Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim

English Literature Lecture Note

Lecturer : S@hin Sir

Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i hyM wefvM

 Renaissance Period (1500-1660 = 160 eQi)
i. Preparation for Renaissance = 1500-1558
ii. Elizabethan Period = 1558-1603
iii. Jacobean Period = 1603-1625
iv. Caroline Period = 1625-1649
v. Commonwealth Period = 1649-1660
GB hy‡Mi Av‡iv 2 wU fvM Av‡QÑ
i. Age of Shakespeare = 1590-1616
ii. Age of Puritan = 1620-1660

 Neo-Classical Period (1660-1785/1798)

i. Restoration Period = 1660-1700 = 40 eQi
ii. Augustan Period = 1700-1745
iii. Age of Sensibility = 1745-1798

 Romantic Period (1798-1832 =34 eQi)

 Lyrical Ballad cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g ïiæ nq|
 Common people language period.

 Victorian Period (1832-1901)

 Modern/Post Modern Period

 Modern Period (1901-1939)
G‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
i. The Edwardian Period (1901-1910)
ii. The Georgian Period (1910-1936)

 Post Modern Period (1939-Present)

Page  1
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

Renaissance Period (1500-1610)

 Renaissance means Rebirth/Revival/ cybR©b¥/ cybtRvMiY
 g~jZ Renaissance ïiæ nq BZvwji †d¬v‡iÞ kn‡i Ges Zv mgMÖ BD‡iv‡c Qwo‡q c‡o|
 Preparation for Renaissance = 1500-1558
 GB mgq wQj Bsj¨vÛ Gi RbM‡Yi Rb¨ me‡P‡q `ywe©mn `yt¯^cœgq mgq|
 ivYx Elizabeth (Virgin Queen) Gi evev wQ‡jb Henry (VIII),
wZwb `ytkvm‡bi gva¨‡g Bsj¨vÛ‡K bi‡K cwiYZ K‡ib|
 GB mg‡q †Zgb †Kvb mvwnZ¨ iwPZ nq wb|
Z‡e Henry (VIII) Gi `ytkvm‡bi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` ¯^iƒc GKwU weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨ wj‡Lb
Thomas More  Utopia (¯^M©ivR¨)|
 Utopia wjLvi Rb¨ Thomas More †K wk‡iv‡”Q` Kiv nq|
 Henry (VIII) Gi †gvU ¯¿x wQj 6 Rb|
 Henry (VIII) Zvui 2q we‡q msµvšÍ Kvi‡Y Rb¥ †bq Protestant|
 Protestant = Against of Pope
Catholic = Supporter of Pope
 `xN© GKwU mgq England G Protestant Ges Catholic Gi g‡a¨ M„nhy× P‡j|
 Elizabeth n‡jv Henry (VIII) Gi 2q ¯¿x Anne Boleyn Gi Kb¨v hv‡K Elizabeth R‡b¥i gvÎ AvovB eQi
c‡i ciKxqvi `v‡q wk‡iv‡”Q` Kiv nq Ges Elizabeth †K A‰ea †NvlYv Kiv nq|
 1553 mv‡j ÿgZvq e‡mb Queen Marry whwb Elizabeth Gi mr eo †evb|
 Queen Marry †K ejv nq Bloody Marry (i³ wccvmy †gwi)| wZwb wQ‡jb Catholic Ges cÖPzi Protestant
nZ¨v K‡ib| GRb¨ Dbv‡K ejv nq Bloody Marry.
 1558 mv‡j Rivqy‡Z K¨vÞv‡ii Kvi‡Y Queen Marry gviv †M‡j ÿgZvq e‡mb ivYx Elizabeth| Zvui
bvgvbymv‡i GB hy‡Mi bvgKiY Kiv nq|
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv, 1603 mv‡j ivYx Elizabeth Gi g„Zz¨i mv‡_ mv‡_ Zvui es‡ki (Tudor) mgvwß nq| Ges
England Gi ÿgZvq Av‡mb Scotland Gi ivRv King James (1st) hvi bvgvbymv‡i GB hy‡Mi bvgKiY Kiv nq
Jacobean Period.
cÖkœ t UK Ges Great Britain Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK?

1603

England Scotland King James (1st)

GKwÎZ nq
wKš` Parliament Avjv`v wQj
Page  2
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

1707

England Scotland Wales

GB 3wU Øviv GB ‰Zix nq

wKš` Parliament GwKf~Z nq

1801

England Scotland Wales Ireland

 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t 1921 mv‡j `wÿY Avqvij¨vÛ ¯^vaxbZv jvf Ki‡j, England, Scotland, Wales Ges North
Ireland wg‡j ˆZix nq UK ev United Kingdom.

 Elizabethan Period (1558-1603)

Av‡iv wKQz bvg t-
 Glorious Period of English Literature
 Golden Period of English Period
 Early Romantic Period
 Early Modern Period
 Greatest Period of all time
 English mvwn‡Z¨i `yB gnvb wKse`šÍx Christopher Marlowe Ges Shakespeare Gi Rb¥|
 ivYx Elizabeth Gi weL¨vZ Dw³ Ñ
A good face is the best letter of recommendation

 Elizabethan hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i ˆewkó¨ t-

 G hy‡M bvU‡K gwnjv‡`i Awfbq wbwl× wQj|
cyiælivB ‡g‡q‡`i Awfbq Ki‡Zv|
 Love
 Revenge

Page  3
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

Christopher Marlowe
 Father of English Drama/Tragedy.
 wZwb English mvwn‡Z¨ Blank Verse Gi cÖeZ©K|
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë|
 Marlowe Ges Shakespeare mgmvgwqK n‡jI Marlowe wQj c~e©m~ix Ges Shakespeare wQj DËim~ix|
Marlowe Shakespeare

wmwbqi Rywbqi

gvbœv kvwKe Lvb

 Dw³ t Man is the maker of his own fate
 weL¨vZ bvUK t-
i. Doctor Faustus.
Doctor Faustus ‡K ejv nq Renaissance Hero.
wb‡Ri AvZ¥v‡K 24 eQ‡ii Rb¨ kqZv‡bi Kv‡Q wewµ K‡i †`b|
g„Zz¨ hš¿bvi GK AKvU¨ `wjj Doctor Faustus.
Gi evsjv Abyev`K t wRqv nvq`vi|
ii. The Jew of Malta.
Marlowe Gi Malta.
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv, Marlowe Gi Malta †`‡L aviYv Kiv nq Shakespeare Zvi The Merchant of
Venice Ges Ben Jonson Zvi Volpone wj‡L‡Qb|
Edmund Spenser
 Poets of Poet (Kwe‡`i Kwe)
Romantic hy‡Mi KweMY Zv‡`i KweZvq Edmund Spenser Gi Style AbymiY Ki‡Zb GB Rb¨B
Spenser †K ejv nq Kwe‡`i Kwe|
 Child of English Renaissance.
 wZwb weL¨vZ GKwU Elegy (†kvKMvu_v) wj‡L‡Qb Sir Philip Sydney Gi g„Zz¨‡Z, bvg Astrophel.
 Famous Epic
 The Faerie Queen (ivYx GwjRv‡e_ Gi cÖmskv K‡i)
 The Shepheardes Calender
 Amoretti (Collection of 89 Sonnet)
 Sonnet g~jZ 3 cÖKvi| h_vt
i. Italian/Petrarchan Sonnet.
ii. Shakespearean Sonnet.
iii. Spenserian Sonnet.
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t ‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv, English mvwn‡Z¨ Sonnet Gi RbK Sir Thomas Wyatt.
wKš` cÖeZ©K William Shakespeare.
Page  4
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

Thomas Kyd
 Father of English Revenge Tragedy.
 Zvui GKgvÎ mvwnZ¨ The Spanish Tragedy (GwU GKwU Melodrama) hv‡K ejv nq Bloody
Tragedy.

 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Melodrama = Full of violent and sensation.

aviYv Kiv nq, Shakespeare Zvui me©e„nr Tragedy Hamlet (GwU evev nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva wb‡q iwPZ) wj‡L‡Qb
The Spanish Tragedy (GwU ‡cÖwgK nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva wb‡q iwPZ) c‡o AbycÖvwYZ n‡q|

**S@hin sir’s Special graph chart**

Ben Jonson Francis Beacon John Donne John Dryden
 Elizabethan  Elizabethan  Jacobean Period.  Restoration
period. period.  Poet of Love Period.
 Father of comedy  Father of English Father of  Father of modern
of humours. prose/Essay metaphysical poetry. English Criticism.

 mvwnZ¨ Kg© t-  mvwnZ¨ Kg© t-  weL¨vZ KweZv tÑ  weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨ Kg© t-

Beacon Gi mKj mvwnZ¨ i. The Good Morrow i. All For Love.
EVAS
ev cÖeÜ „Of‟ w`‡q ïiæ| ii. The Sun Rising
wKš` Love For
i. Everyman in Love wj‡Lb
His Humours e¨wZµg t wKš` The Sun Also
ii. Everyman Out Of Human Rises bv‡g weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm William Congreve.
of His Humours Bondage (Dcb¨vm) i‡q‡Q AvaywbK hy‡Mi gvwK©b ii. Absalom and
iii. Volpone GwU iPbv K‡ib William Jcb¨vwmK Earnest Achitophel.
iv. The Alchemist Somerset Maugham Hemingway Gi|
v. The Silent  ‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv,
wZwb Post Modern iii. The
Women Dryden,
period Gi| Canonization Shakespeare Gi
 weL¨vZ Dw³ t iv. For Whom The
me©‡kl bvUK “The
“It is impossible to Bell Tones
Tempest” mgv‡jvPbv
love and be wise” GKB bv‡g weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm K‡i †j‡Lb- The
i‡q‡Q Earnest Enchanted Island
Hemingway Gi|
 weL¨vZ Dw³ t
“For God‟s Sake,
hold your tongue and
let me love”

Page  5
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

William Shakespeare
 King Without Crown.
 Greatest Dramatist of All Time.
 Superstar of The World.
 Bard of Avon
 Rb¥ t 23 April 1564.
g„Zz¨ t 23 April 1616.
 Shakespeare Zvui R‡b¥i 26 eQi ci †_‡K mvwnZ¨ iPbv ïiæ K‡ib Ges gvÎ 26 eQi mvwnZ¨ iPbv
K‡i| A_©¨vr, Age of Shakespeare = 1590-1616.
 RxebKvj 52 eQi|
 Zvui we‡qi mgq eqm wQj 18 Ges ¯¿xi eqm wQj 26|

 Zvui mvwnZ¨ Kg© t- Shakespeare Gi m‡b‡Ui AšÍwgjÑ

 Play = 37 wU abab = 4
 Sonnet = 154 wU cdcd = 4
 Long Narrative Poem = 2 wU efef = 4
gg = 2
 Long Narrative Poem :- ‡gvU (4+4+4+2) = 14 jvBb|
i. The Rape of Lucrece.
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t English mvwn‡Z¨ Rape Av‡Q 3wUÑ
 The Rape of Lucrece (Poem = Shakespeare)
 The Rape of the Lock (Mock epic = Alexander Pope  Augustan period)
 Rape upon Rape (Play = Henry Fielding  Father of English NovelAge of Sensibility)
i. Adonis.
wKš` Adonais bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ elegy wj‡Lb PB Shelley (†bŠKv Wzwe‡Z gviv hvb)  John Keats Gi
g„Zz¨‡Z (h²vq gviv hvb)|

 Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ bvUK t-

 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Zvui cÖwZwU bvUK 5 c‡e© wef³|
 Tragi-comedy (3wU) :-
i. The Merchant of Venice.
ii. All‟s Well that Ends Well.
iii. Measure for Measure. (Dark play/Black play/Worse play/Problem play)
 The Merchant of Venice 
 aviYv Kiv nq Christopher Marlowe i weL¨vZ bvUK “The Jew of Malta” ‡`‡L AbycÖvwYZ n‡q
Shakespeare GB bvUKwU iPbv K‡ib|
 bvUKwUi weL¨vZ Dw³ t All that glitters is not gold

Page  6
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

 Elizabeth period G my` ev my‡`i Kvievi wb‡q mvwnZ¨ 3wU|

i. The Jew of Malta  Christopher Marlowe.
ii. Volpone  Ben Jonson.
iii. The Merchant of Venice  Shakespeare.
 Measure for Measure 
 ‡hgb KzKzi †Zgb gy¸i|
 weL¨vZ Dw³ t Some rise by sin and some by virtue fall (cv‡c Kv‡iv DÌvb c~‡Y¨ Kv‡iv cZb)|
 Shakespeare Gi mg¯Í Tragedy (12wU) e¨w³i bvg w`‡qÑ
i. Hamlet.
ii. Macbeth.
iii. Othello. (The Moor - gywik)
iv. King Lear.
v. Antony and Cleopatra.
wKš` Caesar and Cleopatra †j‡Lb GB Shaw
vi. Julius Caesar.
vii. Romeo Juliet. (A tragedy of eternal love)
 Hamlet 
 Shakespeare Gi me©‡kÖô I me©e„nr Revenge Tragedy.
 aviYv Kiv nq Thomas Kyd Gi “The Spanish Tragedy” (Bloody Drama) ‡`‡L wZwb GB weL¨vZ
Tragedy †j‡Lb|
 Hamlet means small village/small hut.
 GB bvU‡Ki cÖavb PwiÎ n‡jv t Prince Hamlet.
 GB bvU‡Ki g~j cÖwZcv`¨ n‡jv t wcZv nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva|
 weL¨vZ Dw³ t
 To be or not to be that is the question  Prince Hamlet.
GB Dw³ Øviv gvbe g‡bi wm×všÍnxbZv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GKvi‡Y ejv n‡q _v‡K AvaywbK hy‡Mi me gvbylB Hamlet.
 Frailty, thy name is women (bvix Zzwg AejvB)|
 There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so
 When sorrows comes, they come not single spies but in battalions
 Macbeth 
 ÿz`ª GKwU Tragedy.
 Macbeth wQ‡jb †mbvcwZ hvi ivRv wQ‡jb King Duncan.
 Zvui wife Gi bvg Lady Macbeth. hv‡K ejv nq PZz_© WvBbx/Supper witch.
 GB bvU‡K Av‡iv wZbwU WvBbx Av‡Q hviv †mbvcwZ Macbeth †K wZbwU fwel¨Øvbx K‡i Ges wZbwUB mZ¨ nq|
 Macbeth Zvui ¯¿x Lady Macbeth Gi civg‡k© ivRv Duncan †K nZ¨v K‡ib|
 Lady Macbeth Zvui GB cv‡ci Aby‡kvPbvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ Dw³ †`b t
All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand
Page  7
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

 Life is a tale, told by an idiot

Life is but a walking shadow  ‡mbvcwZ Macbeth Gi Dw³|
 Fair is foul, foul is fair  bvU‡Ki ïiæ‡Z wZb WvBbx MvB‡Z MvB‡Z bvUK ïiæ K‡i|

 Othello 
 Othello wQ‡jb GKRb †mbvcwZ/gywik †Rbv‡ij|
 gyi (gi‡°vi gymwjg Awaevmx‡`i ejv nq)|
 †mbvcwZ Othello Zvui ¯¿x Desdemona †K iægvj/handkerchief ‡`q|
 m‡›`‡ni wbg©g ejx nb Desdemona/Fatal consequence of doubt.

 King Lear 
 ivRv Ges wZb Kb¨vi Kvwnbx|
 ivRvi weL¨vZ Dw³ †QvU †g‡q‡K nviv‡bvi c‡i, I am a man more sinned against than sinning
(Avwg hZUv Ab¨vq K‡iwQ Zvi †P‡q †ewk Ab¨vq Avgvi mv‡_ Kiv n‡q‡Q)|
 King Lear Gi g‡Z, How sharper than a serpent‟s tooth it is to have a thankless child
(AK…Z•N mšÍvb mv‡ci Zxÿè `vu‡Zi †P‡qI gvivZ¥K)

 Julius Caesar 
 Rywjqvm wmRvi wQ‡jb weL¨vZ †ivgb †mbvcwZ|
 Zvi eÜz Brutus †K g„Zz¨`Û †_‡K evuPv‡jI †mB eÜzB Zv‡K nZ¨vi loh‡š¿ wQj, hvi †cÖwÿ‡Z Julius Caesar
weL¨vZ Dw³ †`b, Brutus you too!
 Rywjqvm wmRvi‡K we‡q K‡ib wgk‡ii ivYx wK¬I‡cUªv| hv‡K ejv nq mc©ivYx|
Rywjqvm wmRv‡ii weL¨vZ Dw³ t-
 Veni, Vidi, Vici (I came, I saw, I conquered).
 Cowards die mane times before their death.
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Rywjqvm wmRvi g„Zz¨i ci †mbvcwZ nb Mark Antony. GB Mark Antony wmRvi nZ¨vi
lohš¿Kvix‡`i GKRb| wgk‡ii ivYx wK¬I‡cUªv Mark Antony i cÖ_g `k©‡b †cÖ‡g c‡o hvb|

 Shakespeare Gi Comedy (15wU) :-

i. As You Like It.
ii. Comedy of Errors [åvwšÍwejvm  Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi]
iii. The Taming of the Shrew [gyLiv igbx ekxKiY  gybxi †PŠayix]

bvwqKv Katherine
iv. Mid Summer Nights Dream
v. Twelfth Night
vi. The Tempest [`yišÍ So  me©‡kl bvUK]
Page  8
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t gywbi †PŠayix Ges English mvwnZ¨ tÑ

 The Taming of the Shrew (gyLiv igbx ekxKiY)
 You Never Can Tell  GB Shaw (‡KD wKQz ej‡Z cvi‡ebv)
 weL¨vZ gvwK©b bvU¨Kvi Irwin Shaw Gi weL¨vZ bvUK Bury the Dead Aej¤^‡b ÒKeiÓ bvUKwU iPbv K‡ib|

 Jacobean Period (1603-1625)

 GB hy‡Mi †kÖô mvwnwZ¨K John Donne hv‡K ejv nq Father of Metaphysical poetry.
 Elizabeth period -G Avgiv †`‡LwQ ïay Lyb, i³, gvivgvwi, KvUvKvwU|
 John Donne wPšÍv Ki‡jb G¸‡jv e¨wZZ gvby‡li Soul, Love G¸‡jv wb‡qI mvwnZ¨ iwPZ n‡Z cv‡i|

Andrew Marvell
 Rb¥ t 1621 mv‡j
 Zvui KweZvq wZwb John Donne †K AbymiY Ki‡Zb|
wZwb wQ‡j John Donne Gi Abymvix|
GBRb¨ Dbv‡K Jacobean period Gi mvwnwZ¨K ejv nq|
 KweZv t-
i. To His Coy Mistress. (Marvell Gi Mistress)
ii. The Definition of Love. (Out of sight, near to mind).

 Caroline Period (1625-1649)

 King James (1st) Gi cyÎ Charles (1st) Gi bvgvbymv‡i G hy‡Mi bvgKiY Kiv nq|
 G hy‡MI England G M„nhy× P‡j|
 2wU cÿ t-
 Cavalier = Supporter of king
 Roundhead = Against of king (Supporter of the parliament of England)
 GB hy‡× Roundhead iv wR‡Z hvq Ges 1649 mv‡j Charles (1st) †K wk‡iv‡”Q` Kiv nq Ges Zvi cyÎ
Charles (2nd) France G cvwj‡q AvZ¥iÿv K‡ib hvi gva¨‡g England G ivRZ‡š¿i cZb nq|
Robert Herrick
 Cavalier poet
 GKgvÎ weL¨vZ KweZv To Daffodils; wKš`, The Daffodil wj‡L‡Qb Romantic hy‡Mi William Wordsworth.
 welqe¯` t-
To Daffodils = gvby‡li Rxe‡bi mswÿßZv|
gvby‡li Rxeb‡K Kwe mKv‡ji wkwk‡ii mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|
The Daffodil = cÖK…wZi wKQz wbivgq kw³/Healing power of nature.
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Commonwealth period (1649-1660) GB 11 eQi England G †Kv‡bv ivRv wQj bv|
Roundhead ‡bZv Cromwell ÿgZvq Av‡mb|
 GB hy‡M bvUK wbwl× wQj| (†Kv‡bv mvwnwZ¨K co‡Z n‡ebv)

Page  9
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

Neo-Classical Period (1610-1798)

 Restoration Period (1660-1700)
 1649 mv‡j England Gi ÿgZvq Av‡mb Roundhead.
GB 11 eQi Zv‡`i A`ÿ miKvi e¨e¯’v England Gi RbM‡bi Rxeb‡K `ywe©mn K‡i †Zv‡j Ges Zviv Dcjwä
K‡i ivRZš¿B Zv‡`i Rb¨ Best.
 France G cvwj‡q _vKv Charles (1st) Gi cyÎ Charles (2nd) ‡K G‡b England Gi ÿgZvq emvb| Gi
gva¨‡g England Gi ivRZ‡š¿i cyYiæ×vi nq| GB Rb¨ GB hyM‡K ejv nq Restoration period.
 GB hy‡Mi kw³kvjx mvwnwZ¨K John Dryden Gi bvgvbymv‡i GB hyM‡K ejv nq Age of Dryden.

John Milton
 me©‡kl Renaissance Hero.
 Epic poet.
 weL¨vZ gnvKve¨ t-
i. Paradise Lost.
ii. Paradise Regained.
GB `yÕwU gnvKv‡e¨ g~j Theme n‡jv t “To justify the ways of God to man”.
 weL¨vZ Elegy:-
i. Song on Shakespeare.
wKš`, Song of Innocence William Blake
(KweZv) 
Song of Experience Romantic period
ii. Lycidas  Kwei eÜz Edward King Gi g„Zz¨‡Z †jLv|
 weL¨vZ Dw³ t-
 It is better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven
 Childhood shows the man as morning shows the day
 Death is the golden key that opens the place of eternity

John Bunyan
 Zvi mvwnZ¨ Kg© t Pilgrim Progress, The Holy War.
 BN P = Pilgrim Progress

Bunyan

Samuel Butler
 wZwb weL¨vZ Kwe Ges Satirist.
 GKB bv‡g Victorian period G GKRb weL¨vZ Jcb¨vwmK i‡q‡Qb|
 Hudibras (Poem) = Samuel Butler (Restoration period)
 The Way of All Flesh (Novel) = Samuel Butler (Victorian period)
Page  10
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

 Augustan Period (1700-1745)

 GB hy‡Mi kw³kvjx mvwnwZ¨K Alexander Pope.
Zvui bvgvbymv‡i GB hyM‡K ejv nq Pope Gi hyM ev Age of Pope
Alexander Pope
 Mock Heroic poet
 weL¨vZ epic :- The Rape of the Lock (Mock epic)
 weL¨vZ KweZv t-
i. Essay on Man
ii. Essay on Criticism
 weL¨vZ Dw³ t-
 A little learning is a dangerous thing
 To err is human, to forgive is divine
 Fools rush in where angels fear to tread
**S@hin sir’s Special graph chart**
Jonathan Swift Charles Dickens
 Augustan Period (Neo-Classical)  Victorian Period
 Greatest Satirist  Greatest Novelist
 weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm Ñ  weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm Ñ
i. Gulliver Travels. i. Great Expectation. (Zvi †kÖó Dcb¨vm)
(4 L‡Û wef³) ii. A Tale of the Two Cities. (London & Paris)
ii. A Tale of a Tub. iii. The Battle of the Life.
iii. The Battle of the Books. iv. Hard Times.
v. David Copperfield.
vi. Oliver Twist.
**S@hin sir’s Special graph chart**
Samuel Richardson Samuel Johnson
 Augustan Period.  Age of Sensibility.
 weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-  Father of English Dictionary.
Richard Gi PC  wZwb 1st Lexicographer in English.
 Zvui bvg Abymv‡i GB hyM‡K ejv nq Age of Johnson.
i. Pamela [The virtue rewarded]
English mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Pamela|  wZwb Shakespeare ‡K “Poet of Human
ii. Clarissa. Nature” Dcvwa †`b Zvui A Preface to
Shakespeare eB‡q|
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv, Poet of Nature n‡jv William
Wordsworth. (Romantic period)
Av‡iv †R‡b ivLv fv‡jv, Shakespeare ‡K
“Dazzling Sun” Dcvwa †`b Victorian hy‡Mi weL¨vZ
Kwe Lord Alfred Tennyson.
Page  11
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

Henry Fielding
 Father of English Novel
 weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t- “Tom Jones”
 weL¨vZ bvUK t- “Rape upon Rape”
Thomas Gray
 Graveyard Poet.
 weL¨vZ Dw³Ñ
 Where ignorance is bliss, it is folly to be wise 
(AÁZvB †hLv‡b Avwke©v` Ávbx nIqvUv †evKvgx)
 Full many a flower is born to blush unseen

 weL¨vZ KweZv t- “Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat”

 weL¨vZ elegy :-
“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”  G‡K ejv nq Pastoral elegy. (MÖvgxY †kvKMv_v)|

Romantic Period (1798-1832)

 1798 mv‡j Lyrical Ballad cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g cÖgvwYZ nq mvaviY †L‡U LvIqv w`b gRyi gvbyl¸‡jv‡K wb‡qI KweZv †jLv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
Av‡M KweZvq ¯’vb †cZ ivRv-ev`kvn, ivYx A_©¨vr mgv‡Ri DuPz †kÖwYi gvbyl|
Lyrical Ballad cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g KweZvq ¯’vb cvq mgv‡Ri wb¤œ †kÖwYi †L‡U LvIqv gvbyl¸‡jvi K_v|
GBRb¨ Lyrical Ballad ‡K ejv nqÑ “Pioneer of Romantic Movement”
 GB hyM‡K Common people language hyMI ejv nq|
 Subjectivity [GB hy‡M KweZvq I (Avwg) Gi e¨envi ïiæ nq]; Supernaturalism.
 Romantic period g~jZ KweZvi hyM|
Age of Lyric
wKš`, Victorian period n‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi hyM|
 Lyrical Ballad = †gvU KweZvi msL¨v 23 wU|

 William Wordsworth = 19 wU
Giv `yB eÜz
 S.T Coleridge = 4 wU
 Lake poet = `yB eÜz Ges GK AvMvQv (3Rb)
i. William Wordsworth
ii. S.T Coleridge
iii. Robert Southey (AvMvQv)
 Definition of Romanticism : Not cut, copy, paste but create something new by imagination.

Page  12
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture
**S@hin sir’s Special graph chart**
William Wordsworth S.T Coleridge PB Shelley John Keats
 Poet of Nature.  cy‡iv bvg Samuel Taylor  Revolutionary Poet  Poet of Beauty
 England Gi mfvKwe| Coleridge.  Lyrical Poet/Poet  Poet of Sensuousness
 Nature related me Dw³ Zuvi|  Poet of Supernaturalism of wind (mgxi‡Yi Kwe)  Death Hunted Poet
 GKgvÎ bvUKt The Borderers  wZwb Avwdg Addicted  wZwb h²v‡Z gviv hvb|
 weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨ Kg©t-
 Poetic Autobiography: wQ‡jb|
“The Prelude” wKš` John Keats I Avwdg i. Prometheus  weL¨vZ KweZv Ñ
 Pioneer of Romantic †L‡Zb Z‡e Addicted bv| Unbound ÒIsabellaÓ
Movement. cÖkœ Avm‡j DËi Ki‡ev S.T ii. Adonais wet`ªt Isabella e¨ZxZ
 weL¨vZ KweZv t- Coleridge GwU Zvui weL¨vZ elegy
Zuvi mg¯Í KweZv “Ode”
(John Keats Gi g„Zz¨‡Z
i. The Daffodil  Biographia w`‡q ïiæ|
ii. The Solitary Reaper †jLv)
Literaria GwU mvwnZ¨
iii. Tintern Abbey
mgv‡jvPbvg~jK MÖš’|  weL¨vZ KweZv t-
iv. Rainbow
AvKvk, evZvm, †gN, ivRv e¨wZµg t
wKš` Rainbow bv‡g  weL¨vZ KweZvt- i. Ode to the Skylark i. Ode on
weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm wj‡Lb i. The Rime of ii. Ode to the west wind Immortality
AvaywbK hy‡Mi D.H Ancient Mariner iii. The Cloud (W.W)
Lawrence. ii. Kubla Khan iv. Ozymandias (king) ii. Ode to the
v. Lucy poems
iii. Christabel  Dw³t “If winter Skylark (PB Sh)
vi. Michael
iv. Dejection: An Ode comes, can spring be iii. Ode to the west
vii. Written in March  Dw³t “Water, water far behind” wind (PB Sh.)
viii. Ode on everywhere “My name is  Dw³t “Beauty is
Immortality Nor any drop to drink” Ozymandias, king of truth, truth beauty”
(Agi‡Z¡i Mvb) king”

William Blake
 Both Poet and Painter.
 KweZv t-
i. Songs of Innocence
ii. Songs of Experience
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Lyrical Ballad cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g GB hy‡Mi (Romantic period) †hgb m~Pbv nq,
Songs of Innocence cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g GB hy‡Mi c~Y©Zv jvf K‡i|
Jane Austen
 Romantic period Gi GKgvÎ Anti-Romantic gwnjv Jcb¨vwmK|
 Austen Gi PS
i. Pride and Prejudice
ii. Sense and Sensibility
Lord Byron
 cy‡iv bvg t George Gordon Lord Byron
 Revel Poet
 weL¨vZ epic :- Don Juan
Page  13
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

Victorian Period (1832-1901)

 ivYx Victoria 1837 mv‡j England Gi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| [ weªwUk ivRcwiev‡ii evmfeb n‡jv jÛ‡bi evwKsnvg c¨v‡jm ]
 GB `xN© kvmbKvj wQj England RbM‡Yi Rb¨ me‡P‡q myL - kvwšÍ Ges mg„×gq hyM|
 GB hyM‡K ejv nq Dcb¨v‡mi hyM|
 GB hy‡Mi ‰ewkó¨ t-
i. Symbolism
ii. Medievalism
iii. Sensuousness
 GB hy‡Mi 3 Rb cÖavb Kwe n‡jb Ñ
i. Lord Alfred Tennyson
ii. Mathew Arnold TAB
iii. Robert Browning
 GB hy‡Mi †kÖô Jcb¨vwmK t- “Charles Dickens”
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t GB hy‡M Charles Dickens Gi weL¨vZ Theory of Evolution (weeZ©bev` ZË¡) cÖPvwiZ
nq, hv wQj ag©xq †PZbvi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K|
Alfred Tennyson Mathew Arnold Robert Browning
 Representative/Lyric poet  Melancholic  Playwright and Psycho-
of the Victorian age. (welv`MÖ¯’)/Elegiac (KiæY) Poet. analyst of the Victorian
 Wordsworth Gi g„Zz¨i ci period.
1850 mv‡j wZwb England Gi  weL¨vZ elegy :-
mfvKwe (Poet of Laureate/Court “Thyrsis”  Dramatic Monologue Gi
wet`ªt GwU Kwei eÜz Arthur Clough cÖe³v|
poet of England)
Gi g„Zz¨ wb‡q †jLv| wet`ªt †h bvU‡K speaker GKRb Ges
 Shakespeare ‡K wZwb †kÖvZv GK ev GKvwaK _v‡K, Z‡e
“Dazzling Sun” Dcvwa †`b|  weL¨vZ KweZv t- †kÖvZv †Kv‡bv K_v e‡j bv Zv‡K
 weL¨vZ elegy:- i. Dover Beach Dramatic Monologue e‡j|
“In Memoriam” ii. The Scholar Gypsy
wet`ªt GwU Kwei eÜz Arthur Hanry  weL¨vZ KweZv t-
Hallam Gi g„Zz¨ wb‡q †jLv| wKš`, “The Spanish Gypsy” i. My last Duchess
wj‡L‡Qb George Eliot, GwU GKwU ii. Andrea del Sarto
 weL¨vZ KweZv t- iii. Porphyria‟s Lover
Dramatic Poem
i. Oenone (B‡bvbx) (Daughter iv. Rabbi ben Ezra
of River God) iii. Sohrab and Rustum v. Fra Lippo Lippi
ii. Ulysses (BDwjwmm,wMÖKexi) iv. Cromwell: A Prize Poem vi. The Patriot
wKš`, Ulysses bv‡g Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb
James Joyce. wKš`, Patriotism KweZvwU wj‡L‡Qb
iii. Lotus Eaters Sir Walter Scott
iv. Locksley Hall
 Zvui ¯¿x Elizabeth Barrett
v. Tithonus [g‡Z©i gvbyl we‡q
K‡iwQ‡jb Elv ‡`ex (Aurora) ‡K] Browning GKRb Kwe| Zvui weL¨vZ
vi. Morte DArthur KweZv  How do I Love Thee

Page  14
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

William Makepeace Thackeray

 weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-
Vanity Fair
GB Dcb¨v‡mi †Kvb Hero ‡bB|
GB Dcb¨vm Øviv wZwb England †K Satire K‡i‡Qb|
GUv g~jZ cwZZve„wˇK Zz‡j a‡ib|
Thomas Hardy
 weL¨vZ nZvkvev`x (Pessimistic) Dcb¨vwmK|
 weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-
i. Tess of the DUrbervilles
ii. The Return of the Native
iii. A Pair of Blue Eyes
iv. Under the Greenwood Tree
Note: GB wk‡ivbv‡g Shakespeare Gi As You Like It bvU‡K GKwU song i‡q‡Q|
 weL¨vZ Dw³ t- The greater the sinner, the greater the saint
Leo Tolstoy
 Russian Novelist.
 weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t- “War and Peace”
George Eliot
 wZwb gwnjv Jcb¨vwmK|
 e¨w³ Rxe‡bi scandal Avovj Ki‡ZB wZwb g~jZ “George Eliot” QÝbv‡g wjL‡Zb|
 Zvi Avmj bvg t- Mary Ann Evans
 weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t- “Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe”
 Dramatic poem:- “The Spanish Gypsy” [GwU Zvui weL¨vZ KweZv]
Z‡e, The Scholar Gypsy bvgK KweZv wj‡L‡Qb nZvkvev`x Kwe Mathew Arnold.

Gladstone
 weL¨vZ Dw³ t-
Justice delayed, justice denied
Justice hurried, justice buried

Alexandre Dumas
 weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-
i. Three Musketeers
ii. Twenty Years After

Page  15
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

Karl Marx
 Famous book:- “Das Capital” [GwU‡K mgvRZ‡š¿i evB‡ej ejv nq]
Samuel Butler
 weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨Kg© t- “The Way of All Flesh” (novel).
GKB bv‡g Restoration period Gi GKRb Kwe Av‡Qb, hvi weL¨vZ KweZv “Hudibras”.
Oscar Wilde
 wZwb Irish Jcb¨vwmK Ges bvU¨Kvi|
 weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨Kg© t-
i. An Ideal Husband. (play)
ii. A women of No Importance. (play)

Modern (1901-1939) & Post-Modern

 mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi Pvjy nq Ñ 1901 mv‡j|
 mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g †bv‡ej weRqx bvix Ñ Selma Lagerlof. (1909)
wZwb myBwWk fvlvq wjL‡Zb|
Earnest Hemingway George Bernard Shaw
 Av‡gwiKvi weL¨vZ Jcb¨vwmK I mvsevw`K  Ireland Gi Kwe|
 weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-  Father of Modern English Literature/Drama.
i. The Old Man and the Sea  wZwb 1925 mv‡j †bv‡ej cvb|
ii. A Farewell to Arms  weL¨vZ bvUK t-
iii. For Whom the Bell Tolls i. Man and Superman
wKš`, GB bv‡g Jacobean period Gi Kwe John ii. Arms and the Man
Donne Gi KweZv i‡q‡Q| iii. Caesar and Cleopatra
iv. The Sun Also Rises iv. You Never Can Tell
wKš`, The Sun Rising  John Donne Gi weL¨vZ v. Man of Destiny
KweZv| wKš`, “Road‟s of Destiny” wj‡L‡Qb OHenry.
vi. Candida ***
vii. Mrs. Warrens Profession ***

George Orwell
 wZwbw GKRb Police Officer wQ‡jb|
 Zvui Avmj bvg Eric Arthur Blair.
 wZwb George Orwell QÝbv‡g wjL‡Zb|
 weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-
i. Animal Farm.
ii. Nineteen Eighty Four.
Page  16
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

D.H. Lawrence
 cy‡iv bvg t David Herbert Richard Lawrence.
 weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-
i. Sons and Lovers
ii. Lady Chatterleys Lovers
iii. The Rainbow
wKš`, Rainbow bv‡g weL¨vZ KweZv Av‡Q William Wordsworth Gi|
E.M Forster
 cy‡iv bvg t Edward Morgan Forster.
 weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-
i. A Passage to India.
ii. A Room with a View
James Joyce
 Ireland Gi weL¨vZ Jcb¨vwmK|
 weL¨vZ eB t-
i. Ulysses (Novel)
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Ulysses bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv i‡q‡Q Victorian period Gi Kwe Alfred Tennyson Gi|
ii. Exiles (Play)
OHenry
 Real name: William Sidney Porter.
 Famous short stories:
i. The Gift of the Magi.
ii. Roads of Destiny.
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Man of Destiny (play) bvUKwU wj‡L‡Q Ñ G.B Shaw.
iii. Hearts of the West.
Pearls S. Buck
 wZwb mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g †bv‡ej cvIqv American bvix|
 weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t- The Good Earth Gi Rb¨ wZwb 1938 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ Noble cvb|
Rudyard Kipling
 weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-
i. The Jungle Book  GwU GKwU weL¨vZ wkï‡Zvl mvwnZ¨|
ii. Kim
Salman Rushdi
 Atheist (bvw¯ÍK)
 weL¨vZ eB (Bmjvg we‡Ølx) t- Satanic Verses
Page  17
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

T.S Eliot W.B Yeats

 cy‡iv bvg t Thomas Stearns Eliot.  cy‡iv bvg t William Butler Yeats.
 gvwK©b es‡kv™¢~Z weªwUk bvMwiK|  Ireland Gi RvZxq Kwe|
 weL¨vZ KweZv t-  weL¨vZ KweZv t-
i. Waste Land [5 Volume (5 L‡Û wef³)] i. The Second Coming.
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t GB KweZvi Rb¨ wZwb 1948 mv‡j ii. The Lake Isle of Innisfree.
Noble cyi¯‹vi cvb| iii. The Sailing to Byzantium.
ii. Gerontion iv. No Second Troy.
iii. Ash Wednesday

 weL¨vZ bvUK t-
i. Murder in the Cathedral
ii. The Cocktail Party

 W.B Yeats Ges iex›`ªbv_ cÖm½ t

 MxZvÄjxÕi Bs‡iRx Abyev` K‡ib iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wb‡RB Song Offerings bv‡g|
 W.B Yeats Song Offerings Gi f~wgKv †j‡Lb|
 1913 mv‡j iex›`ªbv_ mvwn‡Z¨ Noble cvb|
 1923 mv‡j W.B Yeats mvwn‡Z¨ Noble cvb|
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t fvi‡Zi RvZxq Kwe 3 Rb|
i. Kvjx`vm
ii. Zzjmx`vm
iii. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
 Wings of Fire (Autobiography)  A.P.J Abdul Kalam.
 India Wins Freedom  gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`|
Samuel Beckett
 weL¨vZ bvUK t-
i. Waiting for Godot. (Absurd Play)
ii. Endgame. (One-act play)
William Somerset Maugham
 Short Stories:
i. The Ant and the Grasshopper
ii. The Luncheon. (ga¨vý‡fvR)
 Famous Novels :
i. Of Human Bondage.
ii. The Sacred Flame.

Page  18
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

Literary Terms
1. Alliteration : The repetition of beginning consonant sound.
A_©¨vr, e¨vÄbe‡Y©i cyYive„wˇK Alliteration ejv nq|
Example:  Water, water everywhere.

Alliteration

 Sleepy sun sank slowly over the sea.

Alliteration

 But a better butter makes a butter better.

Alliteration

2. Assonance : The repetition of beginning vowel sound.

A_©¨vr, ¯^ie‡Y©i cyYive„wˇK Assonance ejv nq|
Example:  Alone, alone, all, all, alone

Assonance

 We light fire on the maintain.

Assonance

3. Anaphora: The repetition of the same word/phrase.

Example:  Water, water everywhere.

Anaphora

 My life is my purpose, my life is my goal, my life is my inspiration.

Anaphora

4. Simile:
 Simile Gi A_© n‡jv Dcgv/my¯úó Zzjbv|
 kZ© 2wU _vK‡e|
i. `yÕwU wfbœag©x wRwb‡mi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv n‡e|
ii. cÖ`Ë ev‡K¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z “As ev Like” _vK‡e|
Example:  My heart is like a singing bird. = simile
 I wondered lonely as a cloud. = simile
 He is as cunning as a fox. = simile
Page  19
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

5. Metaphor:
 Metaphor A_© n‡jv iƒcK|
 2wU wfbœ wel‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv n‡e wKš` †Kv‡bv DcgvevPK kã (As ev Like) _vK‡e bv|
Example:  Banghabandhu is the Himalayas. = Metaphor
GLv‡b e½eÜz‡K wngvj‡qi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡QwKš` †Kv‡bv DcgvevPK kã bvB|
 Life is but a walking shadow.
 Revenge is a kind of wild justice.
 All the worlds stage. = Metaphor
 Their home is a prison. = Metaphor
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t GKB RvZxq e¯`/wel‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbv n‡j Metaphor n‡e bv|
‡hgb t Nazrul is Shelley.
6. Soliloquy and Monologue :
Soliloquy Monologue
 g‡bi K_v|  gy‡Li K_v|
 Speakers speaks to himself/herself.  Speakers speaks to audience.
 Hamlet by Shakespeare.  GKK fvlY|
To be or not to be,  evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ÒKeiÓ|
That is the question.  Robert Browning GUvi cÖe³v|
 Shakespeare GUvi cÖe³v| KweZvt My last Duchess.
7. Epic: gnvKve¨/a long narrative poem/my`xN© †ivgvÂKi KvwnbxKve¨|
 Epic cÖavYZ 2 cÖKvi|
i. Primary ev Oral Epic.
ii. Secondary ev Literary Epic.
 Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ weL¨vZ gnvKve¨ t-
 The Rape of the Lock. (Mock Epic)  Alexander Pope.
 The Faerie Queen.  Edmund Spenser.
 The Iliad, The Odyssey.  Homer.
 Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained.  John Milton.
 Aeneid.  Virgil.
8. Climax: Kvwnbx ev bvU‡Ki Pig cwiYwZ| Climax n‡”Q bvU‡Ki m‡e©v”P ch©vq ev turning point ‡hLv‡b
NUbvi e„w× †kl nq Avi NUbvi cZb ïiæ nq|
 Climax = at the height of a plot./turning point.
Example: “Veni, vidi, vici” (I came, I saw, I conquered).
9. Hyperbole: ‡Kv‡bv wKQz m¤ú‡K© evwo‡q ejv/PvcvevwR Kiv/cv¤ú †`Iqv/overstatement Kiv/gvÎvwi³ ejv|
Example:  Ten thousand saw I at a glance.
 GLv‡b AwZiwÃZ Kiv n‡q‡Q KviY †KD at a glance Ten thousand MYbv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 I have told you a million times.

Page  20
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

 I loved Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of
love make up my some.
10. Limerick:
 Limerick = gRvi Qov|
 Limerick is a funny poem of five lines.
 cvuP jvB‡bi nvm¨-imvZ¥K/KweZv ev Qov‡K Limerick e‡j|
11. Elegy:
 ‡kvK Mv_v KweZv|/Word for lamentation (wejvc).
 †h KweZvq `ytL, AbyZvc, †e`bv cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Elegy e‡j|
Writers Elegies hvi g„Zz¨i Rb¨ †jLv n‡q‡Q
Edmund Spenser Astrophel Sir Philip Sydney
John Milton Lycidas Kwei eÜz Edward King
John Milton Song on Shakespeare Shakespeare
P.B Shelley Adonais John Keats
Alfred Tennyson In Memoriam Arthur Henry Hallam
12. Irony: wb›`v”Q‡j cÖksmv ev cÖmskv”Q‡j wb›`v/evuk †`Iqv wKš` nvm‡Z nvm‡Z, Zv‡K Irony ejv nq|
 Zzwg Avgvi Ggb fv‡jv eÜz †h Avgvi wec‡` mevi Av‡M cvjvI|
 †Q‡j fv‡jv Z‡e g` cvb K‡i|
 The showed his merit by making twenty mistakes in ten ten minutes.
 My name is Ozymandias, King of king.
 Brutus is an honorable man.
 Go ask him, if he be married, my grave is like to be my wedding bed.
13. Oxymoron/Antithesis/Paradox:
 Oxymoron: cvkvcvwk (wi·vi gZ) 2wU wecixZ kã _vK‡j Zv Oxymoron.
Open secret
Awfully delicious
Foolish wisdom
Living dead
Pretty cruel
Happy sad
Dark light
 Antithesis: hLb 2wU wecixZ kã Avjv`v Avjv`v 2wU ev‡K¨ e‡m wecixZ A_© cÖKvk Ki‡e G‡K Antithesis ejv nq|
Example:  Man propose, God dispose.
 Love is an ideal thing, Marriage is a real thing.
 You are easy on the eyes, but hard on the heart.
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t GLv‡b Oxymoron Ges Antithesis Gi g~j cv_©K¨ n‡jv Ñ
 2wU wecixZ kã cvkvcvwk _vK‡j Zv Oxymoron |
 wKš` 2wU Avjv`v ev‡K¨ _vK‡j Zv Antithesis|
Page  21
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

 Paradox: AvcvZZ we‡ivax n‡j wKš` mZ¨ †evSv‡Z Paradox nq|

 Child is the father of man.
 Bitter sweet.
 There is no one so poor as a wealthy miser.
 Be cruel to be kind.
 All are equal, but some are more equal than others.
14. Protagonist: Leading character in a play. (bvU‡Ki g~L¨ ev cÖavb Pwi·K Protagonist ejv nq)
Prince Hamlet n‡jv Hamlet bvU‡Ki Protagonist.
15. Machiavellian: Selfish character/ Cunning person.
16. Lyric and Ode:
 Lyric Gi evsjv n‡”Q MxZ|
Avgiv A‡bK KweZv A‡bK mgq Mv‡bi gZ K‡i ev Mv‡bi my‡i MvIqv nq G¸‡jv‡K Lyric.
 Avi GB Lyric ev KweZvi gZ Mvi ¸‡jvB hLb AvKv‡i eo nq Ges A‡bKUv Kvwnbxi gZ eY©bv w`‡q Mvb
AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq ZLb G‡K Ode ev Mv_v KweZv e‡j|
 Farce = cÖnmb|
 Folklore = †jvK Mv_v|
 Pastoral Elegy = MÖvgxY †kvK Mv_v|
 Satire = mgv‡Ri †Kvb AmsMwZ ev e¨_©Zv‡K hLb mvwn‡Z¨ GKUz Dcnv‡mi fw½‡Z Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq †mwU
n‡”Q Satire ev e¨½ iPbv|
 Hymm (†ng)= ag©xq Mvb| gnvb ¯ªóvi cÖmskv K‡i †h Mvb cwi‡ekb Kiv nq Zv‡K Hymm ejv nq|
 Blank verse = KweZvi Q›`‡K meter ejv nq|
Avi KweZv¸‡jv hLb Q›`nxb nq ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq Blank verse ev AwgÎÿi Q›`|
 Fable = DcK_v| Gai‡Yi iPbvq BZi cÖvYx gvby‡li gZ K_v e‡j|
 Novella = ‡QvU Dcb¨vm|
 Stanza = ¯ÍeK|
 Melodrama = Kind of play contains violent and sensational themes.
 Sonnet = Song of fourteen lines.
1g AvU jvBb n‡jv Octave.
2q Qq jvBb n‡jv Sestet.
17. Personification: ‡Kvb Ro c`v_© ev e¯`‡K Rxe ev e¨w³i ¸Yvejx Øviv Zzjbv Kiv‡K Personification ejv nq|
Example: Blow, Blow the winter wind
Thou are not so unkind
As man‟s ingratitude.
18. Euphemism: kÖæwZKUz k‡ãi/c‡`i cwie‡Z© †KvgjZi c‡`i cÖ‡qvM| †Kv‡bv A¯^w¯ÍKi ev mwZ¨Kvi k‡ãi
cwie‡Z© Ab¨ †Kvb my›`i k‡ãi e¨envi‡K Euphemism ejv nq|
†hgb t g„Zz¨ k‡ãi cwie‡Z© ci‡jvK Mgb e¨envi|
 The substitution of an inoffensive expression for one considered offensively explicit.
19. Allegory: ‡Kvb Mí ev Kvwnbx †hLv‡b Kíbv K‡i wKQz ejv nq|
20. Ballad: MxwZ KweZv/Avb›``vqK Mvb ev KweZv/ Romantic Pop song.
Page  22