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Level 3 pathogen:
Classified as potential bioterrorism agent because of aerosol
transmission risk and no human vaccines available
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http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/anima/disemala/brucelle.shtml#il
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Hygroma
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B. abortus is established in bison & elk in Canada’s Wood Bison National Park;
& in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) in USA resulting in ongoing problems
with surrounding cattle herds; State of Montana lost its brucellosis free
status in 2007 & was downgraded to Brucellosis Class A State; but there is
opposition to the suggested creation of a brucellosis buffer (“hot”) zone
around YNP, requiring all cattle entering zone to be tested for brucellosis.
Update 2011: Beginning Sept. 1, Colorado will require that all sexually intact female cattle that have
spent any time near Yellowstone carry a Colorado-approved ear tag. Wyoming opted not to go with an
animal identification system. Nebraska has published draft rules that could take effect as early as
April 1, 2011.
The southern YNP elk were originally infected with B. abortus from ranch
cattle in 1880s during co-mingling at winter feed grounds; source of infection
of YNP bison is ?? but is thought to have come from park cows prior to 1917.
History of Canadian Wood bison herds - http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/ab/elkisland/natcul/natcul1/b/ii.aspx
Total Yellowstone
Buffalo Killed
Winter 2007/2008
1616
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Bison within the park are infected with both tuberculosis and
brucellosis. In 1995, a Bison Research and Containment Program (BRCP)
was initiated to ensure the diseases were properly researched and
contained within WBNP. In 1999, a Risk Assessment was carried out to
determine the risk of infection with tuberculosis or brucellosis to
cattle and disease-free captive and free-ranging bison.
Elk and moose: Some wild elk in Canada & USA are infected with
B. abortus.
Moose are very susceptible to B. abortus & die quickly so that no
sero-positive free-ranging moose have been found in NA.
Predators (wolves/coyotes, crows, bears, vultures) spread
carcass and abortion tissues.
A case report of B. suis biovar 4 infection in a moose→ chronic
carpal bursitis & osteomyelitis (Ref . Honour S & MH Hickling. J Wildlife
Diseases . 1993;29:596-598)
Deer are susceptible to B. abortus, but disease is relatively rare
in Canada, USA.
Farmed reindeer & elk (cervids): CFIA requires testing prior to
importation of animals and herds must be tested every two years.
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Horses:
Are considered resistant, but rare infection occurs from contact with
infected cattle (B. abortus) or swine (B. suis);
Brucella organisms localise in joints, bursae, & tendon sheaths causing
supraspinous bursitis known as “fistulous withers” & “poll evil”, and
hygroma (subcutaneous swelling over a bursa)
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A conservation group believes the threat wild hogs pose to Michigan’s
farms, forests and wildlife is so grave that the state should pay bounty
hunters up to $75 apiece to eliminate the 3,000 to 5,000 feral pigs
roaming in 63 counties
“If we turn a blind eye, we’ll have 50,000 in two years,” said Dennis
Fijalkowski, executive director of the non-profit Michigan Wildlife
Conservancy.
The hogs, including European boars, generally are escapees from
commercial game ranches.
“They eat anything that moves or doesn’t move,” he said.
Wild hogs have caused great damage in other states, destroying habitat
including in the Everglades and killing other animals, including ground-
nesting birds and their young and fawn deer. The bounty system
Fijalkowski proposes would pay the most for females weighing more than
100 pounds and less for large males. Smaller pigs would bring a bounty of
just $20 under his proposal.
Currently, Michigan hunters are encouraged to shoot any wild hogs they
see. Anyone holding a valid Michigan hunting license can kill the wild hogs.
Courtesy of Detroit Free Press
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Rose bengal plate test The PrioCHECK® Brucella Ab - an indirect ELISA that
detects antibodies against Brucella abortus and Brucella
melitensis in blood and milk samples of cattle, sheep and
goats.
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B. melitensis REV 1, a live attenuated vaccine used for sheep and goats;
safe & protective, but causes positive reactions in serodiagnostic tests
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The Italian government has set up an emergency commission to try and stop the spread of the
disease, which affects milk production. The plains of Campania, around Naples, are home to large
buffalo herds.
The area is the exalted home of mozzarella di bufala: not only an essential part of the Italian diet,
but one of Italy's most important exports.
But the Neapolitan farmers who make this famous milky cheese are facing a crisis.
In the next two months, the Italian government will start the slaughter of 32,000 buffalo,
infected with Brucellosis - a contagious bacterial disease that in livestock leads to abortion,
infertility and reduced milk production.
It can be transmitted through food to humans, causing severe intermittent fever - though the milk
which produces the cheese is perfectly safe when it is pasteurized.
Brucellosis has been present in the herd for 10 years.
But the Italian papers say the local vets who are supposed to test and put down infected
animals have been intimidated by the local mafia - the Camorra - who also control some of
the farms.
Consequently, it is reported, the disease has been allowed to spread to almost 30% of the herd.
Caserta, one of two key mozzarella-producing areas, is the worst affected.
In the coming weeks, armed police will accompany government vets to help with the cull.
They say every infected animal destroyed will be burnt - and it is estimated the cost to the Italian
government will be 66m euros ($97m; £49m).
BBC News, Rome, Jan. 17, 2008
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