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SPREADSHEET USERS
GUIDE
Version 1.01
If the Joist Girder is modeled as a truss the chord forces are obtained directly from
the model; however, if the Joist Girder is modeled as a beam element the chord
forces are determined by resolving the end moments into force couples. Numerous
limit states must be examined. These limit states are discussed below.
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Figure 1: Joist Girder Framing to one side of the Column
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Figure 2: Knife Plate Detail
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Figure 4: Joist Girders Framing to both sides of the Column
Design Requirements:
For brevity, this Manual is presented in LRFD format. ASD design procedures follow
in a parallel nature. Before using the SPREADSHEET the user should perform a
structural analysis to determine that the column has the available strength to resist
the applied loads. The user should also have a working knowledge of the AISC
connection design requirements.
The knife plate field weld is designed to resist the Joist Girder vertical reactions and
the top chord axial forces. This design approach is used in the SPREADSHEET
because the seat most likely will not fully bear on the cap plate due to roof pitch and
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seat fabrication tolerances. In many cases a gap will exist beneath the seat. Since
the knife plate field weld has limited ductility transverse to its longitudinal axis the
weld may crack, unless the Joist Girder seat has proper bearing. If the seat
shimmed to provide good bearing one might be able to justify that only the top chord
axial forces need to be resisted by the field weld; however, for uplift loads it is likely
that the vertical reaction would only be resisted by the field welds. The required
strength of the weld connecting the top chord to the knife plate, and the required
strength of the knife plate are determined from the vertical reaction, R u and the axial
force in the top chord of the Joist Girder(s), Pu = Mr/de. Mr is the required end
moment of the Joist Girder and de is taken as the distance from the top of the Joist
Girder to the half depth of the bottom chord leg. The Joist Girder Manufacturer has
the responsibility to check the top chord angles for shear lag. The shear lag factor is
calculated for the top chord based on the INPUT of the angle size and the Canadian
Institute of Steel Construction Specification (CISC) since the AISC Specifications do
not have a criterion for a single weld line.
A 7/8 in. minimum thickness of the knife plate is recommended. The maximum
thickness should not exceed 2.0 in. Cap plate extensions should not exceed 4 in.
When Joist Girders frame to both sides of a column, (Moment - Interior W Column),
the continuity forces must be transferred through the knife plate. The effective net
area of the knife plate for this condition is based on the Whitmore width.
2. Weld Requirement between the Joist Girder Top Chord and the Knife Plate ( = 0.75)
Weld - Knife Plate to Joist Girder Top Chord
The weld between the Joist Girder top chord and the knife plate is separated into
two weld sizes and lengths in the SPREADSHEET. The weld length to resist the top
chord axial forces is based on the total available weld length between the top chord
and the knife plate.
The weld length for chord force, Ltc, equals one half of the column depth plus the
knife plate extension less the setback length.
Ltc = d/2 + Lkp - Stc (See SPREADSHEET for the variable designations).
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The weld length used to resist the vertical reaction is determined from a number of
geometric parameters. To provide a symmetrical weld for the vertical shear, four
limits are evaluated. Figure 5 illustrates these four geometric limits.
1) A length based on a 45 degree spread from the top of the column flange
projected up to the top chord weld line.
2) Two times the distance from top chord setback to the center of the column
flange.
3) Two times the length of the cap plate extension.
4) The leg length of the top chord.
The least value of these four is used. The calculated effective weld length may be
changed based on joist girder geometry at the discretion of the EOR/Specifying
Professional.
Ruh = The Required Design Strength for the horizontal weld, kips/in.
Ruv = The Required Design Strength for the vertical weld, kips/in.
The Resultant Required Design Strength in the weld length for vertical shear, wtcr
equals:
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R + R , kips / in.
2 2
Ru = uv uh
The vertical reactions are determined at the center line of column flange.
Ph
Seat Depth
dr
RL RR
The effective length, LL for yielding at the left side is taken as the minimum of:
a. Two times the cap plate thickness, or
b. Two times the left cap plate extension beyond the column flange, or
c. The column depth divided by two.
The effective length, LR for yielding at the right side is taken as the minimum of:
a. Two times the cap plate thickness, or
b. Two times the right cap plate extension beyond the column flange, or
c. The column depth divided by two.
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LR = minimum of: (2tcp, 2Rc, or dr/2), in.
6. Local Tensile Rupture of the Knife Plate at the Column Flange ( = 0.75)
Knife Plate - Tensile Rupture
For CJP welds the strength is based on the base metal strength ( =1.0)
For PJP welds the effective throat is taken as the minimum of the specified throat, Ecp
or as (the thickness of the knife plate - 3/8)/2
10. Strength of the Weld Between the Cap Plate and the Column Web ( = 0.75)
Shear Weld - Cap Plate to Column Web
The weld of the cap plate to the column must also be designed since the top plate
force must be transferred into the column web. The SPREADSHEET bases the weld
length design on the T distance of the column. On occasion the base metal strength
may be less than the weld strength. If this occurs the user can select a deeper
column or one with a thicker web.
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Minimum cap thickness, min. tcap = (0.6)(FEXX)(0.707)(w ccp)/[(0.6)(Fy)], in.
Minimum web thickness, min. tw = (0.6)(FEXX)(0.707)(w ccp)/[(0.6)(Fu)], in.
Rn = (0.75)(0.707)(w ccp)(0.6)(70)(L)(2), kips
If the cap thickness, tcap is less than the minimum cap thickness, (min. tcap), Rn is
reduced by the ratio of cap thickness divided by the minimum cap thickness.
Likewise, if the web thickness, tw is less than the minimum web thickness, (min. tw),
Rn is reduced by the ratio of web thickness divided by the minimum web thickness.
For webs of all other W-shapes the web shear coefficient, Cv, is determined as
follows:
The SPREADSHEET does not check the column web shear below the bottom chord
of the Joist Girders.
NOTE: If the web does not have the available strength for shear, then it is generally
most economical to either select a deeper W shape or one with a thicker web. The
column web shear yielding is checked at the Joist Girder top chord connection
independent of the column web panel zone shear.
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12. Weld Strength Between the Cap Plate and Column Flange
( =0.75) Weld - Cap Plate to Column Flange
The effective length, L, of weld is taken as the minimum of: [bf, or 5(tcp) + tkp]
Where bf = the column flange width.
13. Column Flange Yielding due to the Knife Plate Forces ( = 1.0)
Column - Flange Local Yielding
tkp
tcp
tf
Yield Area
If local yielding values are exceeded, the thickness of the cap plate can often be
increased to solve the problem, otherwise a deeper column or a column with a
thicker flange can be selected.
If the column is supporting Joist Girders from each side, the knife plate may also be
subjected to tension or compression stresses.
The effective plate depth is taken as the minimum of the height to the weld line
(W kp), or the minimum depth based on the Whitmore width: MIN[Left (L tc), right
(Ltc)]tan300}.
FyA is divided by 4 based on combined axial and bending stresses in the knife plate.
The bending moment is taken as half the effective plate depth times the axial force.
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C. Bottom Chord and Stabilizer Checks:
The bottom chord of the Joist Girder must be attached to the stabilizer plate to resist
the chord force. In addition, the stabilizer plate must transfer this same force to the
column. Stabilizer plates are normally sized based on a 3/4 in. thickness. Using a
3/4 in. plate allows the plate to fit between the bottom chord angles allowing fillet
welds to be made to the heels and toes of the chord angles. For economy the
stabilizer plates can usually be connected to the column using only fillet welds
Stabilizer plates must be welded to the column flange to resist the compression and
tension forces. The Specifying Professional must specify that the Joist Girder bottom
chords be a minimum thickness to accommodate the required weld size. As is
required for the top chord, the Joist Girder Manufacturer has the responsibility to
check the bottom chord angles for shear lag. Case 2 from Table D3.1 is applicable
for this check. For reference, the shear lag factor is calculated for the bottom chord
based on the INPUT of the angle size. Providing longer length fillet welds will
reduce shear lag effects.
1. Determine the weld between the bottom chord and the stabilizer
2. Check the Whitmore width for stabilizer (AISC Manual Section 9-3):
If the bottom chord weld starts at the end of the stabilizer, the Whitmore length equals
(2)(tan30o)(Weld Length) + the bottom chord leg height, but not greater than the
stabilizer width.
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(b) Block Shear Plane 2:
Checked as in (a).
The SPREADSHEET uses the Joist Girder bottom chord forces to determine the weld
requirements. Some designers prefer to provide enough weld to develop the full
strength of the stabilizer.
Throughout the SPREADSHEET, checks are made for the minimum thicknesses of
base metal to match the weld strength. From the AISC Specification, Section J2.4,
The design strength, Rn and the allowable strength, Rn/Ω of welded joints shall be
the lower value of the base material strength determined according to the limit states
of tensile rupture and shear rupture and the weld metal strength determined
according to the limit state of rupture as follows:
The compatibility check is done by comparing the weld strength (kips/in.) to the base
metal strength (kips/in.). In LRFD terms:
3.09D
tmin =
Fu
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For fillet welds on both sides of the connection:
6.19D
tmin =
Fu
NOTE: When unequal depth Joist Girders frame into both sides of the column web,
compression buckling is checked when the stabilizer plates overlap one another. In
cases when the web does not have sufficient strength for the compressive or tensile
forces delivered by the stabilizer, the strength can be increased by:
Selecting a W Shape with a thicker web.
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Adding a stiffener to the web of the column.
Adding a doubler plate.
AISC Specification Equations J10-9 and J10-10 apply when panel-zone deformation
has not been considered in the frame analysis. The SPREADSHEET uses this
condition.
For Pr ≤ 0.4Pc
Rn 0.60 Fy dc t w AISC J10-9
For Pr > 0.4Pc
P
Rn 0.60 Fy dc t w 1.4 r AISC J10-10
Pc
where, dc = depth of column, in.
Pr = the required strength, and Pc = Py (LRFD)
The SPREADSHEET does not check the web panel zone shear below the bottom
chord of the Joist Girders.
Cell F69 “Top Chord Setback”: A “NG” is shown if the setback is greater than one
half of the column depth minus 2 in. or if the setback is less than the negative value
of one half of the column minus the weld length between the Joist Girder top chord
and the knife plate (Stc > d/2 - 2 in., or < -d/2 - Lc). The 2 in. length is to ensure that
the top chord extends over the column by a minimum of 2 in.
Cell F70 “Top Chord Weld Size”: A “NG” is shown if the gap between the chords is
less than or equal to twice the maximum top chord weld size plus 1/8 in., or if the
gap is greater than twice the maximum top chord weld size plus 1/4 in.
gap < MAX(2wtc or 2wtc1) + 1/8 in., or gap > MAX(2wtc or 2wtc1) + ¼ in.
Cell F71 “Knife Plate Thickness”: A “NG” is shown if the knife plate thickness is
greater than the gap, or if the knife plate thickness is less than the gap minus 1/8 in.
(tkp > gap, or tkp < (gap - 1/8 in.).
Cell F72 “Knife Plate Extension”: A “NG” is shown if the knife plate extension is less
than the right or left cap plate extension, or if Joist Girder weld length is less than the
top chord leg angle size
(Lkp < Rc or Ltc < Btc).
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Cell F73 “Left Cap Plate Thickness”: A “NG is shown if the left knife plate extension
is less than the cap plate flange weld plus ¼. (Lc < wcpf + ¼ in.)
Cell F74 “Right Cap Plate Extension”: A “NG is shown if the right knife plate
extension is less than the cap plate flange weld plus ¼. (Rc < wcpf + ¼ in.)
Cell F75 “PJP Weld Size”: A “NG” is shown if the PJP weld, Ecp, between the knife
plate and the column cap plate violates the values shown in AISC Table J2.3.
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EXAMPLE:
Given
W30x116 (A992) Joist Girder Data (Factored Loads):
d =30.0 in., bf = 10.5 in. M = 1003 kip-ft. = 12,036 kip-in. (tension on top)
tw = 0.565 in., tf = 0.850 in. Joist Girder Depth = 48 in.
k = 1.50 in., T= 26.5 in. 4 x 0.375 in. chord legs, gap
A = 34.2 in.2 Pu =12,036/46 = 261.65 kips
Fy = 50 ksi Reaction = 100 kips (factored load)
Fu = 65 ksi
Column Cap Plate t = 1.5 in. Stabilizer Plate: 1.0 x 8 x12 in.
Plate Material A36, except knife plate and stabilizer plate, Fy = 50 ksi
Weld sizes Joist Girder to Knife Plate, wtc = 5/16 in., wtcr =5/8 in., Ltcr = 6.0 in.,
Ltc = 19.5 in.
Lc =1.0 in., Rc = 3.0 in., Lkp = 5.0 in.
The cap plate is detailed to project 3 in. from the right face of the column and 1 in.
from the left face. A 4 in. projection is the maximum that should be used, as a greater
projection will cause the Joist Girder manufacturer to provide a seat height greater than
7.5 inches to have the vertical reaction centered over the column flange.
2. Weld Requirement between the Joist Girder Top Chord and the Knife Plate ( = 0.75)
Weld- Knife Plate to Joist Girder Top Chord
R + R 8.33 + 6.71
2 2 2 2
Resultant weld: Ru = uv uh
= = 10.70 kips / in.
JG Horizontal Ratio: Ruh/Rn = 6.71/6.96 = 0.96 ok
JG Vertical Ratio Ru/Rn = 10.70/13.92 = 0.77 ok
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Use 5/8 in. fillet welds in reinforced area. Note the stabilizer plate must be 1.375 in.
thick (twice the weld size plus 1/8 in.).
261.65 kips
6.5"
Thickness of cap plate = 1.5 in.
RL RR
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6. Local Tensile Rupture of the Knife Plate at the Column Flanges ( = 0.75)
Knife Plate - Tensile Rupture
Slenderness: KL / r =
2.1wkp 12
=
2.1 6.5 12
= 34.4
tkp 1.375
Ag = (2tcp+tf)tkp = [(2)(1.5) +0.850]1.375 = 5.29 in2.
Using the AISC Column Equations with =0.9, Rn = Pn = 218.5 kips
Ru/Rn = 100.0/218.5 = 0.458 ok
Since a CJP weld was specified no calculation is required. If a PJP weld was specified
for the 1.375 in. thick knife plate the Effective Throat of the weld would be, E =
MIN[Ecp, (tkp - 3/8)/2 ] = 0.50 in. The required force is determined from the square root
of the sum of the squares of the applied forces.
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10. Strength of the Weld Between the Cap Plate and the Column Web ( = 0.75)
Shear Weld - Cap Plate to Column Web
Vn = 0.6FyAwCv
where, Aw = dtw
Cv = 1.0 when h t w ≤ 2.24 E Fy
h/tw = 30/0.565 = 53.1
Aw = dtw = (30)(0.565) = 16.95 in2
When h / t w ≤ 2.24 E / Fy = 2.24 29000 / 50 = 53.9 Cv = 1.0
Vn = 0.6FyAwCv =(0.6)(50)(16.95)(1.0) = 508.5 kips
Vn = (1.0)(509) = 508.5 kips
Ru/Vn = 261.65/508.5 = 0.515 ok
12. Weld Strength Between the Cap Plate and Column Flange
( =0.75) Weld - Cap Plate to Column Face
13. Column Flange Yielding due to the Knife Plate Forces ( = 0.9)
Column - Flange Local Yielding
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Bottom Chord and Stabilizer Checks:
Try a 1.0 in. thick stabilizer
1. Determine the weld between the bottom chord and the stabilizer
Try 5/16 in. fillet welds: Rn = (1.392)(5) = 6.96 kips/ in.
Required length = 261.65/6.96 = 37.6 in.
The Specifying Professional must request that the Joist Girder bottom chords be a
thickness to accommodate the required weld size. The Joist Girder Manufacturer is
responsible for the shear lag check of the bottom chord angles base on the weld
length used.
If the bottom chord weld starts at the end of the stabilizer the Whitmore length equals
(2)(tan30o)(10) = 11.55 in. plus the bottom chord leg length. Thus the Whitmore
length = 11.55 + 4 = 15.55 in. > 8 in. ok
Effective width = 8.0 in.
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780 ≥ 690 kips, Rn =690 kips
Rn = (0.75)(690) = 517.5 ≥ 261.65 kips ok
6.19D 6.19 8
t min == = 0.762 in. ≤ 0.850 ok
Fu 65
7. Bottom Chord Shear Lag Check:
x 1.13
U 1- 1- 0.89
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Rn = 5k +lb Fyw t w
For the W30X116 column,
d = 30.0 in., k = 1.50 in., tw = 0.565 in., and lb = 8 in (the stabilizer plate height, W st).
tf = 0.850 in.
Rn = 5 1.50 + 8 50 0.565 = 438 kips
= 1.0, thus Rn = 438 kips > 261.65 kips, stiffener not required.
Rn 0.80 0.565 1 3
2
541 kips
30.0 0.850 0.565
therefore Rn = 406 kips > 261.65 kips, stiffener not required.
1
Weld Strength Directionality Increase Used
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3. Web Compression Buckling ( = 1.0)
For Pr ≤ 0.4Pc
Rn 0.60 Fy dc t w
For the W30x116, Pr = 100 kips, and Pc = FyA = (50)(34.2) = 1710 kips
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PROGRAM USAGE GUIDE
Joist Girder Connections to Wide Flange Columns- Knife Plates
SPREADSHEET Philosophy:
The SPREADSHEET is structured to allow the user to input all data rather than forcing
computer generated values. This allows the user to select values or to use office
standards. This is especially useful when a multitude of designs are being considered
so that calculations can be provided for “lumping” common values.
SPREADSHEET Description:
The SPREADSHEET has seven sheet tabs consisting of General Information,
Formatting, Sidewall Column Diagram, Moment – Sidewall Column, Interior Column
Diagram, Moment – Interior Column, and AISC Database v14.
General Information – List of design references, explanation of LFRD and
ASD color coding.
Formatting – Information on the printing formatting setup for the
SPREADSHEET.
Sidewall Column Diagram – A diagram of the connection being designed
for a Joist Girder to a sidewall column (with nomenclature).
Moment-Sidewall Column – Design input and output sheet for the moment
connection for a Joist Girder to a sidewall column.
Interior Column Diagram – A diagram of the connection being designed for
Joist Girder to an interior column (with nomenclature).
Moment-Interior Column – Design Input and Output sheet for the moment
connection for two Joist Girders to an interior column.
AISC Database v14 – AISC shape data for use in the connection design.
The actual design input and output sheets have been formatted to print all required
information for the design calculations of the connections.
SPREADSHEET Usage:
Before using the SPREADSHEET you should have in your possession:
1. The Steel Joist Institute’s Technical Digest 11, “Design of Lateral Load Resisting
Frames Using Steel Joists and Joist Girders”.
2. ANSI/AISC 360 -10, “Specification for Structural Steel Buildings”.
3. The Steel Joist Institute’s “Standard Specification for Joist Girders”, 2010.
4. Frame analysis results, such as Joist Girder end reactions, connection moments,
and column axial loads.
First read the General Information Tab and the Formatting Tab.
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Print out the diagrams: Sidewall Column Diagram and the Interior Column Diagram.
These will assist you with input requirements. For proper printing of the
SPREADSHEET you may have to reset the margins.
The chord sizes can be estimated as described in Chapter 2 of the SJI Technical
Digest 11.
The Joist Girder weight can be estimated using the SJI tabulated values in the
published catalog, or by multiplying the chord weight by 2.5. See the
PRELIMINARY SIZING EXAMPLE.
The seat size can be estimated using the standards set forth by SJI Standard
Code of practice suggested sizes based on Joist Girder weight.
The width of the stabilizer plate (W st) is estimated by dividing the required axial force by
the thickness of the stabilizer plate and Fy (LRFD) or 0.6Fy (ASD). The stabilizer width
must be a minimum of the chord angle leg size plus the weld shelf dimensions.
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INPUT:
Use the Tabs to select a Moment- Sidewall Column Design, or a Moment- Interior
Column Design. If an interior column only has one side with a moment connection, use
the Moment-Sidewall Column Tab.
There are two pull down Tabs, one used to select whether you want an LRFD or an
ASD Design and the second to choose the size of the column for the design.
The CLEAR buttons can be used to clear all of the input cells in the group. There is
one button for connection input and one for the loading input. This CLEAR button does
not clear the project information, i.e., project name, number or engineer.
COLUMN DATA:
The ASTM designation for the column being used must be specified. Column data is
automatically obtained from a file of the AISC W-Shapes after using the drop down tab,
or by typing in the column size.
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DESIGN REVIEW:
Examine the SUMMARY RESULTS for MOMENT CONNECTION to determine if the
design criteria are satisfied, or if undo conservatism exists relative to any of the input
data. The DETAILED RESULTS for MOMENT CONNECTION provides minimum
design criteria, the nominal strength, and the Design Strength (LRFD) or the Allowable
Strength (ASD) for the input data. These values can be studied to determine input
refinements. You can then make any necessary input changes.
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From the chord size, the Joist Girder weight = (2.5)(3.4)(4.21) = 36 plf
So conservatively assume the Joist Girder weight = 47 plf
Preliminary Stabilizer Plate size: t st = 3/4 in. for a 1 in. gap between chords
W st = (133)/[(0.75)(0.9)(36)] ≥ [3.5+(2)(9/16)]
= 5.47 ≥ 4.63, Use a 6 in. plate
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