© Ahmad El-Banna

Benha University
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra

ECE-291
Electronic Engineering

Lecture #3 ( 2 weeks)

Spring 2015
Transistors
Instructor:
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Dr. Ahmad El-Banna
 © Ahmad El-Banna
Agenda

BJT Structure

Elec. Eng., Lec#3 , Spring 2015

Basic Operation

Transistor as an Amplifier

Transistor as a Switch

DC & AC Analysis 2
BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

© Ahmad El-Banna
(BJT) STRUCTURE

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BJT symbol
 Transistor Packages

Elec. Eng., Lec#3 , Spring 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 © Ahmad El-Banna
Basic Operation
• Biasing & Operation

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• Transistor Currents

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
BJT Configurations

Configuration Input Output

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Common Emitter Base Collector
Common Base Emitter Collector
Common Collector Base Emitter

• Base terminal can’t be output

• Collector terminal can’t be input

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
BJT Parameters
• The dc current gain of a transistor is the ratio of the dc
collector current (IC) to the dc base current (IB) and is

Elec. Eng., Lec#3 , Spring 2015

designated dc beta (βDC).

• Typical values of βDC range from less than 20 to 200 or higher.

• βDC is usually designated as an equivalent hybrid (h)
parameter, hFE, on transistor datasheets.

• The ratio of the dc collector current (IC) to the dc

emitter current (IE) is the dc alpha (ɑDC).
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 Transistor DC Model

Ic= βIB
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Elec. Eng., Lec#3 , Spring 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 © Ahmad El-Banna
Collector characteristic curves
Operation Regions
• Active
• Cut-off
• Saturation

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Active
Region

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
BJT as an Amplifier

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Phase shift = 180

Voltage gain magnitude: 10

re = 26 mv/ IE
IE = I C + I B
 BJT as a Switch

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Elec. Eng., Lec#3 , Spring 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 The Phototransistor

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Elec. Eng., Lec#3 , Spring 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 © Ahmad El-Banna
Phototransistor Application
Relay circuits driven by a phototransistor

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• A relay is an electrically operated switch.
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• relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch
 © Ahmad El-Banna
Optocouplers
• Basic optocouplers

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Examples of optocoupler packages
 © Ahmad El-Banna
Project
Motion Detection Alarm

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LED Phototransistor Alarm
Transmitter Circuit Circuit

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 555 Timer Siren Circuit

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Elec. Eng., Lec#3 , Spring 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 © Ahmad El-Banna
Siren Using Op-Amp

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http://bestengineeringprojects.com/electronics-projects/electronic-siren/
 © Ahmad El-Banna
Transistor Bias Circuit
• What’s Biasing?
• Bias establishes the dc operating point (Q-point) for proper linear
operation of an amplifier.
• Why?

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• If an amplifier is not biased with correct dc voltages on the input and
output, it can go into saturation or cutoff when an input signal is
applied.

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 Q-point
Adjustment

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Elec. Eng., Lec#3 , Spring 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 © Ahmad El-Banna
DC Load Line

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• Variations in collector current and collector-to-emitter voltage as a result of a variation
in base current.

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 Distortion
Waveform

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Elec. Eng., Lec#3 , Spring 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 VOLTAGE-DIVIDER BIAS

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 Bias
Loading Effects of Voltage-Divider

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Elec. Eng., Lec#3 , Spring 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

Thevenin’s Theorem Applied to

© Ahmad El-Banna
Voltage-Divider Bias

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 Linear Amplifier

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Elec. Eng., Lec#3 , Spring 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 © Ahmad El-Banna
C.E. AC Analysis
• DC Analysis:
Capacitors  Open Circuit
(See before)

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• AC Analysis:
Capacitors  short Circuit
DC supply  ground

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
AC r-parameter Model
Input resistance

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Output resistance

Voltage gain

Current gain

Power gain

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
Multistage Amplifier

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• A two-stage
common-emitter
amplifier.

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
Project II
Audio Preamplifier for PA System

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Pre AMP, chapter 4 Class AB Power AMP, chapter 7

 © Ahmad El-Banna
• For more details, refer to:
• Chapters 4-6, T. Floyd, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 11th
edition, Prentice Hall.

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• The lecture is available online at:
• http://bu.edu.eg/staff/ahmad.elbanna-courses/12136
• For inquires, send to:
• ahmad.elbanna@feng.bu.edu.eg

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