Feed-Supplement (Repaired) PDF

A REPORT ON
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

ON MERCANTILE BUILDING
Location: Bhaktapur
Owner: Qmed Formulation PVT. LTD
Prepared By: Er. Gunjan Karki
NEC Registration No. 14647 “Civil” “A”
Date: 06/01/2019
A Report On Structural Analysis And Design On Mercantile Building
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL DATA AND LOAD CALCULATION........................................................................................ 3
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Description of the Building ................................................................................................................................. 5
Basic Data ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
Relevant Codes followed ................................................................................................................................ 6
Basic Principal of Analysis of the structure Step for earthquake load ............................................................ 6
Basic Principal of Design of Foundation ......................................................................................................... 6
Software used for Analysis and Design ........................................................................................................... 6
Concrete and Steel Grade ............................................................................................................................... 6
Preliminary Design for proportioning of the Structural Elements ...................................................................... 6
Chapter 2 : 3D MODELLING, ANALYIS AND DESIGN .............................................................................................. 7
Modeling ............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Design Methods of Structural Elements ............................................................................................................. 9
Limit State Method ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Analysis ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
Load Cases ........................................................................................................................................................ 10
Seismic Analysis ................................................................................................................................................ 11
Design ............................................................................................................................................................... 13
Design Parameters ............................................................................................................................................ 14
Story Drifts ........................................................................................................................................................ 15
Chapter 3 SAMPLE ANALYSIS RESULT AND SAMPLE DESIGN RESULT ................................................................ 19
Sample Column Design ..................................................................................................................................... 19
Sample Beam Design ........................................................................................................................................ 21
Sample Slab Design ........................................................................................................................................... 23
Sample Staircase Design ................................................................................................................................... 24
Design of foundation ........................................................................................................................................ 25
Design of Isolated Footing ............................................................................................................................ 27
Design of Strap Footing ................................................................................................................................ 28
Design of Combined Footing ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 4 DESIGN SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................. 31
Beam Design Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 32
Footing Design Summary .................................................................................................................................. 35
Chapter 5 : ANNEXES, CONCULSION AND REFRENCES ........................................................................................ 36
Annexes ............................................................................................................................................................ 36
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................ 48
References ........................................................................................................................................................ 49
Page 2
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL DATA AND LOAD CALCULATION
Introduction
The basic aim of the structural design is to build a structure, which is safe, fulfilling the
intended purpose during its estimated life span, economical in terms of initial and
maintenance cost, durable and also maintaining a good aesthetic appearance. A building is
considered to be structurally sound, if the individual elements and the building as a whole
satisfy the criteria for strength, stability and serviceability and in seismic areas additional
criteria for ductility and energy absorption capabilities. The overall building must be strong
enough to transfer all loads through the structure to the ground without collapsing or losing
structural integrity by rupture of the material at the critical sections, by transformation of the
whole or parts into mechanisms or by instability. This strength criterion is valid for all loads
that will normally be applied to the building during its lifetime. Accidents, overloading and
disasters are not directly related to design. However, concern is needed for the structure to
have structural integrity. A building needs to be designed for all loads acting on it. Detailed
structural designs are carried out and working drawings are to be prepared. Safety is the
prime concern of the structural design. Serviceability and economy are other basic
requirements that are to be considered during structural design. The building should be
designed not only for vertical loads, but also for horizontal loads such as wind and earthquake
loads. A building and its structural elements must be strong enough to transfer all the loads
acting on it safely to the ground. It should be able to withstand all loads acting on it.
Nepal lies in seismically vulnerable zone. It is located in the boundary of the two colliding
tectonic plates- the Indian plate (Indo-Australian Plate) and the Tibetan plate (Eurasian Plate)
which is known as “Subduction Zone”. Records of earthquakes are available in Nepal since
1255 A.D. Those records reveal that Nepal was hit by 18 major earthquakes since then,
resulting in huge loss of life and property. Out of these earthquakes, the 1833 and 1934
earthquakes were the most destructive ones.
Designing building against earthquake forces does not mean that we are making the building
proof against it. Although we can design such robust structure, it would be too expensive to
build, it would be far cheaper to rebuild the building again instead of making it completely
earthquake proof. The structures are generally designed for much lower seismic forces than
what it may actually experience during its life time. Since the structure is expected to undergo
damage in the event of a severe shaking, reliance is placed on the inelastic response of the
structure beyond yield.
Therefore, structures have to be ductile and capable of dissipating energy through inelastic
actions. Ductility can be achieved by avoiding brittle modes of failures. Brittle modes of
failures include, shear and bond failure. Thus, structures should be designed on Weak Beam-
Strong column philosophy.
Page 3
The structural design alone is not enough to ensure the safety of the building, equally
important, is its construction. The role of the contractor is of paramount importance as he is
the one to execute the construction work at the site. He is required to execute the work
according to the drawings supplied by the consultant to him and detailing has to be carefully
followed. A large percentage of failure of the building is attributed to poor quality of
construction. Past experiences from damages have shown that quality of material and
workmanship plays an important role in good seismic behavior of the buildings. Hence, quality
assurance in construction is expected to gain good seismic performance.
Page 4
Description of the Building
This is a two storied Mercantile building which include a ground floor and first floor. The
floor to floor height is 2.87 m. The building plan is rectangular in shape. The maximum
height of the building is 5.74 m.
Basic Data
General Features
Project Mercantile Building
Location Bhaktapur
Architectural features
Type of Building Mercantile Building
Number of floors 2 floors
Height of storey 2.8702 m
Total Height of Building 5.7404 m
No. of Staircase 1 no.
Wall and Partition Masonry walls
Structural Features
Structural system RCC Frame Structure
Foundation Type Isolated and Strap Footing
Column size 350mm x 350mm
Beam Size 230mm x 500mm
Slab 160 mm Overall Depth
Geotechnical Features
Soil Type Type II
Seismic Zone V (as per IS 1893:2002)
Allowable Bearing Capacity 150 KN/m3
Material
Grade of Concrete M25 for Column and M20 for beam slab and footing
Grade of Steel Fe500
Unit weight of Concrete 25 KN/m3
Unit weight of Masonry wall 19 KN/m3
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 5000√𝑓𝑐𝑘
Poisson’s Ratio 0.2 for concrete
0.3 for rebar
Page 5
Relevant Codes followed
a. IS 456-2000 : For Design of Structural Elements

b. SP 16 : For Design Aid
c. SP 34 : For Detailing
d. IS 1893-2002: Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
Basic Principal of Analysis of the structure Step for earthquake load
1. Earthquake load with Seismic Coefficient Method (IS 1893-2002)
Basic Principal of Design of Foundation
1. Isolated Footing to support the structure.
Software used for Analysis and Design
a. ETABS 2016
b. Custom Software
Concrete and Steel Grade
Concrete Grade = M 20 for Foundation, Beams and slabs

M25 for Columns
Steel Grade =Fe 500
Preliminary Design for proportioning of the Structural Elements
The tentative sizes of the Structural elements are determined through preliminary design so
that after analysis, the presumed dimensions may not deviate considerably, thus making the
final design both safe and economical. The tentative sizes have been determined as follows:
Slab: From Deflection Criteria [Effective Depth = Effective Shorter Span / (26 * MF)]
Beam: For Practical rule as 25mm Depth for 300mm of Span covering deflection criteria
Column: From evaluation of approximate gravity loading coming up to the critical Column.
To compensate for the possible eccentric Loading and earthquake loads the size is
increased by about 25 % in design.
Page 6
Chapter 2 : 3D MODELLING, ANALYIS AND DESIGN
Modeling
The structural system is designed as a Special Moment Resisting Frame structure. Therefore,
main components to be modeled are: Beams, Columns & Slabs. The analysis software used
for modeling the structure is the ETABS 2016.
Fig: Plan view of building in ETABS
Page 7
Fig: 3D view of building in ETABS
Page 8
Design Methods of Structural Elements
We have followed Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete,
IS: 456 -2000 for design of Structural Elements. This incorporates the two methods of
Structural Design of RC structures specified as:
a. Working Stress Method based on the Working loads in conjunction with permissible
stresses in the materials.
b. Limit State Method based on safety and serviceability requirements associated with
the design loads and design strengths of the materials. These design loads and design
strengths are obtained by applying partial safety factors for characteristic loads and
strengths of the materials concrete and steel.
We have followed the limit state method which is incorporated in IS: 456-2000. It is
consistent with the new philosophy of design termed limit state approach which was
incorporated in the Russian Code – 1954, the British code BS 8110 – 1985 and the
American Code ACI 318 – 1989.
Limit State Method
 Limit States
The Limit State method of design covers the various forms of failure. There are several
limit state at which the structure ceases to function, the most important among them
being,
a. The limit state of collapse or total failure of structure.

It corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity. Violation of collapse implies
failure. This limit state corresponds to Flexure, Compression, Shear and Torsion.
b. The limit state of serviceability which includes excessive deflection and excessive local
damage.
Analysis
The analysis has been carried out using a standard software package SAP2000 based on finite
element method. The software is capable of carrying out a Three Dimensional analysis. It is
windows based software. It has a user friendly graphical input and output interface. It can
account for the rigid zones at the beam - column junction. It has a capability to create a special
joint at any grid intersection. The program has a facility to create shell elements also. Shell
elements can be used for the analysis of Slabs and Shear walls. A full 3D finite element model
using frame and shell elements can also be created using ETABS.
A Three Dimensional Linear elastic analysis has been carried out. Structure is assumed to be
fixed at the Plinth level. The masonry wall load is distributed in the beams as uniformly
distributed loads. The beams are modeled as rectangular beams. A model based on Rigid
Page 9
Diaphragm Concept has been considered. This is done by creating a special joint at the center
of mass of each floor level and constraining all the joints at this level by a diaphragm
constraint.
Load Cases
Following loads have been considered in the analysis of the building as per IS 456-2000 and
IS1893:2002.
1. Dead Load (DL)

2. Live Load (LL)
3. Earthquake Load in +ve X-direction (EQx)
4. Earthquake Load in -ve X-direction (-EQx)
5. Earthquake Load in +ve Y-direction (EQy)
6. Earthquake Load in -ve Y-direction (-EQy)
Load Combination
Following load combinations have been adopted as per IS 1893:2002.
1.5(DL+LL)
1.2(DL+LL±EL)
1.5(DL±EL)
0.9DL±1.5EL where, DL = Dead Load
LL = Live Load
EL = Earthquake Load
Dead Loads
Dead loads are assumed to be produced by slab, beams, columns, walls, parapet walls,
staircase, plasters and mortars, Floor finish and water tank. The weight of building
materials are taken as per IS 875(Part 1)-1987).
Specific weight of materials [Ref: IS: 875(Part 1)-1987)]

Materials Unit weight
Reinforced Concrete 25 KN/m3
Brick Masonry 19 KN/m3
Floor Finishing (Screeding & Punning) 23 KN/m3
Cement Sand Plaster 20 KN/m3+
Floor Finishing (Marble) 26 KN/m3
Live Loads
Live loads are applied on floor slabs on the basis of usage of rooms, as specified in IS 875 part II.
Rooms 2 KN/m2
Toilet/Bathrooms/Kitchens 2 KN/m2
Balcony/Stairs 3 KN/m2
Terrace/Roof 1.5 KN/m2
Page 10
Seismic Analysis
IS1893 2002 Auto Seismic Load Calculation

This calculation presents the automatically generated lateral seismic loads for load pattern
Eq-X according to IS1893 2002, as calculated by ETABS.
Direction and Eccentricity
Direction = X + Eccentricity Y
Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms
Structural Period
Period Calculation Method = User Specified
User Period T = 0.278 sec
Factors and Coefficients
Seismic Zone Factor, Z [IS Table 2] Z = 0.36

Response Reduction Factor, R [IS Table 7] R=5
Importance Factor, I [IS Table 6] I=1
Site Type [IS Table 1] = II
Seismic Response
Sa Sa
Spectral Acceleration Coefficient, Sa /g [IS 6.4.5] = 2.5 = 2.5
g g
Equivalent Lateral Forces
Sa
ZI g
Seismic Coefficient, Ah [IS 6.4.2] Ah =
2R
Calculated Base Shear
Period Used W Vb
Direction
(sec) (kN) (kN)
X + Ecc. Y 0.278 2666.0768 258.22
Page 11
IS1893 2002 Auto Seismic Load Calculation

This calculation presents the automatically generated lateral seismic loads for load pattern
Eq-Y according to IS1893 2002, as calculated by ETABS.
Direction and Eccentricity
Direction = Y + Eccentricity X
Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms
Structural Period
Period Calculation Method = User Specified
User Period T = 0.278 sec
Factors and Coefficients
Seismic Zone Factor, Z [IS Table 2] Z = 0.36

Response Reduction Factor, R [IS Table 7] R=5
Importance Factor, I [IS Table 6] I=1
Site Type [IS Table 1] = II
Seismic Response
Spectral Acceleration Coefficient, Sa /g Sa Sa

= 2.5 = 2.5
[IS 6.4.5] g g
Equivalent Lateral Forces
Sa
ZI
Seismic Coefficient, Ah [IS 6.4.2] g
Ah =
2R
Calculated Base Shear
Period Used W Vb
Direction
(sec) (kN) (kN)
Y + Ecc. X 0.278 2869.1386 258.22
258.2225
Page 12
Load Patterns
Self-Weight
Name Type Auto Load
Multiplier
LIVE <= 3 Live 0
Self-Weight Dead 1
Stair Dead Dead 0
Stair Live Live 0
Wall 230mm Dead 0
Floor Finish Dead 0
Roof Live Live 0
Wall 125mm Dead 0
Eq-X Seismic 0 IS1893 2002
Eq-Y Seismic 0 IS1893 2002
LIVE > 3 Live 0
Mass Source
Include
Include Include Include Include Lump at
Name Added IsDefault Load Pattern Multiplier
Elements Loads Lateral Vertical Stories
Mass
MsSrc1 No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Self-Weight 1
MsSrc1 No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Stair Dead 1
MsSrc1 No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes LIVE <= 3 0.25
MsSrc1 No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Stair Live 0.25
MsSrc1 No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Wall 230mm 1
MsSrc1 No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Floor Finish 1
MsSrc1 No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Wall 125mm 1
MsSrc1 No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes LIVE > 3 0.5
Design
The design of reinforced concrete structural members includes selection of material
properties (grade of steel and concrete), shape and size of cross section, factor of safety and
amount of steel required. The design of reinforced concrete members are carried out using
limit state method as per IS 456: 2000. The limit state method is the modern and latest design
methodology. This method evolved around 1970’s. Limit state method is based on the
concept of multiple safety factors and attempts to provide adequate safety at the ultimate
loads and adequate serviceability at service loads.
For the design of the members IS 456:2000 and design aid SP 16 has been used. Footings have
been checked for vertical loads and moments developed at the base due to dead load and
live load only. Square footings have been adopted from seismic point of view that reversal
stress may occur. And footing beams are provided for column at foundation for more rigidity
of building and also need for the column located at boundary. Longitudinal reinforcement in
beams and columns has been calculated based on critical load combination among the
thirteen load combinations. Spacing of the shear reinforcement has been calculated as per
the ductility criteria as defined in IS 13920 -1993. Some sample designs are shown later on in
this report.
Page 13
Design Parameters
Followings factors are considered for earthquake resistant design of the building.
BASE SHEAR CALCULATION SHEET
AS PER IS 1893
Remarks
Height of the building (m) 5.7404
Important factor 1.00
Seismic Weight (W) 2869.1386 KN
Soil Type (II) 2.00 Medium Soil
0.075*(H) 3/4
Time Period in X direction (T) 0.278
Average response acceleration coefficient (Sa/g ) 2.500
Response reduction factor. R 5.00
Seismic zone factor (Z) 0.3600
Design horizontal seismic coefficient (Ah) 0.0900
Design seismic base shear ( VB) 258.22 KN
Page 14
Story Drifts
Story Load Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir

Combination m
Story2 Eqx 5.7404 Top 0.001054 0.000115
Story1 Eqx 2.8702 Top 0.001125 0.000114
Base Eqx 0 Top 0 0
Story2 Eqy 5.7404 Top 0.000119 0.000828
Story1 Eqy 2.8702 Top 9E-05 0.000884
Base Eqy 0 Top 0 0
Maximum value of Story drift = 0.004*Story ht.

=0.023
It is seen that the story drift are within the safe limits.
Page 15
Modal Result
Table 3.8 - Modal Periods and Frequencies

Circular
Frequenc Eigenvalu
Period Frequenc
Case Mode y e
sec y
cyc/sec rad²/sec²
rad/sec
Modal 1 0.385 2.594 16.3002 265.6968
Modal 2 0.361 2.77 17.4045 302.9153
Modal 3 0.307 3.257 20.4656 418.8422
Modal 4 0.145 6.914 43.4406 1887.0879
Modal 5 0.138 7.255 45.5826 2077.7689
Modal 6 0.115 8.73 54.8504 3008.5681
236495.064
Modal 7 0.013 77.398 486.3076
3
Modal 8 0.01 102.418 643.5132 414109.26
434531.158
Modal 9 0.01 104.913 659.1898
3
494408.169
Modal 10 0.009 111.908 703.1416
8
504978.040
Modal 11 0.009 113.098 710.6181
5
543681.011
Modal 12 0.009 117.352 737.3473
4
- Modal Participating Mass Ratios (Part 1 of 2)

Period
Case Mode UX UY UZ Sum UX Sum UY Sum UZ
sec
Modal 1 0.385 0.7467 0.0681 0 0.7467 0.0681 0
Modal 2 0.361 0.0804 0.8495 0 0.8271 0.9176 0
Modal 3 0.307 0.0972 0.0118 0 0.9243 0.9294 0
Modal 4 0.145 0.0613 0.005 0 0.9856 0.9343 0
Modal 5 0.138 0.0044 0.0654 0 0.99 0.9998 0
Modal 6 0.115 0.01 0.0002 0 1 1 0
Modal 7 0.013 1.361E-06 0 0 1 1 0
Modal 8 0.01 0 0 0 1 1 0
Modal 9 0.01 0 0 0 1 1 0
Modal 10 0.009 0 0 0 1 1 0
Modal 11 0.009 0 0 0 1 1 0
Modal 12 0.009 0 0 0 1 1 0
- Modal Participating Mass Ratios (Part 2 of 2)

Case Mode RX RY RZ Sum RX Sum RY Sum RZ
Modal 1 0.0088 0.0833 0.111 0.0088 0.0833 0.111
Modal 2 0.0877 0.008 0.0001 0.0965 0.0913 0.111
Modal 3 0.0003 0.0109 0.8152 0.0968 0.1023 0.9262
Modal 4 0.0512 0.726 0.0098 0.148 0.8283 0.936
Modal 5 0.847 0.0567 2.188E-05 0.995 0.885 0.936
Modal 6 0.005 0.115 0.064 1 1 1
Modal 7 0 7.791E-06 0 1 1 1
Modal 8 0 1.131E-06 0 1 1 1
Modal 9 0 1.329E-06 0 1 1 1
Modal 10 1.836E-06 0 0 1 1 1
Modal 11 0 5.37E-07 0 1 1 1
Modal 12 0 0 0 1 1 1
Page 16
- Modal Load Participation Ratios

Static Dynamic
Case Item Type Item
% %
Modal Acceleration UX 100 100
Modal Acceleration UY 100 100
Modal Acceleration UZ 0 0
- Modal Direction Factors

Period
Case Mode UX UY UZ RZ
sec
Modal 1 0.385 0.809 0.075 0 0.117
Modal 2 0.361 0.086 0.914 0 0
Modal 3 0.307 0.105 0.012 0 0.883
Modal 4 0.145 0.81 0.058 0 0.133
Modal 5 0.138 0.063 0.937 0 0.001
Modal 6 0.115 0.129 0.005 0 0.866
Modal 7 0.013 0 0 0 1
Modal 8 0.01 0 0 0 1
Modal 9 0.01 0 0 0 1
Modal 10 0.009 0 0 0 1
Page 17
Page 18
Chapter 3 SAMPLE ANALYSIS RESULT AND SAMPLE DESIGN RESULT SAMPLE

ANALYSIS RESULT AND SAMPLE DESIGN RESULT
Sample Column Design

ETABS 2016 Concrete Frame Design
IS 456:2000 Column Section Design
Column Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
Story1 C19 22 COL 350X350 MM DCon14 2370.2 2870.2 0.564
Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) dc (mm) Cover (Torsion) (mm)
350 350 58 30
Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 25 1 500 500
Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15
Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For Pu , Mu2 , Mu3

Design Pu Design Mu2 Design Mu3 Minimum M2 Minimum M3 Rebar Area Rebar %
kN kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m mm² %
371.6097 24.3381 -9.8308 7.4322 7.4322 980 0.8
Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Factors

K Factor Length Initial Moment Additional Moment Minimum Moment
Unitless mm kN-m kN-m kN-m
Major Bend(M3) 0.737164 2370.2 4.1533 0 7.4322
Minor Bend(M2) 0.696615 2370.2 -24.1086 0 7.4322
Shear Design for Vu2 , Vu3

Shear Vu Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
Major, Vu2 93.8633 66.8178 40.8795 93.8633 387.95
Minor, Vu3 133.9299 66.8178 67.1121 133.9299 636.9
Joint Shear Check/Design
Page 19
Joint Shear Shear Shear Shear Joint Shear

Force VTop Vu,Tot Vc Area Ratio
kN kN kN kN cm² Unitless
Major Shear, Vu2 0 25.4374 544.6107 612.5 1225 0.889
Minor Shear, Vu3 0 25.4374 838.7874 612.5 1225 1.369
(1.1) Beam/Column Capacity Ratio

Major Ratio Minor Ratio
2.286 3.262
Additional Moment Reduction Factor k (IS 39.7.1.1)

Ag Asc Puz Pb Pu k
cm² cm² kN kN kN Unitless
1225 9.8 1745.625 539.6536 371.6097 1
Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1) (Part 1 of 2)

Consider Length Section KL/Depth KL/Depth KL/Depth
Ma Factor Depth (mm) Ratio Limit Exceeded
Major Bending (M3 ) Yes 0.826 350 4.992 12 No
Minor Bending (M2 ) Yes 0.826 350 4.717 12 No
Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1) (Part 2 of 2)

Ma
Moment (kN-m)
0
0
Page 20
Sample Beam Design

ETABS 2016 Concrete Frame Design
IS 456:2000 Beam Section Design
Beam Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
Story1 B19 40 Beam 350X500 DCon2 175 3145.8 1
Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) bf (mm) ds (mm) dct (mm) dcb (mm)
228.6 500 228.6 0 33 25
Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 500 500
Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15
Factored Forces and Moments

Factored Factored Factored Factored
Mu3 Tu Vu2 Pu
kN-m kN-m kN kN
-174.2702 4.4135 169.251 0
Design Moments, Mu3 & Mt

Factored Factored Positive Negative
Moment Mt Moment Moment
kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
-174.2702 8.2746 0 -182.5448
Design Moment and Flexural Reinforcement for Moment, Mu3 & Tu

Design Design -Moment +Moment Minimum Required
-Moment +Moment Rebar Rebar Rebar Rebar
kN-m kN-m mm² mm² mm² mm²
Top (+2 Axis) -182.5448 1086 0 1086 271
Bottom (-2 Axis) 0 543 0 0 543
Shear Force and Reinforcement for Shear, Vu2 & Tu
Page 21
Shear Ve Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s

kN kN kN kN mm²/m
169.251 66.5527 133.5891 84.1034 792.69
Torsion Force and Torsion Reinforcement for Torsion, Tu & VU2

Tu Vu Core b1 Core d1 Rebar Asvt /s
kN-m kN mm mm mm²/m
4.4135 169.251 182.6 454 792.69
Page 22
Sample Slab Design

L c/c short = 3.916 m ly = 5.5118 m Status
L c/c long = 3.88 m lx = 4.4987 m
support width left = 0.3 m fck = 20 N/mm2
support width right = 0.3 m fy = 500 N/mm2
ly/lx = 1.225 Dia. Of Bar = 8 mm Two Way Slab

Overall depth of Slab (D) = 160 mm DEPTH OK
Effective depth (d) = 135 mm
Load Calculation
Dead Load of Slab = 4 KN/m2
Floor Finish = 1.5 KN/m2
Partition= 0 KN/m2
Total Dead Load = 5.5 KN/m2
Live Load = 3 KN/m2
Total Load = 8.5 KN/m2
Factored Load = 12.75 KN/m2
Type of slab 6
αx- 0 Type of Slab Value
αy- 0.045 Interior Panels 1
αx+ 0.051 One Short Edge Discontinuous 2
αy+ 0.035 One Long Edge Discontinuous 3
Two Adjacent Edge Discontinuous 4
Two Short Edges Discontinuous 5
Mx- 0 KNm Two Long Edges Discontinuous 6
My- 11.61172559 KNm Three Edge Discontinuous (One Long Edge Cont.) 7
Mx+ 13.15995567 KNm Three Edge Discontinuous (One Short Edge Cont.) 8
My+ 9.031342129 KNm Four Edge Discontinuous 9
Check for Depth Due to Moment
dreq= 70.34 mm OK
Calculation of Area of Steel
Area Check Area Dia. Of bar Suggested Provide Provided
Calculated For Required Used Spacing Spacing Area
mm2 Min. Area mm2 mm mm mm mm2
Astx- 0 OK 192 8 262 150 335
Asty- 206 OK 206 8 244 150 335
Astx+ 235 OK 235 8 214 150 335
Asty+ 160 OK 192 8 262 150 335
Minimum Area of Rebar = 192 mm2
Check for Shear Force
Maximum Shear stress (Tcmax) = 2.8 KN/m
Percent of Steel, p% = 0.25 %
Shear Strength of Concrete, Tc = 0.328 N/mm2
Nominal shear stress(Tv) = 0.260279444 From table 19 IS code
Modification Factor
Overall Depth 300 or More 275 250 225 200 175 150 or Less
K 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3
k= 1.3
Shear Strength in Slabs, Tc'= 0.4264 N/mm2
Tv < Tc<tmax OK
Check for deflection
Pt % 0.25
fs = 177
K = 1.6 IS 456 : 2000 fig 4 page 38
(l/d)max = 41.6
(l/d)provided 40.8 SAFE
Page 23
Sample Staircase Design

Sample Calculation
Input parameters
Length of first landing = 0 m
Length of second Landing = 1.067 m
Going Length = 2.4384 m
Width of staircase = 1.067 m
No . Of riser = 9 nos
No of tread = 8 nos
Riser = 150 mm
Tread = 300 mm
Grade of Concrete = 20
Grade of steel = 500
Modification Factor = 1.25
Thickness of marble Finishing = 20 mm
Thickness of screed = 20 mm
Thickness of plaster = 12 mm
Unit Weight of marble = 26.5 KN/m3
Unit weigth of screed = 20.4 KN/m3
Unit weight of plaster = 20.4 KN/m3
Unit weight of concrete = 25 KN/m3
Live load = 5 KN/m2
Assumed bar diameter = 10 mm
Effective length of flight = 2.9719 m
Effective depth of slab (d) = 119 mm
Assume d = 140 mm
Total depth D = 160 mm
Dead Load calculation of steps and waist slab
Cross Sectional area of steps (A1) = 0.02 mm2
total No of steps for one flight = 9.00
Total area = 0.20
Dead load due to the steps = 2.22 KN/m
Dead load due to the waist slab = 4.27 KN
Dead load due to waist slab per m length = 2.18 KN/m
Live load on stair pe m length = 5.34 KN/m
Dead load due to floor finish (marble ) = 0.57 KN/m
dead load due to screed = 0.44 KN/m
Dead load due to plaster = 0.26 KN/m
Dead load +live load per m length on staircase on landing = 6.60 KN/m
Dead load +liveload on going per m length = 8.78 KN/m
Design load on landing = 16.49 KN/m
Design load on going = 21.95 KN/m
Max Bending moment at mid span of staircase = 24.2 KNm
Maximum resisting moment of section = 54.1 OK
Ast required for the given moment = 431 mm2
Diameter of the rod provided = 12
Area = 113
Spacing requied = 262
Provide 12 mm dia rod @ 150 mm c/c
Development length Ld = 680 mm
Page 24
Design of foundation
The purpose of the foundation is to effectively support the superstructure by transmitting the
applied load effects to the soil below, without exceeding the safe bearing capacity of the
superstructure by ensuring settlement of the structure is within tolerable limits, and as nearly
uniform as possible.
The choice of the type of the foundation depends not only on the type of the superstructure
and the magnitude and types of reactions induced at the base of the superstructure, but also
on the nature of the soil strata on top of which the substructure is to be founded.
The foundation used for this building is isolated foundation. Bearing Capacity of Soil is
150KN/m2.
Fig: Joint Reaction
Page 25
Joint Reaction Table
Joint Unique Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ

Footing
Label Name Case/Combo
kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m
2 F1 30 DCon2 8.9795 -0.8995 133.2482 0.7644 7.3948 0.1057
3 F3 36 DCon2 21.6584 11.6988 445.3903 -11.0572 19.005 0.1057
9 F8 48 DCon2 25.9934 -8.8916 616.1922 8.1062 21.8332 0.1057
10 50 DCon2 15.2505 -16.4251 290.1379 15.1116 11.2517 0.1057
13 42 DCon2 27.6273 1.6085 634.8627 -1.6634 24.0167 0.1057
14 F2 32 DCon2 -10.7096 3.1683 164.4018 -3.5967 -10.9912 0.1057
15 F4 3 DCon2 -22.0875 15.6235 472.5978 -15.2845 -21.9042 0.1057
16 38 DCon2 -3.8795 7.2382 68.6632 -7.7234 -5.4815 0.1057
20 40 DCon2 -22.651 15.2835 830.5526 -15.0193 -23.0562 0.1057
22 46 DCon2 -22.7436 -8.1604 930.651 6.8529 -23.7967 0.1057
23 52 DCon2 -17.438 -20.2444 406.9546 18.1665 -19.3528 0.1057
Page 26
Design of Isolated Footing
Size of the column = 0.35 x 0.35 m

Column load from superstructure = 622 KN Check
Weight of foundation = 62.2 KN
Total Load = 684.2 KN
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 150 KN/m2
Area of footing required = 4.561
LxB of square footing = 2.14
Provid LxB = 2.5 x 2.5 m
Area Provided = 6.25 OK
Factored Soil pressure = 149.3 N/mm2 OK
Fy = 500 N/mm2 Fck = 20 N/mm2
Calculation of depth of footing
By One Way Shear Criteria
Depth required due to shear in longer span = 341.96 mm
Depth required due to shorter direction = 341.96 mm
By Two way shear Criteria
Depth of footing required = 460.62 mm
By Bending Moment Criteria
BM In longer direction = 215.64 KNm
BM In shorter direction = 215.64 KNm
Depth Required for longer = 176.78 mm
Depth required for shorter = 176.78 mm
Adopt Depth of footing = 460.62 mm
Overal Depth of footing = 518.62 mm
Roundining off 528.62 mm
Effective depth = 470.62 mm
Area of Reinforcement
For longer direction
Mu = 215.64 KNm Ast min = 1585.847288 mm2
Area of Reinforcement = 1078.43 mm2
Provide minimun rebar
D of bar assumed = 12.00 mm
Area = 113.10
Spacing = 178.29
Provide 12 mm dia bar @ 178 C/C
For Shorter direction
Mu = 215.64
Area of Reinforcement = 1078.05 mm2 Less than Minimum
Provide Reinforcement = 1585.85
D of bar assumed = 12.00 mm
Area = 113.10
Spacing = 178.29
Provide 12 mm dia bar @ 178 C/C
Check For development length
Required Development length = 679.69 mm
Availabel length beyond column face = 1075.00 mm Ld is sufficient
Provide 90 degree bend and Ld achieved = 96.00
Total Anchorage length = 1171.00 >Ld OK
Page 27
Design of Strap Footing (For Grid 6-6)

Input Parameters Check
Size of First Column C1 = 350 x 350 mm
Size of Second Column C2 = 350 x 350 mm
Spacing of Column = 5.48 m
Factored Load on C1 = 616.19 KN
Factored Load on Column C2 = 930.651 KN
Distance to property line = 0.4 m
Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil = 150 KN/m2
Grade of Concrete = 20 N/mm
2
Grade of steel = 500 N/mm
2
Size of footing (To be determined at Service Load )
Total Column Load = 1546.841 KN
Service Load at Column = 1031.22733 KN
3
Area of Footing = 103.122733 KN
3
Total Service Load = 1134.35006 KN
7
Area of Footing = 7.56233377 m2
8
Breadth of Footing = 2.4 m
length of First Footing = L1
Length of Second Footing = L2
L1+L2 = 3.15097240 m2
7
x= 2.18 m
L1 = 1.32 m
L2 = 1.83 m
Design of Slab Footing Under Columns
Soil Pressure = 204.5 KN/m2
Width of strap Footing = 350 mm
Cantilever Projection of Slab = 1.025 m
Maximum Bending Moment at the face of Strap 107.450284 KNm
Beam = 1
a. Depth required from BM criteria = 197 mm
b. Depth from One Way Shear Criteria = 400 mm
Provide Overall Depth = 480 mm
Effective Depth = 430 mm
Reinforcement in Footing Slab
Mu = 107.450284 KNm Per m Run of
1 slab
Area of Steel Required = 600 mm2
Area of steel provided Considering shear Criteria = 900 mm2
Minimum Ast = 516 mm2 Ok
Bar Dia = 12 mm
Page 28
Area of bar = 113 mm2

Spacing = 126 mm
Provide 12 mm bar @ 126 mm c/c
Check for Shear
Maximum Shear Force on slab = 121.766582 KN
6
tv = 0.28337797 KN/m
5
Ast for 1000 mm spacing = 900 mm2
Pt= 0.20945005
7
tc from IS456:2000 table 19 = 0.3 N/mm
2
tcmax = 2.5 N/mm SAFE
2
Design of Strap Beam

Subjected UDL on Beam = 490.909090 KN/m
9
Projection From center of C2 = 0.917 m
Shear Force at Right of C2 = -450.06 KN
shear Force at just Left of C2 = -480.59 KN
Shear Force at the left of C1 = - KN
196.363636
4
Shear Force at just Right of C1 = 419.826363 KN
6
Shear Force at the End of first footing = -30.5299274 KN
Point of Zero Shear Force = 0.85520185 m
2
Positive Moment at column C2 = 206.31 KNm
Positive Moment at column C1 = 39.27 KNm
Maximum negative Moment at the Point of Zero - KNm
Shear = 140.245414
5
Maximum Moment = 206.31 KNm
Depth Required For Max Moment = 470.739408 mm
9
Adopt Overall Depth = 550 mm
Effective Depth = 495 mm
Area of Steel Required
Mu Bellow C2 = 206.31 KNm
Minimum Ast = 294.53 mm2 Ok
Ast Bellow C2 = 1190 mm2
Bar Dia = 16 mm
Area = 201.0624 mm2
No of bar required = 5.92
No of Bar Provided = 6
Ast provided = 1206 mm2
Page 29
Provide 16 mm dia 6 No of bar at Bottom

Maximum Moment at Mid = 140.245414 KNm
5
Ast at Mid Span = 675.00 mm2
Bar Dia = 16 mm
Area = 201.0624 mm2
No of bar required = 3.36
No of Bar Provided = 4
Ast provided = 804.2496 mm2
Provide 16 mm dia 4 No of bar at Top
Check For Minimum Area of Steel
Ast Min = 294.525 mm2 SAFE AT BOTTOM
SAFE AT TOP
Check For Shear

Critical Section is at Left face of C2
Shear Force = 480.590463 KN
7
tv = 2.77397093 N/mm
2
Pt = 0.69632 %
tc from table 19 IS 456 = 0.37 N/mm
2
Design of Shear reinforcement is Necessary
Vus = 416.487963 KN
7
No of Leg = 2
Bar dia = 12 mm
Area of shear bar = 226.1952 mm2
Sv = 117 mm
Provide 12 mm 2-legged Shear Bar @ 110 C/C
mm
Page 30
Chapter 4 DESIGN SUMMARY

Column Reinforcement Details
Desig. Column Type Ground Floor First Floor
C1 C1 (14"X14") 4-16φ+4-12φ 4-16φ+4-12φ
C2 C2 (14"X14") 4-16φ+4-12φ 4-16φ+4-12φ
C3 C3 (14"X14") 8-16φ 8-16φ
C4 C4 (14"X14") 4-20φ+4-16φ 4-20φ+4-16φ
C5 C5 (14"X14") 4-16φ+4-12φ 4-16φ+4-12φ
C6 C6 (14"X14") 4-20φ+4-16φ 4-20φ+4-16φ
C7 C7 (14"X14") 4-16φ+4-12φ 4-16φ+4-12φ
C9 C8 (14"X14") 4-16φ+4-12φ 4-16φ+4-12φ
C8 C9 (14"X14") 8-16φ 8-16φ
C10 C10 (14"X14") 4-16φ+4-12φ 4-16φ+4-12φ
C11 C1 1(14"X14") 8-16φ 8-16φ
Page 31
Beam Design Summary

Beam Reinforcement Details
Grid Floor Beam Type Top Reinforcement Stirrups
All Long Grid At Support At Mid
Ground B (2-16φ Th) + (2- (2-16φ Th) 8mm φ @4" c/c

Floor (350mmX500mm 16φ ex) near joint and 6" at
) mid
Bottom Reinforcement 8mm φ @4" c/c

near joint and 6" at
mid
At Support At Mid 8mm φ @4" c/c

mid
(3-16φ(Th.) 8mm φ @4" c/c

mid
First Floor B (2-16φ Th) + (2- (2-16φ Th) 8mm φ @4" c/c
(350mmX500mm 16φ ex) near joint and 6" at
) mid
Top Reinforcement 8mm φ @4" c/c

mid

mid
(2-16φ Th) + (2- (2-16φ Th) 8mm φ @4" c/c

16φ ex) near joint and 6" at
mid
Bottom Reinforcement 8mm φ @4" c/c

mid

mid
(2-16φ Th) (2-16φ Th) 8mm φ @4" c/c

mid
All Short Grid
Page 32
Ground B Bottom Reinforcement 8mm φ @4" c/c

Floor (350mmX500mm near joint and 6" at
) mid

mid
(3-16φ(Th.) (3-16φ(Th.) 8mm φ @4" c/c

mid
First Floor B Top Reinforcement 8mm φ @4" c/c

(350mmX500mm near joint and 6" at
) mid

mid
(2-16φ Th) + (2- (2-16φ Th) 8mm φ @4" c/c

12φ ex) near joint and 6" at
mid
Page 33
Fig: Typical Footing and Column Plan
Page 34
Footing Design Summary
Isolated Footing Reinforcement Details
JOINT Footing Type Size Reinforcement in x- Footing Edge

Direction & y- direction Depth Depth
C5 F-1 6' X 6' 12 mm φ @ 150 mm 16” 8"
c/c
C1, C2, C3, F-2 5' X 5' 12 mm φ @ 150 mm 16” 8"
C4, C7 c/c
C8, C10 F-3 6' X 6' 12 mm φ @ 150 mm 16” 8"
c/c
C1, C2, C3, F-4 6' X 6' 12 mm φ @ 150 mm 16” 8"
C6 c/c
Combined Footing Reinforcement Details

Bottom
Joint Footing Footing Type Top Reinforcement Reinforcement
C6-C7 F3 F2 12 mm φ @ 150 mm 12 mm φ @ 150 mm

c/c both ways c/c both ways
Strap Beam Reinforcement Details
Floor Joint Beam Type Top Reinforcement Bottom Stirrups

Reinforcement
At Support At Mid
Base C8-C9 SB-1 (4-16 φ ) (Th.) (6-16 φ ) (Th.) 12mm φ

(14"X20") @4" c/c
near joint
Base C10-C11 (4-16φ ) (Th.) (6-16 φ ) (Th.)
Page 35
SB-2 12mm φ
(14"X20") @4" c/c
near joint
Chapter 5 : ANNEXES, CONCULSION AND REFRENCES
Annexes
Fig: Slab in plan 1st storey
Page 36
Fig: Slab in plan 2nd storey
Page 37
Fig: Column Details
Page 38
Fig: Reinforcements of Beam and Columns
Fig: Rebar Details of Beam (1st Storey)
Page 39
Fig: Rebar Details of Beam (2st Storey)
Page 40
Page 41
Page 42
Page 43
Page 44
Fig: Axial Force Diagram
Fig: Shear Force Diagram
Page 45
Fig: Moment Driagram
Page 46
Fig: Story Drift EQx
Fig: Storey Drift EQy
Page 47
Conclusion
Ductility and strength required to resist major earthquake can be achieved by following the
recommendations made in the standard codes of practice for earthquake resistant design.
After the analysis of the building components, the building is found to be safe against the
loads considered above. All the sections are found to be stressed within the permissible limits
due to axial, shear, flexural and torsional forces produced due to above forces. The slab and
foundations were checked manually. Shear stirrups is sufficiently provided so that none of
the elements are Vulnerable to shear failure and failure mode will be flexural, which is more
ductile. Bearing capacity of the soil is assumed to be 150 KN/m2. It is strongly recommended
to check the bearing capacity before construction so as to ensure the assumed value is within
safe limits. The structural safety would further depend upon the effectiveness of construction
procedures as well as collapse and serviceability criteria followed during the construction
phases.
Design and construction of the structure are inter – related jobs. A building behaves in a
manner how it has been built rather than what the intensions is during designing. A large
percentage of structural failures are attributed due to poor quality of construction. Therefore,
quality assurance is needed in both design and construction. Durable M20 concrete has been
used in the foundation which is in contact with the soil. M20 grade of concrete is used during
analysis and design for Beams and slabs whereas M25 grade is used during analysis and design
for columns. Ductile detailing has been extensively adopted while detailing.
Page 48
References
IS: 456 – 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete
IS: 875 (Parts 1-5) Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings
and structures (second revision) Part 1 – Dead loads Part 2 – Imposed loads
NBC 105: 1994 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal
IS: 1893 – 2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
IS: 13920 - 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to Seismic
forces - Code of Practice
SP: 16 – 1980 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978
SP: 34 – 1987
Jain, A.K.
Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement Detailing
Reinforced Concrete, Limit State Design, fifth edition, Nem Chand and Bros, Rookie, 1999
Sinha, S. N.
Pillai,U.C. and Menon,D.
Reinforced Concrete Design, Second edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New
Delhi, 1996
Reinforced Concrete Design, Second edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New
Delhi, 2003
Page 49

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A REPORT ON

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL DATA AND LOAD CALCULATION

Description of the Building

Relevant Codes followed

a. IS 456-2000 : For Design of Structural Elements

Basic Principal of Analysis of the structure Step for earthquake load

1. Earthquake load with Seismic Coefficient Method (IS 1893-2002)

Basic Principal of Design of Foundation

1. Isolated Footing to support the structure.

Software used for Analysis and Design

Concrete and Steel Grade

Concrete Grade = M 20 for Foundation, Beams and slabs

Preliminary Design for proportioning of the Structural Elements

Chapter 2 : 3D MODELLING, ANALYIS AND DESIGN

Fig: Plan view of building in ETABS

Fig: 3D view of building in ETABS

Design Methods of Structural Elements

Limit State Method

a. The limit state of collapse or total failure of structure.

1. Dead Load (DL)

Specific weight of materials [Ref: IS: 875(Part 1)-1987)]

IS1893 2002 Auto Seismic Load Calculation

Period Calculation Method = User Specified

User Period T = 0.278 sec

Factors and Coefficients

Seismic Zone Factor, Z [IS Table 2] Z = 0.36

IS1893 2002 Auto Seismic Load Calculation

Period Calculation Method = User Specified

User Period T = 0.278 sec

Factors and Coefficients

Seismic Zone Factor, Z [IS Table 2] Z = 0.36

Spectral Acceleration Coefficient, Sa /g Sa Sa

Story Load Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir

Maximum value of Story drift = 0.004*Story ht.

Table 3.8 - Modal Periods and Frequencies

- Modal Participating Mass Ratios (Part 1 of 2)

- Modal Participating Mass Ratios (Part 2 of 2)

- Modal Load Participation Ratios

- Modal Direction Factors

Chapter 3 SAMPLE ANALYSIS RESULT AND SAMPLE DESIGN RESULT SAMPLE

Sample Column Design

Column Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Design Code Parameters

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For Pu , Mu2 , Mu3

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Factors

Shear Design for Vu2 , Vu3

Joint Shear Check/Design

Joint Shear Shear Shear Shear Joint Shear

(1.1) Beam/Column Capacity Ratio

Additional Moment Reduction Factor k (IS 39.7.1.1)

Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1) (Part 1 of 2)

Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1) (Part 2 of 2)

Sample Beam Design

Beam Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Design Code Parameters

Factored Forces and Moments

Design Moments, Mu3 & Mt

Design Moment and Flexural Reinforcement for Moment, Mu3 & Tu

Shear Force and Reinforcement for Shear, Vu2 & Tu

Shear Ve Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s

Torsion Force and Torsion Reinforcement for Torsion, Tu & VU2

Sample Slab Design