Running Head: CHAPTERS 10 &11REVIEW QUESTIONS 1

Chapters 10 &11review Questions

Institutional Affiliation

Date
CHAPTERS 10 &11REVIEW QUESTIONS 2

Chapter 10 Review Questions

Question 10.13

Forms and reports designing activities are user-defined and follows’ the approach of prototyping.

There is usually the need to first get an understanding of user intentions and objectives which can

be done by a collection of the requirements in the initial stages of requirement determination.

After the requirements collection, there is a need for structuring and refining information for the

formation of a firsthand prototype. The refining and structuring are done independently of users

even though on some occasions the users may be contacted for clarification of issues. What

follows is the evaluation and review of the prototype by the users where the users are free to ask

for changes in the design is it does not suit them. If the user review needs for changes, there is

the repeating of the steps in design construction, design evaluations, and refinement until there is

achieved a final de4sing that is accepted by the user. The formation of a single report could face

the alterations severally before it’s accepted by the user ( Camburn, et al., 2017). Design

specifications are considered to be the most important deliverables that lead to reports and forms

in the designing process. In the design specification, there is the inclusion of sample design,

narrative overview, usability assessment, and testing sections. It's important to note that

including some specifications is seen to be irrelevant as it might be with cases of NO/YES where

there will be no need for user assessment. Similarly, in the case, there will be no need for a

narrative overview unless it is used to feature elements that are important in implementation.

Question 10.14

The questions that should be in of an analyst in the building of a firsthand prototype include;

who is the user of the report or form?; what purpose will the form or report serve?; what time
CHAPTERS 10 &11REVIEW QUESTIONS 3

will the report or form need for use?; where is the report or form to be delivered for its use?; and

what population is to use the report or form?

Question 10.15

The several suitable situations for the application of the information highlighting include; user

notification in the cases of data entry and processing errors; user warning provisions in the cases

when there are problems like data values that seem to be unusual or devices that are not

available; giving attention to keywords, data changes, commands and main concern messages

when there are changes of operation.

Question 10.16

The problems and benefits that are associated with the application of color are; strikes the eyes;

there is the accent of the uninteresting display; there is subtle discrimination for the complex

displays; there is an emphasis on the information’s logical organization; drawing attention to

warnings; and emotional reactions are more evoked. Since the use and application of color

became famously applied in the 1980s, research showed that there was a positive effect on the

completion of the tasks that were being undertaken by the users and also beneficial in the

displays of graphs thus qualifying it to be better than no color ( Miikkulainen, et al., 2017).

However, it’s worth noting that color application becomes beneficial when there is information

provided to the user in a format that is most presentable. This means that if there is a

misrepresentation of information, the color will have no effects when it comes to the

improvement of understanding the tasks performed.

Question 10.24
CHAPTERS 10 &11REVIEW QUESTIONS 4

The various concerns that may be present various include; personality, skills, education,

motivation, and education which can be classified as user-concerns. The concerns that may be

task related are; pressure on limited time, work duration and cost of errors. the concerns that are

raised by the system related issues include task interruptions, lighting, and sound.

Chapter 11 Review Questions

Question 11.13

Dialogue is the reflection of the interaction sequences between a system and a user. The method

of interaction between users and the systems is called an interface

Command language interaction- computer and human interaction by a method of entering

statements that are explicit into a system for the purpose of invoking operations. The menu

interaction is an interaction between the user and computer presenting list of system options and

the user command by clicking to select options menu ( Valacich, George, & Valacich, 2017, p. 353-

415 ). Since there need be interactions between users and computers, form interaction provides

interaction where the fields of data are formatted in a similar manner like that of forms that are

paper-based. The object-based form of interactions provides for the interaction where commands

and functions are given by symbols. Natural based is a form of interaction where inputs, as well

as outputs from an application that is computer-based, are speaking a conventional language such

as English.

Drop down menu method places points of access to the menu at the top display line in a way

such that it opens by dropping down when accessed. Popup menu is a positioning that is near the

current position of the cursor.

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Question 11.14

The process of designing the dialogues and the interfaces is much similar to that of the design of

reports and forms. Thus, it is an activity that is user-focused which follows the approach of

prototyping. There is the need to first understand user intentions and objectives which can be

done by collecting the requirements in the initial stages of requirement determination after which

there is the need for structuring and refining information for the formation of a firsthand

prototype. The refining and structuring are done as directed by users even though on some

occasions the users may be contacted for clarification of issues. There follow the evaluation and

review of the prototype by the users where the users are free to ask for changes in the design if it

does not suit them (Choma, Teixeira, Guerra, & Da Silva, 2016) . If the user reviews and there is a

need for changes, there is the repetition of the steps in designing construction, designing

evaluations and refinement to the point where the final design that is accepted by the user has

been achieved. Design specifications are seen to be one of the most important deliverables that

are as a result of the designing process. In the design specification, there is the inclusion of

sample design, narrative overview, usability assessment, and testing sections.

Question 11.15

The various methods for the interaction of the humans with the system are the; command

language, form, object-based, menu and the natural language interactions.

i. Command language interaction- computer and human interaction by a method of entering

statements that are explicit into a system for the purpose of invoking operations.
CHAPTERS 10 &11REVIEW QUESTIONS 6

ii. Menu interaction is an interaction between the user and computer where there is a list of

system options and the user command by clicking to select options menu since there ought to be

interactions between users and computers.

iii. Form interaction provides interaction where the fields of data are formatted in a similar

manner as that of forms that are paper-based.

iv. The object-based form of interactions provides for the interaction where commands and

functions are given by symbols.

v. Natural based is a form of interaction where inputs, as well as outputs from an application

that is computer-based, are speaking a conventional language such as English.

It’s important to note that each of these interaction methods has their unique

characteristics which translate to each of them having their own weaknesses and strengths. It's

therefore not easy to state which could be better than the other without getting into details of the

circumstances and environments.

Question 11.16

The following are the major devices;

Keyboard - which is a device that functions as a typewriter and consists of components such as

letters and numeric’s which are keyed and appear on the monitor.

Trackball - which is a device that controls the cursor by use of a ball and its application is

similar to that of a mouse.

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Joystick- serves input purposes similar to the mouse and is made of a stick that moves the

cursor. This is mostly applied in playing computer games.

Mouse- is a device for pointing that has two pressing buttons for the selection of items that are

needed in the monitor.

Graphics tablet which is an input device applied for the purpose of image drawing on screens.

Voice- which is used as an input method and device that captures voice as it is spoken to the

computer by the user.

The use and application of each input device have its own weaknesses and strengths,

therefore it’s usually impossible to state which device could be better without mentioning the

situations and circumstances which they are being applied.

Question 11.27

The most common dialogues and interface errors encountered in most websites include; complex

URLs, hidden links, no navigation support, orphan pages, lees information links, no click

feedback on buttons, slow back button and new browser opening.

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REFERENCES

Valacich, J. S., George, J. F., & Valacich, J. S. (2017). Modern systems analysis and design (pp.

353-415). Pearson Education Limited.

Miikkulainen, R., Iscoe, N., Shagrin, A., Cordell, R., Nazari, S., Schoolland, C., ... & Lamba, G.

(2017, July). Conversion rate optimization through evolutionary computation.

In Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (pp. 1193-

1199). ACM.

Camburn, B., Viswanathan, V., Linsey, J., Anderson, D., Jensen, D., Crawford, R., ... & Wood,

K. (2017). Design prototyping methods: state of the art in strategies, techniques, and

guidelines. Design Science, 3.

Choma, J., Teixeira, R. L. B., Guerra, E. M., & Da Silva, T. S. (2016, November). Interaction

patterns for user interface design of large web applications. In Proceedings of the 11th

Latin-American Conference on Pattern Languages of Programming (p. 8). The Hillside

Group.