Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy QSC CCLH[d] (Spanish pronunciation: [eˈmi.ljo a.ɣiˈnal.

do]:
March 22, 1869 – February 6, 1964) was a highly controversial Filipinorevolutionary,
politician and military leader who is officially recognized as the first and the
youngest President of the Philippines (1899–1901) and first president of a constitutional
republic in Asia. He led Philippine forces first against Spain in the latter part of
the Philippine Revolution (1896–1898), and then in the Spanish–American War (1898),
and finally against the United States during the Philippine–American War (1899–1901).
In 1935, Aguinaldo ran unsuccessfully for president of the Philippine
Commonwealth against Manuel Quezon. He was also one of the Filipino historical
figures to be recommended as a national hero of the Philippines.[14]

Contents

 1Early life and career

 2Controversies
o 2.1Murder of Andres Bonifacio
o 2.2Assassination of Antonio Luna
 3Revolutionary and political career
o 3.1Philippine Revolution and battles
o 3.2Battle of Imus
o 3.3Twin battles of Binakayan-Dalahican
o 3.4Battle of Zapote Bridge
o 3.5Spanish Cavite offensive and the Battle of Perez Dasmariñas
o 3.6Tejeros Convention
o 3.7Retreat to Montalban
o 3.8Biak-na-Bato and exile
o 3.9Return to the Philippines
o 3.10Dictatorial government and Battle of Alapan
o 3.11Declaration of independence and revolutionary government
o 3.12Final plan to defeat the Spaniards and the arrival of the Americans
 4Presidency of the First Philippine Republic and Philippine-American War
 5Post-presidency
o 5.1American era
o 5.2Post-American era
o 5.3Death and legacy
 6Honors
 7Commemoration
 8Personal life
 9In popular culture
 10See also
 11Notes
 12References
 13Bibliography
 14Further reading
 15External links

Early life and career[edit]

Emilio Famy Aguinaldo Sr. was born on March 22, 1869[c] in Cavite el Viejo (present-day
Kawit), in Cavite province, to Carlos Jamir Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy-Aguinaldo,[d] a
Tagalog-ilocano Chinese mestizo couple who had eight children, the seventh of whom
was Emilio Sr. The Aguinaldo family was quite well-to-do, as his father, Carlos J.
Aguinaldo was the community's appointed gobernadorcillo (municipal governor) in
the Spanish colonial administration and his grandparents Eugenio K. Aguinaldo and
Maria Jamir-Aguinaldo. He studied at Colegio de San Juan de Letran but wasn't able to
finish his studies due to an outbreak of cholera in 1882.
Emilio became the "Cabeza de Barangay" in 1895 when the Maura Law that called for
the reorganization of local governments was enacted. At the age of 25, Aguinaldo
became Cavite el Viejo's first "gobernadorcillo capitan municipal" (Municipal Governor-
Captain) while on a business trip in Mindoro.

Controversies[edit]
Murder of Andres Bonifacio[edit]
Bonifacio refused to recognize the revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo and
reasserted his authority, accusing the Magdalo faction of treason and issued orders
contravening orders issued by the Aguinaldo faction.[15] In April 1897, Aguinaldo ordered
the arrest and execution of Bonifacio on some false allegations implicating Bonifacio's
involvement in some events at Indang.[16] After the trials Andrés and his brother
Procopio were ordered to be executed by firing squad under the command of
General Lazaro Macapagal on May 10, 1897 in the vicinity of Mount Nagpatong, Mount
Buntis, Mount Pumutok, and Maragondon, Cavite.[17] Facts leading to Bonifacio's
execution remain questionable to this day as Emilio Aguinaldo had allegedly originally
opted to have the Bonifacio brothers exiled rather than executed, [dubious  –  discuss]but Pío del
Pilar and Mariano Noriel, both former supporters of Bonifacio, persuaded Aguinaldo to
withdraw the order for the sake of preserving unity.[18]
Assassination of Antonio Luna[edit]
On 2 June 1899, Luna received two telegrams (initially four, but he never received the
last two) – one asked for help in launching a counterattack in San Fernando,
Pampanga; and the other, sent by Aguinaldo himself,[19] ordered him to go to the new
capital at Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija to form a new cabinet.[20] In his jubilation, Luna
wrote Arcadio Maxilom, military commander of Cebu, to stand firm in the war.[20] Luna
set off from Bayambang, Pangasinan, first by train, then on horseback, and eventually
in three carriages to Nueva Ecija with 25 of his men. [21][22] During the journey, two of the
carriages broke down, so he proceeded with just one carriage with Colonel Francisco
Román and Captain Eduardo Rusca, having earlier shed his cavalry escort.[citation
needed]
 On 4 June, Luna sent a telegram to Aguinaldo confirming his arrival. Upon arriving
at Cabanatuan on 5 June, Luna alone, proceeded to the headquarters to communicate
with the President. As he went up the stairs, he ran into an officer whom he had
previously disarmed for insubordination, Captain Pedro Janolino, commander of the
Kawit Battalion; and an old enemy whom he had once threatened with arrest for
favoring American autonomy, Felipe Buencamino, Minister of Foreign Affairs and a
member of the Cabinet. He was told that Aguinaldo had left for San Isidro in Nueva
Ecija (He actually went to Bamban, Tarlac). Enraged, Luna asked why he had not been
told the meeting was cancelled.[23]