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‐Control systems are an interdisciplinary field covering many areas of engineering and sciences.
‐Control systems exist in many systems of engineering, sciences, and in human body.
CONTROL SYSTEM
‐Control means to regulate, direct, command, or govern.
‐A system is a collection, set, or arrangement of elements (subsystems).
Control System Definition
‐A control system consists of subsystems and processes (or plants) assembled for the purpose of
controlling the outputs of the processes.
‐A control system is an arrangement of physical components connected or related in such a manner as
to command, regulate, direct, or govern itself or another system.
Simplified description of a control system
The input is the stimulus, excitation, or command applied to a control system, and the output is the
actual response resulting from a control system.
‐ output may or may not be equal to the specified response implied by the input.
‐Inputs could be physical variables or abstract ones such as reference, set point or desired values for the
output of the control system.
Control System Types
(a) Man‐made control systems
(b) Natural, including biological‐control systems
(c) Control systems whose components are both man‐made and natural.
We build control systems for four primary reasons:
1. Power amplification
2. Remote control
3. Convenience of input form
4. Compensation for disturbances
Control System Elements
Block. A block is a set of elements that can be grouped together, with overall characteristics described
by an input/output relationship
‐mathematical expression
Open‐loop Control System
Open‐loop Control System. Open‐loop control systems represent the simplest form of controlling
devices.
Closed‐loop (Feedback Control) System. Closed‐loop control systems derive their valuable accurate
reproduction of the input from feedback comparison.
Analysis and design objectives
• Producing the desired transient response
• Reducing steady‐state errors
• Achieving stability
Transient Response
• Establish quantitative definitions
• Analyze the system for its existing transient response
• Adjust the parameters or design components to yield a desired transient response
Steady‐State Response
This response resembles the input and is usually what remains when the transients have decayed to
zero.
• Analyze a system’s steady‐state error
• Design corrective action to reduce the error
Stability
For a linear system,
Total Response = Natural Response + Forced Response
Where:
• Natural Response describes the way the system dissipates energy
• Forced Response is dependent on the input
For a control system to be useful, the natural response must
1. Eventually approach zero
2. Oscillate ( To vary between alternate extremes, usually within a definable period of time)
Analysis and design objectives
• Produce the desired transient response
• Reduce steady‐state errors
• Achieve stability
Step 1: Transform Requirements into a Physical System
Step 2: Draw a Functional Block Diagram
Step 3: Create a schematic
Step 4: Develop a Mathematical Model (Block Diagram)
Step 5: Reduce the block diagram
Step 6: Analyze and Design
Block Diagram Model
• The dynamic systems that comprise automatic control systems are represented mathematically
by a set of simultaneous equations.
• Since control systems are concerned with the control of specific variables, the interrelationship
of the controlled variables to the controlling variables is required.
• This relationship is typically represented by the transfer function of the subsystem relating the
input and output variables
• The block diagram representation of the system relationships is prevalent in control system
engineering.
• Block diagrams consist of unidirectional, operational blocks that represent the transfer function
of the variables of interest.
• Functionally, how do closed loop systems differ from open‐loop systems?
• Closed‐loop systems compensate for disturbances by measuring the response,
comparing it to the input response (the desired output), and then correcting the output
response.
• State one condition under which the error signal of a feedback control system would not be
the difference between the input & the output.
– Under the condition that the feedback element is other than unity.
– The actuating signal is called an error if the input & output transducers have unity gain
(that is, the transducer amplifies its input by 1). The actuating signal’s value then is equal
to the actual difference between the input & output.
• If the error signal is not the difference between the input and the output, by what general
name can we describe the error signal?
– Actuating signal
• Name the two parts of a system’s response.
– Steady‐state, transient
• Instability is attributed to what part of the total response?
– Transient response
• Adjustments of the forward path gain can cause changes in the transient response. True or
false?
– True
• Name three approaches to the mathematical modeling of control systems.
– Differential equations: Modeling a system with its differential equation
– Transfer function: the Laplace transform of the differential equation
– State‐space representation: representation of an nth order differential equation as n
simultaneous first‐order differential equations