Similarities and Differences

Key things you need to know:

 Type and function of settlements

 Land use patterns – concentric zone model
 Street patterns
 Demographic Transition Model and population Pyramids
 Global differences in development
 What Grantham is like
 How others see Grantham
 Main Issues affecting Grantham
 How Grantham fits in to the UK as a whole
 What Mumbai/Uganda is like, and how do people view it.
 How Mumbai/Uganda compares to Grantham
 What are the links between Uganda and the UK (and Grantham and Mumbai)
 What the future might hold for both places.

Types of settlement
 Conurbation: A collection of towns and cities that have merged.
 Mega City: A City with more than 10million residents IE. Saul
Paulo
 Metropolis: An important city in a region. I.E. Tokyo
 Capital City: Usually the most important city. Where the
government meet.
 City – lots of services, sometimes including airport, university.
 Town - Many services, not usually a university or airport
 Village – Shop, post office
 Hamlet: Just a few buildings – no services.

Settlements have different functions:

• Market town: Historically where the market was held
• Dormitory town: Where people stay but commute elsewhere to
work I.E. Newark.
• Port: Eg. Portsmouth

Rural and Urban:

 Half of the world now lives in Urban settlements. We generally define
urban as a built up area – such as a city or town. Normally villages are
classed as Rural.

Urban – Rural continuum.

The idea that there aren’t just urban and rural areas but a lot of “in betweenie” bits.

Urban land use in MEDCs: Concentric zones model:

However, there are limits to the concentric circle model:

 The model is now quite old and was developed before the advent of mass car ownership.
 New working and housing trends have emerged since the model was developed. Many people
now choose to live and work outside the city on the urban fringe - a phenomenon that is not
reflected in the Burgess model.
 Every city is different. There is no such thing as a typical city.

Hoyt designed a more complicated model that took into account things such as railway and
road routs.
Land use in LEDCs tends to be different, with the richer housing tending to be located
nearer the centre and the poorer housing on the outskirts.

City centre – Saul Paolo. Outskirts – favela – Saul Paulo

House type:

Detached Semi Detached

Terrace

Settlement patterns:
Demographic transition model!

The demographic transition model shows population change over time. It studies how birth
rate and death rate affect the total population of a country.

The five stages of the demographic transition model

1. Total population is low but it is balanced due to high birth rates and high death rates.
2. Total population rises as death rates fall due to improvements in health care and
sanitation. Birth rates remain high.
3. Total population is still rising rapidly. The gap between birth and death rates narrows
due to the availability of contraception and fewer children being needed to work - due
to the mechanisation of farming. The natural increase is high.
4. Total population is high, but it is balanced by a low birth rate and a low death rate.
Birth control is widely available and there is a desire for smaller families.
5. Total population is high but going into decline due to an ageing population. There is a
continued desire for smaller families, with people opting to have children later in life.
As a country passes through the demographic transition model, the total population rises.
Most LEDCs are at stage 2 or 3 (with a growing population and a high natural increase).
Most MEDCs are now at stage 4 of the model and some such as Germany have entered
stage 5.

Population structure and population pyramids

structure
Population structure means the 'make up' or composition of a population. Looking at the population
of a place shows how the population is divided up between males and females of different
age groups.
Population structure is usually shown using a population pyramid. A population pyramid can
be drawn up for any area, from a whole continent or country to an individual town, city or
village.
The following graphs show the population pyramids of an MEDC (the UK) and an LEDC
(Mozambique), for 2000 and in 2025 using projected figures. The left side of each pyramid
shows the number of men in each age group, the right side shows the number of women in
each age group.

Population pyramid for the UK 2000

Notice how in the UK 2000 pyramid there is a bulge in the area of the 30-34 and 35-39 age
groups, with the numbers thereafter reducing fairly steadily as the ages increase. This
matches stage 4 of the demographic transition model.
Projected population pyramid for the UK 2025
Compare this to the 2025 pyramid, which would be stage 5 in the model. Here the bulge
extends much further, covering the age groups 30-64, with the numbers beginning to
reduce significantly only after 64.
Now compare the UK population pyramids with those for Mozambique:

Population pyramid for Mozambique 2000

 In this graph, notice that in 2000 the 0-4 age group contained the largest number of
people, with the numbers thereafter declining steadily as the ages increase. The graph
matches stage 1 in the model.

Projected population pyramid for Mozambique 2025

In the second graph, the largest group in Mozambique in 2025 is still the 0-4 age group, but
there are nearly as many people in the 5-29 age groups. Now the population pyramid
matches stage 2.

Migration

People migrate for a number of reasons. These

can be split into “push” and “pull” factors.

Migration impacts both the place you are leaving and the place you
are going to. Some of these impacts are positive, some are
negative.

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another.

The reasons for migration can be economic, social, political or
environmental. There are usually push factors and pull factors at work.

Migration impacts on both the place left behind, and on the place where migrants settle.

What is migration?
Illegal immigrants on the American/Mexican border
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another.

 Internal migration is when people migrate within the same country or region - for example, moving from London
to Plymouth.

 International migration is when people migrate from one country to another - for example, moving from Mexico
to the USA.
 Two key migration terms
 Emigration - when someone leaves a country.

 Immigration - when someone enters a country.

Economic migration
Economic migration is defined as a choice to move to improve the standard of
living by gaining a better paid job.
When Poland and seven other Eastern European countries joined the EU in 2004,
the UK received many economic migrants. There were 500,000 workers from
Eastern Europe in 2009. The pull factors included wages five times greater than
they could get at home. Some come for seasonal jobs, such as vegetable and fruit
picking. More qualified migrants may look for medical or education jobs. The Eastern
European migrants are not evenly spread across the UK,

Quality of life:

Material elements, such as wealth and nutrition, are described as the standard of living. Health and
leisure are often referred to as quality of life.

Measuring Standard of living:

To assess the economic development of a country, geographers use economic

indicators including:
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of goods and services produced by
a country in a year.
 Gross National Product (GNP) measures the total economic output of a country,
including earnings from foreign investments.
 GNP per capita is a country's GNP divided by its population. (Per capita means per
person.)
 Economic growth measures the annual increase in GDP, GNP, GDP per capita, or GNP
per capita.
 Inequality of wealth is the gap in income between a country's richest and poorest
people. It can be measured in many ways, (eg the proportion of a country's wealth
owned by the richest 10 per cent of the population, compared with the proportion
owned by the remaining 90 per cent).
 Inflation measures how much the prices of goods, services and wages increase each
year. High inflation (above a few percent) can be a bad thing, and suggests a
government lacks control over the economy.
 Unemployment is the number of people who cannot find work.
 Economic structure shows the division of a country's economy
between primary, secondary and tertiary industries.
 Demographics study population growth and structure. It compares birth rates to
death rates, life expectancy and urban and rural ratios. Many LEDCs have a younger,
faster-growing population than MEDCs, with more people living in the countryside
than in towns. The birth rate in the UK is 11 per 1,000, whereas in Kenya it is 40.
Measuring quality of life:
 Life expectancy - the average age to which a person lives, eg this is 79 in the UK
and 48 in Kenya.
 Infant mortality rate - counts the number of babies, per 1000 live births, who die
under the age of one. This is 5 in the UK and 61 in Kenya.
 Poverty - indices count the percentage of people living below the poverty level, or on
very small incomes (eg under £1 per day).
 Access to basic services - the availability of services necessary for a healthy life,
such as clean water and sanitation.
 Access to healthcare - takes into account statistics such as how many doctors
there are for every patient.
 Risk of disease - calculates the percentage of people with diseases such as AIDS,
malaria and tuberculosis.
 Access to education - measures how many people attend primary school, secondary
school and higher education.
 Literacy rate - is the percentage of adults who can read and write. This is 99 per
cent in the UK, 85 per cent in Kenya and 60 per cent in India.
 Access to technology - includes statistics such as the percentage of people with
access to phones, mobile phones, television and the internet.
 Male/female equality - compares statistics such as the literacy rates and
employment between the sexes.
 Government spending priorities - compares health and education expenditure with
military expenditure and paying off debts.
The United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) is a weighted mix of indices that
show life expectancy, knowledge (adult literacy and education) and standard of living (GDP
per capita). As Vietnam has a higher literacy rate and life expectancy than Pakistan, it has
much higher HDI value even though it has a similar per capita GDP.
HDI is measured between 0 and 1. The USA has an HDI of 0.994 whereas Kenya has an HDI
of 0.474.

North South divide: UK

In the UK richer people tend to live in the South. Other things vary as
well, including:

 Life expectancy (5 years longer in south)

 Average wage (£5k more in south)
 Unemployment (less in south)
 House price (much higher in south)

North South Divide: Global

The Brandt line divides the rich countries in the north and the poor
countries in the south.