Topic 5.1 - Ethernet

05/09/2018
Ethernet
• Introduction & brief history

• Ethernet Frame
• Ethernet specifications
• Evolution of Ethernet
• Ethernet devices (Switches, Hubs, Routers, Bridges, Gateway)
• Ethernet applications (Current & Future)
ICS 2103/BTC 1203: Computer Networks James N. Gikera
Ethernet
Introduction & Brief History

• Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies commonly
used in LANs, WANs and MANs.
• Between 1973 and 1974, Ethernet development was began by Robert
Metcalfe at Xerox PARC as part of his PhD studies .
• In 1980-81, the first Ethernet standard was developed by Digital (DEC-
Digital Equipment Corporation), Intel and Xerox, and combined the first
letter of all of their names. This standard is called DIX 1.0, sometimes
referred to as Ethernet I. The standard was superseded in 1982, by DIX
2.0, the current Ethernet standard, also known as Ethernet II (or Ethernet
Version 2).
In 1983, the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.)
introduced the 802.3 Ethernet standard, named after the committee
responsible for its development. The reason for its development was to
attempt to standardize the protocol across all pieces of networking
equipment, regardless of the manufacturer.
• Ethernet initially competed with Token Ring and other proprietary
protocols but was able to adapt to market realities and shift to
inexpensive thin coaxial cable and twisted pair wiring. By the end of the
1980s, Ethernet was clearly the dominant network technology.
ICS 2103: Computer Networks / BTC 1203: Introduction to Computer Networks James N. Gikera
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05/09/2018
Ethernet
Ethernet Frame
• An Ethernet frame is the fundamental unit of Layer 2 data transmission
for Ethernet networks . The frame’s structure is rather straightforward,
compared to some more complex protocols built on top of it.
• Ethernet II frames (the most common Ethernet Frame format) enable
communication between two machines over an Ethernet link.
So what’s the Difference in?
• Both Ethernet Version II and IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standards have a similar
underlying structure, the primary difference being the frame layout.
• Both have P = Preamble , D = Destination MAC Address , S = Source MAC
Address , x = data unit and F = Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
• They differ where Ethernet II frame has T = Ether Type …
P P P P P P P P DDDDDD S S S S S S T T x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x F F F F
• …while 802.2 LLC Header (L = Length , d = DSAP, s = SSAP , c = Control , x =

data unit)
P R R R R R R RDDDDDD S S S S S S L L d s c c x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x F F F F
• Ethernet II frames are more popular as they best handle TCP/IP traffic.
Ethernet
A typical Ethernet Version 2 frame looks like this:

P P P P P P P P DDDDDD S S S S S S T T x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x F F F F
P = Preamble , D = Destination MAC Address , S = Source MAC Address , T = Ether Type

x = data unit , F = Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
• P: 8-byte Preamble is used to alert and synchronize the Ethernet Network

Interface Card (NIC) to the incoming data.
• Destination MAC Address and the Source MAC Address. Each field is 6 bytes.
• T: EtherTypes are examples used in this field:
• hex '0080' - Internet IP (IPv4)
• hex '809B' - Appletalk
hex '80D5' - IBM SNA Service over Ethernet
• hex '8137' - Novell Netware (IPX/SPX)
• x: The data unit follows the EtherType field. The field 46 to 1500 bytes.
• 4-byte Frame Check Sequence (FCS) that uses a 32-bit cyclical redundancy
check (CRC) for error detection. This is an algorithm that is generated over the
address, type, and data fields based on the number of 1s and 0s (bits) in each.
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Ethernet
A typical IEEE 802.3 Ethernet frame looks like this:
P R R R R R R RDDDDDD S S S S S S L L d s c c x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x F F F F
P = Preamble, R = START Frame Delimiter, D = Destination MAC Address , S = Source MAC

Address, 802.2 LLC Header (L = Length , d = DSAP, s = SSAP , c = Control , x = data unit)
F = Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
• P: 1-byte preamble followed by a 7-byte START frame delimiter. Combined,

these fields are no different than the 8-byte preamble used by Ethernet
Version 2.
• Destination MAC Address and the Source MAC Address. Each field is 6
bytes.
• 2-byte "length" field that includes the IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC)
bytes and the data bytes. IEEE 802.2 is bound together with an IEEE 802.3
header. The DSAP/SSAP provide information on what network protocol is
embedded within the data field. The rest of the data unit(x) follows the
802.2 LLC fields. This can be from 42 to 1496 bytes.
Common SAP values include:
• Finally, the frame ends with a 4-byte FCS field which is the same as that
described in the Ethernet Version 2 standard.
Ethernet
Ethernet Specifications
Designation Supported Media Maximum Segment Length Transfer Speed Topology
10Base-5 Coaxial 500m 10Mbps Bus
10Base-2 ThinCoaxial (RG-58 A/U) 185m 10Mbps Bus
10Base-T Category3 or above unshielded 100m 10Mbps Star,using either simple repeater hubs
twisted-pair (UTP) or Ethernet switches
1Base-5 Category3 UTP, or above 100m 1Mbps Star,using simple repeater hubs
10Broad-36 Coaxial(RG-58 A/U CATV type) 3600m 10Mbps Bus(often only point-to-point)
10Base-FL Fiber-optic- two strands of 2000m (full-duplex) 10Mbps Star(often only point-to-point)
multimode 62.5/125 fiber
100Base-TX Category5 UTP 100m 100Mbps Star,using either simple repeater hubs
or Ethernet switches
100Base-FX Fiber-optic- two strands of 412 meters (Half-Duplex) 100 Mbps Star(often only point-to-point)
multimode 62.5/125 fiber
2000 m (full-duplex) (200 Mb/s full-duplex
mode)
1000Base-SX Fiber-optic- two strands of 260m 1Gbps Star,using buffered distributor hub (or
multimode 62.5/125 fiber point-to-point)
1000Base-LX Fiber-optic- two strands of 440m (multimode) 5000 m 1Gbps Star,using buffered distributor hub (or
multimode 62.5/125 fiber or (singlemode) point-to-point)
monomode fiber
1000Base-CX Twinax,150-Ohm-balanced, 25m 1Gbps Star(or point-to-point)
shielded, specialty cable
1000Base-T Category5 100m 1Gbps Star
Click here for detailed networking glossary explaining the above

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05/09/2018
Ethernet
The Evolution of Ethernet
Ethernet
Switches
• A switch is a computer networking device that is used to connect many devices
together on a computer network. Switches are “intelligent” hubs. They can
remember which ports are connected to which devices.
• Switches operate at the Data Link layer, layer 2 -OSI, layer 1- TCP/IP models.
• A switch is considered more advanced than a hub because a switch will only
send a message to a device that needs or request it. When a switch receives a
packet (data), it resends that packet directly to the correct port.
• E.g., host A sends out a message through port A. The switch records into its
switch table that host A is on port A. When host B decides to send a packet to
host A, the switch first checks its switch table.
• If port A is registered in the switch table, it will resend the packet directly to
port A instead of sending it to all the ports. This also means that switching
gives dedicated bandwidth.
A Switch is like a private phone
call. The phone number that is
entered is looked up in the table
and the correct telephone rings at
the other end.
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Ethernet
Switches
• A switch receives incoming link-layer frames, filters and forwards them
onto outgoing links. Switch filtering and forwarding are done with a
switch table.
Ethernet
Hubs
• Hubs work at the Physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model.
• It links all the devices connected to it and forms a single network.
Each device that directly connects to the hub uses a port on the hub.
• When one device sends out a message to another device, the hub
does not decide where the message goes. It just repeats the
message to all the ports.
• One problem with hubs is that they
share bandwidth among everyone.
• Each device needs to decide
whether this message is for itself or
for others.
A hub is like telephone party. Each
person decides by the ring if it is their
phone call or someone else’s call, BUT,
everyone can listen in on the call.
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Ethernet
Routers
• A router is a networking device that connects a local network to other local
networks. At the Distribution Layer of the network, routers direct traffic
and perform other functions critical to efficient network operation.
• Routers are on the Network layer / third layer. They are used to connect
networks together. The Internet consists of many interconnected routers.
Using a network protocol, like TCP/IP, a router can intelligently move data
from one network to another.
• For example, when a user sends a request for a server, the router in the
local network will check its routing table and decide where to resend the
data. So, a router needs to have a better understanding of the whole
network structure than does a switch.
A long distance phone call uses a
router like device. The initial one plus
area code tells the system that the call is
not local but needs to be routed to a
distant phone network. The “phone
router” then connects the call to the
correct distant phone network.
Ethernet
Routers: Bridge Mode vs Router/Gateway Mode
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05/09/2018
Ethernet
Switches vs Routers
• A switch differs from a Router in that it forwards packets using MAC
addresses (layer-2) whereas a Router is a layer-3 packet switch.
Ethernet
Switches vs Routers
Router Switch
Layer Network Layer (Layer 3 devices) Data Link Layer. Network switches operate at Layer 2 of
the OSI model.
Function Directs data in a network. Passes data between home Allow connections to multiple devices, manage ports,
computers, and between computers and the modem. manage VLAN security settings
Data Transmission Packet Frame (L2 Switch) Frame & Packet (L3 switch)
form
Ports 2/4/5/8 Switch is multi port Bridge. 24/48 ports
Device Type Networking device Active Device (With Software) & Networking device
Transmission Type At Initial Level Broadcast then Uni-cast & Multicast First broadcast; then unicast & multicast as needed.
Used in (LAN, MAN, LAN, MAN, WAN LAN
WAN)
Table Store IP address in Routing table and maintain address at its Switches use content accessible memory CAM table
own. which is typically accessed by ASIC (Application Specific
integrated chips).
Transmission Mode Full duplex Half/Full duplex
Broadcast Domain In Router, every port has its own Broadcast domain. Switch has one broadcast domain [unless VLAN
implemented]
Connections Can connect to multiple PCs or networking devices Can connect to multiple PCs or networking devices (L3
via Ethernet or WiFi switches) via Cat5, Cat5e
Speed 1-100 Mbps (Wireless); 100 Mbps - 1 Gbps (Wired) 10/100 Mbps, 1 Gbps
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Ethernet
Switches vs Routers
Router Switch
Address used for Uses IP address Uses MAC address
data transmission
Security Provides security measures to protect network Port security
Used for Connecting two or more networks Connecting two or more nodes in the same network
(L2) or different network (L3)
Bandwidth sharing Bandwidth sharing is Dynamic (Enables either static or There is no sharing. Individual port can be 10, 100,
dynamic bandwidth sharing for modular cable interfaces. The 1000 and 10000 Mbps
default percent-value is 0. The percent-value range is 1-96.)
Routing Decision Take faster routing decisions Take more time for complicated routing decisions
NAT (Network Routers can perform NAT Switches cannot perform NAT
Address
Translation)
Faster In a different network environment (MAN/ WAN), a router is In a LAN environment, an L3 switch is faster than a
faster than an L3 switch. router (built-in switching hardware)
Features Firewall VPN Dynamic hadling of Bandwidth Priority rt range On/Off setting of port VLAN Port
mirroring
Examples Linksys WRT54GL Juniper MX & EX series Cisco 3900, 2900, Alcatel's OmniSwitch 9000; Cisco Catalyst switch 4500
1900 and 6500 (10 Gbps)
Manufacturers Cisco, Netgear, Linksys, Asus, TP-Link, D-Link Cisco and D-link Juniper
Hubs Switches Routers

Traffic Isolation No Yes Yes
Plug and Play Yes Yes No
Optimal Routing No No Yes
Ethernet
Bridges
• a bridge is a device that connects a local area network (LAN) to

another local area network that uses the same protocol e.g.
Ethernet, token-ring.
• Having a single incoming and outgoing port and filters traffic on the
LAN by looking at the MAC address, bridge is more complex than
hub. Bridge looks at the destination of the packet before forwarding
unlike a hub. It restricts transmission on other LAN segment if
destination is not found.
• A bridge works at the data-link (physical network) level of a network,
copying a data frame from one network to the next network along
the communications path.
• http://nhprice.com/tutorial-of-differences-between-hub-bridge-
switch-and-router.html
ICS 2103/BTC
ICS 2103:1203:
Computer
Computer
Networks
Networks
/ BTC 1203: Introduction to Computer Networks James N. Gikera James N. Gikera
8
05/09/2018
Ethernet
Bridges
Ethernet
Gateway
• Gateways make communication possible between different architectures
and environments. They repackage and convert data going from one
environment to another so that each environment can understand the
other's environment data.
• A Gateway repackages information to match the requirements of the
destination system. Gateways can change the format of a message so that it
will conform to the application program at the receiving end of the transfer.
• A gateway links two systems that do not use the same:
– Communication protocols.
– Data formatting structures.
– Languages.
– Architecture.
• E.g. electronic mail gateways, such as X.400 gateway, receive messages in
one format, and then translate it, and forward in X.400 format used by the
receiver, and vice versa.
• To process the data, the Gateway de-encapsulates incoming data through
the networks complete protocol stack, then encapsulates the outgoing data
in the complete protocol stack of the other network to allow transmission.
ICS 2103: Computer Networks / BTC 1203: Introduction to Computer Networks James N. Gikera James N. Gikera
9
05/09/2018
Ethernet
Real Devices with corresponding networking symbols
Gateway
Hub
Access Points
Switch
Bridge
Router
ICS 2103: Computer Networks / BTC 1203: Introduction to Computer Networks James N. Gikera James N. Gikera
Ethernet
Applications of Ethernet
• Ethernet connectivity is widely preferred as it provides availability, performance and
bandwidth scalability, etc. Among the many applications include:-
 Layer 2 VPNs for IT Infrastructure: Ethernet Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
maximize the performance of existing IT infrastructure increasing network control.
 Cloud Computing: The deterministic and dynamic service attributes of Ethernet
benefit the way cloud computing is used and consumed.
 Site to Site Access: Provides added performance and higher bandwidth levels along
with service standardization at all locations.
 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), Service Oriented Architecture (SOA): Offers better
transparency, standardization at all locations and easier performance management.
 Video Applications: Provides better quality of service (QoS).
 Voice: Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is well-known for its cost-savings. Ethernet
provides quality of service (QoS) options and improved performance management.
 Distributed Storage Area Networks: Provides added performance and higher
bandwidth levels.
 CCTV: Closed-circuit television (CCTV) – Ethernet connectivity offers consistent cost
and ubiquity enabling improved service management.
 Business Continuity/Disaster Recovery: Ethernet allow business continuity and disaster
recovery networks to optimally perform with measurable performance and flexible
bandwidth levels.
 Distributed Imaging: Ethernet delivers the higher bandwidth required for distributed
imaging systems including picture archiving and communications system (PACS).
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Ethernet
Possible Near Future Applications

• Traffic Management: Enhanced traffic management and traffic alerts drawn from live video
feeds broadcast from individual vehicles; Ability to tax cars based on their miles driven etc.
• Standardizing interoperability for Software Defined Networking: Currently SDN is more or less
based on individual vendor basis. The Ethernet Alliance is supporting 802 in the
standardization effort to be able to take Vendor A, plug it into Vendor B, plug that into Vendor
C and have it all work. They have already done formal functional and interoperability testing
with vendors offering 400 Gbps routers and switches. Between 2018 and 2020, 50 Gbps and
200 Gbps will be tested and adopted.
• Energy Efficient Ethernet: As networks grow and evolve, their power consumption may rise,
creating additional cost issues. The Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) standard for twisted pair
and backplane Ethernet aims to counter that by reducing power consumption as activity
drops.
• Military embedded systems: mobile platforms such as the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV),
tanks, and mobile missile launchers will require hundreds of sensors for situational awareness,
and high resolution, high frame rate cameras for intelligence, current programs are looking to
implement 10 Gbps links for on-vehicle aggregation of this traffic to computers or video
cameras.
• Industry 4.0, IOT and many more.. (Refer to emerging trends)
• Which other areas of application can you think of?
Ethernet
~Quiz~
• Compare between the maximum segment lengths and transfer speeds of
10Base-T and 1000Base-T Ethernet Cables.
• At which layer of the OSI model do the following devices operate? Switch,
hub, router?
• Which is the most common Ethernet Frame format?
• Differentiate between the functions of a hub, a switch and a router.
• Which device operates at the data link layer and filters both inbound and
outbound traffic from a network?
• Which device operates at the physical layer and sends out an incoming
message to all the ports?
• Which device that connects networks that uses the same protocol within
the same domain?
• Which device that connects networks that uses the same protocol from
different domains?
• Which device that connects networks that uses different protocols,
architectures and environments?
• Using a table, compare four functions of switches and routers?
• Explain any two applications of Ethernet in networking.
11

Topic 5.1 - Ethernet

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05/09/2018

• Introduction & brief history

ICS 2103/BTC 1203: Computer Networks James N. Gikera

Introduction & Brief History

• …while 802.2 LLC Header (L = Length , d = DSAP, s = SSAP , c = Control , x =

A typical Ethernet Version 2 frame looks like this:

P = Preamble , D = Destination MAC Address , S = Source MAC Address , T = Ether Type

• P: 8-byte Preamble is used to alert and synchronize the Ethernet Network

P = Preamble, R = START Frame Delimiter, D = Destination MAC Address , S = Source MAC

• P: 1-byte preamble followed by a 7-byte START frame delimiter. Combined,

Click here for detailed networking glossary explaining the above

The Evolution of Ethernet

Hubs Switches Routers

• a bridge is a device that connects a local area network (LAN) to

Possible Near Future Applications

• Which other areas of application can you think of?

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