Tavole e Formulari

Formule notevoli

cos2 x + sin2 x = 1, ∀x ∈ R
π
sin x = 0 se x = kπ , ∀k ∈ Z , cos x = 0 se x = + kπ
2
π
sin x = 1 se x = + 2kπ , cos x = 1 se x = 2kπ
2
π
sin x = −1 se x = − + 2kπ , cos x = −1 se x = π + 2kπ
2
sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β
cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x , cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1
x−y x+y
sin x − sin y = 2 sin cos
2 2
x−y x+y
cos x − cos y = −2 sin sin
2 2
sin(x + π) = − sin x , cos(x + π) = − cos x
π
sin(x + ) = cos x , cos(x + π2 ) = − sin x
2
ax y
ax+y = ax ay , ax−y = y , (ax ) = axy
a
loga (xy) = loga x + loga y , ∀x, y > 0
x
loga = loga x − loga y, ∀x, y > 0
y
loga (xy ) = y loga x, ∀x > 0 , ∀y ∈ R
498 Tavole e formulari

Limiti notevoli

lim xα = +∞ , lim xα = 0 , α>0

x→+∞ x→0+

lim xα = 0 , lim xα = +∞ , α<0

x→+∞ x→0+

an xn + . . . + a1 x + a0 an
lim = lim xn−m
x→±∞ bm xm + . . . + b1 x + b0 bm x→±∞

lim ax = +∞ , lim ax = 0 , a>1

x→+∞ x→−∞

lim ax = 0 , lim ax = +∞ , a<1

x→+∞ x→−∞

lim loga x = +∞ , lim loga x = −∞ , a>1

x→+∞ x→0+

lim loga x = −∞ , lim loga x = +∞ , a<1

x→+∞ x→0+

lim sin x , lim cos x , lim tan x non esistono

x→±∞ x→±∞ x→±∞

π
lim tan x = ∓∞ , ∀k ∈ Z , lim arctan x = ±
x→( π
2 +kπ
±
) x→±∞ 2
π
lim arcsin x = ± = arcsin(±1)
x→±1 2
lim arccos x = 0 = arccos 1 , lim arccos x = π = arccos(−1)
x→+1 x→−1

sin x 1 − cos x 1
lim = 1, lim =
x→0 x x→0 x2 2
! a "x 1
lim 1 + = ea , a ∈ R, lim (1 + x) x = e
x→±∞ x x→0

loga (1 + x) 1 log(1 + x)
lim = , a > 0; in particolare, lim =1
x→0 x log a x→0 x
ax − 1 ex − 1
lim = log a , a > 0; in particolare, lim =1
x→0 x x→0 x
(1 + x)α − 1
lim = α, α∈R
x→0 x
 Tavole e formulari 499

Tavola delle derivate di funzioni elementari

f (x) f ′ (x)

xα αxα−1 , ∀α ∈ R

sin x cos x

cos x − sin x
1
tan x 1 + tan2 x =
cos2 x
1
arcsin x √
1 − x2
1
arccos x −√
1 − x2
1
arctan x
1 + x2
ax (log a) ax
1
loga |x|
(log a) x
sinh x cosh x

cosh x sinh x

Regole di derivazione

! "′
αf (x) + βg(x) = αf ′ (x) + βg ′ (x)
! "′
f (x)g(x) = f ′ (x)g(x) + f (x)g ′ (x)
# $′
f (x) f ′ (x)g(x) − f (x)g ′ (x)
= % &2
g(x) g(x)
! "′
g(f (x)) = g ′ (f (x))f ′ (x)
500 Tavole e formulari

Sviluppi di Maclaurin notevoli

x2 xk xn
ex = 1 + x + + ...+ + ...+ + o(xn )
2 k! n!

x2 xn
log(1 + x) = x − + . . . + (−1)n−1 + o(xn )
2 n

x3 x5 x2m+1
sin x = x − + − . . . + (−1)m + o(x2m+2 )
3! 5! (2m + 1)!

x2 x4 x2m
cos x = 1 − + − . . . + (−1)m + o(x2m+1 )
2 4! (2m)!

x3 x5 x2m+1
sinh x = x + + + ...+ + o(x2m+2 )
3! 5! (2m + 1)!

x2 x4 x2m
cosh x = 1 + + + ...+ + o(x2m+1 )
2 4! (2m)!
'# 1 $' 2m+1
x3 3x5 ' − ' x
arcsin x = x + + + . . . + '' 2 ' + o(x2m+2 )
6 40 m ' 2m + 1

x3 x5 x2m+1
arctan x = x − + − . . . + (−1)m + o(x2m+2 )
3 5 2m + 1
# $
α α(α − 1) 2 α n
(1 + x) = 1 + αx + x + ... + x + o(xn )
2 n

1
= 1 − x + x2 − . . . + (−1)n xn + o(xn )
1+x
√ 1 1 1
1 + x = 1 + x − x2 + x3 + o(x3 )
2 8 16
 Tavole e formulari 501

Tavola degli integrali di funzioni elementari

(
f (x) f (x) dx

xα+1
xα + c, α̸
= −1
α+1
1
log |x| + c
x
sin x − cos x + c

cos x sin x + c

ex ex + c

sinh x cosh x + c

cosh x sinh x + c
1
arctan x + c
1 + x2
1
√ arcsin x + c
1 − x2
1 )
√ log(x + x2 + 1) + c = sett sinh x + c
1 + x2
1 )
√ log(x + x2 − 1) + c = sett cosh x + c
2
x −1

Regole di integrazione

( ! " ( (
αf (x) + βg(x) dx = α f (x) dx + β g(x) dx
( (
′
f (x)g (x) dx = f (x)g(x) − f ′ (x)g(x) dx
(
ϕ′ (x)
dx = log |ϕ(x)| + c
ϕ(x)
( (
f (ϕ(x))ϕ′ (x) dx = f (y) dy con y = ϕ(x)