Impact Test

Student Name :- Kayfe Sayfadeen Saber

Class :- Second Stage - A

Course Title :- Laboratories II – Strength of material Lab

Department :- Mechanical & Mechatronic . Dep

College of Engineering

Salahaddin University – Erbil

Academic Year 2019 – 2020

 Abstract
In this experiment ,we are using four different materials to doing Charpy Impact test
which were acrylic , drylin ,aluminum and steel.In this experiment ,we were using
different hammerweights for different specimen to observe the breaking point.The
temperature was kept constant during the experiment at room temperature.After the
experiment, we can conclude that steel has the highest absorption energy followed is
aluminum ,frylin and acrylic. We can also observe from the fracture surface that steel
and aluminum exhibit a transition ductile failure while the drylin and acrylic exhibit
.brittle failure. In this experiment, toughness and stiffness means the same
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

-: Introduction
-:THEORY
?What does Impact Test mean

Impact Test :-

Purpose of impact testing:

Types of impact tests:

-:Impact testing machines

The Izod Test :-

The charpy Test :-

-: Sample sizes

Impact Toughness :-

-: Refrence
-: Introduction
Notched-bar impact test of metals provides information on failure mode under high
velocity loading conditions leading sudden fracture where a sharp stress raiser (notch)
is present. The energy absorbed at fracture is generally related to the area under the
stress-strain curve which is termed as toughness in some references. Brittle materials
have a small area under the stress-strain curve (due to its limited toughness) and as a
result, little energy is absorbed during impact failure. As plastic deformation
capability of the materials (ductility) increases, the area under the curve also
increases and absorbed energy and respectively toughness increase. Similar
characteristics can be seen on the fracture surfaces of broken specimens. The fracture
surfaces for low energy impact failures, indicating brittle behavior, are relatively
smooth and have crystalline appearance in the metals. On the contrary, those for high
energy fractures have regions of shear where the fracture surface is inclined about 45°
to the tensile stress, and have rougher and more highly deformed appearance, called
.fibrous fracture

A metal may be very hard (and therefore very strıng and yet be unsuitable for
applications in which it is subjected to sudden loads in service. Materials behave
quite differently when they are loaded suddenly than when they are loaded more
slowly as in tensile testing. Because of this fact, impact test is considered to be one of
the basic mechanical tests (especially for ferrous metals). The term brittle fracture is
used to describe rapid propagation of cracks without any excessive plastic
deformation at a stress level below the yield stress of the material. Metals that show
ductile behavior usually can, under certain circumstances, behave in a brittle fashion.
The stress needed to cause yield rises as the temperature falls. At very low
temperatures, fracture occurs before yielding. Impact tests are used not also to
measure the energy absorbing capacity of the material subjected to sudden loading;
.but also to determine the transition temperature from ductile to brittle behavior
-:THEORY
In mechanics, an impact is a high force or shock applied over a short time period
when two or more bodies collide. Such a force or acceleration usually has a greater
effect than a lower force applied over a proportionally longer period. The effect
depends critically on the relative velocity of the bodies to one another.
At normal speeds, during a perfectly inelastic collision, an object struck by a
projectile will deform, and this deformation will absorb most or all of the force of the
collision. Viewed from a conservation of energy perspective, the kinetic energy of the
projectile is changed into heat and sound energy, as a result of the deformations and
vibrations induced in the struck object. However, these deformations and vibrations
cannot occur instantaneously. A high-velocity collision (an impact) does not provide
sufficient time for these deformations and vibrations to occur. Thus, the struck
material behaves as if it were more brittle than it would otherwise be, and the
majority of the applied force goes into fracturing the material. Or, another way to
look at it is that materials actually are more brittle on short time scales than on long
time scales: this is related to time-temperature superposition. Impact resistance
decreases with an increase in the modulus of elasticity, which means that stiffer
materials will have less impact resistance. Resilient materials will have better impact
resistance.
Different materials can behave in quite different ways in impact when compared with
static loading conditions. Ductile materials like steel tend to become more brittle at
high loading rates, and spalling may occur on the reverse side to the impact if
penetration doesn't occur. The way in which the kinetic energy is distributed through
the section is also important in determining its response. Projectiles apply a Hertzian
contact stress at the point of impact to a solid body, with compression stresses under
the point, but with bending loads a short distance away. Since most materials are
weaker in tension than compression, this is the zone where cracks tend to form and
grow.
Pendulum Impact Test: In this test the specimen is positioned across the lowest point
in the path of a striker mounted at the end of a pendulum as shown in Figure 1. The
striker, having been initially lifted to a specific height h1, and then released, swings
against the specimen and breaks it. The striker continues its swing to the other side of
the specimen to a height h2. Clearly the difference between the two heights
multiplied by the weight of the striker corresponds to the amount of energy that is
.absorbed in fracture
 What does Impact Test mean?
An impact test is a technique for determining the behavior of material subjected to shock
loading in:

 Bending
 Tension
 Torsion

This test is designed to determine how a specimen of a known material will respond to a
suddenly applied stress. The test ascertains whether the material is tough or brittle.
It is mostly used to test the toughness of metals, but similar tests are used for polymers,
ceramics and composites. Metal industry sectors that use the impact test include:

 Oil and gas

 Aerospace
 Power generation
 Automotive
 Nuclear

Impact Test :-
The impact test is a method for evaluating the toughness, impact strength and notch
sensitivity of engineering materials.

Engineers test the ability of a material to withstand impact to predict its behavior
under actual conditions. Many materials fail suddenly under impact, at flaws/cracks
or notches. The most common impact tests use a swinging pendulum to strike a
notched bar; heights before and after impact are used to compute the energy required
to fracture the bar. In the Charpy test, the test piece is held horizontally between two
vertical bars. In the Izod test, the specimen stands erect, like a fence post. The
notched test specimen is broken by the impact of a heavy pendulum or hammer,
falling at a predetermined velocity through a fixed distance. The quantity usually
measured is the energy absorbed in breaking the specimen in a single blow, as in the
Charpy impact test and Izod impact test.Impact tests are also performed by subjecting
specimens to multiple blows of increasing intensity, as in the drop ball impact test
and the repeated blow impact test. Impact resilience and scleroscope hardness are
determined in nondestructive impact tests. The impact resistance of a part is, in many
applications, a critical measure of its service life. More importantly, it affects product
safety and liability. Factors affecting impact performance include:

 Molded-in stresses
 Polymer orientation
 Weak spots (weld lines or gate areas)
 Part geometry


Purpose of impact testing:-

The purpose of an impact test is to determine the ability of the material to absorb
energy during a collision. This energy may be used to determine the toughness,
impact strength, fracture resistance, impact resistance or fracture resistance of the
material depending on the test that was performed and the characteristic that is to be
determined. These values are important for the selection of materials that will be used
in applications that require the material to undergo very rapid loading processes such
as in vehicular collisions.

Types of impact tests:-

For a single impact test the three most popular types of test are the Charpy V-notch
test, the Izod test and the Tensile Impact test. These three tests all essentially
determine the same characteristics of the material but differ in the orientation of the
test sample which causes the sample to be stressed in different directions and involve
a known weight released from a known height colliding with the specimen in its test
fixture. All of these tests are useful in determining the impact mechanics of the test
specimen.

-:Impact testing machines

evaluate an object's capacity to withstand high-rate loading and it is commonly used
to determine the service life of a part or material. Impact resistance can be among the
most challenging qualities to measure. ... There are two standard kinds of impact test:
.Charpy and IZOD
The Izod Test :-
The Izod test is has become the standard testing procedure for comparing the impact
resistances of plastics. While being the standard for plastics it is also used on other
materials.The Izod test is most commonly used to evaluate the relative toughness or
impact toughness of materials and as such is often used in quality control applications
where it is a fast and economical test. It is used more as a comparative test rather than
a definitive test. This is also in part due to the fact that the values do not relate
accurately to the impact strength of moulded parts or actual components under actual
operational conditions.

The charpy Test :-
The Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy V-notch test, is
a standardized high strain-rate test which determines the amount of energy absorbed
by a material during fracture. Absorbed energy is a measure of the
material's notch toughness. It is widely used in industry, since it is easy to prepare
and conduct and results can be obtained quickly and cheaply. A disadvantage is that
some results are only comparative.[1] The test was pivotal in understanding the
fracture problems of ships during World War II.[2][3][3]
The test was developed around 1900 by S. B. Russell (1898, American) and Georges
Charpy (1901, French).[4] The test became known as the Charpy test in the early
1900s due to the technical contributions and standardization efforts by Charpy

-: Sample sizes
According to ASTM A370, the standard specimen size for Charpy impact testing is
10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm. Subsize specimen sizes are: 10 mm × 7.5 mm × 55 mm,
10 mm × 6.7 mm × 55 mm, 10 mm × 5 mm × 55 mm, 10 mm × 3.3 mm × 55 mm,
10 mm × 2.5 mm × 55 mm. Details of specimens as per ASTM A370 (Standard Test
Method and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products).
According to EN 10045-1 (retired and replaced with ISO 148), standard specimen
sizes are 10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm. Subsize specimens are: 10 mm × 7.5 mm ×
55 mm and 10 mm × 5 mm × 55 mm.
According to ISO 148, standard specimen sizes are 10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm.
Subsize specimens are: 10 mm × 7.5 mm × 55 mm, 10 mm × 5 mm × 55 mm and
10 mm × 2.5 mm × 55 mm.
According to MPIF Standard 40, the standard unnotched specimen size is 10 mm
(±0.125 mm) x 10 mm (±0.125 mm) x 55 mm (±2.5 mm).

Impact Toughness :-
The impact toughness (AKA Impact strength) of a material can be determined with a
Charpy or Izod test. These tests are named after their inventors and were developed in
the early 1900’s before fracture mechanics theory was available. Impact properties
are not directly used in fracture mechanics calculations, but the
economical impact tests continue to be used as a quality control
method to assess notch sensitivity and for comparing the
relative toughness of engineering materials.

The two tests use different specimens and methods of holding

the specimens, but both tests make use of a pendulum-testing
machine. For both tests, the specimen is broken by a single
overload event due to the impact of the pendulum. A stop pointer is used to record
how far the pendulum swings back up after fracturing the specimen. The impact
toughness of a metal is determined by measuring the energy absorbed in the fracture
of the specimen. This is simply obtained by noting the height at which the pendulum
is released and the height to which the pendulum swings after it has struck the
specimen . The height of the pendulum times the weight of the pendulum produces
the potential energy and the difference in potential energy of the pendulum at the start
and the end of the test is equal to the absorbed energy.

Since toughness is greatly affected by temperature, a Charpy or Izod test is often

repeated numerous times with each specimen tested at a different temperature. This
produces a graph of impact toughness for the material as a function of temperature.
An impact toughness versus temperature graph for a steel is shown in the image. It
can be seen that at low temperatures the material is
more brittle and impact toughness is low. At high
temperatures the material is more ductile and impact
toughness is higher. The transition temperature is the
boundary between brittle and ductile behavior and this
temperature is often an extremely important
consideration in the selection of a material.

-: Refrence
 https://web.itu.edu.tr/~arana/charpyfatigue.pdf
 http://web1.boun.edu.tr/ercanbalikci/impact.pdf
 https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/1458/impact-test
 https://www.testresources.net/applications/test-types/impact-test/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charpy_impact_test
 https://www.nde-
ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Mechanical/Impact
Toughness.htm