A PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON SKILL ACQUISITION

(TOILETRIES AND BEVERAGES)

FOR JUNIOR AND SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS

AND INDIVIDUALS

Bookshops can order this book from the following email or mobile numbers :

princeglobal@gmail.com/07062165999/08058955366.

Copyright (c) 2013 Ezekiel E. Prince

Second Edition

All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for purposes of private study, research, review
or criticism, no part may be reproduced by any process without permission in writing from the
Author.

ISBN 978 - 978 - 49654 - 1 - 5

Printed by:

OPEOLU PRINTS
 A PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON SKILL ACQUISITION.

(TOILETRIES AND BEVERAGES)

CHAPTER ONE

PRODUCTION OF LIQUID DETERGENT

Production of liquid detergent (soap) involves a simple combination of some chemicals

(Ingredients) in the right proportion to get a solution (product) called liquid detergent (soap).

No special scientific knowledge is actually required to engage in liquid soap production. That is,
anybody from any field can produce liquid detergent (soap). No special machine is also required
to start up the liquid detergent production for home use or commercial purpose.

However, as time goes on and the scale of production increases, the producer might decide to
acquire a special packaging machine or think of getting any useful machine for production.

THE CHEMICALS (MATERIALS)

REQUIRED

1. Nitrosol/Antisol or C.M.S - 1/20 kg

2. Sulphonic acid - 1/2litre

3. Caustic soda - 1/10 kg

4. Soda ash - 1/10 kg

5. Texapon - 1/8 kg

6. Formaline -3-4 tsp (teaspoonfuls)

7. Perfume (Fragrance) - 1/16 litre or as desired

8. Colorant - 1/4 sachet

9. STTP. 2 tsp.

10. SLS. 2 tsp.

11. Water - 10 litres

THE APPARATUS (TOOLS) NEEDED

1. Containers

2. Hand gloves

3. Stirring rod (Turning Stick)

METHOD OF PREPARATION

1. Dissolve the caustic soda with 1/2 litre of water and allow to stay for 30 minutes to 1hr.
(Can be soaked for 24hours or over night for effective result).

2. Dissolve the soda ash in 1/2 litre of water and allow to stay for 30 min/hr (can also be
soaked for 24 hours)

3. Get your sulphonic acid, pour inside an empty bowl, and add your perfume (fragrance) to it
and the texapoon, then add like 2 litres of water and stir very well for about five minutes.

4. Get the Nitrosol but if it is C.M.C you’re using, make sure it is dissolved two days to the
preparation of the soap with 3 liters of water. If you are using Nitrosol, it can be used instantly.

5. Dilute your SLS and STPP with little water in different containers.

PREPARATION

1. Get the Nitrosol that has been dissolved in 3 liters of water or the C.MC. that has been
dissolved two days to the preparation of the soap.

2. Add the dissolved sulphonic acid, texapon and perfume to either the Nitrosol or C.MC
depending on the one you are using and stir very well.

3. Add the already dissolved caustic Soda and stir very well.

4. Add the already dissolved soda ash and stir properly.

5. Add the dissolved SLS and stir.

6. Add the dissolved STPP and stir also.

7. Add formalin to the content and stir properly.

8. Dissolve your colourant in water (little water) and ensure that the colourant is completely
dissolved, then add it to the solution and stir thoroughly.
 7. Add some quantity of water (like 3litres) to the mixture, depending on the thickness of the
mixture.

8. Leave the mixture for some hours, preferably till the following day and then package for
use or for sell.

IMPORTANT POINTS TO NOTE WHEN PRODUCING LIQUID SOAP

Mixing or stirring is a very important part of liquid detergent (soap) production. If the content is
not properly mixed or stirred, there is a strong probability of sedimentation of the various
components. This is because; it is a mixture and not a compound. Therefore, mixing (stirring)
should be thorough and consistent as this is a vital part of the production process.

THE FUNCTION OF SOME OF THESE CHEMICALS

1. Caustic soda is used as a base during detergent production: It is a stain remover

2. Sulphonic acid is an organic acid, which is very important in liquid detergent production. It
neutralizes the basic effect of sodium hydroxide (Caustic soda): It is a foaming agent

3. S.T.P.P (sodium TripolyPhosphate) or Soda Ash: In liquid detergent, it helps to soften water,
suspends soil, and serves as an anti-spotting agent. It is a good builder and also ensures stability
of liquid detergents when used.

4. Formalin is basically a preservative which prevents proliferation of micro-organism in the

liquid detergent

5. Fragrance (perfume) is to give good and pleasant smell

6. Nitrosol: Is a thickening agent.

Note that, there are different methods and styles or approaches to production of liquid soap:
The procedure given above is perfect and accurate.

Therefore, a strict adherence by anybody to the procedures or steps given above will definitely
yield a perfect result.

PRODUCTION OF HAIR SHAMPOO

The process involved in the production of hair shampoo is a very simple one and the materials
(chemicals) needed are readily available just like liquid soap (detergent). No special machines or
equipment needed for a start, whether for home use or commercial purpose.
The producer can only decide to get any useful machine for production if he or she feels there is
a need for it, probably when the scale of production increases.

The primary ingredients (chemicals) of a hair care shampoo is the detergent, either from an
organic soap or a synthetic.

INGREDIENTS (CHEMICAL) FOR HAIR SHAMPOO)

The ingredients (Chemicals) and the procedures for hair shampoo are very much similar to that
of liquid detergent.

The ingredients are:

1. Nitrosol/Antisol or C.M.C

2. Sulphonic Acid

3. Caustic Soda

4. Soda Ash

5. Formalin

6. Fragrance (Perfume)

7. Colorant

8. Texapon

9. Water

10. Aloevera - 0.80 - 2o/o

11. Vitamin E - 0.75 - 2o/o

12. Glycerine - 0.70 - 1.5o/o

You notice all the ingredients for liquid detergent are mentioned here.

METHOD /PREPARATION

Follow all the procedure and instructions for producing liquid detergent and subsequently add:
Aloevera Gel, Vitamin E and glycerin, then stir properly, and leave the solution for some hours
and thereafter, you can package the product for your use or for sell.
PRODUCTION OF LIQUID AIR FRESHENER

The production of liquid air freshener is a very simple process that involves the combination or
mixture of some ingredients (Chemicals) together. This Process does not require the use of any
special equipment or machine. Everything can be done manually.

APPARATUS (TOOLS)

Containers (bowls)

Stirring rod (turning stick)

INGREDIENTS (TOOLS)

1. Perfume - 1unit

2. Catalyst - 1/10 unit

3. Deionised Water - 10 units

4. Colour (optional)

PREPARATION

Put the perfume and the catalyst into a container, close the container and Shake the content
very well together, pour it into an open bowl or bucket and using your measuring tool, measure
the deionized water into the content, add color and mix very well.

Now you have your liquid air fresher ready for use.
 CHAPTER TWO

- Germicide

- Insecticide

- Bleach

GERMICIDE

A germicide is any type of product that is designed to kill germs and bacteria on different types
of surfaces. Many household cleaning products are formulated to function as germicides.

Just about any home or business will have at least a few of these products on hand at any given
time. Over the years, a number of uses of germicide products have come into common use.
Some involve the utilization of basic germicidal and antibacterial products as a way of
minimizing the chances of spreading colds or other forms of illness.

Bacteria are living along with man, sometimes helpful sometimes harmful.

Wherever there are people, there are bacteria. Since bacteria are invisible to the naked eye,
their presence is usually unsuspected. Germicide therefore helps to rid the area of bacteria and
germs that have the potential to cause harm to humans and other living things.

Germicide can be used to clean surfaces such as:

1. Toilet

2. Sinks

3. Floors

4. Drains

5. Door Knobs

6. Counters and

7. Garbage cans, etc.

Summarily, germicides as disinfectants aid in maintaining a clean environment to help prevent

the spread of harmful bacteria that may cause infections.
PRODUCTION OF GERMICIDE

The production of germicides does not involve much. It is very simple and can be done without
a machine or any heavy equipment. The materials needed are readily available in the market.

TOOLS

1. Bowls (containers)

2. Stirring Rod

CHEMICALS (MATERIALS REQUIRED)

1. Water - 15 units

2. Phenol - 2 units

3. Lyzol - 2 units

4. Booster - 2 units

5. Pine Oil - 2 units

6. Carbolic Acid (Izal contrate) - 2units

7. Whitener - 1 unit

8. Texapon - 1/3unit

PREPARATION

1. Pour the Texapon into a bowl

2. Add the pine oil and stir very well

3. Add the phenol and stir

4. Add the lyzol and stir

5. Add the booster and stir

6. Add water and stir

7. Use some quantity of water to dilute the carbolic acid before you add it to the mixture

8. Also use some water to dilute the whitener before you add to the mixture and stir together

9. Finally package the product.

INSECTICIDE

Insecticides are chemicals used to control or kill disease-carrying insects. They are classified in
several ways, such as by their chemistry, toxicological action or method of penetration. The two
main types of insecticides are organic and inorganic; organic insecticides contain carbon, and
inorganic insecticides do not.

Insecticides come in a wide range of formulas and are used to kill a variety of pets. Organic
insecticides are the most used type of insecticides today. They are synthetic chemicals.

The use of insecticides has advantages, but also has disadvantages, so one should have all the
information about insecticides before using them.

USE OF INSECTICIDES

Insecticides are used to kill insects, such as:

1. Ants 2. Cockroaches 3. Mosquitoes 4. Flies 5. Lice 6. Moths 7. Beetles 8. Fleas 9. Wasps

10. Silver Fish 11. Ticks 12. Snails 13. Slugs 14. Aphids 15. Spider mites 16. Caterpillars

17. White Flies 18. Parasitic worm infections 19. Moths beetles and other pests

It is also important to note that some insecticides are harmful to other animals such as bees,
which are beneficial to the ecosystem.

PLACES INSECTICIDES ARE USED

Insecticides are used in

1. Homes 2. Farms 3. Green Houses 4. Households 5. Buildings 6. Industrial Plants

7. Ware Houses and 8. Food Storage sites.

Insecticides are used on a wide variety of crops such as rice, fruit trees, sugar cane, corn,
tobacco and potatoes and on horticultural plants. It can also be used at times to control
termites.

PRODUCTION OF INSECTICIDES

This product can be locally produced without a need for special equipments.

It is just the combination of some materials (chemicals) in the right proportion together. The
procedure involved is very simple.
TOOLS

1. Bowls (Containers)

2. Stirring Rods

MATERIALS (CHEMICAL) REQUIRED

1. Industrial camphor - 2-3 balls

2. Kerosene - 1litre

3. DD Force - 500ml

4. Eucalyptus Salt - 4tsp (teaspoonful)

5. Formalin - 4-6 tsp (teaspoonful)

PROCEDURE

Using any container, pour the DD force or the sniper (depending on the one you desire to use)
into the container, add the industrial camphor, add the formalin, add kerosene and then shake
the content together very well. Now you can package for use.

PRODUCTION OF BLEACH

Production of bleach involves a very simple process of combining some materials (chemicals) in
the right proportion together.

The proposed method makes use of basic materials that can be found easily, anywhere. The
production does not require any special or heavy equipment for a start.

CHEMICALS (MATERIALS)

1. Chlorine - 1kg

2. Caustic Soda - 1/7kg

3. Soda Ash - 1/7 kg

4. Water - 15litres

PREPARATION

1. Get a big bowl (bucket) pour the water into it

 2. Pour your chlorine inside the water and stir

3. Pour your soda ash and stir

4. Pour in caustic soda and stir also

5. Cover the bowl (bucket) for 24 hours

6. After that, you will notice some settlement which is now chaff

7. Separate the liquid content and throw away the particles (chaff)

The liquid content is your bleach so you can now package it four use.

CHAPTER THREE

This chapter will be focusing on:

 - Medicated Soap

- Non medicated soap and

- Body cream

MEDICATED SOAP

Medicated Soap is a soap containing an antiseptic agent at a concentration sufficient to

inactivate micro-organism and/or temporarily suppress their growth.

The detergent activity of such soaps may also dislodge transient micro-organisms or other
contaminants from the skin to facilitate their subsequent removal by water.

FUNCTION/USE OF MEDICATED SOAP

Medicated soap works well on problems you have with your skin, such as breakouts, dryness,
redness, and other skin conditions. They are made with various ingredients to help treat
different skin ailments while cleansing you, making treating the problems easy.

Various skin conditions can be treated using medicated soap. Skin conditions such as:

1. Dry skin

2. Acne

3. Eczema

4. Pimples etc.

PRODUCTION OF MEDICATED SOAP

Medicated soap can be produced right in your home. It does not involve much. All you need is
the knowledge of how to combine the materials (chemicals) together in the right proportion.
You don’t need heavy equipment or machines to produce your medicated soap. You can start
with what you have around, unless you personally decide to get necessary equipment for your
production, probably as the scale of production increases or for branding and customizing.

MEDICATED SOAP

RAW MATERIALS
Palm kernel oil

Caustic Soda

Kaolin

Sodium bi-carbonate

Sodium sulphate

Sulphonic acid

Hydroquinone

Mercuric iodide

Disinfectant

Colorant

PREPARATION OF MEDICATED SOAP

FOR SALE

Add 1 cup of caustic soda to 1/3 cup of kaolin and 3 cups of water to get caustic soda solution.

Add 1 cup of sodium bi-carbonate to ¼ cup of sodium sulphate and 4 cups of water to get
sodium bi-carbonate solution.

Pour the two solutions into one container and add the remaining items:

12 cups of palm kernel oil, ¼ cup of sulphonic, ¼ cup of hydroquinone, ¼ cup of mercuric iodide,
3 cups of disinfectant and 1 spoonful of colorant.

Stir very well and pour into the pot placed on a hot stove and to boil up to boiling point.

Bring down and pour into the mould and allow setting or hardening.

Package for sale.

NON-MEDICATED SOAP (TOILET SOAP)

Non-medicated soaps are detergents (soaps) that contain no added anti-microbial agents, or
may contain these solely as preservatives.

Non-medicated soap and medicated soap are very similar but medicated soap has the addition
of antiseptics and disinfectants.

USE OF NON-MEDICATED SOAP

Basically, we use non-medicated soap to wash or clean our body daily, it helps to keep our body
clean, fresh and free from germs.

PRODUCTION OF NON-MEDICATED SOAP

The production of non-medicated soap has almost the same procedure/process as the
medicated soap except the addition of some few ingredients.

Procedure for Toilet Soap Production

1. Add 1 cup of caustic soda to ½ cup of hardener and 3 cups of water to get caustic soda
solution.

2. Add 1 cup of soda ash to 1/2 cup of sodium bi-carbonate and 3 cups of water to get soda ash
solution.

3. Mix the caustic soda solution with the soda ash solution in one container and stir till it mixes
very well.

4. Add 12 cups of palm kernel oil, ¼ cup hardener, ½ cup of silicate, colorant (to the desired
color) and perfume (to taste), to the above solution and stir again.

5. Pour the whole mixture into a pot placed on a hot stove and allow boiling point.

Bring it down and pour into the mould and allow to dry.

Package and sell your product.

BODY CREAM

Body cream is a toiletry consisting of any of various substances or ingredients that have a
soothing and moisturizing effect when applied to skin.

USES AND FUNCTIONS OF BODY CREAM

Basically, we apply body cream to moisturize our skin and sometimes to reduce blemishes.

Body cream also enhances our skin’s beauty.

PRODUCTION OF BODY CREAM

The process of producing body creams at home is very simple. However, the skill or knowledge
of the process is very important. There are different types of body Creams in the Market today
each with different Ingredients but we Shall be discussing Simple method of producing your
body cream at home, either for Personal use or commercial purpose. The chemicals
(ingredients) needed are readily available in our local markets.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Cetyl alcohol

Stearic acid

Soya Oil

Paraffin oil

Palm kernel Oil

Propyl Paraben

Polar wax

Propylene Glycol

E D T A (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)

Water perfume

PROCEDURE

1. Combine A in the right proportion and melt (heat to about 70o/c )

2. Heat B also to 70o/c

3. Add B to A and Stir vigorously

4. Allow to cool at room temperature.

Finally Package for use.

PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM JELLY (Vaseline)

INGREDIENT:

1. Petroleum jelly - 95o/o

2. Fragrance - as required

3. Stearic acid 0.80 0/0

4. Paraffin Oil - 3 0/0

PROCEDURE

1. Add the Petroleum Jelly in a metal Container

2. Add Paraffin oil

3. Add stearic acid

4. Heat the mixture Using dry heat until it melts completely.

4. Add any Fragrance of Your Choice

5. Pour the content out into a container and allow to cool. You can now Package for use.

CHAPTER FOUR
This chapter will be focusing on:

- Liquid Toilet wash (like harpic)

- House paint

- Customized candle

- Laundry Soap (Bar Soap)

LIQUID TOILET WASH

Liquid toilet wash is a powerful cleaner produced with active ingredients capable of removing
dirt, scum, and any form of stain on the toilet seat, leaving the toilet seat clean and shiny.

PRODUCTION OF LIQUID TOILET WASH

The production of liquid toilet wash involves a simple process of combining some chemicals
(ingredients) together in the right proportion, such that, the solution (product) provides easy an
efficient cleaning of the toilets.

That is, having the ability to clean inner surface of the bowl efficiently and remove the most
stubborn stains efficiently, making the toilet sparkling clean. There is just a little difference
between liquid detergent and liquid toilet wash. Addition of HCL (Hydrochloric Acid) makes the
difference.

MATERIALS (CHEMICALS)

Nitrosol - 1/4kg

Sulphonic Acid - 1/2litre

Caustic Soda - 1/7kg

Soda Ash or S.T.P.P - 1/7kg

Perfume or Flavor - 1/9 litre

HCl - 1/3 litre

Color - 1/9 sachet

Water - 12 litres

PROCEDURE
Follow all the instructions involved in making liquid washing soap, then add the diluted HCL
(Hydrochloric Acid)

Note: when diluting, always add HCL to water and not water to HCL and when doing this,
give a little distance from the container. Also ensure that your nose is covered during the
process.

PRODUCTION OF HOUSE PAINTS

There are different types of house paints, here, we are going to be talking about a particular
type of paint, which is white color, and white coated paint.

The production of this kind of paint involved a very simple process that anybody can carry out.
The materials needed are readily available in any chemical shop. No heavy equipment needed
to start up the production of paints, except the producer chooses to acquire one as the scale of
production increases.

TOOLS

Bowls

Turning stick (Stirring rod)

MATERIALS (CHEMICAL)

1. Calcium -

2. Titan -

3. Nitrosol -

4. PVA (Polyvinyl acetate) -

5. For malin -

6. Jenopour -

7. Deformers -

8. Ammonia -

PROCESS AND PROCEDURE

1. Add some units of calcium into some quantity of water

2. Using your hand, mix together properly

 3. Add some quantity of titan into the already mixed calcium

4. Add some quantity of Nitrosol

5. Add some unit of PVA

6. Add your formalin

7. Add some unit of Jenopour

8. Add some quantity of the Deformer

9. Then add some unit of Ammonia

10. Finally add some quantity (very little) of Kerosene to the mixture and stir vigorously
together. After that, you can package the product for use

COATED PAINT (TEXT COAT)

To have a coated paint, just add some desired amount or quantity of marble dust to the already
made paint and stir.

PRODUCTION OF CANDLE

The production of candles does not involve much stress; it’s very easy to carry out. Anybody can
produce candle: that is, no scientific knowledge is needed to be a candle producer. More also,
the materials needed in production of candle are readily available in the market (Chemical you
can start your own production with available resources around you). That is, you do not need
any special or heavy equipment/machine to produce candle except if you choose to acquire any
relevant one as the scale of production increases.

Materials (chemicals)

- Candle wax - 94o/o

- Thread (candle thread) - depends on the size of your mould

- Stearic acid - 3.5o/o

- Paraffin oil - quantity enough to lubricate your mould.

- Fragrance - 2.5o/o

PROCEDURE AND PROCESS

 1. First, Melt the wax (candle wax)

2. Then add stearic acid and allow to melt

3. When all have melted, add your desired perfume( fragrance) and stir

4. Lubricate your mould with the paraffin oil

5. Pour the content into the lubricated mould in which candle wick (thread) has already been
inserted.

6. Allow to solidify and remove the candle thereafter.

FOR COLORED CANDLE

You can have candle of different colors and to do that is very simple.

After melting your wax and have added stearic acid, use little of your fragrance (perfume) to
dissolve the color properly and pour into the melted wax then stir, now add your fragrance
properly, stir and pour into moulds, allow to solidify and remove the candle afterward.

PRODUCTION OF LAUNDRY SOAP

Making laundry bar soap at home is a very economical and a creative hobby. Anybody can
engage in this venture either for personal use or commercial purpose. Laundry bar-soap like
every other product we have been discussing does not require much to venture into.

No special or heavy machine/ equipment needed to start off. You can begin with the things you
already have around you. The issue of equipments only comes in when the scale of production
increases. Soon, I will be dishing out a helpful guide that will show you how to make your own
laundry bar soap.

USES OF LAUNDRY BAR SOAP

As the name implies: Laundry bar soap is usually used for laundry purposes. It might also be
used for other cleansing purposes but basically, it is used for daily laundry.

MATERIALS (CHEMICAL)

1. Oil--------------1/2 litre

2. Colorant-------as desired

3. Caustic soda------1/7 kg
 4. Soda Ash----------1/7

5. Sodium sulphate 1/20

7. Perfume------- As desired

PROCEDURE

1. Pour oil into a boiler

2. Add colorant and apply heat

3. When it becomes warm , put off the heat and stir properly

4. Add caustic soda solution and stir (make sure it is well mixed). You have to stir
continuously.

5. Add soda ash and stir properly (stir continuously)

6. Add your sodium sulphate and stir also

7. Add your fragrance (perfume), stir gently then pour the content into prepare mould and
allow to harden. The following day, cut to size and stamp.

NOTE:-

There are many styles of producing laundry bar soap but the recipe given above will yield a
perfect result if all instructions are strictly adhered to.

CHAPTER FIVE
YOGHURT DRINK

Yoghourt (also spelt as yoghurt or youghurt) is a diary product, which is made by blending
fermented milk with various ingredients that provide flavor and color. Yoghurt is a kind of
healthy diary product, which has become a popular drink in our daily life. Yoghurt has many
health benefits.

HEALTH BENEFITS OF YOGHURT

- Yoghurt is an excellent source of calcium and can assist in bone growth and the prevention
of osteoporosis.

- Yoghurt is a good source of complete protein

- Yoghurt is rich in B vitamins, Potassium and magnesium.

- Yoghurt is more nutritious than milk

- Yoghurt is easier to digest and absorb, which increases the availability of its nutrients.

PRODUCTION OF YOGHURT

Aside from the definition given above, Yoghurt can also be said to be a fermented diary food
made by adding bacterial cultures to either cow’s, goat’s or sheep’s Milk. The milk can also be
in a dry form like the powder milk. Because of its delicate nature, one has to ensure that the
environment where Yoghurt is produced is hygienic. The process of producing Yoghurt is very
easy. You can produce Yoghurt at home without using any heavy equipment. Whatever
purpose the Yoghurt is meant for (for personal consumption or commercial purpose), it can
always be produced with simple tools you already have at home. The materials for production
are also readily available in the market.

There are various styles of making Yoghurt. As said earlier, Yoghurt can be produced using
either cow’s milk, goat’s milk or sheep’s milk & powder milk.

Here we will be discussing the production of Yoghurt with powder milk.

INGREDIENTS (MATERIALS)

1. Milk (Powder Milk) - 5.5kg

2. Culture - 1o/o

3. Sodium Benzoate (Preservative) - 0.5o/o

4. Sugar - to taste
 5. Flavor - as required

6. Food Colorant (Optional)

7. Water - 5litres

PROCEDURE

1. Measure like 3litres of Warm water into an empty bowl (bucket)

2. Pour the powder milk into the water

3. Add the benzoate (preservative) into it and stir vigorously.

Ensure no crumb/seed is formed or left

4. Add 2litres of hot water into the mixture and stir properly.

(The hot water to be used or added must have boiled at 100oc)

1. Add Culture to the content and stir properly again

2. Cover and leave for minimum of 8hours for fermentation to occur.

3. Then open and add sugar to taste.

4. Add flavor (to taste) and stir. Now your Yoghourt is ready for consumption.

ADVICE

If there is any trace or presence of seed (crumb) either from the milk or from sugar noticed in
the Yoghurt, you can get rid of this by using a simple net-filter that is porous enough to allow
the passage of the content into another bowl or bucket. The mixture must be kept in a place
that will allow it maintain its lukewarm temperature.

CUSTARDS

Custard is an edible Powder like substance that can be prepared and consumed (eaten) in
Liquid form like pap. Custard is usually white when it is raw but turns yellow when water is
added and prepared for consumption. It is a very common food in Nigeria today.

Custard can be Prepared and eaten with beans, beans-cake (akara), “Moimoi” and can also be
eaten ordinarily with milk and Sugar added to it once prepared.

Custard has a long life shelf. That is, it can stay for a very long period of time without getting
spoilt.
USE OF CUSTARD

Custard Powder is mainly for human consumption. Anybody can take Custard, whether young
or old.

PRODUCTION OF CUSTARD

Nothing much is involved in the Production of Custard. No special knowledge or degree is

required to engage in Custard Production. Anybody can produce custard. The materials
required to start off the Production are cheaply and readily available in the market.

Read on as we dish out the simplest tips and steps for making your own custard at home, either
for Personal consumption or commercial purpose.

MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF

CUSTARD

1. Cornstarch - 100o/o

2. Sunset yellow (egg yellow)- 0.5o/o

3. Flavor (banana, vanilla etc) 0.50 -1o/o

4. Preservative (Sodium Benzoate) 0.2o/ o

5. Vitamins (essential ones) 1- 3o/o

6. Skimmed milk (Optional) 2-4o/o

7. Sugar (optional) 3o/o

8. Salt (optional) 0.1-0.5o/o

PROCEDURE

1. Take aside some quantity of the cornstarch, like 30o/o of the entire cornstarch.

2. Add the sunset yellow, flavor, Vitamins, skimmed milk, Sugar and Salt to it (that is, to the
corn starch set aside)

3. Blend very well together 4. Pour into the remaining corn starch and mix properly
together. Finally, package for use.

LAUNDRY SOAP
As the name implies, laundry soap is the type of soap that is mostly used for cleaning our
laundries. It should have good foaming ability in order to clean the cloth properly.

EQUIPMENTS

- Casting moulds
- Heater
- Cutter (Knife)
- Shaping Machine
- Hydrometer
- Weighing Scale
- Measuring container
- Packaging materials

FORMULATION

Chemicals and their quantity

Caustic Soda – 1kg

Palm Kernel Oil – 6 litres

Soda Ash – 0.5kg

Silicate – 160 litres

Sodium Sulphate – 160 litres

Colourant to taste

Water – 4.5 litres

Fragrance to taste

Forming agent to taste

PROCEDURE

 Prepare the caustic soda solution by dissolving 1kg of caustic soda in 4.5 litres of water;
confirm that it was a density of 1275kg/m3. Allow the solution to stand and blend for at
least 3 days. Please ensure that you leave them to stand for this time or even more (the
longer the better), to avoid your soap being corrosive to the users’ skin and cloth.
 Add the soda ash to the caustic soda solution, stirring vigorously until well blended.
 Add the colourant to the solution and continue stirring
 Add the PKO to the mixture and continue stirring vigorously in a clockwise direction only
for some time
 Add the forming agent and silicate and continue stirring
 Add the fragrance and pour into the moulds and allow solidification for 24hours.
 Stamp, shape and package.