
)

5
9 (a) The height of car down a hill affects its acceleration
(b) When the height increases, the acceleration of the car increases also
(c) (i) To study the relationship between the height of trolley released with its acceleration
(ii) Manipulated Variable: height of trolley released
Responding Variable: acceleration of trolley
Constant Variable: mass of trolley
(iii) Apparatus: runway, trolley, 12 V a.c power supply, connecting wires, ticker timer,
wooden blocks, metre rule
Material: ticker tape, cellophane, wooden blocks (5 units)
(iv) Ticker timer To 12V a.c. Stretched elastic string
Tali elastik teregang
Jangka masa detik Kepada 12 a.u
Friction-compensate runway
Ticker tape Landasan terpampas geseran
Pita detik Trolley
Wooden block Troli
Bongkah kayu

Operational definition:
-The trolley is rolled down the runway under a constant force using one elastic rubber
cord.
-The height of trolley released is increased by increasing the wooden block used
-The acceleration of the trolley is calculated from the 10-tick ticker tape using formula:
a = (v – u)/0.2 where v = distance last tick/0.02 and u = distance of first tick/0.02
(v) -A ticker tape is attached to a trolley and passed through a ticker‐timer connected to a
12 V a.c. power supply.
-The trolley is placed just above the wooden block from the table top. The height, h1 is
measured from the height of wooden block by using a ruler.
-The experiment is started by pulling down the trolley using one elastic cord under a
constant force.
-The velocity of the trolley at the bottom of the runway is determined from ticker tape
obtained
-The experiment repeated with 2 , 3, 4 and 5 units of wooden block with corresponding
of h2, h3, h4 and h5 are measured.
-The ticker tape obtained is cut into 10-ticks. Beginning few and last few ticks are
ignored.
The acceleration can be counted as: a = (v – u)/0.2
Initial velocity, u = (length of 1st tick/0.02)
Final velocity, v = (length of 10th tick/0.02)
(vi) h / cm a / ms-2
h1
h2
h3
h4
h5
(vii A graph of a / ms-2 against the h / cm is plotted.
)

6
10 (a) The mass affect the period of swing.
(b) Higher the mass, higher the period of swing
(c) (i) To study the relationship between mass and inertia of an object
(ii) Manipulated variable: Mass of plasticine
Responding variable: Period of oscillation
Constant variable: length of the Hacksaw/ amplitude of oscillation
(iii) Apparatus: Hacksaw blade, G-clamp, stopwatch
Materials: Plasticine
(iv)

Operational definition:
-The mass of plasticine is measured using weighing balance
-The inertia of object is determined by measuring the time taken for 20 swings is
recorded using stopwatch
(v) -Place a lump of plasticine (sphere-shaped) with a mass, m = 50 g at the free end of the
hacksaw blade.
-Displace the Hacksaw blade slightly and release it so that it oscillates horizontally.
-Determine and record the time taken for 20 complete oscillation, t seconds.
t
-Calculate period of oscillation, T = seconds. Repeat the reading for second times.
20
-Repeat the above steps of the experiment with m = 60 g, 70 g, 80 g and 90 g.
(vi) Time for 20 oscillation, t / s T /s T 2 /s 2
m/g t1 t2 Average, t / s [T = t /10]
50        
60        
70        
80        
90        
(vii A graph of T2 / s2 against the m / g is plotted.
)

7
11 (a) The mass of load affects the extension of a spring
(b) Higher the mass of load, higher the extension of spring
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the mass of load with the extension of spring
(ii) Variables: Manipulated – Mass of load
Responding – Extension of spring
Constant – Diameter of spring
(iii) List of Apparatus and Materials: Retort stand, spring, slotted mass 100g (5 units), metre
rule, spring, hanger
(iv) Arrangement of Apparatus and Materials

Operational definition
The extension of spring due to the slotted mass is measured using the metre rule.
(v) Procedures:
1) The experiment is started with the mass of slotted weight, m = 100 g and the
extension of the spring, x, is measured using the metre rule.
The extension of spring, x = (New length – Original length)
2) The above procedure is repeated with the mass of slotted weight, m = 200g,
300g, 400g and 500 g and the respective extension of spring, x, are measured.
(vi) Original length of spring, xo = 15.0 cm
m/g x / cm
100
200
300
400
500
(vii A graph of x / cm against the m / g is plotted
)

8
 CHAPTER 3 FORCES AND PRESSURE

1 d = 2.0 cm m = 66.1 g M = 7.5 g FB = 0.075 N

2 Diagram 12.3(b) / Rajah 12.3(b)
d = 3.0 cm m = 69.7 g M = 11.1 g FB = 0.111 N
Diagram 12.4 / Rajah 12.4
d = 4.0 cm m = 73.8 g M = 15.2 g FB = 0.152 N
Diagram 12.5 / Rajah 12.5
d = 5.0 cm m = 77.6 g M = 19.0 g FB = 0.190 N
Diagram 12.6 / Rajah 12.6
d = 6.0 cm m = 81.4 g M = 22.8 g FB = 0.228 N
Diagram 12.7 / Rajah 12.7
(a) (i) Depth of immersion
(ii) Buoyant force
(iii) Density of water
(b) (i) 1 mark: At least 4 readings are correct
1 mark: Correct unit
(ii) 1 mark: At least 4 values are correct
(iii) 1 mark: At least 4 values are correct
1 mark: Correct unit
(c) d / cm m/g M/g FB / N
2.0 66.1 7.5 0.075
3.0 69.7 11.1 0.111
4.0 73.8 15.2 0.152
5.0 77.6 19.0 0.190
6.0 81.4 22.8 0.228
(e) FB is directly proportional to d.

13 (a) (i) Immerse depth

(ii) Buoyant force
(iii) Mass of metal cylinder
(b) (i) Wu = 0.93 N
(b) (ii) h / cm Wa / N F/N
1.0 0.85 0.08
2.0 0.77 0.16
3.0 0.70 0.23
4.0 0.63 0.30
5.0 0.56 0.37
 - All h / cm, Wa / N, F / N are complete [Must have symbol, unit]
9
  - All the values of h are correct
 - At least 4 readings of Wa are correct
 - At least 4 values of F are correct
 - All the Wa are to consistent 2 decimal places
 - All the F values are consistent to 2 decimal places
 - Tabulate
6marks – 7 ticks, 5marks: 6ticks, 4 marks: 5ticks, 3 marks: 4ticks, 2 marks: 2-3 ticks, 1
mark: 1 tick
(d) F is directly proportional to h.

14
h = 0.5 cm h = 1.0 cm h = 1.5 cm h = 2.0 cm h = 2.5 cm
x1 = 2.3 cm x1 = 1.8 cm x1 = 1.3 cm x1 = 1.1 cm x1 = 0.9 cm
x2 = 2.7 cm x2 = 2.9 cm x2 = 3.2 cm x2 = 3.9 cm x2 = 4.5 cm
L = 0.4 cm L = 1.1 cm L = 1.9 cm L = 2.8 cm L = 3.6 cm
Diagram 14.2 Diagram 14.3 Diagram 14.4 Diagram 14.5 Diagram 14.6
(a) (i) Depth
(ii) Pressure
(iii Density of water
)
(b) (i) 1 mark: At least 3 values for x1 are correct
1 mark: At least 3 values for x2 are correct
1 mark: At least 3 values for L are correct
(ii) h / cm x1 / cm x2 / cm L / cm
0.5 2.3 2.7 0.4
1.0 1.8 2.9 1.1
1.5 1.3 3.2 1.9
2.0 1.1 3.9 2.8
2.5 0.9 4.5 3.6
(d) L is directly proportional to h.

15 (a) (i) P increases linearly to h.

(ii) 1 mark: Show the extrapolation using dashed line.
P = 100 kPa // 1.0 × 105 Pa [1 mark: Correct value of 100, 1 mark: Correct unit]
(b) (i) 1 mark: Show 2 points with right angle triangle
( 500−100 ) ×1000 Pa
k= [1 mark: show the substitution / accept no unit]
( 35−0 ) m
k = 11428.57 Pa m-1 [1 mark: Answer with unit]
(ii) 11428.57
= [1 mark: show substitution]
10
 = 1142.86 kgm-3 [1 mark: correct value, 1 mark: write unit]
(c) Avoid parallax error by placing the eyes perpendicular to the scale of metre rule during
reading
Measure the pressure of water in swimming pool for several different locations

10
16 (a) The water pressure is influenced by the density of water
(b) When the density of water increases, its water pressure increases also
(c) (i) To find the relationship between the density of liquid with the water pressure
(ii) Manipulated Variable: density of water
Responding Variable: water pressure
Constant Variable: depth of thistle funnel immersed
(iii) Apparatus: Metre rule, manometer, water, rubber tube, measuring cylinder, thistle
funnel, rubber sheet
Materials: water, salts
(iv) Rubber tube
Tiub getah
Metre rule
Pembaris meter

Water
Air
Depth of water Different high
Kedalaman air Perbezaan ketinggian

Thistle funnel U-tube

Corong tisel Tiub-U

Operational Definitions:
-The depth of thistle funnel is fixed at 10cm.
-The water pressure is measured from difference height between the column of water
in manometer measured using metre rule
-Density of water is determined from the mass of salts dissolved
(v) -The experiment is started by dissolving 200 g of salt into the water with fixed volume
of V. The thistle funnel immersed into the water to depth 10 cm. The reading of
difference in height of water column, h, of the manometer is recorded.
-The procedure is repeated with the amount of salt dissolved of 400g, 600g, 800g and
1000g and the respective reading of the manometer are read respectively from metre
rule.
(vi) m/g h / cm
200
400
600
800
1000
(vii A graph of difference in height of water column against the mass of salt is plotted.
11
 )

17 (a) The weight of object affects the weight of water being displaced
(b) When the weight of object increases, its weight of water being displaced increases also
(c) (i) To find the relationship between the weight of object with the weight of water
displaced
(ii) Manipulated Variable: weight of object
Responding Variable: buoyant force (decrease in spring balance reading)
Constant Variable: density of water
(iii) Apparatus: spring balance, beaker, eureka tin, weighing balance
Materials: string, tap water
(iv) Spring balance
Eureka can
Tap water Beaker
Wooden block Weighing balance
Operational definition
-The weight of load is measured using spring balance
-The weight of water displaced is measured using weighing balance
(v) The experiment is started by immersing the load of weight, W1 and the weight of water
displaced can be are measured from the changes in reading of spring balance, F.
The experiment is then repeated by immersing weight of load, W2 , W3, W4 and W5 and
the respective changes in the reading of weighing balance, F are recorded.
(vi) W/N F/N
W1
W2
W3
W4
W5
(vii A graph of F / N against the W / N is plotted.
)

12
18 (a) The depth affects the buoyant force
(b) When the depth increases, its buoyant force increases also
(c) (i) To find the relationship between the immerse distance with the buoyant force at
constant density of water
(ii) Manipulated Variable: immerse distance
Responding Variable: buoyant force (decrease in spring balance reading)
Constant Variable: density of water
(iii) Apparatus: spring balance, beaker, metre rule, load
Materials: string, tap water
(iv)
Spring balance
Wooden block
Tap water Immerse
distance
Operational definition
-The immerse distance is measured using metre rule
-The buoyant force is measured from the decrease in spring balance reading
(Reading in air – Reading in water)
(v) -The experiment is started by immersing the load into the water to a depth of, d = 2 cm
and the buoyant force acting to the wooden block can be counted by the changes in
the reading of spring balance.
-The experiment is then repeated by immersing the load to depth of 4 cm, 6 cm, 8 cm,
10 cm and 12 cm and the respective changes in the reading of spring balance, F are
recorded.
(vi) Immerse depth, d / cm Buoyant force, F / N
2
4
6
8
10
12
(vii A graph of buoyant force against the immerse distance is plotted.
)

13
 Buoyant force, F/N

Immerse depth, d/cm

CHAPTER 4 HEAT
19 (a) (i) Mass of water
(ii) Rise in temperature of water
(iii) density of water
(b) V / cm3 m/g 1 -1 θm / ºC θ / ºC
/g
m
50 50 0.0200 80.0 55.0
60 60 0.0167 71.0 46.0
70 70 0.0143 64.5 39.5
80 80 0.0125 59.5 34.5
90 90 0.0111 55.5 30.5
(c) θ-axis: 2 cm as 5ºC
1
-axis: 2 cm as 0.0020 g-1
m
(d) 1
 is directly proportional to .
m
20 Diagram 20.2 Diagram 20.3 Diagram 20.4 Diagram 20.5 Diagram 20.6
m = 0.5 kg m = 1.0 kg m = 1.5 kg m = 2.0 kg m = 2.5 kg
P = 4000 Pa P = 8000 Pa P = 12 000 Pa P = 16 000 Pa P = 20 000 Pa
V = 9.0 cm3 V = 4.8 cm3 V = 3.3 cm3 V = 2.5 cm3 V = 2.0 cm3
(a) (i) Pressure
(ii) Volume of gas
(iii) Temperature of gas
(b) (i) 2 marks [Substitute, correct value]
(ii) 1 mark: at least 3 values are correct
1 mark: consistent decimal place
(iii) m/g P / Pa V / cm3 1
/ cm-3
V
14
 0.5 4 000 9.0 0.111
1.0 8 000 4.8 0.208
1.5 12 000 3.3 0.303
2.0 16 000 2.5 .0.400
2.5 20 000 2.0 0.500
(c) 1
-axis: 2 cm as 0.05 cm-3
V
P-axis: 2 cm as 4000 Pa
(d) 1
is directly proportional to P.
V

21 (a) (i) Temperature of gas

(ii) Pressure of gas
(iii) Volume of gas
(b) θ / ºC P / kPa
10 103
20 106
30 110
40 115
50 117
60 123
70 125
(c) Refer to graph below:

15
 (d) (i) P increases linearly to θ.
(ii) 1 mark: Show on the graph the extrapolation (dashed line)
-275ºC
(e) Avoid parallax error by placing the eye perpendicular to the scale of thermometer//Bourdon
gauge during reading
2 (a) (i) 1 mark: Show on the graph using dashed line
2 L = 6.2 cm [1 mark: Answer with unit]
(ii) L increases linearly to θ.
(iii 1 mark: Show on the graph two labeled points and right angle triangle.
) (7.4−6.2) cm
c= [1 mark: Show the substitution]
( 60−0 ) º C
c = 0.02 cm ºC-1 [1 mark: Answer with unit]
(b) (i) From linear equation: Y = mX + c
L = 0.02θ + 6.2
(ii) From L = 0.02θ + 6.2
When θ = 90, L = 0.02(90)+ 6.2
= 8.0 cm
(c) Avoid parallax error by placing the eye perpendicular to the scale of metre rule during
reading
23 (a) Volume of gas affect its pressure of gas
(b) Smaller the volume of gas, higher its pressure
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the volume of gas with its pressure at constant
temperature
(ii) Manipulated variable: volume of gas
Responding variable: pressure of gas
Constant variable: temperature of gas
(iii) Bourdon gauge, syringe, rubber tube

16
 (iv)

Operational definition
Volume of gas is measured using syringe
Pressure of gas is measured using Bourdon gauge
(v) The experiment is started with volume, V = 25 cm3 and the reading of pressure, P, by
Bourdon gauge is recorded.
Repeat the volume, V = 20.0 cm3, 15.0 cm3, 10.0 cm3 and 5.0 cm3 and the respective
pressure, P, are recorded.
(vi) V / cm3 P / Pa
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
(vii) A graph of P / Pa against V / cm3 is plotted.

24 (a) The volume of gas depends on the temperature.

(b) The higher the temperature of gas, the higher the volume.
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the temperature of gas with its volume at
constant pressure.
(ii) Manipulated variable: temperature of gas
Responding variable: volume of gas
Constant variable: pressure of gas
(iii) Apparatus: Capillary tube, beaker, thermometer, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire

17
 gauze, retort stand, stirrer, ruler
Materials: mercury or concentric acid sulfuric acid, ice cube
(iv)

Operational definition
-The volume of gas can be determined by measuring the change in the position of
sulphuric acid from its initial position
-The temperature of gas is measured by measuring the temperature of water using
thermometer
(v) -The arrangement of apparatus as shown above diagram is set up.
-The water is heated and continuously stirred until the water temperature, θ, falls to
20ºC.
-The length of the air column, x, is measured using meter rule and recorded.
-Repeated the experiment using temperature of 30ºC, 40 ºC, 50 ºC and 60 ºC.
(vi) θ / ºC x / cm
20
30
40
50
60
(vii) Plot a graph of x against θ.

2 (a) The temperature of gas affects its pressure.

5
(b) When the temperature of air increases, the pressure increases also
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between temperature of gas with its pressure at constant
volume
(ii) Manipulated variable: Temperature of air
Responding variable: Pressure of air
Constant variable: Volume and mass of the trapped air
18
 (iii) Apparatus: Round-bottomed flask, thermometer, Bourdon gauge, Bunsen burner, tripod
stand, wire gauze, retort stand, stirrer,
beaker
Materials: ice cube, water
(iv)

Operational Definition
-Temperature of gas is measured using thermometer
-Pressure of gas is measured using Bourdon gauge
(v) -The round-bottomed flask is submerged in water and the water bath with ice is stirred
continuously until the temperature of the water bath is stable at 30 ºC.
-Read and record the pressure, P, reading from the Bourdon Gauge.
-Repeat the experiment for temperature of water, θ = 40 ºC, 50ºC, 60ºC and 70ºC.
(vi) θ / ºC P / Pa
30
40
50
60
70
(vii Plot a graph of P / Pa against θ / ºC
)

26 (a) The boiling time is affected by its mass of water

(b) When the mass of water increases, its boiling time increases also
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the mass of water with its boiling time
(ii) Manipulated Variable: mass of water
Responding Variable: boiling time
Constant Variable: density of water
(iii) Apparatus: immersion heater, thermometer, 12 V d.c. power supply, polystyrene cup,
stopwatch, stirrer

19
 Materials: tap water
(iv) To 12V d.c
Stirrer Immersion heater
Polystyrene cup Thermometer
Water Stopwatch

Operational definition:
-The mass of gas is calculated by mass = density × volume whereby the density of
water is 1 gcm-3
-The boiling time is measured using stopwatch
-The water must be stirred all the time so that the heat can be distributed evenly
throughout the water
(v) -The above apparatus setup is prepared.
-The experiment is started by the mass of water, m =200 g. The initial temperature of
water is fixed at 28°C. The time taken to boil the water, t1 is then recorded.
-The above step is repeated for m = 400 g, 600 g, 800 g, and 1000 g and then the boiling
time are measured respectively
(vi) m/g t/s
200
400
600
800
1000
(vii) A graph of t / s against m / g is plotted.

CHAPTER 5 LIGHT
27
Real depth / Dalam nyata, H = 7.0 cm Real depth / Dalam nyata, H = 9.0 cm
Apparent depth / Dalam ketara, h = 5.3 cm Apparent depth / Dalam ketara, h = 6.8 cm
Diagram 27.2 / Rajah 27.2 Diagram 27.3 / Rajah 27.3

Real depth / Dalam nyata, H = 11.0 cm Real depth / Dalam nyata, H = 13.0 cm
Apparent depth / Dalam ketara, h = 8.3 cm Apparent depth / Dalam ketara, h = 9.8 cm
20
 Diagram 27.2 / Rajah 27.2 Diagram 27.2 / Rajah 27.2

Real depth / Dalam nyata, H = 15.0 cm

Apparent depth / Dalam ketara, h = 11.3 cm
Diagram 27.2 / Rajah 27.2

(a) For the experiment describe, identify:

Bagi eksperimen yang diterangkan, kenalpasti:
(a) (i) Real depth
(ii) Apparent depth
(iii)Refractive index of water
(b) (i) 1 mark: At least 3 values are correct
1 mark: has correct unit
(ii) H / cm d / cm
7.0 5.3
9.0 6.8
11.0 8.3
13.0 9.8
15.0 11.3
(d) Avoid parallax error by placing the eye perpendicular to the scale of metre rule

28 (a) (i) Incident angle

(ii) Refraction angle
(iii Refractive index of glass
)
(b) i/º r/º sin i sin r
20 17 0.34 0.29
30 24 0.50 0.41
40 30 0.64 0.50
50 35 0.77 0.57
60 39 0.87 0.63
(d) sin i is directly proportional to sin r.

29 Diagram 29.2 / Rajah 29.2: u1 = 8.0 cm , v1 = 13.3 cm

Diagram 29.3 / Rajah 29.3: u2 = 12.0 cm , v2 = 8.6 cm
Diagram 29.4 / Rajah 29.4: u3 = 16.0 cm , v3 = 7.1 cm
Diagram 29.5 / Rajah 29.5: u4 = 20.0 cm , v4 = 6.7 cm
Diagram 29.6 / Rajah 29.6: u5 = 24.0 cm , v5 = 6.4 cm
Diagram 29.7 / Rajah 29.7: u6 = 28.0 cm , v6 = 6.1 cm
(a) (i) Object distance
21
 (ii) Image distance
(iii) Focal length of convex lens used
(b) (i) 1 mark: At least 3 values are correct
1 mark: Consistent decimal place
(ii) u / cm v / cm 1 1
/ cm-1 / cm-1
u v
8.0 13.3 0.125 0.075
12.0 8.6 0.083 0.116
16.0 7.1 0.063 0.141
20.0 6.7 0.050 0.149
24.0 6.4 0.042 0.156
28.0 6.1 0.036 0.164
1 1
(d) v decreases linearly with u .
30 (a) (i) 1
u increases linearly to M .
(ii) 1
M = 2.5, so M
= 0.4 [1 mark]
1 mark: Show on the graph the value value of 0.4 to get u
u = 20.25 cm [1 mark: Answer with unit]
(b) (i) 1 mark: Show on the graph the extrapolation
f = 14.5 cm [1 mark: Answer with unit]
(ii) 1 mark: Show on the labeled of two points with right angle triangle
( 23−16 ) cm
Gradient, f = [1 mark: show the substitution]
(0.6−0.1)
= 14.0 cm [1 mark: Correct answer with unit]
(iii (14.5+14.0)
f= [1 mark: show the step of averaging the values]
) 2
f = 14.25 cm [1 mark: Correct answer with unit]
(c) Avoid parallax error by placing the eye perpendicular to the scale of metre rule during reading
31 (a) (i) v is inversely proportional to u.
(ii) 1
v = 0.07 cm-1.
(iii) 1
u = 20.0 cm, then = 0.05 cm-1 [1 mark: Show substitute or show 0.05 without unit]
u
1 mark: Show on the graph to get v.
1
= 0.05
v
v = 20.0 cm [1 mark: show 1/0.05 or get 20]
(iv) 1 mark: Show on the graph labeled two points with right angle triangle
( 0.01−0.09 )
m= [1 mark: show the substitution]
(0.09−0.01)
= 1.00 [1 mark: correct answer]
(b) 1 1 1
= +
From f u v
1 −1 1
= +
v u f
1
= y-intercept
f
= 0.10 cm-1 [1 mark: show 0.1]

22
 1
f = [1 mark: Show this step]
0.1
f = 10.0 cm [1 mark: Answer with unit]
(c) Avoid parallax error by placing the eye perpendicular to the scale of metre rule during reading

32 (a) The angle of refraction is affected by angle of incidence

(b) When the angle of incidence increases, the angle of refraction increases also
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence with the angle of
refraction
(ii) Manipulated Variable: angle of incidence
Responding Variable: angle of refraction
Constant Variable: refractive index of glass block
(iii) Apparatus: ray box with single slit, glass block, low voltage power supply,
Material: ruler, protractor, plain paper
(iv)
Q XY
r
P Glass
i Plain
Ray box paper
Operational Definition:
-Both the angle of incident with the angle of refraction are measured using protractor.
(v) -Place a rectangular glass block at the centre of a piece of white plain paper. Trace the
outline of the glass block. Remove the glass block and draw a normal through point P.
-Using a protractor, construct several angles of incidence, I = 10º to the normal at the
air to glass interface.
-Replace the glass block back onto the plain paper. Direct a ray of light from the ray
box at P along the line drawn for the angle of incident is 10º. Mark the path of the
refracted ray with two crosses, X and Y.
-Measure and record the angle of refraction, r.
-Repeat steps above for different angles of incidence, i = 20°, 30°, 40° and 50° and the
respective refractive angle, r are measured.
(vi) i/° r/° sin i sin r
10
20
30
40
50
(vii A graph of sin r against the sin i is plotted.
)

23
33 (a) The real depth affects the apparent depth of an image formed.
(b) The increase of the real depth of water, the deeper of the apparent depth of the image formed.
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the real depth and the apparent depth of image
formed at constant density of water.
(ii) Manipulated variable: real depth
Responding variable: apparent depth
Constant variable: density of water
(iii) Apparatus: tall beaker, pins, retort stand, metre rule
Materials: pin, tap water
(iv)

Operational definition
-Both the real depth and apparent depth are measured using metre rule
(v) -The arrangement of apparatus as shown above diagram is set up.
-The tall beaker is filled with water of depth, x = 5 cm and the pin is put into the
beaker.
The metre rule is clamped vertically using a retort stand.
-The adjustable pin is adjusted until it matches the position of the image as seen from
the above of the water.
The position of the adjustable pin, d, is measured using a metre rule.
-The experiment is repeated with the real depth, x = 10 cm, 15cm, 20 cm, 25 cm and
30 cm.
(vi) x / cm d / cm
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
(vii Plot a graph of d against x.
)

24
34 (a) Object distance influences the saiz of object
(b) Longer the object distance, smaller the size of image
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the object distance with image magnification at
constant focal length of lens used
(ii) Manipulated variable: Object distance
Responding variable: image magnification
(iii) Convex lens, metre rule, light source, object, screen
(iv)

Operational definition
Object distance and image distance are measured using metre rule
v
Image magnification is determined from
u
(v) The experiment is started with object distance, u = u1 and the image distance, v, is
measured from lens to the clearest image formed at screen. The image magnification,
v
m= .
u
Repeat the experiment with u = u2, u3, u4 and u5 and the respective v are measured.
(vi) u / cm v / cm v
M [m = ]
u
u1
u2
u3
u4
u5
(vii A graph of M against u / cm is plotted.
)

25
 CHAPTER 1 WAVES
35
Scale: 1 square = 1cm x 1 cm Scale: 1 square = 1cm x 1 cm Scale: 1 square = 1cm x 1 cm
h = 30.0 cm h = 25.0 cm h = 20.0 cm
d = 3.5 cm d = 3.2 cm d = 2.8 cm
T = 0.18 s T = 0.16 s T = 0.14
f = 5.56 Hz f = 6.25 Hz f = 7.14 Hz
Diagram 35.3 / Rajah 35.3 Diagram 35.4 / Rajah 35.4 Diagram 35.5 / Rajah 35.5
Scale: 1 square = 1cm x 1 cm Scale: 1 square = 1cm x 1 cm
h = 15.0 cm h = 10.0 cm
d = 2.6 cm d = 2.3 cm
T = 0.13 s T = 0.12 s
f = 7.69 Hz f = 8.33 Hz
Diagram 35.6 / Rajah 35.6 Diagram 35.7 / Rajah 35.7

(a) (i) Height of air in tube

(ii) Frequency of sound wave
(iii) Diameter of tube
(b) h / cm d / cm T/s f / Hz
10.0 2.3 0.12 8.33
15.0 2.6 0.13 7.69
20.0 2.8 0.14 7.14
25.0 3.2 0.16 6.25
30.0 3.5 0.18 5.56
(d) ƒ decreases linearly with h.

26
36 (a) (i) 1
a is directly proportional to .
x
(ii) 1 mark: show on the graph
1
= 0.5 cm-1
x
1
x= [1 mark: show this step]
0.5
x = 2.0 cm [1 mark: Correct answer with unit]
(iii) 1 mark: Show on the graph two labeled points with right angle triangle.
(12.0−0)cm
m= [1 mark: show the substitution/ accept no unit]
(0.5−0)cm−1
m = 24.0 cm2 [1 mark: correct answer with unit]
(b) λ = 24.0 [1 mark: show substitution]
20.0
λ = 1.2 cms-1 [Correct answer with unit]
(c) v = (12)(1.2) [1 mark: show substitution]
v = 14.4 cms-1 [1 mark: answer with unit]
(d) Avoid parallax error by placing the eye perpendicular to the scale of metre rule during reading
37 (a) The depth of water affects the wavelength of a wave.
(b) The deeper the depth of water, the longer the wavelength of wave.
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the depth of water and the wavelength of wave
at constant frequency of wave.
(ii) Manipulated variable: depth of water
Responding variable: wavelength of wave
Constant variable: frequency of wave
(iii) Apparatus: ripple tank, vibrator, power supply 12V, stroboscope, metre rule
Materials: Blank paper, tap water
(iv)

Operational definition
-The depth of water filled is measured using metre rule
-The distance between two adjacent crests is measured using metre rule
(v) -The arrangement of apparatus as shown above diagram is set up.
-The ripple tank is filled with water until its depth of water, d = 0.5 cm
-The vibrator is switched on to produce the waves. The image of the waves formed on
the plane paper under the ripple tank is freezed by using a stroboscope. The wavelength
is sketched and the wavelength (distance between two adjacent crest), x, is measured by
using a metre rule.
-The experiment is repeated with depth of water, d = 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm and 2.5 cm
and the respective wavelength of the waves are measured.
(vi) d / cm x / cm
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
27
 (vii) Plot a graph of x / cm against d / cm

38 (a) The distance between two loudspeakers affects the distance between two loud sounds
(b) When the distance between two loudspeakers increase, the distance between two loud sounds
decrease
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between two coherent sources and the distance between
two loud sounds
(ii) Manipulated Variable: Distance between two loud speakers
Responding Variable: Distance between two loud sounds
Constant Variable: Distance between the two speakers with the screen
(iii) Apparatus: speaker, audio signal/frequency generator, connection wire, power supply,
measuring tape
(iv) Audio frequency generator
Loudspeaker Loudspeaker

Listener
Operational Definition:
The distance between two loud speakers and two loud sounds are measured using metre
rule
(v) -By using a metre rule, the distance of the listener from the loudspeaker is set at distance,
D. The audio-frequency generator is switched on. Use a distance between two loud
speakers, a = 20 cm.
-The listener is requested to walk in a straight path from left to right. The distance
between two successive loud regions is noted and measured by metre rule = x
-The experiment is repeated using a distance between two loud speaker a = 40 cm, 60
cm, 80 cm and 100 cm and the respective distance between two successive loud sounds
are noted and measured.
(vi) a / cm x/m
20
40
60
80
100
(vii) A graph of x / m against the a / cm is plotted.

28
 CHAPTER 2 ELECTRICITY
39
V = 0.4 V V = 0.9 V V = 1.3 V
l = 20.0 cm l = 40.0 cm l = 60.0 cm
Diagram 39.2 Diagram 39.3 Diagram 39.4
V = 1.7 V V = 2.2 V
l = 80.0 cm l = 100.0 cm
Diagram 39.5 Diagram 39.6
Based on the experiment described above, identify:
Berdasarkan eksperimen yang diterangkan di atas, kenal pasti :
(a) (i) Length of wire
(ii) Resistance of wire
(iii) Diameter of wire
(b) (i) 1 mark: At least 3 values of V are correct
1 mark: Correct unit
(ii) 1 mark: At least 3 values of R are correct
1 mark: Correct unit of 
(iii) l / cm V/V R/
20.0 0.4 0.8
40.0 0.9 1.8
60.0 1.3 2.6
80.0 1.7 3.4
100.0 2.2 4.4
(d) R is directly proportional to l.

40 (a) R is directly proportional to l.

(b) l = 340 mm
= 0.34 m [1 mark: show conversion]
1 mark: Show on the graph to find R.
R = 1.6  [1 mark: answer with unit]
4ρl
(c)
The resistance R of the wire p is given by the formula of R = π d2 , where ρ is the resistivity
4ρ
of the wire p which has a value of 100 × 10-8  m, and d is the diameter of wire. So, c = π d2 ,
where c is the gradient of the graph.
4ρl
Rintangan R bagi dawai p diberi oleh formula R = π d2 , di mana ρ adalah kerintangan bagi wayar
4ρ
p yang mempunyai nilai 100 × 10-8  m, dan d adalah diameter wayar. Jadi, c = π d2 , di mana c
adalah kecerunan graf.

(i) 1 mark: Show on the labeled two point and right angle triangle
(3.0−0)
c= [1 mark: show substitution]
( 0.65−0 ) m
c = 4.62 m-1 [1 mark: Answer with unit]
(ii) 4 (100 ×10−8 )
4.62 = [1 mark: Substitute]
π d2

d = 2.76 × 10-7 m [1 mark: Correct answer, 1 mark for unit]

(d) Avoid parallax error by placing the eye perpendicular to the scale of ammeter//voltmeter during
reading
29
41 (a) The length of a wire affects the resistance of the wire.
(b) The longer the length of a wire, the higher the resistance in the wire
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the length of a wire and the resistance the wire
at constant diameter of wire
(ii) Manipulated variable: length of wire
Responding variable: resistance of wire
Constant variable: diameter of wire
(iii) Constantan wire, metre rule, ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat, battery, connecting wires
(iv)

Operational definition
-Length of wire is measured using metre rule
-Potential difference across the constantan wire is measured using voltmeter
(v) -The circuit is set up with length of constantan wire, l = l1
-The switch is on. The current, I, is fixed 0.5 A by adjusting the rheostat.
-The voltmeter reading, V, is recorded and the resistance is calculated by formula R =
V
I
-The procedure is repeated with values of, l = l2, l3, l4 and l5
(vi) l / cm V/V R/
l1
l2
l3
l4
l5
(vii) Plot a graph of R /  against l / cm

30
 CHAPTER 3 ELECTROMAGNETISM
42
Diagram 1.2 / Rajah 1.2 Diagram 1.3 / Rajah 1.3
x = 1 µA N = 40
Ii = 16µA
I = 15µA

Diagram 1.4 / Rajah 1.4 Diagram 1.5 / Rajah 1.5

N = 60 N = 80
Ii = 24µA Ii = 32µA
I = 23µA I = 31µA

Diagram 1.6 / Rajah 1.6 Diagram 1.7 / Rajah 1.7

N = 100 N = 120
Ii = 40µA Ii = 48µA
I = 39µA I = 47µA

(a) (i) Number of turns

(ii) Induced current
(iii) Height of magnet bar relesed
(b) (i) [1 mark: correct answer]

(ii) 1 mark: at least 4 correct answer for Ii

1 mark: at least 4 correct answer for I
(c) N Ii / uA I / uA
40 16 15
60 24 23
80 32 31
100 40 39
120 48 47
(e) I is directly proportional to N.

31
43 (a) The current affects the magnetic force.
(b) The higher the current, the stronger the magnetic force
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the current and the magnetic force at constant
strength of magnet
(ii) Manipulated variable: current
Responding variable: distance moved by copper wire
Constant variable: strength of magnet used
(iii) Apparatus: metre rule, copper wire, power supply, C-core, magnet, ammeter, bare
copper wire, connecting wire
Materials: bare copper wire, sliding copper wire
(iv)

Operational definition
-The current is measured by ammeter and its value is set by adjusting the rheostat
-distance travelled by the sliding copper wire is measured using metre rule
(v) -The circuit is set up as shown above
-The switch is on. Start the current, I = 1.0 A by adjusted a rheostat. Then, the switch is
open and put the sliding copper wire at the bare copper wire. The switch is now closed
again and the distance travelled by the sliding copper wire, x, is measured using metre
rule.
-The procedure is repeated with values of, I = 2.0 A, 3.0 A, 4.0 A and 5.0 A and the
distance travelled by sliding copper wire are measured respectively.
(vi) I/A x / cm
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
(vii Plot a graph of x against I.
)

32
44 (a) The amount of current affect the number of iron metal being attracted by the crane
(b) The higher the current, the more the iron meta being attracted
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the current with number of pins attracted at
constant number of turns of coils.
(ii) Manipulated variable: current
Responding variable: number of pins attracted
Constant variable: number of turns of coils
(iii) Apparatus: Power supply, insulated wire, rheostat, soft iron core, retort stand, ammeter
Materials: paper clip
(iv)

Operational definition
-The current is measured using ammeter
-The strength of magnet is determined by the number of pins attracted by the iron core
(v) -The arrangement of apparatus as shown above diagram is set up.
-The power supply is switched on and the rheostat is adjusted until the current, I = 0.2 A
-The number of paper clips attracted to the iron core, N, is calculated and recorded
-The experiment is repeated with current, I = 0.4 A, 0.6 A, 0.8 A and 1.0 A and the
respective amount of pins attracted to the iron core is calculated.
(vi) I/A N
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(vii) Plot a graph of N against I / A

33
 CHAPTER 4 ELECTRONICS
45 (a) (i) IC is directly proportional to IB.
(ii) 1 mark: Show on the graph the extrapolation to get Ic = 100 mA
IB = 500 × 10-6 A [1 mark: Show 500]
IB = 5.0 × 10-4 A [1 mark: Correct answer with unit]
(b) (i) 1 mark: Show on the graph the labeled point with right angle triangle.
(90−20)× 10−3
m= [1 mark: Correct substitution]
(450−100)× 10−6
m = 200 [1 mark: Correct answer]
(ii) IE = (200 + 1)(50×10– 6 ) A [1 mark: Correct substitution]
= 0.01005 A [1 mark: Correct answer with unit]
(iii α = 200(50 ×10−6 ¿ ¿
) 0.01005 ) [1 mark: correct substitution]
α = 0.995 [1 mark: Correct answer]
(c) Avoid parallax error by placing the eye perpendicular to the scale of galvanometer

4 (a) The magnitude of induced current depends on the number of turns of secondary coils
6
(b) When the number of turns of secondary coils increases, the magnitude of induced current
increases also
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between number of turns of secondary coils with the
magnitude of induced current
(ii) Manipulated variable: number of turns of the secondary coil
Responding variable: Magnitude of induced current or potential difference
Constant variable: number of turns of primary coils / strength of magnet used
(iii) Apparatus: soft iron, ammeters/voltmeter, C-shape magnet bars, a.c power supply, bulb,
connecting wires
(iv) A
a.c power
supply
Secondary coils
Soft laminated iron core
Operational Definitions:
-The induced current is measured using ammeter
(v) -Set up the apparatus as shown, with a 240 V ac current supply with 50 turns on the
primary coil.
-Set the secondary coil so that the number of turns n = 20
-Switch on the power supply. Measure the current, I (with the ammeter) that passes
through the secondary coil.
-Repeat step 2 and 3 for n = 40, 60, 80 and 100 turns.
(vi) n I/A
20
40
60
80
100
(vii Graph of I / A against n is plotted.
)

34
35