HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 TUMULUS

AR1125 Passage grave, a dominant tomb

Ar. Angelito R. Perez, uap, M. Arch type appearing like a mound

History of Architecture Primitive Dwellings

- It is a record of man’s effort to build Natural and artificial caves
beautifully. It traces the origin, growth, and Beehive hut
decline of architectural styles which have Trullo
prevailed lands and ages. Wigwam or Tepee
Hogan
Historical Styles of Architecture Igloo
- The particular method, characteristics, and
manner of design which prevails at a Egyptian Architecture
certain place and time. Influences:
Factors affecting the styles of architecture: HISTORY
1. History 3200BC – 1AD
2. Society -Centralized omnipotent authority of the
3. Religion pharaoh (king), seen as a god dwelling on
4. Geography earth, and sole master of the country and its
5. Geology inhabitants
6. Climate
-knowledge in astronomy, mathematics,
Prehistoric Architecture philosophy, and music
Influences:
HISTORY RELIGION
Neolithic or New Stone Age Cult of many gods representing nature
(8000-3000 BC)
-Hunting and food gathering Egyptians wished for a fine burial,
embalmment and funeral rites, a
RELIGION permanent tomb or eternal dwelling
No organized religion
Burial rituals and monuments GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY
Nile River – travel and trade route
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Megalithic – large stones
CLIMATE
MATERIALS Spring and summer, brilliant sunshine
Animal skins, wooden frames, bones
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
ORIENTATION Simplicity
Faces towards cardinal points Massiveness
Monumentality
Examples
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
MENHIR Columnar and trabeated
Single, large, upright monolith, sometimes
in parallel rows reaching several miles MATERIALS
Stone: abundant in variety and quantity
DOLMEN
Tomb of standing stone usually capped Softstone: limestone, sandstone, alabaster
with a large horizontal slab
Hardstone: ganite, quartite, basalt
CROMLECH
Enclosure formed by huge stones COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS
planted on the ground in circular form Lotus capital
Papyrus capital
Palm capital Massive funerary structures of stone or
Square pillar brick with square plan and four sloping
Polygonal column triangular sides meeting at the apex
Palm-type column
Bud-and-bell column Walled enclosure with an offering chapel
Foliated capital column (north or east side); mortuary chapel;
Hathor-headed column raised and enclosed causeway leading to
Osiris pillars west; valley building for embalmment and
interment rites
ROOF AND CEILING
Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat Types of Pyramids
Step
WALL (Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara)
Batter wall diminishing in width towards the Slope
top (Pyramids at Gizeh – Cheops, Chephren,
Mykerinos)
OPENINGS Bent
No windows; skylights, roof slits, (Bent pyramid at Senerefu)
clerestories
ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBS
DECORATION Built along hillsides for nobility, not royalty
“Gorge” or “Hollow and Roll” moulding
Hieroglyphics Tombs at Beni Hasan
Sphinxes Tombs of the Kings, Thebes
Solar disc and vulture with spread
wings Scarab, symbol of resurrection PYLONS
Papyrus, lotus, and palm symbolizing Monumental gateway to the temple
fertility consisting of slanting walls flanking the
Grapes symbolize eternity entrance portal

ORIENTATION Pylon, Temple of Isis, Philae

Faces towards cardinal points
OBELISKS
EXAMPLES Upright stone square in plan, with an
electrum-capped pyramidion on top,
MASTABAS symbolizing the sun-god Heliopolis
Rectangular flat-topped funerary mound,
with battered side, covering a burial Came in pairs fronting temple entrances
chamber below ground Height of nine or ten times the diameter at
2 doors: one for ritual and a false door for the base with four sides featuring
the spirits hieroglyphics

Offering chapel, serdab contains the
statue of the deceased), offering room Obelisk, Piazza of S. Giovanni
with stelae (stone with name of deceased
inscribed), and offering table TEMPLES
Mortuary temples – in honor of
Mastaba at Zoser pharaohs, the dead
Funerary Complex, Saqqara Cult temples – in honor of a deity
Mastaba of Aha-Sakkara
Mastaba of Thi-Sakkara Great Temple of Amon, Karnak,
Mastaba at Giza Thebes (grandest temple)
Mastaba at Beit Khallaf
Parts:
PYRAMIDS Entrance Pylon
Hypaethral court
 (large outer court open to the sky
surrounded by double collonades) ORIENTATION
Hypostyle hall Four corners toward the cardinal points
(on which the roof rests and through
which light is admitted via clerestory) EXAMPLES
Sanctuary
Chapels/Chambers ZIGGURATS
Artificial mountains or tiered,
Mammissi Temple rectangular stages with temple at the
Prototype of Greek temple summit

Great Temple of Abu-Simbel Ziggurat at Bulsippa

(Example of a rock-cut temple) Ziggurat and Precinct at Ur
Four rock-cut colossal statues of Rameses The White Temple and Ziggurat at
Warka
Temple of Khons
Parts: pylons, court, hypostyle hall, Assyrian
sanctuary, chapels enclosed by high gidle
wall, avenue of sphinxes and obelisks MATERIALS
fronting pylons Stone, Timber

Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahari DECORATION

Winged bulls guarding chief portals
Temple of Amon, Luxor Glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, green
Low relief sculpture in stone
West Asiatic Murals
Influences:
HISTORY EXAMPLES
5000BC TO 641 AD
Three periods: TEMPLES
-MESOPOTAMIAN With or without ziggurats
(Babylonian/Chaldean)
-ASSYRIAN ZIGGURATS
-PERSIAN Of seven stages

GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY PALACES
3 Zones: Came with or without a
-Deserts of the Arab peninsula ziggurat, hypostyle hall,
-Grasslands,steppes, river plains of the monumental entrances
Fertile Crescent
-Mountains and Plateaus from west to east Palace of Nebuchadnezzar,
Khorsabad
Early Mesopotamian
(5000BC – 2000BC) Palace of Sargon
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Apartments:
Massiveness Seraglio
Monumentality (king’s residence)
Grandeur Haram
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM (private chamber)
Arctuated Khan
(service chamber)
MATERIALS
No stone, clay bricks, soil Persian

COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

Due to lack of stone, no columns were used Light and Airy Magnificence
 Purity of Line
MATERIALS Perfection of Proportions
Stone, Brick, Timber Refinement of Detail

COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS
Persians introduced the use of columns Aegean
(3000 BC to 1100B)
EXAMPLES -rough and massive

DWELLINGS COLUMNATION, CAPITALS

Megaron – jouse with entrance at Two-part capital:
end rather than on long sides Square abacus above and circular
bulbous echinus below
Columned portico as entrance or
vestibule WALL
Cyclopean wall:
PALACES Large stones, no mortar, clay
Palace platform, Persepolis bedding
Palace of Darius
Palace of Xerxes Polygonal wall:
Hypostyle Hall of Xerxes Advanced technique, Hellenic
Hall of Hundred Columns (Darius) period, no pith / tar
Propylaeum (Xerxes)
Rectangular wall:
Greek Dowels were used

Influences EXAMPLES
HISTORY
-Aegean MEGARON
-Mycenean or Single storeyed house of deep plan,
Helladic columned entrance porch, anteroom
-Hellenic with central doorway, living
-Hellenistic apartment or megaron proper,
central hearth, columns supporting
RELIGION roof, thalamus/sleeping room
Nature worship
Greek gods PALACES
Palace of King Minos, Knossos
GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY
Mainland Palace at Tyrins
-mountainous Lion Gate, Mycenae
-separated people into
groups, clans, states TOMBS
Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae
Archipelago and islands
-sea was inevitable means of Hellenic
trade and communications (650 BC to 323 BC)
-mostly religious
CLIMATE -carpentry in marble
-Between rigorous cold and (timber forms imitated in tone
relaxing heat with remarkable exactness)
-Clear atmosphere and
intense light CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Columnar and trabeated
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Simplicity and Harmony
 MATERIALS Mouldings – architectural device,
Timber, stone, terra cotta with which light and shade,
produce a definition to a building
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS
-First columns and entablature were Examples:
made of timber with terra cotta
decorations Cyma recta
Cyma reversa
-Stone columns started in 600BC Ovolo
The Fillet
GREEK ORDER: Astragal or bead
-capital Cavetto
-base Scotia
-column shaft Torus
-horizontal entablature Bird’s beak
(architrave, frieze, cornice) Corona

-Doric ORIENTATION
-Ionic -Entire groups of buildings laid out
-Corinthian symmetrically and orderly
-Doors oriented towards east
DECORATION
-Refinements used to correct optical EXAMPLES
illusions such as Entasis Temenos
-Sculptures, colors, murals -Sacred enclosure built on the highest
part of a settlement, allowing it to be a
EXAMPLES citadel or acropolis

TEMPLES Acropolis at Pergamon

Chief building type, resembling a
megaron in plan and construction Acropolis at Athens
-Supreme example of a temenos
Hellenistic -foremost among world-famous
(323 BC to 30 BC) building sites
-provided Roman inspiration -10 structures:
-not religious, but civic 1. Propylaea
-dignified and gracious 2. Pinacotheca
-symmetrical, orderly (gallery of painted
pictures)
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM 3. Statue of Athena
Columnar and trabeated 4. Erectheion
5. Parthenon
COLUMNS, CAPITALS 6. Temple of Nike
Greek orders Apteros
7. Old Temple of Athena
OPENINGS Promachos
Clerestory – between roof and upper 8. Stoa of Eumeses
wall 9. Theater of Dionmysus
10. Odeon of Herodes
Skylight – made of thin, Atticus
translucent marble
Temples
TempLe Door – oriented to the East -not intended for internal worship –
altar was outside, on the east front
DECORATION
-built with special regard for outward  Entablature
effect H= 1 ¾ X lower dia. of
column
Part of a temple:  Column
1. Naos – principle chamber -without base
containing statue H= 4-6 x base dia.
2. Treasury Chamber
3. Pronaos - front portico Parthenon, Acropolis
4. Opisthodomus or Epinaos – -one of the biggest temples
rear portico -designed by Ichtinus & Callicrates
-sculpted by Phidias
-planned by number of columns:
 Hemostyle Temple of Hera, Paestum
 Distyle
 Tristyle Ionic Temples
 Tetrastyle -evolved from timber forms
 Pentastyle -volute capital derived from Egyptian
 Hexastyle lotus and Aegean art
 Heptastyle
 Octastyle Structural Parts:
 Enneastyle  Entablature
 Decastyle H= 2 1/4 x diameter of
 Dodecastyle column
o Sima o
Geison
-planned by column arrangement o Denticulate
 In-antis (between anta o Frieze
and the front) o Architrave with fascia
 amphi antis (at the front and o Cornice
rear)  Capital
 prostyle – portico at the front o Abacus
 amphi-prostyle – porticoes o Volute
at front and rear o Neckpiece
 peripteral – on all sides o Shaft
 pseudo peripteral o Base
(flanking columns attached  Crepidoma
to naos) o Stylobate
 dipteral – double line of o Stereobate /
columns surrounding naos Euthynteria
 pseudo dipteral  Column
like dipteral, but inner -mode slender than Doric
columns omitted on the -needed a base to
flanks of naos. spread load
H= 9x base diameter
Doric Temple of column
-had a timber origin

Structural Parts: 24 flutes separated by fillets

 Pediment
 Cornice Temple of Nike Apteros,
 Triglyph Athens -designed by Callicrates
 Metope -one of the smallest temples
 Architrave
 Abacus Erectheion, Acropolis
 Echinus -designed by Mnesicles
-features the Caryatid porch
 Temple of Artemis,Ephesus Paracenia
-designed by Demetrius and -projecting wall / wing at end
Paenius Denocrates of skene
-sculpted by Scopas
Procenium
Corinthian Temples -in front of skene, used as a
-decorative variant of Ionic Order speaking place or locelon

Column Episcenium
-base and shaft resembled Ionic -raised background to the 2-storey
-more slender skene building
H= 10X column diameter
Theater of Dionysus
Capital -Prototype of all greek theatres
-much deeper than Ionic
H = 1 1/6 column diameters Theater of Epidauros
-invented by Callimachus, inspired -Most beautiful Greek theatre
by basket over root of acanthus -designed by Polycleitos
plant
Agora
Entablature -marketplace or town square and center of
-same as Ionic social and business life
-3 parts:
o Architrave Stoa
o Frieze -Long colonnaded building by the public as
o Cornice a shelter and also as a religious shrine

Temples of Apollo Epicurius -used as a link between buildings in a public

area
Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens
Prytaneion
Propylaea -Senate house, used for entertaining
-monumental gateway distinguished visitors and citizens
-prophulus of Athena, Athens
Bouleuterion
Theaters -Council house, rectangular with
-open air structure hollowed out of hillside banked seats facing inwards
-acoustically efficient, sound intensified by
reflection on hard paving of orchestra Assembly Hall
-used by citizens in general
Parts:
Orchestra Odeion
-focal point, stage or concrete -similar to theatre, used solely for
circles elevated with an altar in musical presentations or contests
dedication to their gods
Stadium
Cavea -foot race course
-auditoriums in tiers of stone seats
Hippodrome
Skene -similar to stadium in plan used for horse
-building for scene or stage and chariot racing (prototype of the
decor, tangential to orchestra Roman Circus)

Parados Palaestra
-passageway to skene -wrestling school
 Gymnasium -earth for making terra cotta and bricks
-used for all types of physical exercise -first use of concrete (300 AD to 400 AD)
(prototype of Roman Thermae) with stone or brock rubble and mortar or
pozzolana, a thick volcanic earth material
Tombs
Nereid Monument at Xanthos COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS
Sarcophagus, Cridos -new Tuscan order
Mausoleum, Halicarnassos
-most famous of all tombs EXAMPLES
-one of seven wonders of the world
-for King Mausolos from his Tombs
widow, Artemisia -existed in great numbers outside city walls
in special necropolis sites
Roman
Drainage
Influences -Cloaca Mazima, Rome
HISTORY
-centrally located on the Mediterranean, Arches
was able to serve as intermediary in -Arch of Augustus, Perugia
spreading art and civilization in Europe,
West Asia, and North Africa Temples
-Temple of Juno Sospita, Lanuvium
-Etruscan
(750 BC to 146 BC) Roman
-Roman (300 BC to 365 AD)
(146 BC to 365 AD) -utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials
-complex, of great constructive ability
RELIGION
-Roman mythology slowly derived attributes CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
from those of Greek gods -Greek orders of architecture used as
decorative features which could be omitted
GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY
-Italian Peninsula -adopted columnar and trabeated style of
-Central and commanding position on Greeks
Mediterranean sea
-developed arch and vault system started by
CLIMATE Etruscans
-temperate climate in the North
-sunny in central Italy -combined used of column, beam, and arch
-almost tropical in south
MATERIALS
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER -marble, mostly white
-vastness and magnificence -concrete, to build vaults of a magnitude
-ostentation and ornateness never equalled until 19th century steel
construction
Etruscan
(750 BC to 100 BC) COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS
-great builders -4th and 5th orders:
Tuscan
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM -simplified version of Doric
-earliest use of true or radiating arch order
H= 7x col. Diameter
MATERIALS Base, unfluted shaft,
-stone: tufa, peperino, travertine, lava stone, moulded capital, plain
sand, and gravel entablature
 Composite
-combines prominent volutes
of Ionic with acanthus leaves
of Corinthian
ROOF AND CEILING
-wagon barrel / tunnel vault
-wagon vault with intersecting vault
-cross vault
-hemispherical dome / cupola
Basilicas
-venues for commercial exchange or halls of
justice
-usual plan:
Plan length is twice the plan width
Trajan’s Basilica, Rome Basilica in
the Forum, Pompeii Basilica of
Septimius Sevenus, Lepcis Magna

WALLS Thermae
Opus Incertum -palatial baths
-small stones, loose pattern -3 parts:
resembling polygonal walling Open Space
Outer ring of aprtments
Opus Quadratum Main building
-rectangular blocks with or -dominant central hall, symmetrically
without mortar joints arranged rooms
-tepidarium (warm)
Opus Reticulatum -calidarium (hot)
-net-like effect, with fine -sudatorium /
joints running diagonally laconicum (dry)
-frigidarium (cold)
Opus Testaceum -apodyteria (dressing)
-brick facing -unctuaria (oils)

Opus Mixtum Thermae of Caracalla

-alternation of brickwork and small Baths of Diocletian, Rome
squared stone blocks
Theaters
EXAMPLES -Greek type adaprted to suit Roman drama

Rectangular Temples -hollowed out of hillside or built-up by

-amalgamation of Etruscan and Greek concrete vaulting supporting tiers of seats
Types
Theater and Portico of Pompeii, Rome
Maison Caree, Nimes
-best preserved, Corinthian order Ampitheaters
-elliptical theatres, regarded as a
Circular Temples compound of 2 theaters, stage-to-stage
-Pantheon, Rome:
Finest illustration of Roman construction The Colosseum, Rome

-Temple of Vesta, Rome Circus

-for horse and chariot racing, from
Forums hippodrome
-correspond to agora in Greek
architecture; a central open space used as Circus Maximus, Rome
a meeting place, market, venue for political
demonstration Tombs
-coemeteria
-Forum Romanum -monumental tombs
-Imperial Forum -pyramidal tombs
-Trajan’s Forum -temple-shaped tombs
-sculptured memorials

Triumphal Arches
-erected to emperors and generals for
victorious campaigns

Arch of Titus, Rome

Arch of Constantine, Rome
Arch of Septimius Severus, Rome

Dwellings
Domus – private house
Villa – country house
Insula – apartment block

Aqueducts
-Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
-Segovia aqueduct

Bridges (Pons)
-Bridge of Augustus, Rimini

Rostral Column
-erected to commemorate Naval victories