Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Work transfer is identified only at the boundaries of a system. It is a boundary phenomenon and a form of
energy in transit crossing the boundary.
Let us consider a gas separated from the vaccum by partition. Let the partition be removed. The gas
euishess to fill the entire volume. The expansion of a gas against vaccum is called free expansion.
2 2
dW 0 Pdv 0
1 although 1
NOTE
Although Tf = Ti for ideal gas in free expansion the process is not isothermal process because during
free expansion of an ideal gas the temp is not constant throughout the process initially during expansion
the temp. decreases and finally when molecules come in contact with wall the temp. increases due to
friction.
Because Pdv is applicable only for a reversible process where as F.E is an irreversible process
In F.E
U i = Uf
Ti = T f
H i = Hf
INTERNAL ENERGY
A property of a system whose change in a process executed by the system equal to the difference
between the heat and work interaction by the system with its surroundings.
dQ dU dW
dQ dU Pdv st
1 law of thermodynamics.
NOTE
Energy is thus conserved in the operation.
The first law is a particular formulation of the principle of the conservation of energy.
3) Isothermal process
dQ = dU + dW
for ideal gas dU is function of T
dT = 0 as T = const
dQT = dW
Heat transfer at constant volume increase the internal energy of the system.
Heat transfer at constant press increase in enthalpy of the system.
When ideal gas undergoes isothermal process H.T is equal to work transfer.
4) Adiabatic Process
dQ = 0 H.T for adiabatic process is 0.
5) Polytropic Process
n P1V1 P2 V2
dQpoly = 1 n 1
n
dQpoly Wpoly
1
for air x = 1.4, n = 1.3 let Q = 10 KJ, W = ??
1.4 1.3
10 W
1.4 1
W = 40 KJ
The polytropic specific heat is (+ve) i.e. through heat is supplied to gas, it internal energy decreases,
since the work done by the gas exceeds heat transfer.
P V P 2 V2
mc v dT 1 1
dQ = dU + dW n 1
mR P V P2 V2 1 1
(T2 T1 ) 1 1 P1V1 P2 V2
1 n 1 1 n 1
1 1
P1V1 P2 V2
n 1 1
1 n 1
P1V1 P2 V2
( 1)(n 1)
P V P2 V2 n
1 1
n 1 1
By SFEE
1 1
mc12 mgz1 U1 Q mc 22 mgz 2 U2 W
2 2
W = Wentry + Wc.v + Wexist – P1V1 + Wc.v + P2V2
1 H
mc12 mgz1 U1 P1V1 Q 2
2 1
H1 mc 2 mgz 2 U2 P2 V2 Wc.v
2
=2
1 1
H1 mc12 mgz1 Q mc 12 mgz1 Wc.v
2 2
Dividing by (m)
1 1
h1 C12 gz1 q h2 C22 gz 2 Wc.v
2 2 (S.F.E.E)
This is first law of thermodynamics for flow process. Or an open system operating under steady state.
K.E & C.E = 0 then q = h2 – h1 + Wc.v (dQ = dh – dWc.v) 1st law of thermodynamics for open system.