Sei sulla pagina 1di 4

FREE EXPANSION

Work transfer is identified only at the boundaries of a system. It is a boundary phenomenon and a form of
energy in transit crossing the boundary.
Let us consider a gas separated from the vaccum by partition. Let the partition be removed. The gas
euishess to fill the entire volume. The expansion of a gas against vaccum is called free expansion.

2 2

 dW  0  Pdv  0
1 although 1

NOTE
 Although Tf = Ti for ideal gas in free expansion the process is not isothermal process because during
free expansion of an ideal gas the temp is not constant throughout the process initially during expansion
the temp. decreases and finally when molecules come in contact with wall the temp. increases due to
friction.
 Because Pdv is applicable only for a reversible process where as F.E is an irreversible process
In F.E
U i = Uf
Ti = T f
H i = Hf

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYANAMICS

 Cycle (Conversion of energy)


Joule’s Experiment
The transfer of heat and the performance of work may both cause the same effect in a system. Heat and
work are different forms of same energy, which is conserved. Energy which enters a system as work may
leave as heat.
  W  cycle    Q  cycle
OR
The algebraic sum of heat and work interaction b/w a system and surrounding in a thermodynamic cycle
is zero.
 (Q  W )  0 X = Any point function
  Q  W  0  dx  0
  Q  W  0
Cyclic integration of any point function is zero (mathematics)
Q  W  dx (Point function) X  Internal Energy
Q  W  X (change in Internal energy)
Q  W  E
Q  W  E  Q  W  E
Q1-2 – W1-2 = E2 – E1 (change in internal energy)

INTERNAL ENERGY
A property of a system whose change in a process executed by the system equal to the difference
between the heat and work interaction by the system with its surroundings.
dQ  dU  dW 

dQ  dU   Pdv  st
1 law of thermodynamics.
NOTE
Energy is thus conserved in the operation.
The first law is a particular formulation of the principle of the conservation of energy.

HEAT TRANSFER IN VARIOUS PROCESS


1) Constant volume process
dQ  dU  dW 0
dQv = dU (any gas) change in internal energy.

2) Constant Pressure process


dQ = dU + dW
dQ = dU + Pdv
dQ = dU + d(Pv)
dQ = d(U + Pv)
dQP = dH (Change in enthalpy)

3) Isothermal process
dQ = dU + dW
for ideal gas dU is function of T
dT = 0 as T = const
dQT = dW

 Heat transfer at constant volume increase the internal energy of the system.
 Heat transfer at constant press increase in enthalpy of the system.
 When ideal gas undergoes isothermal process H.T is equal to work transfer.

4) Adiabatic Process
dQ = 0 H.T for adiabatic process is 0.
5) Polytropic Process
  n P1V1  P2 V2
dQpoly =   1 n 1
 n
 dQpoly  Wpoly
 1
for air x = 1.4, n = 1.3 let Q = 10 KJ, W = ??
1.4  1.3
10  W
1.4  1
W = 40 KJ
The polytropic specific heat is (+ve) i.e. through heat is supplied to gas, it internal energy decreases,
since the work done by the gas exceeds heat transfer.
P V  P 2 V2
 mc v dT  1 1
dQ = dU + dW n 1
mR P V  P2 V2  1 1 
 (T2  T1 )  1 1  P1V1  P2 V2   
 1 n 1    1 n  1
 1 1 
 P1V1  P2 V2  
 n  1   1
   1 n  1 
 P1V1  P2 V2  
 (   1)(n  1) 
 P V  P2 V2     n 
 1 1  
 n  1     1 

1st LAW FOR FLOW PROCESS


Steady flow process
Steady flow means that the rates of flow of mass and energy across a control volume surface are
constant.
At steady state of a system, any thermodynamics property will have a fixed value at a particular location
and will not alter with time.

Steady flow Energy Equations (SFEE)


For steady slow there should not accumulation of mass and energy in control volume whatever the mass
is entering same mass should leave the control volume.

By SFEE
1 1
mc12  mgz1  U1  Q  mc 22  mgz 2  U2  W
2 2
W = Wentry + Wc.v + Wexist – P1V1 + Wc.v + P2V2
1 H
mc12  mgz1  U1  P1V1  Q    2 
2     1
H1 mc 2  mgz 2  U2  P2 V2  Wc.v
2

=2
1 1
H1  mc12  mgz1  Q  mc 12  mgz1  Wc.v
2 2

Dividing by (m)
1 1
h1  C12  gz1  q  h2  C22  gz 2  Wc.v
2 2 (S.F.E.E)
This is first law of thermodynamics for flow process. Or an open system operating under steady state.
K.E & C.E = 0 then q = h2 – h1 + Wc.v (dQ = dh – dWc.v) 1st law of thermodynamics for open system.

Potrebbero piacerti anche