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15 m
145 kN 145 kN
R = 290 kN
RA RB
3.8 m 3.8 m
7.6 m
7 .6 − 4 .3
VA = 145 + 145
7.6
= 208.0 kN ⇐ governs
ii) Standard tandem loads: The critical loading is shown in
Figure 9.43.
110 kN 110 kN
R = 220 kN
RA RB
3.8 m 3.8 m
7 .6 − 1 .2
Vt = 110 + ×110 = 202.7 kN
7 .6
Maximum Live-Plus-Impact Forces
MLL+1M = g [(larger of Ma and Mt) × (1 + IM/100) + Ml]
= 0.760 × [354.6 × 1.33 + 67.2]
= 409.5 kN-m
VLL+1M = g[(larger of Va and Vt) × (1 + IM/100) + Vl]
= 0.793 × [208.0 × 1.33 + 35.4]
= 247.5 kN-m
DESIGN
Load Combination:
Let η = 0.95
U = η [1.25 DC + 1.50 DW + 1.75 (LL + IM)]
Mu = 0.95 [1.25 × 81.6 + 1.50 × 27.5 + 1.75 × 409.5]
= 816.9 kN-m
816.9 ×10 6
Zx,req = = 3,268 × 103 mm3
250
7,600
dmin = l/25 = = 304 mm including the deck
25
Selected Section: W610 × 113
Checks are satisfied as in the book.
Exterior Stringer Design
S = 2,300 mm ; L = 7,600 mm
Contribution Factor For Moment
de = distance between the center of
exterior beam and the interior edge
of curb or traffic barrier.
≈ 0 between −300 and 910mm
OK
e = 0.77 + de / 2800 ≥ 1.0
= 1.0
One design lane loaded:
Footpath P/2 P/2
600 1800
900 R 2300
g = e × g interior
= 1.0 × 0.760 = 0.760
However, in this case, it appears that the effect
of loading of two or more design lanes will be
lesser on the exterior stringer because even
one wheel of single lane is moving inside the
first interior stringer. Further, sidewalk live
load is also acting on this stringer.
The final live load moment may be taken larger
of one lane contribution factor plus sidewalk load
and multiple lanes loaded.
Ml = 67.2 kN-m
Vl = 35.4 kN as for interior stringer.
Load combination:
Let η = 0.95
U = η[1.25 DC + 1.50 DW + 1.75(U + PL
+ IM)]
Mu = 0.95[1.25 × 122.30 + 1.50 × 13.70
+ 1.75 × 409.5]
= 845.6 kN-m
Vu = 0.95[1.25 × 64.4 + 1.50 × 7.3 + 1.75
× 160.9]
= 354.4 kN
This moment is slightly bigger than for the
interior stringer.
845.6 ×10 6
Zx, req = = 3,383 × 103mm3
250
CL
DC: The DC – component of the dead loads calculated above are placed on
the floor beam in Figure 9.45 to calculate MDC and VDC.
126.3 kN 87.4 kN 87.4 kN 87.4 kN 126.3 kN
11.5 m
11.5 m
Figure 9.46. Dead Load (DW) Reactions of Stringers on the Floor Beam.
Reaction on both sides = 14.5 + 28.9 × 1.5
= 57.85 kN
VDW = 57.85 kN
Truck Loading Forces
Longitudinal distribution
Axle load forces: The wheel loads placed
longitudinally over the bridge to produce
maximum force effects are shown in Figure 9.47.
The equivalent wheel load including the effect of
this longitudinal distribution may be calculated as
under:
Wheels loads = Axle loads/2
72.5 kN 72.5 kN 17.5 kN
4.3 m 4.3 m
Deck Slab
A Weq
Stringers
1.2 m
Weq
7.6 m 7.6 m
1.8 m 1.8 m
CL
11.5 m
Va
11.5 m
3.0+2×0.6
= 4.2 m
CL
70.68 kN 11.5 m
70.68 kN 70.68 kN
0.9 m
0.25 m 1.5 m 1.5+0.6+1.5=3.6m
Vl
11.5 m
0.7 m
Vl
11.5 m
Design Forces
U = 0.95 [1.25 DC + 1.50 DW + 1.75(LL + PL +
IM)]
Mu = 0.95 [1.25 × 789.0 + 1.50 × 199.5 +
1.75×1.33×948.6 + 1.75(258.0 + 17.3)]
= 3777 kN-m
Vu = 0.95 [1.25 × 289.0 + 1.50 × 57.85 +
1.75×1.33×285.3 + 1.75(86.7 + 24.7)]
= 1242 kN
Selection of Section
3777 ×106
Zx, req = = 15,108 × 103 mm3
250
dmin = l / 25 = 11,500 / 25
= 460 mm including the deck