PGCB-2018

Venue: BUET
❖ Find the thevenin equivalent circuit at a&b terminal
Eth:
3−2𝑉𝑥
Io= 1
=3-2Vx mA
𝑉𝑥
+40Io=0
0.05

 Vx= -2Io
 Vx= -2*(3-2Vx)
 Vx= -6+4Vx
 3Vx=6
 Vx=Vth=2V
Rth; by inserting 1mA source to the circuit & short the voltage source.
−2𝑉𝑥
Io= = -2Vx mA
1
𝑉𝑥
0.05
+40Io=1
𝑉𝑥
 0.05
= -40Io+1
 Vx= -40*0.05*(-2Vx)+ 0.05
 Vx= 4Vx+0.05
 -3Vx=0.05
 Vx= -0.0166V
𝑉𝑋
Rth= = -0.0166kΩ
1

❖ An 11/132KV transformer is connected delta/star. The current transformer on the low

voltage side has a ratio 600/5 for circulating current merz price differential relay. Calculate
the CT ratio on HV sides.

For delta/star transformer, CT will connect as a star/delta formation.

Primary VA= Secondary VA

⇒ √3 *11,000*600=√3*132*1000*IL
⇒ IL= 50Amp
50√3
CT ratio= 5
❖ Determine the load factor and peak demand of a power station in which the annual load
duration curves varies linearly between 12GW and 4GW. If the total transmission loss is 3%
and for frequently regulation reserve margin of 20% is to be maintained then what should
be the total generation capacity of the system
 Average load= (12+4)/2=8GW
Load factor=8/12=66.67%
Sending Power=12+12*3%=12.36GW
20% reserve so plant installed capacity=12.36+12.36*20%=14.832MW

❖ A 10MVA, 6.6KV, 50Hz Y connected 3 phase alternator has synchronous reactance of

0.635Ω. It’s working at full load at 0.8PF lagging condition. Find the torque angle neglected
armature resistance

Here, ∅=Cos^-1(0.8) = 36.86°

6600
V/Phase= √3 =3810V
10∗106
F.L Armature Current. Ia= = 874.77Amp
√3∗6600
Ra/Phase=0ῼ
Xs/Phase=0.635ῼ
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠∅+𝐼𝑎∗𝑅𝑎 3048
So, tan (∅+𝛿) = = = 1
𝑉𝑆𝑖𝑛∅+𝐼𝑎∗𝑋𝑠 2841

∅ + 𝛿=45°
𝛿= 45°-36.86°= 8.14°=power angle/torque angle

❖ Write Boolean expression

This is XNOR circuit using transmission gate

Y=A’B’+AB

❖ A 256 level PCM signal is generated using linear quantization of a sinusoidal input of 1V
peak to peak and frequency 4KHz. Find the output bit rate if the sampling rate is 12.5%
higher than Nyquist rate
fm=4 KHz, fs=4*2= 8KHz, fs at 12.5% higher rate= 8+0.125*8=9KHz=9000sample/sec
L=256=2N= 28 Where, N=8bit/sample
So, BW=9*8=72Kbps
❖ In the following circuit the base current 25𝝁A, the emitter current is 1.5mA, the base
emitter voltage is 0.70 volt and the voltage at the emitter is 5V. Calculate 𝜶,𝜷 &Vc

IC=1.5=0.025=1.475mA
𝛼=1.475/1.5=0.9833
𝛽=1.475/0.025=59
Vc=15-5*1.475=7.625V

❖ A 100MVA 11KV generator is feeding a 20MW 0.85 PF lagging load at 11KV. The generator
output is stepped up through a unit transformer to a 132KV bus in the power station
switchyard. The load is served from a grid substation 11KV bus. A 132KV double circuit
100KM transmission line is connection the power station with grid substation. Draw the
single line diagram of the power system.

❖ Draw the reactance diagram for above question. The generator is rated 11KV, 100MVA with
XG=8%. Each circuit of the transmission line has an impedance of 80 ohm. The unit
transformer is rated 11/132KV, 200MVA with XT=15%. The grid substation transformer is
rated 132/11KV, 200MVA with XT=15%. Use 100MVA as the base

Choose base KV be 11KV at generator sides & base 100MVA

11 100
For G-1 X pu= 0.08*[11] 2* 100= j0.08 pu
 132 100
For T-01 X pu= 0.15*[132] 2* 200= j0.075 pu

1322 80
For line Base Value= = 174.24Ω PU value= = j0.459 pu
100 174.24
132 100
For T-02 X pu= 0.15*[132] 2* 200= j0.075 pu

112
For load: Base impedance=100=1.21Ω
112
Actual impedance: 20/0.85=23.53MVA Now Z=23.53=5.14<31.78°
PU value=5.14<31.78°/1.21=4.24<31.78°

❖ A FM signal has a peak to peak deviation of 78 KHz over a carrier frequency of 88.2MHz.
The maximum frequency of modulating signal is 13 KHz. Find the modulation index of FM
signal

2*∆f=78 ⇒∆f=39 KHz

Modulation index=39/13=3

❖ Find IL & Vc

Inductor behaves as short circuit & capacitor behaves as circuit

IL=10/5=2Amp
Capacitor voltage=2*3=6V