3684 Research Methods 1st Assignment

Department of Home & Health Sciences
Block No. 06, Sector H-8,

Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.
Research Methods(3684)
Assignment No. 01
Submitted to:
Dr. Noamana Anjum
Block No: 6
Dept. of Home & Health Sciences,
Allama Iqbal Open University, Sector H-8,
ISLAMABAD, (051-9250063 / 9057742)
Submitted by:
Muhammad Hammad Manzoor
4th Semester, Roll No. BN-523998
M. Sc Sustainable Environmental Design
OGIL, # 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC)
Block – 08, Clifton, KARACHI
explorationist@gmail.com / (0332-527 2364)
Research Methods (3684)
Q. No. 1:Write down the topic of your research problem that you intend to take up for
your research project. Write three objectives related to your topic along with
methodology to be used with justification.
(15Marks)
Answer)
TOPIC OF RESEARCH:
Hydro-Chemical Characteristic & Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Quality, Winder,

Lasbela District, Balochistan
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH:
• To collect and test of groundwater from Winder area in order to determine whether
the groundwater is suitable for human consumption and/or for various human
activities.
• To Study spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters such as Chloride,
Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, hardness and sulfate etc.
• To identify/study the source of health problems of local residents & impact of the
lead / zinc mineral.
• Provide understanding to the locals about the contamination of water in the area and
bring awareness of Groundwater quality and its destructive effects on human health.
METHODOLOGY WITH JUSTIFICATIONS:
1. Ground Water Sampling for Physio-Chemical Analysis method
Reconnaissance survey was conducted and most reliable traverse had been marked to
collect water samples.
Totally 26 samples were collected from different locations of Winder town / Vicnity (Figure.
02). Each sample was taken from boring and dug wells at a depth range of 200-350 feet.
Boring wells were electrically pumped to run water for 1-2 minutes to get representative
samples of the groundwater. The Random sampling technique is used for water collection
from the study area.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, M.ScSus. Env. Design, 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton – 08, Karachi. (Roll No. BN-523998)
Showing 26 water samples collection points
2. Field Tests
Groundwater samples were collected in air tight plastic bottle of 1-liter capacity for
physicochemical analysis. Bottles were properly washed and rinsed thoroughly with distilled
water and then with groundwater at sampling site. In situ measurement of Physical
properties including color, taste, odor, pH, TDS (Total dissolved solids) and temperature
were observed immediately in the field after collecting the samples.
Location of the wells was marked with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS) on the
Google image. The approximate depth of each well was noted from the record preserved by
the well owners.
3. Laboratory Tests
All the collected samples were then brought to the Laboratory for testing of other chemical
and physical parameter. Laboratory analysis of groundwater samples were conducted in
laboratory of "Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences Bahria University Karachi".
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The water samples were analyzed for their physical and chemical parameters by using
standard method. The analytical data quality was ensured through careful standardization,
procedural blank measurements. Each water sample was analyzed for water quality
parameter including pH, TDS, Pb, Ca, Mg, NA, K, HCO3, Cl, SO4, and EC.
On these analysis parameters then ground water quality assessment was made. TDS is
considered as the directory of over-all groundwater quality constraints.
S.No. PARAMETER METHOD

1 BICARBONATE (mg/L) Titration Method, Standard Method, (1992)
2 CALCIUM (mg/L) EDTA Titration Method, Standard Method
(1992)
3 CHLORIDE (mg/L) Titration (Silver Nitrate), Standard Method
(1992)
4 CONDUCTIVITY EC meter, Adwa (AD 330)
(mS/cm)
5 TURBIDITY (NTU) Turbidity meter, Hanna Instrument Hi 93703-
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6 MAGNESIUM (mg/l) Titration Method, Standard Method (1992)
7 TDS (mg/l) EC meter, Adwa (AD 330)
8 pH pH meter (AD 111)
9 POTASSIUM (mg/l) Flame photometer JENWAY EFP7
10 SODIUM (mg/l) Flame photometer JENWAY EFP7
11 IRON Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Analyst
400 Perkin Elmer)
12 HARDNESS AS CACO3 EDTA titration standard method (1992)
13 NITRATE mg/L Spectrophotometer, HACH-8171
14 Trace Elements Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Analyst
400 Perkin Elmer)
4. pH, TDS, EC
These tests were performed both on field as well as in laboratory. The samples were
shaken thoroughly before starting measurements pH and TDS or EC of collected
groundwater samples was measured with the pH meter (AD 111). TDS and EC was
determined with the help of EC or TDS meter, Adwa (AD 330).
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5. Calcium and Magnesium
In order to determine the concentration of calcium and Magnesium, samples were collected
in plastic bottles without the addition of preservative. The EDTA titration method was used
for estimation of Ca and Mg concentration.
For Ca take 100 ml of sample in flask and pipit out 50ml of sample into the 250ml beaker.
Add a pinch of Potassium Syenite (KCN) and Ascorbic acid with spatula in solution. Add
Peten& reader indicator. Then add few drops of precipitator (i.e. Buffer 12). Titrate the
solution by EDTA and mark the reading on burette. (Cash, 2008).
For Mg take 100 ml of sample in flask and pipit out 50ml of sample into the 250ml beaker.
Add a pinch of Potassium Syenite (KCN) and Ascorbic acid with spatula in solution. Add
Eochrome Black as indicator. Then add few drops of precipitator (i.e. Buffer 10). Titrate the
solution by EDTA and mark the reading on burette. (Cash, 2008).
6. Chloride
The method used for this analysis was Titration (silver nitrate) standards method.
Chloride was determined in water by titration with standard silver nitrate using potassium
chromate as indicator.
7. Sodium and Potassium
Flame photometer is used for analysis of sodium and potassium. After ignition, the filter
select control was set at proper position. Blank and standard solutions of various
concentrations were run and fine control was adjusted for stable positive reading. After
blank and standard, sample were run and results were noted.
8. Sulphate
SO4 content was tested by gravimetric method and HCO3 by titration. The sulphate ions in
the samples react with barium chloride crystals and forms insoluble barium sulphate
turbidity. The amount of turbidity formed is proportional to sulphate concentration.
9. Minor and Trace Elements
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Minor and trace elements (i.e. Pb) in water samples were analyzed by the atomic
absorption spectrometer. After ignition, the filter select control was set at proper position.
Blank and standard solutions of various concentrations were run and fine control was
adjusted for stable positive reading. After blank and standard, sample were run and results
were noted.
10. Questionnaire
In the study area, interviews and discussions were conducted with the locals to diagnose
weather the water quality is suitable for drinking and irrigation or not.
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Q. No. 2:What are various sources of data collection” How you distinguish the
primary and secondary source of data collection? Which source you would apply for
your research and why?
(15 Marks)
Answer)
VARIOUS SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

For the study purpose both primary and secondary data are used. The primary data
collected from sales men of the companies, customers and dealers dealing in the products
of the company. The secondary data collected from records of the company, retailers and
dealers. The data of past sales also have been collected. The primary and secondary data
have been collected to cover every aspect of the study. The primary data are related to
behavior and response of employees, dealers and customers. The secondary data shows
the sales of the company product wise. These data used in combination as per need of the
study. These data having different merits and demerits and have serves our purpose of the
research study. These are explained below:
(a) Primary Data

Primary data are information collected by a researcher specifically for a research
assignment. In other words, primary data are information that a company must gather
because no one has compiled and published the information in a forum accessible to the
public. Companies generally take the time and allocate the resources required to gather 8
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primary data only when a question, issue or problem presents itself that is sufficiently
important or unique that it warrants the expenditure necessary to gather the primary data.
Primary data are original in nature and directly related to the issue or problem and current
data. Primary data are the data which the researcher collects through various methods like
interviews, surveys, questionnaires etc. The primary data have own advantages and
disadvantages:
(i) Advantages of primary data:

Advantages of primary data are as follows:
• The primary data are original and relevant to the topic of the research study so the
degree of accuracy is very high.
• Primary data is that it can be collected from a number of ways like interviews, telephone
surveys, focus groups etc. It can be also collected across the national borders through
emails and posts. It can include a large population and wide geographical coverage. •
Moreover, primary data is current and it can better give a realistic view to the researcher
about the topic under consideration.
• Reliability of primary data is very high because these are collected by the concerned and
reliable party.
(ii) Disadvantages of primary data:
Following are the disadvantages of primary data:

• For collection of primary data where interview is to be conducted the coverage is limited
and for wider coverage a more number of researchers are required.
• A lot of time and efforts are required for data collection. By the time the data collected,
analyzed and report is ready the problem of the research becomes very serious or out
dated. So the purpose of the research may be defeated.
• It has design problems like how to design the surveys.
The questions must be simple to understand and respond.

• Some respondents do not give timely responses. Sometimes, the respondents may give
fake, socially acceptable and sweet answers and try to cover up the realities.
• With more people, time and efforts involvement the cost of the data collection goes high.
The importance of the research may go down.
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• In some primary data collection methods there is no control over the data collection.
Incomplete questionnaire always give a negative impact on research.
• Trained persons are required for data collection. In experienced person in data collection
may give inadequate data of the research.
(b) Secondary Data

Secondary data are the data collected by a party not related to the research study but
collected these data for some other purpose and at different time in the past. If the
researcher uses these data then these become secondary data for the current users. These
may be available in written, typed or in electronic forms. A variety of secondary information
sources is available to the researcher gathering data on an industry, potential product
applications and the market place. Secondary data is also used to gain initial insight into the
research problem. Secondary data is classified in terms of its source – either internal or
external. Internal, or in-house data, is secondary information acquired within the
organization where research is being carried out. External secondary data is obtained from
outside sources. There are various advantages and disadvantages of using secondary
data.
(i) Advantages of Secondary Data:

Advantages of secondary data are following:
• The primary advantage of secondary data is that it is cheaper and faster to access.
• Secondly, it provides a way to access the work of the best scholars all over the world.
• Thirdly, secondary data gives a frame of mind to the researcher that in which direction
he/she should go for the specific research.
• Fourthly secondary data save time, efforts and money and add to the value of the
research study.
(ii) Disadvantages of Secondary data:

Following are the disadvantage of secondary data:
• The data collected by the third party may not be a reliable party so the reliability and
accuracy of data go down.
• Data collected in one location may not be suitable for the other one due variable
environmental factor.
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• With the passage of time the data becomes obsolete and very old • Secondary data
collected can distort the results of the research. For using secondary data a special care is
required to amend or modify for use.
• Secondary data can also raise issues of authenticity and copyright. Keeping in view the
advantages and disadvantages of sources of data requirement of the research study and
time factor, both sources of data i.e. primary and secondary data have been selected.
These are used in combination to give proper coverage to the topic.
Instruments for Data Collection

For collection of data the following instruments have been used:
(a) Questionnaire
Questionnaire is a set of questions has been prepared to ask a number of questions and
collect answers from respondents relating to the research topic. A number of questions
usually in printed or electronic form are to be answered by the individuals. The forms often
have blank spaces in which the answers can be written. Sets of such forms are distributed
to groups and the answers are collected relating to research topic. A questionnaire is a
series of questions asked to individuals to obtain statistically useful information about a
given topic. When properly constructed and responsibly administered, questionnaires
become a vital instrument by which statements can be made about specific groups or
people or entire populations. Inappropriate questions, incorrect ordering of questions,
incorrect scaling, or bad questionnaire format can make the survey valueless, as it may not
accurately reflect the views and opinions of the participants. A useful method for checking a
questionnaire and making sure it is accurately capturing the intended information is to
pretest among a smaller subset of target respondents. In a research or survey questions
asked to respondents, and designed to extract specific information. It serves four basic
purposes: to
(1) collect the appropriate data,
(2) make data comparable and amenable to analysis,
(3) minimize bias in formulating and asking question, and
(4) to make questions engaging and varied.
For our study purpose a set of questions has been prepared to collect information relating
to the topic of the study. In this study a structured questionnaire has been used with
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different types of questions such as closed ended and open ended. Special case has been
taken to select the scales for the questions for collection of responses very effectively.
(b) Telephone, Mobile Phone and Facsimile

Telephone and other devices can be used for collecting data verbally and written on fax
from respondents located away from the researcher and having these facilities plus the
researcher having their contact numbers. Use of interviewers encourages sample persons
to respond, leading to higher response rates. Interviewers can increase comprehension of
questions by answering respondents' questions. It is fairly cost efficient, depending on local
call charge structure. It is good for large national or international respondents and gives
wider coverage. It cannot be used for non-audio information (graphics, demonstrations,
taste/smell samples) this instrument is not suitable for the respondents where the telephone
facility is not available.
(c) Mail
For collection of data from the respondents who are located at a long distance and do not
have any communication facility. They can be contacted through mailed questionnaire. Only
thing is required that the researcher should have the postal addresses of the respondents.
The questionnaire may be handed to the respondents or mailed to them, but in all cases
they are returned to the researcher via mail. The cost involved is very less but no
clarification can be given to the respondents if required. Respondents can answer at their
own convenience. The respondents cannot be biased by the researchers and the detail
information can be collected for the research purpose. Only one disadvantage this
instrument gives is that the response rate is very less due to lack of interest in the topic of
respondents and low literacy rate.
(d) Interview
In this method the interviewer personally meets the informants and asks necessary
questions to them regarding the subject of enquiry. Usually a set of questions or a
questionnaire is carried by him and questions are also asked according to that. The
interviewer efficiently collects the data from the informants by cross examining them. The
interviewer must be very efficient and tactful to get the accurate and relevant data from the
informants. Interviews like personal interview/depth interview or telephone interview can be
conducted as per the need of the study.
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Which source you would apply for your research and why?
Data Collection:
Two data collection techniques have been used in this study. The technique includes;
1. Primary Data Collection

2. Secondary Data Collection
Primary Data Collection:

Primary data was made by the researcher physically to winder area number of times by two
ways of data collection.
1- Water Sampling
Water sampling was made at 26 location, which has to bring in evaluation to study
the physical & chemical properties of the elements dissolved in the water samples.
On the basis of the interpretation of the elements values, a comparison is required to
makewith World Health Organization (WHO) standards.
2- Questionnaire
Questionnaire was prepared to have details about the local residents regarding their
living styles, health, source of drinking water etc.
Secondary Data Collection:

Numerous secondary data collection methods have been used to complete this study which
is as follows;
1. Interaction with Environmental Specialist:

A- Interaction has been made with Manager, Environmental Management Consults
(EMC), Karachi. Detail discussion includes the element / metals absorption in the
drinking was took place w.r.t. Duddar Lead – Zinc Mine, so that study could be
more conclusive and fruitful.
B- Guidelines had been sorted out from External Supervisor (Dr. Salma Hamza,
Assistant Professor, Bahria University, Karachi) for studying the environmental
factors of Winder area.
2. International renowned reports:

Different international reports have been brought into consideration to review and
consider the international standards and methodologies used by developed
countries. The reports include;
• Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edition
• Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessments in International
Development Cooperation
• 2018 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Tables
3. National Renowned Reports:

Different National reports have been reviewed and considered to study the local
scenarios w.r.t international publications.
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4. Research Papers:
Different research papers from National & International authors have been also
studied to convene this study.
5. Government Policies:
Government Policies were also bring into consideration as data source to analyze
that which policies have been designed by the Government to handle the water
issues.
6. Rules & Regulations:

Different rules have been reviewed (Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency,
PEPA,1997, EIA/IEE, 2014 rules by SEPA etc)
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Q. No. 3:What are different types of research? How you select research design
according to various research types. Explain in the context of Exploratory and
Conclusive research
(15 Marks)
Answer)
WHAT IS A RESEARCH?
Research is defined as a careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or a
problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert
Babbie, “Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the
observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods.”
Characteristics of Research
1. A systematic approach is followed in research. Rules and procedures are an integral part
of research that set the objective of a research process. Researchers need to practice
ethics and code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
2. Research is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive
methods.
3. The data or knowledge that is derived is in real time, actual observations in the natural
settings.
4. There is an in-depth analysis of all the data collected from research so that there are no
anomalies associated with it.
5. Research creates a path for generating new questions. More research opportunity can
be generated from existing research.
6. Research is analytical in nature. It makes use of all the available data so that there is no
ambiguity in inference.
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7. Accuracy is one of the important character of research, the information that is obtained
while conducting the research should be accurate and true to its nature. For example,
research conducted in a controlled environment like a laboratory. Here accuracy is
measured of instruments used, calibrations, and the final result of the experiment.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
Following are the types of research:
Basic Research: Basic research is mostly conducted to enhance knowledge. It

covers fundamental aspects of research. The main motivation of this research is
knowledge expansion. It is a non-commercial research and doesn’t facilitate in
creating or inventing anything. For example, an experiment is a good example of
basic research.
Applied Research: Applied research focuses on analyzing and solving real-life

problems. This type of research refers to the study that helps solve practical
problems using scientific methods. This research plays an important role in
solving issues that impact the overall well-being of humans. For example, finding
a specific cure for a disease.
Problem Oriented Research: As the name suggests, problem-oriented research

is conducted to understand the exact nature of the problem to find out relevant
solutions. The term “problem” refers to having issues or two thoughts while
making any decisions.
For e.g Revenue of a car company has decreased by 12% in the last year. The
following could be the probable causes: There is no optimum production, poor
quality of a product, no advertising, economic conditions etc.
Problem Solving Research: This type of research is conducted by companies to

understand and resolve their own problems. The problem-solving research uses
applied research to find solutions to the existing problems.
Qualitative Research: Qualitative research is a process that is about inquiry that

helps in-depth understanding of the problems or issues in their natural settings.
This is a non- statistical research method.
Qualitative research is heavily dependent on the experience of the researchers

and the questions used to probe the sample. The sample size is usually restricted
to 6-10 people in a sample. Open-ended questions are asked in a manner that
one question leads to another. The purpose of asking open-ended questions is to
gather as much information as possible from the sample.
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Following are the methods used for qualitative research:
1. One-to-one interview
2. Focus groups
3. Ethnographic Research
4. Content/ Text Analysis
5. Case study research
Quantitative Research: Qualitative research is a structured way of collecting

data and analyzing it to draw conclusions. Unlike qualitative research, this
research method uses a computational, statistical and similar method to collect
and analyze data. Quantitative data is all about numbers.
Quantitative research involves a larger population as more number of people

means more data. In this manner, more data can be analyzed to obtain accurate
results. This type of research method uses close-ended questions because, in
quantitative research, the researchers are typically looking at measuring the
extent and gathering foolproof statistical data.
Online surveys, questionnaires, and polls are preferable data collection tools
used in quantitative research. There are various methods of deploying surveys or
questionnaires. In recent times online surveys and questionnaires have gained
popularity. Survey respondents can receive these surveys on mobile phones,
emails or can simply use the internet to access surveys or questionnaires.
Purpose of Research
There are three purposes of research:
1. Exploratory Research: As the name suggests, exploratory research is

conducted to explore the research questions and may or may not offer a final
conclusion to the research conducted. It is conducted to handle new problem
areas which haven’t been explored before. Exploratory research lays the
foundation for more conclusive research and data collection. For example, a
research conducted to know the level of customer satisfaction among the patrons
of a restaurant.
2. Descriptive Research: Descriptive research focuses on throwing more light

on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive studies are
used to describe the behavior of a sample population. In descriptive research,
only one variable (anything that has quantity or quality that varies) is required to
conduct a study. The three main purposes of descriptive research are describing,
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explaining and validating the findings. For example, a research conducted to

know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century posses the moral right
to receive a huge sum of money from the company profit?
3. Explanatory Research: Explanatory research or causal research, is

conducted to understand the impact of certain changes in existing standard
procedures. Conducting experiments is the most popular form of casual research.
For example, research conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on
customer loyalty.
To understand the characteristic of research design using research purpose here

is a comparative analysis:
Types of Research Methods According to the Purpose of the

Study
According to the purpose of the study, types of research methods can be divided
into two categories: applied research and fundamental research. Applied research is
also referred to as an action research, and the fundamental research is sometimes
called basic or pure research. The table below summarizes the main differences
between applied research and fundamental research. Similarities between applied
and fundamental (basic) research relate to the adoption of a systematic and
scientific procedure to conduct the study.
Applied Research Fundamental Research
§ Aims to solve a problem by adding to

§ Tries to eliminate the theory by adding to the field of application of a discipline
the basics of a discipline § Often several disciplines work together
§ Problems are analysed from the point of for solving the problem
one discipline
§ Often researches individual cases
§ Generalisations are preferred without the aim to generalize
§ Forecasting approach is implemented § Aims to say how things can be
changed
§ Assumes that other variables do not
change § Acknowledges that other variables are
constant by changing
§ Reports are compiled in a language of
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technical language of discipline § Reports are compiled in a common

language
Types of Research Methods according to Research Design

On the basis of research design the types of research methods can be divided into two
groups – exploratory and conclusive. Exploratory studies only aim to explore the research
area and they do not attempt to offer final and conclusive answers to research questions.
Conclusive studies, on the contrary, aim to provide final and conclusive answers to
research questions.
Table below illustrates the main differences between exploratory and conclusive research
designs:
Exploratory research Conclusive research
Well-structured and systematic

Structure Loosely structured in design in design
Have a formal and definitive

Are flexible and investigative in methodology that needs to be
Methodology methodology followed and tested
Most conclusive researches are

Do not involve testing of carried out to test the formulated
Hypotheses hypotheses hypotheses
Findings might be topic specific

and might not have much Findings are significant as they
relevance outside of have a theoretical or applied
Findings researcher’s domain implication
*****************************************************************************************
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Q. No. 4:What is the difference of quantitative and qualitative research. Explain

strengths and Weaknesses of both types.
(15 Marks)
Answer)
Qualitative Research Methods
Qualitative research is a research method that collects data using conversational methods,
where participants involved in the research are asked open-ended questions. The
responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method not only helps a researcher
understand “what” participant think but also, “why”they think in a particular way.
Here are the widely used qualitative research methods:
• One-to-one Interview: This interview technique is systematically planned and as the

name suggests is conducted with one participant at a given point in time. One-to-one
interviews need a researcher to prepare questions in advance and to make sure the
researcher asks only the most important questions to the participant. This type of
interview lasts anywhere between 20 minutes to half an hour. During this time the
researcher collects as many meaningful data as possible from the participants to draw
inferences.
• Focus Groups: Focus groups are small groups comprising of around 6-10 participants
who are usually experts in the subject matter. A moderator is assigned to a focus group
who facilitates the discussion amongst the group members. A moderator’s experience in
conducting focus group plays an important role. An experienced moderator can probe the
participants by asking the correct research questions that will help him/her collect a
sizable amount of information related to the research.
• Ethnographic Research: Ethnographic research is an in-depth form of research where

people are observed in their natural environment with any alterations. This method can
prove to be a bit demanding in terms of a researcher getting adapted to the natural
environment of the target audience which could even be the Amazon rainforest!
Geographic locations can be a constraint in this type of research method. Instead of
conducting interviews a researcher needs to experience the settings in person to collect
information.
• Text Analysis: Text analysis is a little different from other qualitative research methods as
it used to analyze the social life by decoding words, texts etc. through any available form
of documentation. The researcher studies and understands the context in which the
documents are furnished with the information and then tries to draw meaningful
inferences from it. In modern times, researchers follow activities on a social media
platform and try and understand the pattern of thoughts.
• Case Study Research: Case study research, as the name suggests is used to study an
organization or an entity. This research method has evolved over the years and is one of
the most valuable qualitative research methods known to researchers. This type of
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research is used in fields like education sector, philosophical and psychological studies.
This method involves a deep diving into the ongoing research and collects data.
Strengths of Qualitative Research

1. All the problems and the topics covered under this research are in detail.
2. This method majorly focuses on small groups which ultimately do not require more
expenses when compared to quantitative research.
3. On the emergence of new developed information and findings, the revision, direction
and framework of the data can be done easily quickly.
4. The data is collected from a small group which bounds it to be universal for a large
population.
5. The data with this method is collected based on genuine efforts and gives a clear
vision on what can be expected.
Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

1. As the data is collected for a small group, due to which assumptions cannot be made
beyond the small group of people.
2. It becomes difficult to demonstrate, maintain and assess the rigidity of the data.
3. Collection of statistical data is not easy and cannot be done solely by using this
method.
4. As the data is in big quantity, analysis and interpretation of the data takes much time.
5. The responses of the subjects might be affected as the researchers are bound to be
present during the process of data gathering.
Quantitative Research Methods
Quantitative research methods are the methods that deal with numbers and anything that
can be dealt with a measurable form, in a systematic way of investigating the phenomenon.
It is used to answer questions in terms of justifying relationships with measurable variables
to either explain, predict or control a phenomenon.
There are three methods that are often used by researchers to conduct this type of
research, they are:
• Survey Research- The ultimate goal of survey research is to learn about a large
population by deploying the survey. Gone are the days where a survey was carried out
using a pen and a paper. Today, online surveys are a popular mode of research as they
are convenient and can be sent in an email or made available on the internet. In this
method, a researcher designs a survey with most relevant survey questions and deploys
the survey. Once the researcher receives the responses he/she summarizes them to
tabulate meaningful findings and data.
• Descriptive Research- Descriptive research is a quantitative research method, which

corresponds to identifying the characteristics of an observed phenomenon and collecting
more information. This research method is designed to depict the participants in a very
systematic and accurate manner. In simple words, descriptive research is all about
describing the phenomenon, observing and drawing conclusions from it.
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• Correlational Research- Correlational research examines the relationship between two or

more variables. Let us take an example to understand correlational research. Let us take
an example to understand correlational research, Consider hypothetically, a researcher is
studying a correlation between cancer and marries women. Let us say married women
have a negative correlation with cancer. In this example, there are two variables: cancer,
and married women. When we say negative correlation it means women who are married
are less likely to develop cancer. However, it doesn’t mean that marriage directly avoids
cancer.
Quantitative Research – Strengths

1. It provides an allowance on the formulation of statistically sound
2. Quantitative data provides a macro view with all the required details and
comparatively larger samples.
3. Larger sample sizes enable the conclusion to be generalized.
4. Evaluation of the multiple data sets can be done at once and that too at a faster pace
and accurately.
5. This method is called to be appropriate when there is a need of systematic and
standardized comparisons.
6. The manual implementations of ideas can be automated completely which can save
time.
Weaknesses of Quantitative Data

1. Quantitative Method reveals what and to what extent but often fails to answer more
on why and how.
2. This type of research requires the model performance to be monitored on constant
basis in order to ensure its compliance with the original hypotheses.
3. The impression of homogeneity in a sample may turn out to be fake in this method.
4. This method involves limited number of Quants supply and also involves complex
disciplines which are hard to master.
******************************************************************************
21
Q. No. 5:What are the advantages of Literature Review? Select one scientific paper
related to your chosen topic and give summary of literature review in 500 words
quoting at least five authors.
(30 Marks)
Answer)
Benefits of Literature Review:
• Assessment of the current state of research on a topic. This is probably the most
obvious value of the literature review. Once a researcher has determined an area to
work with for a research project, a search of relevant information sources will help
determine what is already known about the topic and how extensively the topic has
already been researched.
• Identification of the experts on a particular topic. One of the additional benefits
derived from doing the literature review is that it will quickly reveal which researchers
have written the most on a particular topic and are, therefore, probably the experts
on the topic. Someone who has written twenty articles on a topic or on related topics
is more than likely more knowledgeable than someone who has written a single
article. This same writer will likely turn up as a reference in most of the other articles
written on the same topic. From the number of articles written by the author and the
number of times the writer has been cited by other authors, a researcher will be able
to assume that the particular author is an expert in the area and, thus, a key
resource for consultation in the current research to be undertaken.
• Identification of key questions about a topic that need further research. In
many cases a researcher may discover new angles that need further exploration by
reviewing what has already been written on a topic. For example, research may
suggest that listening to music while studying might lead to better retention of ideas,
but the research might not have assessed whether a particular style of music is more
beneficial than another. A researcher who is interested in pursuing this topic would
then do well to follow up existing studies with a new study, based on previous
research, that tries to identify which styles of music are most beneficial to retention.
• Determination of methodologies used in past studies of the same or similar
topics. It is often useful to review the types of studies that previous researchers
have launched as a means of determining what approaches might be of most benefit
in further developing a topic. By the same token, a review of previously conducted
studies might lend itself to researchers determining a new angle for approaching
research.
Upon completion of the literature review, a researcher should have a solid foundation of
knowledge in the area and a good feel for the direction any new research should take.
Should any additional questions arise during the course of the research, the researcher will
know which experts to consult in order to quickly clear up those questions.
22
Summary of Literature Review

The literature review was extensively cover the ground water quality, industrial waste and
urbanization impact on ground water trends across the globe and particular in WinderIn
addition, ground water properties were evaluated by special emphasis made on drinking
water, agriculture, vegetation, crops, fruits and impacts on human health.
Berlin K, et. al., discussed in their case report about Inorganic lead, that it can accumulate
in skeleton, and if rapidly mobilized it can cause risk for human health. They further
highlighted headache, multifocal musculoskeletal pain, and paresthesia as the sickness
caused by increased concentration of lead in human body. The paper also discussed a
case study about the skeletal problems caused by the intake of Lead. K.Ramesh and
V.Thirumangai stated in their paper published in "International Journal of Research in
Engineering and Technology - 2014"; that water which is consumed by humans may
contains high levels of essential metals like Cu, Cr, Zn and Pb, which may be harmful to
our health. The paper also discussed the importance of studying the heavy metal
concentration in water because of its direct influence on human health. The higher quantity
of lead may cause behavioral problems, hearing loss, high kidney damage, reduced IQ,
decreased sperm production, blood pressure and hypertension. The urbanization and
industrialization is also one of the important factor that is effecting the ground water. It is
aslo mentioned in paper that Cr is one of the trace element with is posing a serious health
hazard. Chang et al. (2014) states that Cd polluted groundwater and subsequent soil
feeding is responsible for vulnerability in human health. The groundwater of Winder, is
tainted with high Cd. About 60 % of groundwater tests have Cd (5 lg/l), which is above the
most extreme allowable limit in drinking water (Naseem, S., Hamza, S., Nawaz-ul-Huda,
S., & Bashir, E., 2014). According Naseem et al. (2014), "The concentration of trace
elements in the groundwater is mainly depends upon the nature of rocks, climatic factors,
type and extend of mineralization". The accumulation of harmful elements in the human
body is caused by various ways, the most common is from water, while vegetables and
fruits are also includes as the other sources. Naseem et al. also mentioned in his research
work that the amount of Cd is also much higher in the study area, Winder town and the use
of water by the villagers of the town may cause health problem and disorder. F. Burke et. al.
describes in his paper about the common dieseas caused by the cadmium present in the
ground water, also the relation of geological environment and chronic diseases have a
close relation. Their study focused on the identification of behavior and impact of trace
elements on human health. Hamza et. al. (2014) research studies on fruits with reference to
trace metals accumulation revealed normal concentration in pulps of fruits. N. Saha and M.
R. Zaman discussed in their paper that heavy metals are major contaminants in food
supplies which can causes human health issues. Most of the authors also mentioned the
WHO standards of trace metalsin their reports and also compared the results of their test
with the mentioned standards.
23
Scientific Paper Related to Research
Topic: Heavy Metals Concentrations in Groundwater Used for Irrigation
The key objective of this study was characterization of selected heavy metals
concentrations (Lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel and chromium) in groundwater used
for irrigation in Tabriz City's countryside.
38 irrigation water samples were taken from different farms (34 wells), all of samples were
acidified to achieve pH≈2 and then were concentrated from 10 to 1 volume. The
concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn in the samples (totally 228) were determined
with a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
In none of 38 farms, irrigation with surface runoff and industrial wastewater was ob-served.
The average concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn in the irrigated water were
determined 6.55, 0.79, 16.23, 3.41, 4.49, and 49.33µg/L, respectively. The average and
even maximum concentrations of heavy metals in the irrigation water at the studied area
were less than toxicity threshold limits of agricultural water.
Currently, not using of surface runoff and industrial wastewater as irrigation water by
farmers indicates that the controlling efforts by authorities have been effective in the area.
Water used for irrigation of the farms and groundwater of the studied area are not polluted
with heavy metals and there is no risk from this viewpoint in the region.
Authors: Hassan Taghipour, Mohammad Mosaferi, Mojtaba

Pourakbar, and Feridoun Armanfar.
24
Q. No. 6:How argument supports the scientific writing? What are the advantages of
persuasive and convincing argument?
(10 Marks)
Answer)
The most important voice to get across in your writing is your own; it is how you can show
the reader what you are thinking, what your views are and how you have engaged critically
with the topic being discussed. Making an argument, expressing a point of view on a
subject and supporting it with evidence, is often the aim of academic writing. You can do
this by building an effective and persuasive argument for your reader.
In academic writing, an argument is usually a main idea, often called a “claim” or “thesis
statement,” backed up with evidence that supports the idea. In the majority of college
papers, you will need to make some sort of claim and use evidence to support it, and your
ability to do this well will separate your papers from those of students who see assignments
as mere accumulations of fact and detail. In other words, gone are the happy days of being
given a “topic” about which you can write anything. It is time to stake out a position and
prove why it is a good position for a thinking person to hold.
For Establishing an argument in your writing:
Make an argument
• Your argument is how you express your viewpoint and answer the question you have
been set, using evidence.
• Your argument can help you plan the structure of your work and guide you to find the
evidence you need to support it.
• Make sure that your argument runs throughout your writing and that everything you
include is relevant to it. Try to sum up your argument in a few words before you start
writing and keep checking that it remains the focus as you research and write your
work.
Structure your argument
• Guide your reader through your argument in a logical way. Think about what
questions your reader might have. If you can answer these questions through your
argument, it will seem more convincing.
• Present both sides of the debate, along with your thoughts, linking together the
different elements.
Develop your argument
• Develop your argument by considering the evidence and drawing your own
conclusion.
• If you are considering a range of opinions, try to group them together under different
headings.
• Look at the strengths and weaknesses of the different sets of evidence and present
these clearly and in a critical way. This will help to show you understand what you
have read.
25
For establishing your voice in your writing:
1. Make your unattributed assertion at the start of paragraphs followed by evidence,

findings, arguments from your sources.
2. Explicitly tell your reader what the connections are between sources.
3. Explicitly tell your reader what the connections are between those sources and your
main assertion.
4. Use language to show your strong agreement/disagreement/cautious agreement
with sources.
5. Include “so what” summary sentences (evaluative sentences) at the end of
paragraphs.
Advantages of Persuasive and Convincing Argument
Persuasive writing is also referred to as argumentative writing, because it argues a point

that the writer is trying to present. When you write using a persuasive style, you want to
incite your readers to response or to create a topic that prompts a thorough discussion. You
must open with a statement about the issue that you are addressing. The next step is to
state your position on a particular issue. The main text sets out arguments that are
expanded with evidence and reasons backed up with facts.
• Helps Develop Critical Thinking Skills

Argumentative writing helps writers develop their critical thinking skills. Critical thinking is
one of the most important skills that people acquire through formal education, and being
able to write persuasive arguments often helps students break down the components of
logical thinking, find fault in others' and their own arguments, and present stronger
arguments overall. In the real world, people who are able to write good arguments will likely
also be able to notice faulty logic, or fallacies, in other people's arguments much more
quickly.
• Emphasizes Persuasion
One important skill that a writer enhances by practicing argumentative writing is the art of
persuasion. In argumentative writing, writers are able to understand what persuasion is,
how it works and how to use it to their advantage. They will then be able not only to
convince others to see things from their perspective, but also to take action in their favor.
• Is Effective in the Real World

Argumentative writing enhances a writer's ability in ways that are easily transferable.
Writers can draw on their argumentative writing skills when they make sales pitches for
products or services, write grant proposals or write letters to the editor about important
issues. They may also have to correspond through email in the workplace in ways that
require smaller-scale argumentation.
26
• Enhances Broad Thinking

With other styles of writing such as the expository style, the writer may not need to have
broad knowledge in order to execute the topic. Argumentative writing promotes broad
thinking because it forces the writer to contend with opposing views and to integrate them
into his overall argument.
Mastering effective influencing skills, or the art of persuasion, opens doors to increased
sales, interaction with influential groups of people and improved self-esteem gained through
self-expression. Persuasion is a critical part of communication theory. Persuasion methods
help with employee, customer and community relations. Effective argumentation can lead to
promotions, raises and positions that offer power and influence.
• Self-Expression
Influencing skills can help an individual express himself. Making a logical argument that
others agree with builds self-esteem. Logical arguments are based in fact and not opinion.
Although an individual may begin with a particular opinion, studying the material or situation
will give them the opportunity to share valid information. Truly influential speakers base
their arguments on facts and then use facts to show that the opposition is wrong. They do
not base their arguments on the character of the opposing presenter.
• Considerations
The key to effective persuasion and influence is transparency and honesty. True
persuasion does not attempt to trick the listener but instead provides a base of facts the
listener can use to support the decision. Learning to effectively influence others by
providing solid persuasive communication can improve job performance and self-esteem
and lead to leadership positions both in the community and in the workplace. Persuasion
should be used to help and not hurt. It should not be abused by permitting the speaker to
present false information in the hopes of persuading an audience.
27

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Department of Home & Health Sciences

Block No. 06, Sector H-8,

Hydro-Chemical Characteristic & Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Quality, Winder,

METHODOLOGY WITH JUSTIFICATIONS:

1. Ground Water Sampling for Physio-Chemical Analysis method

Showing 26 water samples collection points

S.No. PARAMETER METHOD

5. Calcium and Magnesium

7. Sodium and Potassium

9. Minor and Trace Elements

VARIOUS SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

(a) Primary Data

(i) Advantages of primary data:

(ii) Disadvantages of primary data:

Following are the disadvantages of primary data:

The questions must be simple to understand and respond.

(b) Secondary Data

(i) Advantages of Secondary Data:

(ii) Disadvantages of Secondary data:

Instruments for Data Collection

(b) Telephone, Mobile Phone and Facsimile

1. Primary Data Collection

Primary Data Collection:

Secondary Data Collection:

1. Interaction with Environmental Specialist:

2. International renowned reports:

3. National Renowned Reports:

6. Rules & Regulations:

Following are the types of research:

Basic Research: Basic research is mostly conducted to enhance knowledge. It

Applied Research: Applied research focuses on analyzing and solving real-life

Problem Oriented Research: As the name suggests, problem-oriented research

Problem Solving Research: This type of research is conducted by companies to

Qualitative Research: Qualitative research is a process that is about inquiry that

Qualitative research is heavily dependent on the experience of the researchers

Following are the methods used for qualitative research:

Quantitative Research: Qualitative research is a structured way of collecting

Quantitative research involves a larger population as more number of people

There are three purposes of research:

1. Exploratory Research: As the name suggests, exploratory research is

2. Descriptive Research: Descriptive research focuses on throwing more light

explaining and validating the findings. For example, a research conducted to

3. Explanatory Research: Explanatory research or causal research, is

To understand the characteristic of research design using research purpose here

Types of Research Methods According to the Purpose of the

§ Aims to solve a problem by adding to

technical language of discipline § Reports are compiled in a common

Types of Research Methods according to Research Design

Exploratory research Conclusive research

Well-structured and systematic

Have a formal and definitive

Most conclusive researches are

Findings might be topic specific

Q. No. 4:What is the difference of quantitative and qualitative research. Explain

Qualitative Research Methods

Here are the widely used qualitative research methods:

• One-to-one Interview: This interview technique is systematically planned and as the

• Ethnographic Research: Ethnographic research is an in-depth form of research where

Strengths of Qualitative Research

Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

Quantitative Research Methods

• Descriptive Research- Descriptive research is a quantitative research method, which

• Correlational Research- Correlational research examines the relationship between two or

Quantitative Research – Strengths