At low speed, adhesion dominates but, as the speed

increases, the adhesion forces and inertial forces become

comparable in magnitude and the oscillation begins at a
critical speed. Above this speed, the motion can be
violent, damaging track and wheels and potentially
causing derailment

For high-speed trains excessive vibrations and track movement may occur when
the train speed approaches the critical speed at which train speed
coincides with the Rayleigh-wave velocity of the ground.
critical speed is the velocity of the moving non-oscillating load that conducts to the higher amplification
of the dynamic response, i.e., the speed of the 

Rayleigh-wave velocity of the ground

Rayleigh waves emanating outward from the epicenter of an earthquake travel along the surface of the
earth at about 10 times the speed of sound in air (0.340 km/s), that is ~3 km/s.

Example of a Spring Assemblage

Example of Assemblage of Beam Stiffness Matrices

1 Introduction

2 Introductions to the Stiffness (Displacement) Method

3 Developments of Truss Equations

4 Developments of Beam Equations

5 Frame and Grid Equations

6 Developments of the Plane Stress and Plane Strain Stiffness Equations

7 Practical Considerations in Modeling;Interpreting Results; and Examples of Plane Stress–Strain

Analysis
8 Developments of the Linear-Strain Triangle Equations

9 Axisymmetric Elements

Step 1 Discretize and Select the Element Types

Step 2 Select a Displacement Function

Stages and methods of acquisition of

geotechnical
information:
• route corridor identification
• desk study
• site reconnaissance
• ground investigation - field work
• ground investigation - laboratory work
• interpretation of main ground investigation findings
• selection of geotechnical design parameter values
• preparation of Reference Ground Conditions Report
• review during construction

Field investigations (surveys):

 Topographic surveys
 Hydrographical surveys
 Utility surveys
 Identification of UG structures
 Structure
preconstruction survey
 Ground water investigation

❖ Laboratory tests
 Soiltesting
 Rock testing

❖ Rock testing:
Rock discontinuity descriptions typically noted in rock classification
include:

 Predominant joint sets (with strike and dip orientations),

Joint roughness,
 Joint persistence,
 Joint spacing,
 Joint weathering and infilling

3.4 GEOLOGIC MAPPING

After collecting and reviewing existing geologic maps, aerial photos, references, and the results of a
preliminary site reconnaissance, surface geologic mapping of available rock outcrops should be
performed by an experienced engineering geologist to obtain detailed, site-specific information on rock
quality and structure. Geologic mapping collects local, detailed geologic data systematically, and is used
to characterize and document the condition of rock mass or outcrop for rock mass classification (Chapter
6) such as:
• Discontinuity type
• Discontinuity orientation
• Discontinuity infilling
• Discontinuity spacing
• Discontinuity persistence
• Weathering
The International Society of Rock Mechanics (ISRM) (www.isrm.net) has suggested quantitative
measures for describing discontinuities (ISRM 1981). It provides standard descriptions for factors such as
persistence, roughness, wall strength, aperture, filling, seepage, and block size. Where necessary, it gives
suggested methods for measuring these parameters so that the discontinuity can be characterized in a
constant manner that allows comparison.
By interpreting and extrapolating all these data, the geologist should have a better understanding of the
rock conditions likely to be present along the proposed tunnel and at the proposed portal and shaft
excavations. The collected mapping data can be used in stereographic projections for statistical analysis
using appropriate computer software (e.g., DIPS), in addition to the data obtained from the subsurface
investigations.

STRENGTH OR HARDNESS
GRADE DESCRIPTION FIELD IDENTIFICATION
UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH , PSI (MPa)
R0 Extremely weak Indented by thumbnail 40-150 (0.3-1)
R1 Very weak Crumbles under firm
knife
blows with point of geological hammer, can be peeled by a pocket 150-700 (1-5)
R2 Weak rock Can be peeled by a pocket knife with difficulty, shallow indentations made by
with point of geological hammer
firm blow 700-4000 (5-30)
R3 Medium strong Cannot be scraped or peeled with a pocket knife, specimen can be fractured with single firm
blow of geological hammer
4000-7000 (30-50)
R4 Strong rock Specimen requires more than one blow of geological hammer to fracture it 7000-15,000 (50-100)
R5 Very strong Specimen requires many blows of geological hammer to fracture it 15,000-36,000 (100-250)
R6 Extremely strong Specimen can only be chipped with geological hammer >36,000 (>250)
Assess the strength of any filling materials along discontinuity surfaces in accordance with the following descriptions and grades.
GRADE DESCRIPTION FIELD IDENTIFICATION UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH, KSF (KPa)
S1 Very soft clay Easily penetrated several inches (cm) by fist 0.5 (25)
S2 Soft clay Easily penetrated several inches (cm) by thumb 0.5-1.0 (25-50)
S3 Firm clay Can be penetrated several inches (cm) by thumb with moderate effort 1.0-2.0 (50-100)
S4 Stiff clay Readily indented by thumb but penetrated only with great effort 2.0-5.0 (100-250)
S5 Very stiff clay Readily indented by thumbnail 5.0-10.0 (250-500)
S6 Hard clay Indented with difficulty by thumbnail >10.0 (>500)
• Grades S1 to S6 apply to cohesive soils for example clays, silty clays, and combinations of silts and clays with sand, generally slow draining. If
non-cohesive
fillings are identified, qualitatively identify, e.g., fine sand.
• Discontinuity wall strength will generally be characterized by grades R0-R6 (rock) while S1-S6 (clay) will generally apply to filled
discontinuities.

Linear

Constant strain triangle

Ovatave file

The material was discussed it

On six nodeded elemnt

How to use octave system

Ethiopian Construction work Professionals - ETCONp Discussion, [17.06.20 16:13]

[Forwarded from Ethiopian Construction Work Professionals - ETCONp (Yonathan)]

MORTAR, CEMENT AND SAND FOR RENDERING AND FLOORING

➡️Rendering

Cement mortar rendering on walls per 10 square meters with 20% wastage mix proportion 1:3

1) Mortar = 0.06m3 /10m2

1.1) Cement = 27.56 Kgs

1.2) Sand = 0.06m3

➡️Flooring

a) Terrazo tile (cement tile) flooring bedded in cement mortar 1:4

1) Terrazzo tile (cement tile) with 2% wastage

Size 20 x 20 = 26pcs/m2

2) 2.5cm thick mortar with 10% wastage for laying.

2.1) Cement = 10.12Kgs /m2

2.2) Sand =0.0275m3/m2

3) Mortar 1:3 for grouting with 20% wastage = 0.001m3 /m2

3.1) Cement = 0.46kgs/m2

3.2) Sand =0.001m3 /m2

b) Cement screed flooring with an average thickness of 2.5cm

1) Mortar 1:3 with 20% wastage = 0.03m3 /m2

1.1) Cement = 13.78kgs/m2

1.2) Sand = 0.03m3 /m2

c) 2cm thick marble slate flooring bedded in cement sand screed 1:4

1) Marble slate with 2% wastage = 1.02m2 /m2

2) 2.5cm thick mortar with 10% wastage = 0.027m3 /m2

2.1) cement = 10.12kgs/m2

2.2) Sand =0.029m3/m2

#quantityandrateanalysis

@etconp

የዛሬው ውይይት ከእነዚህ ጥያቄውች ይነሳሉ::ሪች ያነሳችውንም

እናያልን ማለትም መጠበቅ ተፈጥሮአዊ ለሆኑ ነገሮች ወይስ ጥያቄ
ባሉብን ጉዳዮች 732

242114??? 1.እንዴት እንጠብቅ??? ...2.መጠበቅ ለተወሰነና ቃል

ለተገባልን ወይስ መልሱና እጣ ፈንታውን ለማናውቀው ሁሉ???
Next week's point of discussion:
1. How should we wait?
2. Waiting?? Waiting for pre determined things and/or waiting
for things we don't know the response... ( Habakkuk 2:1)