Chapter 6 Digital FIR Filter Design

Design of FIR filter

Symmetric FIR filter Asymmetric FIR filter

M odd M Even M odd M Even

Where ‘M’ – Length of the filter

For Symmetric FIR filter, filter impulse response should satisfy the following condition,

h (n) = h (M-1-n)

For Asymmetric FIR filter, filter impulse response should satisfy the following condition,

h (n) = - h(M-1-n)

6.1.1 Frequency Response of FIR filter

[1]. Symmetric FIR filter

H (~) = Hr(~) e- j~ (M - 1) /2

where
Hr(~) = MagnitudeResponse
^ h
i ~ =- j~ (M - 1) /2 = Linear Phase Response

46
Magnitude Response for both odd length and even length filters

^ h
b M - 1l
^ h M - 3 /2 c bM 1 lm
Hr ~ = h
2 + 2 ! h(n) cos ~ -
2
- n , M odd
n= 0

^^ h h
^ h M/2 - 1 c bM 1 lm
H ~ =2
r ! h(n) cos ~ -
2
- n , M even
n= 0

The phase characteristic of the FIR filter for both ‘M’ odd and ‘M’ even is
Z b l ^ h
]- ~ M - 1 , if Hr ~ >0
^ h ] 2
i ~ =[ b l ^ h
]- ~ M - 1 + r , if Hr ~ <0
\ 2

[2]. Asymmetric FIR filter

For ‘M’ odd, the center point of the antisymmetric h(n) is n = (M-1)/2 and also

b l
h M- 1 =0
2
Frequency response is given by

;^ h r E
H (~) = Hr(~) e j - ~ (M - 1) /2 +
2

Magnitude Response for both odd length and even length filters

^ h
^ h M - 3 /2 c bM 1 lm
Hr ~ = 2 ! h(n) sin ~ -
2
- n , M odd
n= 0

^^ h h
^ h M/2 - 1 c bM 1 lm
Hr ~ = 2 ! h(n) sin ~ -
2 -
n , M even
n= 0

47
The phase characteristic of the FIR filter for both ‘M’ odd and ‘M’ even is
Z b l ^ h
]r - ~ M - 1, if Hr ~ >0
^ h ]2 2
i ~ =[ b l ^ h
] 3r - ~ M - 1 , if Hr ~ <0
\ 2 2

6.1.2. Selection of Filters

S.No Type of FIR filter Suitable to Design

1. Asymmetric Even HPF, BSF

2. Asymmetric Odd Not suitable for any

type of filter design

3. Symmetric Even LPF,BPF

4. Symmetric Odd LPF, HPF, BPF, BSF

Note:

[1]. Asymmetric Even – Its frequency response is zero at ‘ω’ = 0 ,(i.e) H(ω) =0 for
Low Pass Filter design. So it is not suitable for LPF and BPF design.

[2]. Asymmetric Odd - It is not suitable for any type of FIR filter design. The reason is

At ‘ω’ = 0 ,(i.e) H(ω) =0 not suitable for LPF and BPF design,

At ‘ω’ = π , (i.e) H(ω) =0 not suitable for HPF and BSF design.
[3]. Symmetric Even - it is suitable for LPF and BPF filter design. The reason is

At ‘ω’ = π , (i.e) H(ω) =0 not suitable for HPF and BSF design.
[4]. Symmetric Odd – It is suitable for all types of FIR filter design.

48
6.1.3 Design Of FIR Filters Using Windowing Techniques

Procedure:
] g
] g
1. Find the Unit Sample Sequence hd n from the given desired frequency response

Hd e i~

hd (n) = 1r
2
#H (e d
j~
)e
j ~n
d~
- r
where ‘n’ varies from - ∞ to + ∞ and –π ≤ω ≤ π.
] g
2. To design finite length filter multiply the doubly infinte unit sample sequence hd n
with finite length window function w(n).

h(n) = hd (n).w(n), 0 # n # M - 1
3. Find the frequency response of the filter using

Hd (~) = / h (n).e-
j ~n

n= 0
] g
The unit sample response hd n is of infinite duration and must be truncated
at some point n = M-1 to give a FIR filter of length ‘M”. There are different types of
window functions used to obtain FIR filter response from infinite impulse response.

49
6.1.4. Different Types of Windowing Techniques

S.N Type of window Transition Width Side Lobe Level in dB

W(n), 0 ≤ n ≤ M-1
1. Rectangular 4П/M - 13
W(n) = 1
2. Hanning 8П/M - 32
w(n) = 0.5- 0.5 cos(2Пn/(M-1))
3. Hamming 8П/M - 43
W(n) = 0.54 – 0.46 cos(2Пn/M-1))
4. Bartlett 8П/M - 27
W(n) = 1- ( 2 | n- (M-1)/2| ) / (M-1)
5. Blackmann 12П/M - 58
W(n) = 0.42 – 0.5 cos(2Пn/(M-1))+
0.08 cos(4Пn/(M-1))

6.1.5. Scilab Implementation of Digital FIR Filter

50
Name
wfir — linear-phase FIR filters

Calling Sequence
[wft,wfm,fr]=wfir(ftype,forder,cfreq,wtype,fpar)

Parameters
ftype

string : 'lp','hp','bp','sb' (filter type)

forder

Filter order (pos integer)(odd for ftype='hp' or 'sb')

cfreq

2-vector of cutoff frequencies (0<cfreq(1),cfreq(2)<.5) only cfreq(1) is used

when ftype='lp' or 'hp'

wtype

Window type ('re','tr','hm','hn','kr','ch')

fpar

2-vector of window parameters. Kaiser window fpar(1)>0 fpar(2)=0. Chebyshev

window fpar(1)>0, fpar(2)<0 or fpar(1)<0, 0<fpar(2)<.5

wft

time domain filter coefficients

wfm

frequency domain filter response on the grid fr

fr

Frequency grid

Description
Function which makes linear-phase, FIR low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, and stop-band filters
using the windowing technique. Works interactively if called with no arguments.

51
Note: In order to explain the concept of Implementation of FIR filter using SciLab software
two example problems are solved and the results are verfied by writing programs in
SciLab5.

Problem 1.

A Low pass fitler is to be designed with the following desired frequency response

r #~# r
^ j~h *1, - 4 4
H e =
0, r #~#r
4
Determine the filter coefficients hd(n) if the window function is defined as,

) # G
w(n) = 1,0 n M - 1 [ That is Rectangular Window]
0, otherwise
M = filter length = 5.

Sol:

r
4

hd (n) = 1
2r
#H d (~).ej n d~
~

r
-
4
r
4
1
= 2r #1.e
j ~n
d~
r
-
4

;e E
r
j ~n 4

= 21
r jn -
r
4

52
 ; jr n - j nE
r

hd (n) = 1r e - e
4 4

2 jn

2j sin rn
= 21r jn
4

sin r n
= rn 4

Z r
]] sin 4 n
hd (n) = [ r n , n ! 0
]] 1, n= 0
\4
n = 0, hd(n ) = (1/4) = 0.25

since it is a symmetric filter,

hd(1 ) = hd(-1 ) = 0.225079

hd(2 ) = hd(-2 ) = 0.159154

h(n) = Fitler Impulse Response = hd(n )* w(n)

h(0) = hd(0 )*w(0) = 0.25

h(1) = hd(1 )*w(1) = 0.225079 = h (-1)

h(2) = hd(2 )*w(2) = 0.159154 = h (-2)

Note: In SciLab5 programming h(n) = {0.159154, 0.225079, 0.25, 0.225079, 0.159154}

h(1) = 0.159154 = h(5)

h(2) = 0.225079 = h(4)

h(3) = 0.25

53
Problem 2.

A Low pass fitler is to be designed with the following desired frequency response

r #~# r
^ j~h * 0, -
4 4
H e =
1, r # ~ #r
4
Determine the filter coefficients hd(n) if the window function is defined as,

) # G
w(n) = 1,0 n M - 1 [ That is Rectangular Window]
0, otherwise
M = filter length = 5.

Sol:
r

1> H
- r
4

h (n) = r
d
2
#H d (~).e
j ~n
d~ + #H d
j ~n
(~).e d~
- r r
4

1> H
- r
4

= 2r #1.e
j ~n
d~ + #1.e
j ~n
d~
- r r
4

r
1 =; ej~n E- 4 ; ej~n Er G
= 2r + jn r
jn - r
4

1 8 r B
r
= r n sin(n ) - sin(n 4)

* sin(nr ) - sin(nr )
hd (n) = 4, for n ! 0
rn
3/4 , for n = 0

54
 n = 0 & hd (0) = 3
4

n = 1 & hd (1) = hd (- 1) =- 1
2r

n = 2 & hd (2) = hd (- 2) =- 1r
2

h(n) = Fitler Impulse Response = hd(n )* w(n)

h(0) = hd(0 )*w(0) = 0.75

h(1) = hd(1 )*w(1) = - 0.2250791 = h (-1)

h(2) = hd(2 )*w(2) = - 0.1591549 = h (-2)

Note: In SciLab5 programming

h(n) = { - 0.1591549, - 0.2250791,0.75,- 0.2250791, - 0.1591549}

h(1) = - 0.1591549 = h(5)

h(2) = - 0.2250791 = h(4)

h(3) = 0.75

55
Program 1: This program used to generate digital FIR filter coefficients for the filter
specifications given in problem 2.

//To Design a Digital FIR filter

//High Pass Filter with cutoff frequency Wc = pi/4
//In Scilab Wc = Wc/2 = pi/8
//Normalized cutoff frequency Wc_norm = Wc/pi
//In Matlab Filter order = Filter Length - 1
//In Scilab Filter order = Filter Length

clear;
clc;

forder = 5; //Filter Length M = 5

cfreq = [0.125,0]; // For LPF and HPF only first value of cfreq selected as cutoff frequency
// Here cutoff frequency Wc_norm = cfreq(1) = 0.125

[wft,wfm,fr]=wfir('hp',forder,cfreq,'re',0);
wft; // Time domain filter coefficients
wfm; // Frequency domain filter values
fr; // Frequency sample points
plot(fr,wfm)

//RESULT
/High pass filter coefficents
//- 0.1591549 - 0.2250791 0.75 - 0.2250791 - 0.1591549 for cut off frequency 0.125
//which is equivalent to pi/4

56
Figure 1. Corresponding to Program 1 output.

57
Program 2: Some properties in graphics window of Program 1 changed in the coding itself

//To Design a Digital FIR filter

//High Pass Filter with cutoff frequency Wc = pi/4
//In Scilab Wc = Wc/2 = pi/8
//Normalized cutoff frequency Wc_norm = Wc/pi
//In Matlab Filter order = Filter Length - 1
//In Scilab Filter order = Filter Length

clear;
clc;
close;

forder = 5; //Filter Length M = 5

cfreq = [0.125,0]; // For LPF and HPF only first value of cfreq selected as cutoff frequency
// Here cutoff frequency Wc_norm = cfreq(1) = 0.125

[wft,wfm,fr]=wfir('hp',forder,cfreq,'re',0);
wft; // Time domain filter coefficients
wfm; // Frequency domain filter values
fr; // Frequency sample points

a=gca();
a.thickness = 3;
a.foreground = 1;

plot(a,fr,wfm,'marker','.','markeredg','red','marker size',2)
xtitle('Magnitude Response Vs Normalized Frequency','Normalized Frequency W
------>','Magnitude Response H(w)---->');
xgrid(2);

//RESULT

//High pass filter coefficents

//- 0.1591549 - 0.2250791 0.75 - 0.2250791 - 0.1591549 for cut off frequency 0.125
//which is equivalent to %pi/4

58
Figure 2: Corresponding to Program 2.

59
Program 3: This program is same as that of program 1 and program 2. But the filter order
is changed to M =31.

//To Design a Digital FIR filter

//High Pass Filter with cutoff frequency Wc = pi/4
//In Scilab Wc = Wc/2 = pi/8
//Normalized cutoff frequency Wc_norm = Wc/pi
//In Matlab Filter order = Filter Length - 1
//In Scilab Filter order = Filter Length

clear;
clc;
close;

forder =31; //Filter Length M = 31

cfreq = [0.125,0]; // For LPF and HPF only first value of cfreq selected as cutoff frequency
// Here cutoff frequency Wc_norm = cfreq(1) = 0.125

[wft,wfm,fr]=wfir('hp',forder,cfreq,'re',0);
wft; // Time domain filter coefficients
wfm; // Frequency domain filter values
fr; // Frequency sample points

a=gca();
a.thickness = 3;
a.foreground = 1;

plot(a,fr,wfm,'marker','.','markeredg','red','marker size',2)
xtitle('Magnitude Response Vs Normalized Frequency','Normalized Frequency W
------>','Magnitude Response H(w)---->');
xgrid(2);

60
Figure 3: Corresponding to program 3 output

61
Program 4: To write programs to generate LPF FIR filter coefficients for the given
specifications in Problem 1.

//To Design a Digital FIR filter

//Low Pass Filter with cutoff frequency Wc = pi/4
//In Scilab Wc = Wc/2 = pi/8
//Normalized cutoff frequency Wc_norm = Wc/pi
//In Matlab Filter order = Filter Length - 1
//In Scilab Filter order = Filter Length

clear;
clc;
close;

forder =5; //Filter Length M = 5

cfreq = [0.125,0]; // For LPF and HPF only first value of cfreq selected as cutoff frequency
// Here cutoff frequency Wc_norm = cfreq(1) = 0.125

[wft,wfm,fr]=wfir('lp',forder,cfreq,'re',0);
wft; // Time domain filter coefficients
wfm; // Frequency domain filter values
fr; // Frequency sample points

a=gca();
a.thickness = 3;
a.foreground = 1;

plot(a,fr,wfm,'marker','.','markeredg','red','marker size',2)
xtitle('Magnitude Response Vs Normalized Frequency','Normalized Frequency W
------>','Magnitude Response H(w)---->');
xgrid(2);

//RESULT

//Low Pass Filter coefficients

// 0.1591549 0.2250791 0.25 0.2250791 0.1591549 for cut off frequency 0.125
//which is equivalent to %pi/4

62
Figure 4: Corresponds to program 4 output. Filter Length M = 5

63
Program 5: Same as that of Program 4 specifications with Filter order M = 31.

////To Design a Digital FIR filter

//Low Pass Filter with cutoff frequency Wc = pi/4
//In Scilab Wc = Wc/2 = pi/8
//Normalized cutoff frequency Wc_norm = Wc/pi
//In Matlab Filter order = Filter Length - 1
//In Scilab Filter order = Filter Length

clear;
clc;
close;

forder = 31; //Filter Length M = 31

cfreq = [0.125,0]; // For LPF and HPF only first value of cfreq selected as cutoff frequency
// Here cutoff frequency Wc_norm = cfreq(1) = 0.125

[wft,wfm,fr]=wfir('lp',forder,cfreq,'re',0);
wft; // Time domain filter coefficients
wfm; // Frequency domain filter values
fr; // Frequency sample points

a=gca();
a.thickness = 3;
a.foreground = 1;

plot(a,fr,wfm,'marker','.','markeredg','red','marker size',2)
xtitle('Magnitude Response Vs Normalized Frequency','Normalized Frequency W
------>','Magnitude Response H(w)---->');
xgrid(2);

64
Figure 5: Corresponding to program 4 output

65
Program 6: To design and plot Low Pass Filter frequency response and High Pass Filter

//Frequency response on the same Graphic Window.

//To Design a Digital FIR filter
//Low Pass Filter with cutoff frequency Wc = pi/4
//In Scilab Wc = Wc/2 = pi/8
//Normalized cutoff frequency Wc_norm = Wc/pi
//In Matlab Filter order = Filter Length - 1
//In Scilab Filter order = Filter Length

clear;
clc;
close;

forder = 31; //Filter Length M = 31

cfreq = [0.125,0]; // For LPF and HPF only first value of cfreq selected as cutoff frequency
// Here cutoff frequency Wc_norm = cfreq(1) = 0.125

//To generate Low Pass Filter Coefficients

[wft_LPF,wfm_LPF,fr_LPF]=wfir('lp',forder,cfreq,'re',0);

//To generate High Pass Filter Coefficients

[wft_HPF,wfm_HPF,fr_HPF]=wfir('hp',forder,cfreq,'re',0);

a=gca();
a.thickness = 3;
a.foreground = 1;

plot(a,fr_LPF,wfm_LPF,'marker','.','markeredg','red','marker size',2)
plot(a,fr_HPF,wfm_HPF,'marker','*','markeredg','blue','marker size',2)
xtitle('Magnitude Response Vs Normalized Frequency','Normalized Frequency W
------>','Magnitude Response H(w)---->');
xgrid(1);
h1 = legend('Low Pass Filter','High Pass Filter');

66
Figure 6: Plotting LPF frequency response and HPF frequency response on the same
Graphic window

67
Problem 3

A Band Pass filter is to be designed with the following desired frequency response

^ j~h *1, r # ~ # 3r
H e = 4 4
0, otherwise
Determine the filter coefficients hd(n) if the window function is defined as,

) # G
w(n) = 1,0 n M - 1 [ That is Rectangular Window]
0, otherwise
M = filter length = 11.

Sol:

r 3r
> -
4 4
H
hd (n) = 1
2r
#H d (~).e
j ~n
d~ + #H d (~).e
j ~n
d~
3r r
-
4 4

r 3r
> -
4 4
H
= 21
r
#1.e
j ~n
d~ + #1.e
j ~n
d~
3r r
-
4 4

r
1 =; ej~n E- 4 ; ej~n E 3r4 G
= 2r jn - 3r
+ jn r
4 4

1 8 ` 3r j ` rjB
= r n sin 4 n - sin n 4

68
 h(0) = hd(0 )*w(0) = 0.5

h(1) = hd(1 )*w(1) = 0 = h (-1)

h(2) = hd(2 )*w(2) = - 0.3183 = h (-2)

h(3) = hd(3 )*w(3) = 0 = h(-3)

h(4) = hd(4 )*w(4) = 0 = h (-4)

h(5) = hd(5 )*w(5) = 0 = h (-5)

Note: In SciLab5 programming

h(n) = { 0, 0, 0, - 0.3183099, 0, 0.5, 0, - 0.3183099, 0, 0, 0}

69
Problem 4

A Band Pass filter is to be designed with the following desired frequency response

^ j~h *1, ~ # r and ~ $ 2r

H e = 3 3
0, otherwise
Determine the filter coefficients hd(n) if the window function is defined as,

) # G
w(n) = 1,0 n M - 1 [ That is Rectangular Window]
0, otherwise
M = filter length = 11.

Sol:

R 2r r V
S- 3 3 W
S j~nd~ + # j~nd~ +W
S # 1.e 1.e W
1 S- r - r W
h (n) = r S 3 W
2 S r
d

W
S # 1.ej~nd~ W
S W
S2r W
T 3 X

1 8 ^ h `r j ` 2r j B
= 2r sin r n + sin n - sin n
3 3
h(0) = hd(0 )*w(0) = 0.667

h(1) = hd(1 )*w(1) = 0 = h (-1)

h(2) = hd(2 )*w(2) = 0.2757 = h (-2)

h(3) = hd(3 )*w(3) = 0 = h(-3)

h(4) = hd(4 )*w(4) = -0.1378 = h (-4)

70
 h(5) = hd(5 )*w(5) = 0 = h (-5)

Note: In SciLab5 programming

h(n) = { 0, - 0.1378988, 0, 0.2755978, 0, 0.6668, 0, 0.2755978, 0, - 0.1378988, 0}

71
Program 7:

//To Design a Digital FIR filter

//Band Pass Filter with cutoff frequencies =[Wc1,Wc2] = [pi/4,3pi/4]
//In Scilab [Wc1,Wc2] = [Wc1/2,Wc2/2] = [pi/8, 3pi/8]
//Normalized cutoff frequency Wc_norm = [Wc1/pi,Wc2/pi] = [0.125,0.375]
//In Matlab Filter order = Filter Length - 1
//In Scilab Filter order = Filter Length

clear;
clc;
close;

forder = 11; //Filter Length M = 11

cfreq = [0.125,0.375]; // For LPF and HPF only first value of cfreq selected as cutoff
frequency
// Here cutoff frequency Wc_norm = cfreq(1) = 0.125

[wft,wfm,fr]=wfir('bp',forder,cfreq,'re',0);
wft; // Time domain filter coefficients
wfm; // Frequency domain filter values
fr; // Frequency sample points

for i = 1:length(wft)
if(abs(wft(i))< 1D-5)
wft(i) = 0.0;
end
end

a=gca();
a.thickness = 3;
a.foreground = 1;

plot(a,fr,wfm,'marker','.','markeredg','red','marker size',2)
xtitle('Frequency Response of Band Pass Filter with Lower cutoff =0.125 & Upper Cutoff =
0.375','Normalized Frequency W ------>','Magnitude Response H(w)---->');
xgrid(2);

//RESULT

//Band Pass Filter coefficients

//wft =[0. 0. 0. - 0.3183099 0. 0.5 0. - 0.3183099 0. 0. 0.]

72
Figure 7: Frequency response of Band Pass Filter

73
Program 8: Design of Digital Band Stop Filter

//To Design a Digital FIR filter

//Band Stop Filter with cutoff frequencies =[Wc1,Wc2] = [pi/3,2pi/3]
//In Scilab [Wc1,Wc2] = [Wc1/2,Wc2/2] = [pi/6, 2pi/6
//Normalized cutoff frequency Wc_norm = [Wc1/pi,Wc2/pi] = [1/6,2/6]=[0.1667,0.3333]
//In Matlab Filter order = Filter Length - 1
//In Scilab Filter order = Filter Length

clear;
clc;
close;

forder = 11; //Filter Length M = 11

cfreq = [0.1667,0.3333]; // For LPF and HPF only first value of cfreq selected as cutoff
frequency
// Here cutoff frequency Wc_norm = cfreq(1) = 0.125

[wft,wfm,fr]=wfir('sb',forder,cfreq,'re',0);
wft; // Time domain filter coefficients
wfm; // Frequency domain filter values
fr; // Frequency sample points

for i = 1:length(wft)
if(abs(wft(i))< 1D-5)
wft(i) = 0.0;
end
end

a=gca();
a.thickness = 3;
a.foreground = 1;

plot(a,fr,wfm,'marker','.','markeredg','red','marker size',2)
xtitle('Frequency Response of Band Stop Filter with Lower cutoff =0.1667 & Upper Cutoff =
0.3333','Normalized Frequency W ------>','Magnitude Response H(w)---->');
xgrid(2);

//RESULT

//Band Stop Filter coefficients

//wft =[0. - 0.1378988 0. 0.2755978 0. 0.6668 0. 0.2755978 0. - 0.1378988 0]

74
Figure 8: Frequency Response of Band Stop FIR Filter

75
6.2 Design of FIR filters using Frequency Sampling Technique:

In the frequency sampling method the desired frequency response is specified at a set of
equally spaced frequencies

~k = 2r (k + a), k = 0,1,... M - 1
M 2
M - >odd
k = 0,1,... M - 1
2
M - >even
a = 0 or 1
2
If a = 0  It is said to be Type 1 design
If a = 1  It is said to be Type 2 design
2

A desired frequency response of the FIR filter is given by

^h ^h m- 1
G d ~ = G ~ = / h(n)e- j~n , where ‘m’ is the length of the filter
n= 0

When ~ = 2r (K + a)
M

` 2r j M- 1
(K + a) = / h(n) e- j M (K + n
c 2r m
a)
H
M n= 0

^ h m- 1

H K + a = / h(n) e-
` j
j 2r (K + a) n
m
n= 0

76
Symmetric Frequency Samples:
` j
j 2r (K +n) on both sides,
Multiply by e m

M- 1 ` 2r j jc 2r (k+n)m M - 1 M - 1
/ H M (k + a) e M = / / h(n)e- j 2rM an
k= 0 n= 0 k= 0
;
M- 1 M- 1
2r an E
= / / h(n) e- j
M
k= 0 n= 0
M- 1 6 @
/ H(k + a)ej 2rMkn = M h(n)e- j 2rMan
k= 0
M- 1
/ H(k + a) e
j 2r kn
M
= M h(n) e
- j
2r an
M
k= 0
M- 1

h(n) = 1 / H(k + a) e M
j 2r (k+a)n
, n = 0,1,...M - 1
M k= 0

Note 1:

Since h(n) is real frequency samples H(k + a) satisfy the symmetric condition given
by,

H(k + a) = H (M - k - a)
*

This symmetric condition along with symmetric conditions for h(n) can be used to
reduce the frequency specifications from ‘M’ points to M +1
2 points for ‘M’ odd and M
2
points for ‘M’ even.

Symmetric (or) Asymmetric:

; c M - 1m r E
j ~
H(~) = Hr (~)e - 2 + 2
put ~ = 2r (k + a)
M
` j j; br 2r (k+a)(M - 1) E
H(k + a) = (- 1) Hr 2r (k + a) e a -
k
2M
M
b = 0, h(n) is symmetric
b = 1, h(n) is asymmetric

77
Note 2:

The advantage of frequency sampling method is the efficient frequency sampling

structure is obtained when most of the frequency samples are zero.

Assume,
` r j
G(k + a) = (- 1) Hr 2 (k + a)
k

; br r (k+a)(M - 1) E
H(k + a) = G(k + a)e e
jr k j -
2 M

Type 1 and Type 2 design for both h(n) is symmetric and asymmetric

Case (i) Type design, h (n) is symmetric:

a = 0, b = 0 (most frequently used method)

jr k
H(k) = G(k)e M

` 2r kj
k
G(k) = (- 1) Hr , G(K) =- (M - k)
M

' U ` r ` jj1
h(n) = 1 G(0) = 2/ G(k)cos 2 K n + 1
M k= 1 M 2

* M 2- 1, M odd
where, U=
M - 1, M even
2

78
Case (ii) Type 2 design, h(n) is symmetric:

a = 1, b = 0
2

` 1j ` 1j j r jr (2k+1)
H k+ = G k + e- 2 e 2M
2 2

` 1j ` 2r ` 1j j
G k+ = (- 1) k Hr k+
2 M 2

` 1j ` 1j
G k+ = G M - k-
2 2

U ` j 8 ` j` jB
h(n) = 2 / G k + 1 sin 2r k + 1 n + 1
M k= 0 2 M 2 2
Case (iii) Type 1 design, h(n) is symmetric:

a = 0, b = 1

^h ^ h j r jr k
H k = G k e 2 e M , k = 0,1.... M - 1

^h k ` 2r k j
G k = (- 1) Hr , G(k) = G(M - k)
M

(m- 1)/2^ h 8
2 / 2r k ` 1j B
h(n) =- G k sin n+ , M odd
M M 2
k= 1

" (M/2) - 1 8 2r k `
1 n+ 1 `Mj
/ 1j B
h(n) = (- 1) G - 2 G(k) sin n+ , M even
M 2 M 2
k= 1

79
Case (iv) Type 2 design, h(n) is asymmetric:

a = 1, b = 1
2

` j ` j jr (2k+1)/2M jr /2
H k+ 1 = G k+ 1 e e
2 2

` j 8 r B
G k + 1 = (- 1) Hr 2 (k + 1)
k

2 M 2

` 1 j ` 1 j
G k + =- G M - k - ; G(M/2) = 0, for 'M' odd.
2 2

80
Program 9: Design of LPF FIR filter using Frequency Sampling Technique

//Design of FIR Filter using Frquency Sampling Technique

//Low Pass Filter Design
//Cutoff Frequency Wc = pi/2
//M = Filter Lenth = 7

clear;
clc;
M = 7;
N = ((M-1)/2)+1
wc = %pi/2;
for k =1:M
w(k) = ((2*%pi)/M)*(k-1);
if (w(k)>=wc)
k-1
break
end
end
w

for i = 1:k-1
Hr(i) = 1;
G(i) = ((-1)^(i-1))*Hr(i);
end

for i = k:N
Hr(i) = 0;
G(i) = ((-1)^(i-1))*Hr(i);
end

G
h = zeros(1,M);

G(1)/M;

for n = 1:M
for k = 2:N
h(n) = G(k)*cos((2*%pi/M)*(k-1)*((n-1)+(1/2)))+h(n);
end
h(n) = (1/M)* (G(1)+2*h(n));
end
hst1=fsfirlin(h,1);
pas=1/prod(size(hst1))*.5;
fg=pas:pas:.5;//normalized frequencies grid
a=gca();
a.thickness = 3;
a.foreground = 1;

81
plot(a,2*fg,hst1,'marker','.','markeredg','red','marker size',2)
xtitle('Frequency Response of LPF with Normalized cutoff =0.5','Normalized Frequency W
------>','Magnitude Response H(w)---->');
xgrid(2);
//plot2d(2*fg,hst1);
//RESULT

// N = 4.
// ans = 2.
// w =

// 0.
// 0.8975979
// 1.7951958
//G =

// 1.
// - 1.
// 0.
// 0.

//ans = 0.1428571

//h = - 0.1145625 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.

//h = - 0.1145625 0.0792797 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.

//h = - 0.1145625 0.0792797 0.3209971 0. 0. 0. 0.

//h = - 0.1145625 0.0792797 0.3209971 0.4285714 0. 0. 0.

//h = - 0.1145625 0.0792797 0.3209971 0.4285714 0.3209971 0. 0.

//h = - 0.1145625 0.0792797 0.3209971 0.4285714 0.3209971 0.0792797 0.

//h = - 0.1145625 0.0792797 0.3209971 0.4285714 0.3209971 0.0792797 -

0.1145625

Figure.9 Digital LPF FIR Filter Design using Frequency Sampling Technique. With
Cutoff Frequency = 0.5, Filter length = 7

82
Program 10. Design of Digital BPF FIR Filter design using Frequency Sampling Technique

83
//Design of FIR Filter using Frquency Sampling Technique
//Band Pass Filter Design
//Cutoff Frequency Wc = pi/2
//M = Filter Lenth = 31

clear;
clc;
M = 15;
N = ((M-1)/2)+1
wc = %pi/2;

Hr = [1,1,1,1,0.4,0,0,0];

for k =1:length(Hr)
w(k) = ((2*%pi)/M)*(k-1);
end
w
k = length(Hr);

for i = 1:k
//Hr(i) = 1;
G(i) = ((-1)^(i-1))*Hr(i);
end

G
h = zeros(1,M);

for n = 1:M
for k = 2:N
h(n) = G(k)*cos((2*%pi/M)*(k-1)*((n-1)+(1/2)))+h(n);
end
h(n) = (1/M)* (G(1)+2*h(n));
end
h

hst1=fsfirlin(h,1);
pas=1/prod(size(hst1))*.5;
fg=pas:pas:.5;//normalized frequencies grid
a=gca();
a.thickness = 3;
a.foreground = 1;

Maximum_Gain = max(hst1)

gain_3dB = Maximum_Gain/sqrt(2)

plot(a,2*fg,hst1,'marker','.','markeredg','red','marker size',2)

xtitle('FIR Filter design using Frequency Sampling Tech. Frequency Response of

BPF','Normalized Frequency W ------>','Magnitude Response H(w)---->');

84
xgrid(2);
plot(2*fg,gain_3dB,'Magenta')
plot(2*fg,Maximum_Gain,'cyan')
h1 = legend('Frequency Response of BPF','3dB Gain','Maximum Gain');

//RESULT

// N =
//
// 8.
// w =
//
// 0.
// 0.4188790
// 0.8377580
// 1.2566371
// 1.6755161
// 2.0943951
// 2.5132741
// 2.9321531
// G =
//
// 1.
// - 1.
// 1.
// - 1.
// 0.4
// 0.
// 0.
// 0.
// h =
//
//
// column 1 to 9
//
// - 0.0141289 - 0.0019453 0.04 0.0122345 - 0.0913880 - 0.0180899 0.3133176
0.52 0.3133176
//
// column 10 to 15
//
// - 0.0180899 - 0.0913880 0.0122345 0.04 - 0.0019453 - 0.0141289
// Maximum_Gain =
//
// 0.52
// gain_3dB =
//
// 0.3676955
Figure 10. Digital BPF FIR Filter Design using Frequency Sampling Technique. With Cutoff
Frequencies =[0.4 0.5], Filter length = 15

85
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