Reservoir Engineering I

Barham S. Mahmood
E-mail: barham.sabir@koyauniversity.org
Petroleum Engineering Department
 2

Oil Properties
 3

• Introduction

• Gas solubility (Rs)

• Oil formation volume factor (Bo)

• Total formation volume factor (Bt)

• Determine reservoir fluid properties by correlation chart

• Oil compressibility

• Oil viscosity

• Oil density
 4

Having worked through this chapter the Student

will be able to:
• Define gas solubility, Rs and plot vs. P for a reservoir fluid.
• Define undersaturated and saturated oil.
• Explain briefly flash and differential liberation
• Define the oil formation volume factor Bo, and plot Bo vs.
P for a reservoir fluid.
• Define the Total Formation Volume factor Bt, and plot Bt
vs. P alongside a Bo vs. P plot.
 5

• Present an equation to express Bt in terms of Bo, Rs and

Bg.
• Express oil compressibility in terms of oil formation volume
factor.
• Use black oil correlations and their graphical form to
calculate fluid properties.
• Calculate the density of a reservoir fluid mixture, using
ideal solution principles, at reservoir pressure and
temperature, using density correction chart for C1 & C2
and other prerequisite data.
• Use viscosity equations and correlations to calculate
viscosity of fluid at reservoir conditions.
 6

Introduction
In this chapter we consider those physical properties which are required
for the reservoir engineering calculation known as material balance
calculation. These properties are:

 formation volume factor

 solution gas oil ratio

 total formation volume factor

 coefficient of isothermal compressibility

 and oil viscosity.

 7

1) Gas solubility (Rs)

• The amount of gas forming molecules in the liquid phase is limited only by
the reservoir conditions of temperature and pressure and the quantity of light
components present.

• Solubility = f (pressure, temperature, composition of gas, and composition

of crude oil).

• For a fixed gas and crude, at constant T, the quantity of solution gas
increases with p, and at constant p, the quantity of solution gas decreases
with T.
 8

• Figure 1 illustrates the behavior of an oil operating outside the PT phase diagram
in its single phase state when the reservoir pressure is above its reservoir bubble
point at 1

• Fluid behavior in the reservoir

is single phase and the oil is
said to be undersaturated

• In this case a slight reduction of

pressure causes the fluid to remain
single phase. If the oil was on the
boundary bubble point pressure
line at 2 then a further reduction in
pressure would cause two phases
to be produced, gas and liquid.
This saturated fluid is one that
upon a slight reduction of pressure
some gas is released
Figure 1 Production of reservoir
hydrocarbons above bubble point
 9

The gas solubility Rs is defined as the number of cubic feet (cubic meter) of
gas measured at standard conditions, which will dissolve in one barrel (cubic
meter) of stock tank oil when subjected to reservoir pressure and temperature

volume of gas produced at surface at standard condition

Rs =
volume of oil entering stock tank at standard condition

Figure 2 gives a typical shape of

gas solubility as a function of
pressure for a reservoir fluid at
reservoir temperature
 10

• The nature of the liberation of the gas is not straight forward. Within the
reservoir when gas is released then its transport and that of the liquid is
influenced by the relative permeability of the rock.
• The gas does not remain with its associated oil i.e. the system changes.
In the production tubing and in the separator it is considered that the gas
and associated liquid remain together i.e. the system is constant
• The amount of gas liberated from a sample of reservoir oil depends on
the conditions of the liberation. There are two basic liberation
mechanisms:

Flash liberation - the gas is evolved during a definite reduction in pressure

and the gas is kept in contact with the liquid until
equilibrium been established.
Differential liberation - the gas being evolved is being continuously
removed from contact with the liquid and the liquid
is in equilibrium with the gas being evolved over a
finite pressure range.
 11

• Production of a crude oil at reservoir pressures below the bubble

point pressure occurs by a process which is neither flash or
differential vaporisation.
• Once enough gas is present for the gas to move toward the wellbore
the gas tends to move faster than the oil.
• The gas formed in a particular pore tends to leave the liquid from
which it was formed thus approximating differential vaporisation,
however, the gas is in contact with liquid throughout the path through
the reservoir.
• The gas will also migrate vertically as a result of its lower density than
the oil and could form a secondary gas cap.
• Fluid produced from reservoir to the surface is considered to undergo
a flash process where the system remains constant.
 12

Example 1:
A sample of reservoir liquid with volume of 400 cc under reservoir conditions
was passed through a separator and into stock tank at atmospheric pressure
and 60 ᵒF. the liquid volume in the stock tank was 274 cc. a total of 1.21 scf of
gas was released. Calculate solution gas-oil ratio?

Solution:
volume of gas produced at surface at standard condition
Rs =
volume of oil entering stock tank at standard condition

1.21 scf 𝑠𝑐𝑓

Rs = = 702
𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑙
(274 cc) x (6.2898 x10−6 𝑐𝑐 )
 13

Example 2:
A differential liberation test was conducted on a crude oil sample taken from an oil
field in Montana. The sample with a volume of 300cc, was placed in a PVT cell at it is
bubble point pressure of 3000 psia and reservoir temperature of 180 ᵒF. the
temperature was kept constant and the pressure was reduced to 2500 psia by
reducing mercury from the cell. The total volume of the hydrocarbon system was
increased to 346.5 cc. the gas was bled off at constant pressure (by injecting the
mercury) and found to occupy a volume of 0.145 scf. The volume of remaining oil was
flashed through a series of laboratory separator with separation stage representing
stock tank conditions. The collected experimental data are given below:

Volume
Pressure Temperature Total volume Volume of oil
liberated gas
(psi) (ᵒF) (cc) (cc)
(scf)
2000 180 392.3 0.290 281.5
14.7 60 --- 0.436 230.8

Calculate solution gas-oil ratio at 3000, 2500, and 2000 psia

 14

Solution:
1) Calculate of Rs at 3000 psia:

By recalling the definition of Rs as the number of scf in solution at P and T per

stock tank barrel of oil, the total scf of gas in solution at 3000 psia and 180 ᵒF is

(scf)3000, 180ᵒ = 0.145 + 0.290 + 0.436 = 0.871 scf

230.8
vol. of oil at standard condition= (Vo )sc = =0.001452 STB
3
(30.48) x 5.615

0.871
(Rs )3000 = = 600 scf/STB
0.001452
 15

2) Calculate of Rs at 2500 psia:

At this pressure, the number of scf of gas in solution is equal to the total of scf
minus the scf of free gas (liberated gas at 2500 psia), or

(scf)2500 = 0.871 - 0.145 = 0.726 scf

0.726
(Rs )2500 = = 500 scf/STB
0.001452

Calculate of Rs at 2000 psia:

(scf)2000 = 0.871 - 0.145 – 0.29 = 0.436 scf

0.436
(Rs )2000 = = 300 scf/STB
0.001452
 16

2) Oil formation volume factor (Bo)

The oil formation volume factor, is the volume in barrels (cubic meters)
occupied in the reservoir, at the prevailing pressure and temperature,
by one stock tank barrel (one stock tank cubic meter) of oil plus its
dissolved gas.
volume of oil + dissolved gas leaving reservoir at reservoir condition (𝑉𝑜 )𝑃,𝑇
Bo = =
volume of oil entering stock tank at standard condition (𝑉𝑜 )𝑠𝑐

Where:

Bo: oil formation volume factor in bbl/STB

(Vo)P, T : volume of oil at reservoir pressure P, and reservoir temperature T in bbl
(Vo)sc : volume of oil at standard condition
 17

• The relationship between the volume of the oil and its dissolved gas
at reservoir condition to the volume at stock tank conditions is called
the Oil Formation Volume Factor Bo. The shape of the Bo vs.
pressure curve is shown in Figure below.

• It shows that above the bubble

point pressure the reduction in
pressure from the initial pressure
causes the fluid to expand as a
result of its compressibility

• Below the bubble point pressure

this expansion due to
compressibility of the liquid is
small compared to the ‘shrinkage’
of the oil as gas is released from Figure 3 Oil formation volume factor
solution
 18

• The reciprocal of the oil formation volume factor is called the

‘shrinkage factor Bo

• The formation factor Bo may be multiplied by the volume of stock tank

oil to find the volume of reservoir required to produce that volume of
stock tank oil. The shrinkage factor can be multiplied by the volume of
reservoir oil to find the stock tank volume

• It is important to note that the method of processing the fluids will

have an effect on the amount of gas released and therefore both the
values of the solution gas-oil ratio and the formation volume factor. A
reservoir fluid does not have single Bo or Rs values. Bo & Rs are
dependent on the surface processing conditions
 19

• This simplistic reservoir model (Figure 4) demonstrates that the black

oil model description of the reservoir fluids is an after the event,
processing, description in terms of the produced fluids

Figure 4 Black oil description of reservoir fluid

 20

• This simplistic approach to modelling reservoir fluids becomes

more difficult to consider when one is involved in reservoirs which
become part of a total reservoir system (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Integrated system of reservoir common pipeline

and final collection system
 21

Example 3:
Using the experimental differential liberation data given in example 2,
Calculate oil formation volume factor.

Solution:
(𝑉𝑜 )𝑃,𝑇
Bo =
(𝑉𝑜 )𝑠𝑐

(𝑉𝑜 )𝑠𝑐 = 230.8 𝑐𝑐 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2)

Pressure (psi) (Vo )P, T Bo (bbl/STB)

3000 300 1.3
2500 290.8 1.26
2000 281.5 1.22
14.7 230.8 1
 22

3) Total formation volume factor (Bt)

• In reservoir engineering it is sometimes convenient to know the volume
occupied in the reservoir by one stock tank barrel of oil plus the free gas
that was originally dissolved in it. A factor is used called the total
formation-volume factor (Bt), or the two-phase volume-factor and is
defined as:

the volume in barrels that 1.0 STB and its initial complement of dissolved
gas occupies at reservoir temperature and pressure,

and is represented by:

Rsb = the solution gas to oil ratio at the bubble point

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Figure 6a Total formation volume factor or two phase volume factor

• Its application comes from the Material Balance equation where it is

sometimes used to express the volume of oil and associated gas as
a function of pressure
 24

• Figure 6b gives a comparison of the total formation-volume factor with

the oil formation-volume factor. Clearly above Pb the two values are
identical since no free gas is released. Below Pb the difference
between the values represents the volume occupied by free gas.

Figure 6b Total and oil formation volume factor

• The value of Bt can be estimated by combining estimates of BO and

calculation of Bg and known solubility values for the pressures
concerned.
 25

Example 3:

Given the following PVT data

Pb = 2744 psia Rsb = 603 scf/STB
T = 600ᵒR API = 36.4
g = 0.6744 P = 2000.7 psia
Rs = 443.9 scf/STB Bo = 1.1752 bbl/STB
Calculate Bt at 2000.7 psia
 26

Solution:
Step 1:
Calculate Tpc and Ppc of the solution gas from it is specific gravity from figure 3
( chapter one)

Ppc = 670 psia

Tpc = 381.5 ᵒR
 27

Step 2. Calculate Tpr and Ppr

Tpr = 600/381.5 = 1.57

Ppr = 2000.7/670 = 2.986

Step 3. Determine gas

compressibility factor (z) from
figure 2 (chapter one)

Z= 0.81
 28

Step 4. Calculate Bg by applying

0.81 x (600)
Bg =0.00504 =0.001223 bbl/scf
2000.7

Step 5. Calculate Bt by applying

Bt = 1.1752 + 0.001223 (603 – 443.9) = 1.195 bbl/STB

 29

End of Lecture #13

 30

Determine reservoir fluid properties by

correlation chart
• Over the years there have been many correlations generated based on
the two component black oil model characterization of oil. The
correlations are based on data measured on the oils of interest.

• These empirical correlations relate black oil parameters, the variables of

Bo and Rs to; reservoir temperature, and oil and gas surface density

• It is important to appreciate that these correlations are empirical and

are obtained by taking a group of data for a particular set of oils and
finding a best fit correlation.
 31

• Using the correlation for fluids whose properties do not fall within those
for the correlation can result in significant errors

• A number of empirical correlations, based on largely US crude oils,

and other locations across the world have been presented to estimate
black oil parameters of gas solubility and oil formation volume factor.
The most commonly used is Standing’s correlation, Katz’s Curves.
Other correlations include, Lasater, and recently Glaso
 32

A) Standing’s correlation

• Standing's correlations have been presented as nomographs enabling

quick look predictions to be made.

• Figures 7 & 8 give the nomogram forms of these correlations to

determine bubble point pressure and oil formation volume factor.

• Standing’s correlation is based on a set of 22 California crudes.

• The correlation required the total gas-oil ratio, the gravity of stock tank
oil and produced gas, and reservoir temperature.
 33

Figure 7 Gas solubility as a function of pressure. Temperature, gas gravity and oil gravity
 34

Figure 8 Oil-formation volume factor as a function of gas solubility, temperature, gas

gravity and oil gravity (Standing)
 35

Example 4:

For the given data, reservoir temperature = 200 F, gas-oil ratio = 350 cu.
ft/bbl, gas gravity = 0.75, and stock tank oil gravity = 30 API. Calculate
bubble point pressure.

Solution:

Using standing correlation chart (figure 7) starting of the left side of chart

Pb = 1930 psi
 36

Pb= 1930 psi

 37

Example 5:
Using data in example 4 calculate oil formation volume factor (Bo)

Solution:

From figure 8, starting from left side chart,

Bo = 1.23 bbl/STB
 38

Bo = 1.23 bbl/STB
 39

B) Katz’s Curves

• Katz prepared a correlation from data on Mid-continent crude oil for

calculation of the reservoir formation volume factor. The use of these
charts requires the reservoir temperature, reservoir pressure, gas in
solution, and API gravity of crude.

• These two curve are present in figure 9 & 10.

 40

Figure 9 Fluid-volume correlation factor for temperature of residual oil

 41

Figure 10 Fluid-volume correlation factor for solubility (corrected for temperature

of residual oil)
 42

• If gas oil ratio required in figure 10 is considered to be the producing

gas oil ratio, then these can be used to get an estimate of the formation
volume factor at that point

• These two curve can be conjunction with a correlating curve presented

by Beal (figure 11), in which the gas in solution is correlated with stock
tank gravity and saturation pressure

• If the gas in solution is determined from figure 11 as a function of stock

tank gravity and reservoir pressure, figure 9 & 10 can be used to
calculate formation volume factor for the reservoir oil.
 43

Figure 11 prediction of solubility

from saturation pressure and
gravity of crude oil
 44

• The procedure for calculating formation volume factor using

Beal’s and Katz’s empirical curve can be summarized into:

1) Knowing the API stock tank oil gravity assume a saturation pressure
and determine the solution gas-oil ratio from figure 11.

2) From figure 9 determine the fluid shrinkage due to the change from
reservoir temperature to 60 F. Denote this shrinkage value by the term
St.
3) From figure 10 determine the fluid shrinkage due to the liberation of
the solution gas as the pressure decreased from saturation pressure to
atmospheric. Denote this shrinkage value by the term SP.
4) The oil formation volume factor at saturation pressure of step 1 is then
defined by the following equation
B = (1 + St ) ( 1 + SP )
Where St and Sp are expressed in fraction.
 45

Example 6:

Calculate oil formation factor for the following given data using
Beal’s and Katz’s empirical curve.

Pb = 4228 psi
Rsi= 1202 scf/STB
Gas gravity = 0.8643
Oil gravity = 36.81 API
Separator pressure = 0 psi
Reservoir temperature = 224 F
 46

Solution: Bo = (1 + St ) ( 1 + SP )

From figure 11 From figure 10 (3)

Pb 1 + Sp
Rs Sp Bo
4228 1202 0.62 1.620 1.7415
3810 1150 0.585 1.585 1.7039
3410 1035 0.515 1.515 1.6286
3010 910 0.445 1.445 1.5534
2610 790 0.385 1.385 1.4889
2210 670 0.325 1.325 1.4244
1810 550 0.265 1.265 1.3599
1420 425 0.205 1.205 1.2954
1010 310 0.150 1.15 1.2363
610 210 0.1 1.1 1.1825
245 120 0.057 1.057 1.1363

From figure 9, St = 0.075

 47

4) Oil compressibility (Co)

• At the pressure above bubble point, the coefficient of isothermal
compressibility of oil is defined exactly of the coefficient of isothermal
compressibility of gas.

• At pressure below bubble point an additional term must be added to

the definition to account for the volume of gas which evolves. As with
gases, the coefficient of isothermal compressibility of oil usually is
called compressibility or, in this case, oil compressibility.

in terms of formation volume factors this equation yields

 48

• Assuming that the compressibility does not change with pressure the
above equation can be integrated to yield ;

where :
P1 & P2, and V1 & V2 represent the pressure and volume at conditions
1 & 2.

Example 7:
A sample of reservoir oil was placed in a laboratory cell at 5000 psig and
220 F. the volume was 59.55 cc. pressure was reduced to 4000 psig by
increasing the oil volume to 60.37 cc. calculate the coefficient of isothermal
compressibility for this oil at cell conditions.
 49

Solution:

60.37 cc
ln
59.55 cc
Co = − =13.68 x 10−6 psi−1
4014.7−5014.7 psia

Co =13.68 x 10 −6 psi−1
 50

5) Viscosity of oil (μo )

• The viscosity of oil at reservoir temperature and pressure is less than
the viscosity of the dead oil because of the dissolved gases and the
higher temperature

• Correlations are available which enable the dissolved gas and pressure
effect on the dead oil viscosity to be determined

• The favored correlations are those of Beggs and Robinson, Egbogah

and Ng,Vazquez and Beggs, and Labedi

• Figure 12 gives plots, presented by McCain, of the correlation of dead

oil viscosity from Egbogah and Ng, and figure 13 the impact of
dissolved gas from the Beggs and Robinson.
 51

Figure 12 Dead oil viscosities

 52

Figure 13 Viscosities of saturated black oils

 53

• Beggs and Robinson examined 600 oil samples over a wide range of
pressure and temperature and came up with the following correlation.

• Examination of these correlations has shown that they are not very
reliable with errors of the order of 25%.

• Beggs and Robinson gave a correlation to give the impact of dissolved

gas.
 54

• Vazquez and Beggs presented an equation to take into account

pressure on viscosity above the saturation pressure.

This is presented in figure 14 from McCain

• Labedi also produced an empirical correlation to determine viscosity

at pressures above the bubble point.
 55

Figure 14 Viscosities of
undersaturated black oils
 56

Example 8:

The following data are taken from the PVT report. The reservoir pressure
and temperature are 5000 psig and 220 ᵒF respectively. The ᵒAPI of the
oil is 40.1, the GOR, Rs is 795 scf/stb and the bubble point pressure is
2635 psi. Calculate the oil viscosity.

Pr = 5000 psig
Tr = 220 F
Pb = 2235 psi
API = 40.1
Rs = 795 scf/stb
 57

Solution:
From the Beggs and Robinson correlation:

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = 3.0324 − 0.0202 40.1 − 1.163 log 220

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = −0.501

𝐴 = 0.315 𝜇𝑜𝑑 = 100.315 − 1 = 1.065 𝑐𝑝

For Egbogah correlation

A=0.34

𝜇𝑜𝑑 = 1.21 𝑐𝑝
 58

Viscosity at bubble point

Beggs
𝜇𝑜𝑏 = 𝐶 𝜇𝑜𝑑 𝐵

𝜇𝑜𝑏 = oil viscosity at bubble point pressure

C= 10.715 (Rs +100)^-0.515

B=5.44 (Rs +150)^-0.338

C= 10.715 (795 +100)^-0.515 = 0.3234

B=5.44 (795 +150)^-0.338 = 0.5369

𝜇𝑜𝑏 = 0.3234 1.210.5369 = 0.3584 𝑐𝑝

 59

Viscosity at pressure 5015 psi

Vazquez – Beggs
𝜇𝑜= 𝜇𝑜𝑏 (𝑃Τ𝑃𝑏 )𝐷
−5 𝑝
𝐷 = 2.6 𝑃1.187 𝑒 −11.513−8.98𝑥10

−5 𝑥5015
D = 2.6 (5015)1.187 𝑒 −11.513−8.98𝑥10
D = 0.4089
𝜇𝑜= 0.3584 (5015Τ2635)0.4089 𝜇𝑜= 0.4663 cp

Labedi, correlation
𝜇𝑜= 𝜇𝑜𝑏 + (𝑃Τ𝑃𝑏 − 1)(10−2.488 𝜇𝑜𝑏 0.9036 𝑃𝑏 0.6151 ൗ100.0197 °𝐴𝑃𝐼 )

𝜇𝑜= 0.3584 + (5015Τ2635 − 1)(10−2.488 (0.3584)0.9036 (2635)0.6151 Τ100.0197 𝑥40.1 )

𝜇𝑜= 0.409 cp
 60

End of Lecture #14

 61

6) Fluid density
Liquids have a much greater density and viscosity than gases, and the
density is affected much less by changes in temperature and pressure.
For petroleum engineers it is important that they are able to estimate the
density of a reservoir liquid at reservoir conditions.

Specific gravity of a liquid

Liquid specific gravity, o, is define as the ratio of the density of the
liquid to the density of water, both taken at the same pressure and
temperature.

ρo
γo =
ρw
 62

• Specific gravity appears to be nondimensional since the units of the

density of the liquid are the same as the units of the density of water.
However, this is not strictly true. Actually, in the English system the
unite are:

𝐼𝑏 𝑜𝑖𝑙
ρo 𝑐𝑢 𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑖𝑙
γo = =
ρw 𝐼𝑏 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑐𝑢 𝑓𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

• Sometimes specific gravity is given as sp. gr. 60ᵒ/60ᵒ, which means

that the density of liquid and water were measured at 60 ᵒF and
atmospheric pressure.
 63

• The petroleum industry also uses another gravity term called API gravity
which is define as:

141.5
𝐴𝑃𝐼 = − 131.5
𝛾𝑜

Where γo is the specific gravity at 60ᵒ/60ᵒ.

 64

Density calculation
• There are several methods of estimating the density of a petroleum
liquid at reservoir conditions.

• The methods used depend on the availability and nature of the data.

• When there is compositional information on the reservoir fluid then the

density can be determined using the ideal solution principle.

• When the information we have is that of the produced oil and gas then
empirical methods can be used to calculate the density of the
reservoir fluid.
 65

Density based on Ideal Solution Principles

• Mixtures of liquid hydrocarbons at atmospheric conditions behave as
ideal solutions. An ideal solution is a hypothetical liquid where no
change in the character of the liquids is caused by mixing and the
properties of the mixture are strictly additive.

• Petroleum liquid mixtures are such that ideal-solution principles can be

applied for the calculation of densities and this enables the volume of a
mixture from the composition and the density of the individual
components. The principle is illustrated using the following exercise.
Data for the specific components are given in the tables at the end of
the chapter.
 66

Example 9:
Calculate the density at 14.7 psia and 60 ºF of the hydrocarbon liquid
mixture with the composition given below:
 67

Solution:

Density = weight / volume = 74.695/1.8801 = 39.73 Ib/ cu. ft

68
 69

• We shall examine through examples various ways of calculating

downhole reservoir fluids densities dependent on the data available.
The three considered are:

1) The composition of the reservoir fluid is known.

2) The gas solubility , the gas composition and the surface

oil gravity is known.

3) The gas solubility, and gas and liquid gravities are known.
 70

1)The composition of the reservoir fluid is known.

Example 10:

calculate the surface density of the mixture with the composition given
below:
 71

Solution:

1.30032
𝑤𝑡 %𝐶2 += 𝑥 100
74.272

7.0464
𝑤𝑡 %𝐶1 += 𝑥 100
155 81.319
 72

45 Ib/cu ft
 73

• The pseudodensity is converted to reservoir conditions firstly by taking

the effect of pressure and secondly accounting for the effect of
temperature.

• Standing & Katz took National Petroleum Standards data and with
supplementary data produced correction factors for pressure and
temperature to convert atmospheric density to reservoir density.

• The compressibility and thermal expansion effects have been

expressed graphically in Figures 16&17.
 74

Figure 16
Density correction for
compressibility of liquids
 75

Figure 17
Density correction for thermal
expansion of liquids
 76

Example 11:
calculate the density of the reservoir liquid of example 10 at a
reservoir temperature of 180 oF and reservoir pressure 5500 psia.
 77

Solution:

Step 1. Pseudoliquid density at standard conditions from example 10:

o= 45 lb/cu ft

Step 2. Adjust to 60˚F and 5,500 psia

i.e. correction = +1.65 lb/cu ft (Figure 16)
i.e. o= 45 + 1.65 = 46.65 lb/cu ft at 60˚F 5500 psi

Step 3. Adjust to 180˚F. (Figure 17)

i.e. thermal correction = -3.22 lb/cu ft
o= 46.65 - 3.22 = 43.43 lb/cu ft at 180˚ and 5500 psia
o = 43.43 lb/cu ft @ 180˚F and 5500 psia
 78

2) Reservoir Density when the Gas Solubility , the

gas composition and the surface oil gravity are
known
Example 12:
A reservoir at a pressure of 4000 psia and a temperature of 200oF has a
producing gas to oil ratio of 600 scf/stB. the oil produced has a gravity of
42 oAPI. Calculate the density of the reservoir liquid. the produced gas
has the following composition:
 79

Solution:
Calculation of pseudo density of gas.
Solubility of gas, Rs = 600 scf/STB
From PV=znRT,
1 lb mole = 379 scf
Oil = 42 API
From API gravity equation

141.5 141.5
𝐴𝑃𝐼 = − 131.5 𝛾𝑜 = = 0.815
𝛾𝑜 𝐴𝑃𝐼 + 131.5

Density of water = 62.37 lb./cuft

𝜌𝑜
𝛾𝑜 =
𝜌𝑤
Density of crude = 50.87 lb/cuft 285.62 lb/STB
 80

Density of propane + = 323/6.01/lb cuft = 49.81 lb/ cu ft

Weight % C2+ = 2.03
Weight% C1+ = 5.557
 81

From Figure 15 Pseudoliquid density of reservoir fluid at 60°F & 14.7

psia = 46.5 lb / cu ft

Correction for pressure Fig 16 = 1.23 + = 47.73

Correction for temperature Fig 17= 3.55 - = 44.18

Density of Reservoir Fluid = 44.18 lb/cu ft

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3) The Gas Solubility, and Gas and Liquid gravities

are known
Katz has produced a correlation (figure 18) to enable densities to be
determined when the only information on the gas is its solubility and
its gravity. The figure gives apparent liquid densities of gases against
gravity for different API crudes.
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Example 12:
Use the correlation of Katz to calculate the reservoir fluid density of a field
with a GOR of 500scf/stB with a gas gravity of 0.8 and a 35oAPI oil for
reservoir conditions of 4000psia and a temperature of 180oF. Katz method

Solution:

Mass o f gas per STB.

Molecular weight of gas = molecular weight air x 0.8 = 29.2 x 0.8 = 23.2

Mass of gas / STB =

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Pseudodensity of reservoir fluid= 328.23 / 6.779 = 48.42

Correction for pressure at Fig 16 +1.13 = 49.55
Correction for pressure at Fig 17 -2.9 = 46.65
Reservoir density= 46.65 lb/cu ft
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End of Lecture #15

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Any questions??