Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
18.- Exclamaciones 47
19.- Expresar DESEOS y LAMENTOS (Wish and If Only) 33
20.- False Friends (Palabras que pueden confundir) 71 - 73
21.- Formas de expresar la EDAD de una persona 71
22.- FORMULAS PARA COMPOSICIONES (Frases hechas) 105 - 119
23.- Género en personas, animales y cosas en inglés 81 - 84
24.- GERUNDIO 34 - 35
25.- GLOSARIO DE C.O.U. 70
26.- GRAMÁTICA ESPAÑOLA 97
Artículo determinado e indeterminado español
97
27.- Tabla de tiempos ingleses (Todos los tiempos activos y pasivos) 104
28.- Hacer Comparaciones 48 - 49
29.- Impersonal “YOU” 6
30.- INFINITIVO de Propósito o Finalidad 41
31.- Locuciones Verbales: Would rather/sooner//Had better 19 - 20
32.- Nombres Compuestos (Lista y significado) 90 - 91
33.- Nombres Contables e Incontables 1- 2
34.- Oraciones CONDICIONALES (Conjunciones: if, unless, etc.) 51 - 53
35.- Oraciones de RELATIVO 64 - 66
36.- Oraciones FINALES 67
37.- Oraciones TEMPORALES 66 - 67
38.- Pares de palabras (pareados) 96
39.- Participio de Pasado 35
40.- Participio de Presente 35
41.- Participio Falso o “False Participle” 36
42.- Participios en vez de Oraciones Subordinadas 35 - 36
43.- Partícula “AS” 45
44.- Partícula “EVER” 6
Partículas “QUITE/RATHER/SUCH a/an + Nombre Contable
45.- 45
Singular
46.- Partículas “SO/SUCH … THAT” 46
47..- Partículas “TOO/ENOUGH” 46
48.- Phrasal Verbs (lista y significados) 79 - 80
49.- Plural de los Nombres Ingleses 11 - 12
50.- Posición de Adverbios y Frases Adverbiales 43 - 44
51.- Posición de los Adverbios 68
52.- Preposiciones (básicas) 75
53.- Preposiciones Finales o “End-prepositions” 45
54.- Prepositional and Phrasal Verbs 41 - 42
55.- Pronombres Reflexivos 48
56.- Pronombres, Adjetivos y Adverbios Interrogativos con “-EVER” 47 - 48
57.- Proverbs (Refranes) 76 - 78
58.- Puntuación en Inglés 42
59.- Quehaceres Domésticos 6
60.- Significados de la palabra “LEFT” 33
61.- Significados del verbo “To FEEL” 22
62.- Significados según la Pronunciación 74 - 75
63.- Sinónimos 74
64.- Sufijos y Prefijos 69
65.- Tail Questions o Questions-tags 50 - 51
66.- Tiempos Verbales 12
Presente Simple/Presente Contínuo
Las categorias de singular y plural se aplican a todo aquello que se puede contar; son
estos los que llamamos nombres contables, materiales como: girls, houses, flowers, o
abstractos como: days, hours, mistakes, ideas.
Pero hay otra serie de nombres que no se pueden encuadrar dentro de unos límites
numéricos - los llamamos incontables, ya sea a su vez materiales, como: silver, butter,
cheese, o abstractos como: music, traffic, success. Asi como los nombres contables se
pueden contar tomados en la medida de uno, dos tres etc., los incontables se pueden
cuantificar con las expresiones: much, little, some, a great deal of, plenty of ... etc.
The psycologist had spent a great deal of time studying the problem.
contable Incontable
ashes (cenizas)
Otro grupo de nombres son los terminados en -ics, que denotan materias:
mathematics - matemáticas
politics - política
statistics - estadística
Some y any son adjetivos o pronombres indefinidos que se emplean con sustantivos
incontables en singular y con sustantivos plurales contables, o sustituyendo a estos
mismos sustantivos.
You need many pins for that. I can lend you some if you want.
Por regla general el uso de some se limita a oraciones afirmativas. En las oraciones
interrogativas y negativas, detrás de if, hardly, barely, scarcely se emplea any con los
mismos significados de some:
Se emplea:
En ocasiones con los nombres contables tiene el valor de plural del artículo
indeterminado a:
Come with me and I'll show you some English books I bought.
En las oraciones negativas y en las que tienen valor negativo a causa de las
expresiones: hardly, barely, scarcely, estas expresiones tienen matiz negativo:
If I see any of your friends I'll tell them to meet you at the cinema.
FORM ASSERTIVE
VERB Affirmative
Everybody
Everyone
Everything
Everywhere
PRONOMBRES RECÍPROCOS
Además del uso más frecuente de “have” que es la de auxiliar en la formación de los
tiempos compuestos de cualquier verbo, tiene otros usos:
Con este significado no usamos normalmente el auxiliar “do” para la forma negativa e
interrogativa, sobre todo si la posesión a la que nos referimos es en el momento en que
hablamos:
Por supuesto si la forma que empleamos es “have got” nunca se puede utilizar “do”:En
afirmativa suele emplearse en inglés británico la estructura HAVE GOT, así “have”
hace la interrogativa y negativa mientras que “got” actua como comodín:
El verbo “to have” seguido de infinitivo con “to” indica Obligación y significa “tener
que” y este es el verbo que suple las deficiencias de “must”. Necesita de auxiliares para
formar la interrogativa y negativa. Si se utiliza el comodín “got to” el que hace la
interrogativa y negativa es “have”:
La negativa e interrogativa de “have to” puede hacerse de dos formas: con o sin “do”;
es más frecuente la forma con “do” sobre todo en presente:
En este uso la palabra que acompaña al verbo “have” es su complemento directo, por
tanto actua como un verbo léxico u ordinario. También necesita de auxiliares ara formar
la interrogativa y negativa:
IMPERSONAL: YOU
PARTÍCULA: “EVER”
Hardly ever - casi nunca; puesto que en inglés no se pueden poner dos partículas
negativas juntas; la partícula hardly tiene matiz negativo por tanto no se puede poner
never.
No, never
EL ARTÍCULO
En ambos ejemplos hay algo que define a la persona o cosa a que nos referimos. En el
primer caso es next door to us y en el segundo es that you gave me. Esta definición
del obejto o la persona de quién hablamos nos la puede dar la pregunta: WHAT? o la
pregunta WHICH?, y ésto ocurre en singular y plural:
The animals I saw were beautiful. What animals? Those I saw (not all animals).
The dogs in your farm don't like meat. Which dogs? The ones you have in your farm.
La determinación se puede expresar por medio de una oración de ralativo (The book
that you gave me) o por un complemento con preposición (The dogs in your farm)
- Con nombres de paises que o son plurales o están formados por más de una entidad
territorial:
- Con las palabras theatre, cinema, movies, pictures, opera, ballet ... cuando se
utilizan como lugar de esparcimiento:
We bought a house and an apartment. The house is not far from the sea.
- Con los adjetivos cuando se quieren sustantivar, se convierten por medio del
artículo en nombres plurales:
He became a Protestant.
- Con las expresiones: What a .. !; Such a ... !; Quite a ... !; Rather a ... ! + nombres
contables en singular: What a pity; it´s quite a good book.
- Con las palabras: school, church, prison, jail, bed, hospital ... cuando se utilizan
para el fin para el que se hiceron:
Happiness, Freedom
On Monday, On Friday.
- No se usa con los nombres propios aunque formen parte de un genitivo sajón, al
igual que con Mr, Mrs, Miss:
Mr Smithers; Mr Harrison.
- Con las palabras: next y last, ciando nos referimos al período inmediatamente
posterior o anterior al que estamos:
pero I met your brother the last week I spent in London (no tiene por qué ser la semana
pasada).
He is a doctor
What a pity!
It is such a pity!
In emphatic negatives
I haven´t a penny!
In adverbial phrases
In On As
“A certain”
a certain man
“A”, “ONE”
Good books are rare The good books I bought are rare
Happiness does not depend on money The happiness of most people does not
of food
They suffered from cold and hunger The cold and hunger they suffered was
intense
Persons Places
Mr Brown Cairo
I will meet you next week He fell ill and died the next week
I returned from my holiday last week This is the last week of the year
Excepciones:
- Los sustantivos terminados en -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x añaden la terminación -es para
formar el plural y adquieren así una sílaba más:
- Los que terminan en -o añaden también -es, excepto si son nombres extranjeros o
apocopados (cortos):
- Los que acaban en -y si va ésta precedida de consonante, cambia a “i” latina y añade
-es, pero si va precedida de vocal, sigue la regla general, añade -s:
- Las palabras latinas y griegas forman el plural según las reglas del latín o del griego:
Si son palabras de uso muy frecuente se siguen las reglas del inglés:
6. - Finalmente tenemos que destacar que hay una serie de sustantivos que no siguen
estas reglas. Al referirnos a ellos hablamos de plurales irregulares:
man - men; woman - women; foot - feet; tooth - teeth; mouse - mice; loose - lice; goose
- geese; child - children.
- Cuando el compuesto está formado por otros elementos y nombres (por ejemplo,
preposiciones o adverbios) sólo se pone en plural el nombre:
La excepción a esta regla es que los nombres que terminan en el sufijo -ful (del adjetivo
full) forman el plural añadiendo -s.
handful - handfuls; mouthful - mouthfuls.
TIEMPOS VERBALES
I am reading a book.
Tanto el Presente Simple como el Presente Continuo tienen valor de futuro. En caso
del Presente Simple, el valor de futuro lo da la expresión temporal que le acompaña:
El Presente Continuo tiene valor de futuro cierto a diferencia de shall o will (que
indican futuro simplemente) o la forma going to (que indica futuro próximo o
premeditado):
Pasado Simple.-
También se em`plea el pasado simple oara hacer preguntas sobre cosas que se sabe que
terminaron en un momento determinado del pasado:
When did you graduate? Where did you get that prize?
Otro uso del pasado simple es para referirnos a costumbres que se tenían en el pasado,
o para acciones que van acompañadas de los adverbios: sometimes, never, often,
always etc.; también con expresiones de tiempo que indican repetición: once a week,
three times a month, on Mondays, every Friday night etc.:
Presente Perfecto.-
I have eaten quite a lot today. We have written each other five times this month.
El Present Perfect es un tiempo que se emplea para referirnos a acciones que acaban de
terminar hace un instante. En inglés esta proximidad del momento en que se ha
terminado una acción se expresa por medio de just y el Present Perfect. Su traducción
al español es: ACABAR DE + INFINITIVO:
I have just seen your mother in the street. (Acabo de ver a tu madre ...)
Si las acciones a las que hacemos referencia van acompañadas de expresiones como:
already, lately, recently, también se emplea el Presente Perfecto si estas acciones
comenzaron en el pasado:
Por último se emplea este tiempo para hacer preguntas sobre el pasado cuando
queremos saber si algo ha ocurrido alguna vez. En inglés se utiliza el adverbio
interrogativo EVER:
Have you ever seen anything like that? Has he ever tried to learn English properly?
- Se usa con las partículas: How long ......? y las contestaciones con: Since y For.
How long have you been living here? I've been living here since January.
Tres usos:
Arthur was tired because he had been studying very hard. (Past)
After Arthur had been driving for six months, he found it quite easy.
Son estos dos verbos especiales que se emplean para formar el futuro de los demás
verbos. Son, pues, auxiliares de tiempo.
El futuro en inglés, cuando lo único que queremos expresar es que algo va a tener lugar,
se construye con shall para la primera persona de singular o plural y will para las
demás, seguidos de infinitivo sin to del verbo que conjugamos:
Pero no siempre se utilizan estos verbos para expresar simplemente el futuro. Hay una
serie de casos en que el futuro se tiñe de un matiz que puede ser de mandato, súplica,
sugerencia etc.:
SHALL:
- Cuando se emplea con las primeras personas y terceras puede expresar
ofrecimiento en el presente o en el futuro: (Se traduce al español po Querer que +
subjuntivo)
- Con todas las personas se emplea shall en las subordinadas finales introducidas por
SO THAT, para expresar determinación en el presente o en el futuro:
WILL:
- Con todas las personas, si el énfasis recae sobre el, indica determinación o
propósito:
Will you close the window, please? Will you do me a favour, please?
She will sit there for hours waiting for her son.
MUST: Esta es la forma única de un verbo defectivo que no tiene mas que presente de
indicativo. Su tercera persona no tiene -s y rige siempre infinitivo sin to. La forma
contracta de la negativa es mustn't.
Las formas que le faltan a este verbo, que son practicamente todas, se pueden suplir con
las expresiones: TO HAVE TO o TO BE TO (tener que).
- Necesidad 8según la idea del hablante): He must leave early tomorrow morning.
You will have to have your hair cut before you join the army.
I have got to go = I must go. Have you got to go? = Must you go?
En el presente de indicativo, que también puede utilizarse have to, hay frecuentemente
una diferencia de significado entre esta forma y must. MUST expresa obligación desde
el punto de vista del que habla y HAVE TO, como en los otros tiempos, desde el
exterior, es decir, que la obligación es externa.
- POSIBILIDAD:
Para expresar posibilidad en el futuro no podemos utilizar CAN; tenemos que utilizar
TO BE ABLE TO o el giro MANAGE TO:
- HABILIDAD o CAPACIDAD:
- SUPOSICIÓN: (negativa)
TO BE ABLE TO es el verbo que se emplea para suplir los tiempos que le faltan a
CAN. Son todos los compuestos (porque no tiene participio pasado), el futuro y el
condicional (porque no tiene infinitivo).
He might as well apply for the job (he doesn´t care about it.)
Puede ponerse en las oraciones condicionales (tipo 3, igual que would have):
If he had gone to the agency earlier, there might have been more choice.
I didn´t know her husband had died. You might have told me!
Going to: Esta formas seguida de un infinitivo se utiliza en inglés para acciones futuras
que son premeditadas y que de un modo u otro necesitan una preparación para llevarlas
a cabo. A veces, aunque no siempre, van acompañadas de una expresión de tiempo:
I'm going to ring my brother up. I need some soap because I´m going to wash up
Peter has bought some paint because he's going to paint his bedroom.
La distinción no es tan clara como a simple vista parece. Algunas gramáticas dan un
ejemplo como el que vamos a citar, pero no siempre que hablamos nos vamos a
encontrar con casos tan claros:
Peter has sold his car. Yes, he´s going to buy a new car. (La preparación está en el
hecho que Pedro ha vendido el coche viejo previamente para comprar después otro
nuevo)
As Peter has sold his car I will buy him a new one. (No hay nada premeditado. El hecho
de que Pedro haya vendido el coche me ha hecho pensar en regalarle uno nuevo).
Will se emplea sin poder ser sustituido por la forma going to en las oraciones
condicionales o en las subordinadas temporales, yendo will en la oración principal:
También hay que emplear will con los verbos que no tienen forma progresiva o
continua: believe, understand, know etc. Pero excepcionalemente con estos verbos se
puede emplear going to aunque no es normal.
Should: Aparte de ser auxiliar de condicional puede expresar deber (leve), consejo o
recomendación, al igual que ought to.
- Se suele usar en oraciones completivas con that detrás de verbos como: suggest,
decide etc.:
- También se emplea con sentido final detrás de las conjunciones so that, in order
that, in case etc.:
- Se suele usar también detrás de ciertos adjetivos que expresan placer, sorpresa,
disgusto etc.:
- Se usa en lugar del verbo want cuando queremos pedir algo de forma educada:
She would sit there for hours waiting for her son.
- Al igual que used to, sirve para describir hábitos pasados. Se utiliza especialmente
en inglés escrito:
During the weekend he would see him in his flat going through the paper.
Usos de OUGHT TO
Ought to es un verbo defectivo que rige infinitivo sin to puesto que la partícula to
pertenece al verbo. Tiene una forma única: ought to para todas las personas. Ought to
puede utilizarse como presente, pasado y futuro y expresa:
- Obligación, pero no por parte del hablante (como must), ni de tipo externo (como
have to), sino como un simple recuerdo o llamada a la atención por parte del hablante;
en este sentido es mucho menos enfático que must y muy similar a la idea que expresa
should:
You should not tell lies. You ought not to tell lies.
- También se puede emplear expresando consejo, igualmente en este caso con menos
énfasis que must:
I can´t do anything for you now. You ought to have told me yesterday afternoon.
Would rather o sooner: expresa preferencia entre dos cosas, por tanto se traduce por
preferiría esto a aquello (entre dos acciones)
I´d better go
Es equivalente a la estructura It would be better for me, you, him ... to ...
get + past participle o adjective, significa become (hacerse, llegar a ser); en este
caso verbaliza al participio o al adjetivo
get + object + past participle: uso causativo (al igual que have + object + past
participle); significa que alguien hace algo por uno, por tanto tiene significado pasivo):
have got + infinitivo con to: indica obligación lo mismo que have to:
get to: significa llegar a un sitio (cubierto), normalmente a una estación de tren:
+ NOUN
= I feel that I am ...
This morning I feel like the strongest man in the world.
= I want to have ...
This morning I feel like a long way
+ -ING
= I want to walk.
This morning I feel like walking.
= Do you want to play ...?
Do you feel like playing cards?
+ IT
= because I don´t want to.
This morning I´m not going to work because I don´t feel
like it.
+ ANYTHING
=I don´t want to eat or
drink anything.
This morning I don´t feel like anything.
Significados de to FEEL
Con adjetivos cuando el sujeto es una parte del cuerpo significa dar la impresión:
Feel like = “want”, en coloquial significa apetecer, dar la gana. Rige gerundio.
Help Father with the gardening; help with the washing up.
+ INFINITIVE without
+NOUN + INFINITIVE with TO
TO
I need a friend. I need to go.
I need not (needn´t) go
I don´t need friends. I do not need to go.
Need you go?
Do you need friends? Do you need to go?
+ INFINITIVE without
+ PERSONAL OBJECT + INFINITIVE with TO
TO
I dare you to go. I dare to go.
I dare not (daren´t) go
He dared me to sing. I do not dare to go.
Dare you go?
He dared us to say anything. Do you dare to go?
= He seems happy.
a) To LOOK + adjective = to seem,
appear = They seem sad.
I seem to be right.
They seemed to know him.
Mind you don´t spend too much money during your holidays!
Do you mind closing the window? Would you mind closing the window?
Do you mind if I close the window? Would you mind if I close the window?
Tanto LITTLE como FEW tienen valor negativo y niegan la existencia de una
cantidad. En lengua hablabda no es muy frecuente el uso de little y few a menos que
vayan precedidos de too, extremely, very etc. Es más frecuente el uso de NOT
MANY, HARDLY EVER o NOT MUCH con el verbo en forma afirmativa o emplear
MUCH o MANY con el verbo en forma negativa:
en conversación se prefiere:
He didn´t say much about his illness o He said hardly anything about his illness.
Don´t worry if you haven´t any money. I have a few pounds here.
He was very thirsty but he has drunk a little water and he feels better now.
Para expresar mucha cantidad empleamos en inglés MUCH y MANY. Tanto much
como many son adeverbios de cantidad.
MUCH se emplea con los nombres incontables con el significado de gran cantidad:
Pero su uso debe quedar restringido a las oraciones negativas e interrogativas a menos
que sea el sujeto de la oración o que califique al sujeto:
Much has been said about him but nobody believes it.
Excepto en ejemplos como los que hemos dado, a veces incluso en casos así, much se
sustituye por a lot, a lot of, plenty of, a great deal of, lots of etc. en las oraciones
afirmativas:
MANY con el mismo significado que MUCH, se emplea con los nombres contables
en plural:
Cuando son sujeto de la oración en una frase larga pueden ir delante del sustantivo al
que acompañan:
both
The boys (they) love chocolate
All
Si un verbo normal como el del ejemplo, van colocados antes de él. Si el verbo es
auxiliar va detrás de él:
both
The girls are our friends
all
Cuando son sujetos de una oración, pero ésta es corta, o cuando se trate de respuestas
breves, si hay verbo auxiliar tenemos dos posibiliadades:
(a)
both
They can
all
(b)
Both
of them can
All
Si en estas respuestas breves prescindimos del verbo, la construcción que empleamos es
la b)
Both of them
Who can go?
All of them
(a)
both
The girls ate the sandwiches
all
(b)
both
They didn´t eat the sandwiches
all
(c)
both
They wanted them
all
(d)
both
They wanted them
all
Si van con el complemento pero en las respuestas cortas o en frases también cortas, se
usan seguidas de of y el pronombre complemento:
Both
of us
All
Usos de “EITHER ... OR // NEITHER ...NOR”
Cuando queremos darle más fuerza a la oración que ofrece la alternativa, en vez de
emplear sólo OR utilizamos EITHER ... OR...:
Neither my brother nor my sister found the money you had lost.
Por regla general en estas construcciones hay concordancia entre el verbo y el sujeto
que está próximo a él, aunque a veces suene extraño:
1.- Los adjetivos de una sílaba toman el sufijo -ER, doblando la consonante final en los
casos en que vaya una vocal sólo entre dos consonantes:
2.- Los adjetivos de tres o más sílabas llevan antepuesto MORE al grado positivo del
adjetivo:
3.- Los adjetivos de dos sílabas siguen una de las dos reglas ya expuestas: unos toman el
sufijo -ER y a otros se le antepone MORE. Como regla general los que terminan en -y,
-w, -er, -ly toman el sufijo -ER y los que terminan en -re, o -ful se le antepone MORE:
Cuando se emplea el superlativo sin artículo su valor es similar al que tiene el adjetivo
precedido de VERY, TERRIBLY, TREMENDOUSLY etc.
Hay que destacar una serie de excepciones idiomáticas en las que interviene el
comparativo o el superlativo:
HAD BETTER seguido de infinitivo sin TO. Significa: Será/Sería mejor que
con subjuntivo:
Hay una serie de comparativos y superlativos irregulares que no se forman siguiendo las
reglas dadas y que son los siguientes:
Worst
Better
Most
Worse
Good/well Least
More
Bad/badly Nearest
Less (distancia)
Much/many
Nearer Next (orden)
Little
Farther Farthest (para
Near distancia
Further ambos)
Far
Older Furthest (para
Old algo adicional)
Elder
Late Odest
Later
Eldest (persona
Latter misma familia)
Latest
Last
Resumen:
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES:
Form: One-syllable and most two-syllable adjectives: adjs + -er/est: tall - taller, tallest
Todos ellos carecen de infinitivo (por tanto no se le puede poner la partícula to,
ni tampoco pueden hacer el futuro ni el condicional) y participio de pasado
(con lo que no pueden hacer tiempos compuestos ni tiempos pasivos).
must; can/could; may/might; will/would; shall/should; ought to; used to; need/dare
(se denominan también semimodales, puesto que pueden ser modales o léxicos).
Must en afirmativa implica OBLIGACION interna, es decir, impuesta por el que habla
o escribe, a diferencia de have to en donde la OBLIGACIÓN es externa, ésta la
imponen terceras personas o circunstancias. También puede implicar DEDUCCIÓN,
dependiendo del contexto.
Donde se pueden confundir los significados de los dos verbos es en cuanto a permiso y
la diferencia es que may se utiliza mucho más que can con este significado, puesto que
can implica además esa capacidad física.
WAS ABLE = acción terminada: He was able to swim across the river.
USED TO: sólo tiene forma pasada. Significa “solía”. Se utiliza para costumbres en el
I used to read
I usually read.
Como verbo defectivo puede hacer la interrogativa y negativo por si solo, o también con
el auxiliar “did”:
Sin embargo en las respuestas cortas se hace con auxiliar (Yes, I did.)
“to” funciona como preposición si aparte del infinitivo español puede entrar un
pronombre personal de complemento o un sustantivo.
En frases hechas:
Con idiomas:
Con el significado de decir algo rige las preposiciones to (con) y about (de):
She was so angry with me that she didn´t speak to me all day.
Right // Left.
Con el verbo to be, se utiliza were para todas las personas (subjuntivo)
Se utiliza wish y if only + simple past or could cuando queremos que algo cambie en el
presente:
It´s no good / It isn´t any good siempre va seguido de gerundio (-ing) con significado
de there is no advantage:
GERUNDIO
Como forma no personal del verbo tiene todas las funciones del sustantivo:
rest stop help (en can´t help) stand (en can´t stand)
A los verbos que llevan asterisco se le suele poner un adjetivo posesivo antes del
gerundio.
Arthur didn´t enjoy cleaning the flat.
La regla en inglés es que después de preposición hay que poner siempre gerundio;
por tanto hay que poner gerundio despues de los verbos que rigen preposición, dentro de
esos verbos, los más utilizados son: accuse someone of, approve of, to be fond of, to
be good/bad at, to be used to, to feel like, to insist on, to look forward to, to succeed
in, to think of/about, what about ...?
En inglés hablado o en inglés informal se puede cambiar este posesivo por un nombre o
pronombre personal de complemento:
Will you excuse my leaving early? // Will you excuse me leaving early?
Participio de presente
Usos:
Con los vebos de percepción (de los sentidos): see, hear, smell, watch, notice.
I went to the station expecting to meet you but you didn´t arrive as I thought at first.
Participio de pasado
Su uso principal es para la formación de los tiempos compuestos (con have) y los
tiempos pasivos (con to be) de los verbos.
Como participio pasivo o pasado para añadir algo nuevo a una oración:
While walking down Earls Court Road, he happened to bump into as fellow student.
When thinking about Wales, one remembers that the Welsh are renowned for their
singing.
Aquí el Participio, con o sin “while” o “when” reemplaza a una oración temporal de
presente para mostrar que las dos acciones estan teniendo lugar simultaneamente.
Having made a reasonable amount of maney, Arthur didn't need to do any more work.
Consisting of mountains, castles and seaside resorts, North Wales is the best known to
tourists.
En estas oraciones los Participios se usan como alternativas para oraciones subordinadas
introducidas por “as”, “because” or “since”.
Falsos Participios
I shall be seeing John tonight if you want me to give him the message.
to invite to want
He told him to come back the next day.
Los verbos son: ask, discover, explain, find out, forget, remember, tell, understand,
wonder:
glad unable
to start
Los verbos: to like, to love, to hate y to prefer tienen que ir sólo seguidos por
INFINITIVO con TO cuando van conjugados en condicional
Would you like to come to the cinema tonight or would you prefer to go to a solitary
place?
To FORGET:
To TRY:
Seguido por gerundio significa “experimentar, probar o hacer algo para ver
que efecto tiene”:
He tried taking a couple of aspirins, but they didn´t have any effect.
To STOP:
Seguido de gerundio significa “dejar de, parar de hacer algo (not continue)”
When we got to the top of the hill we stopped to look at the view.
Con infinitivo significa “sentir que uno tenga que hacer algo”
To MEAN:
Con gerundio significa “involve” (tener que ver con), usado sólo
impersonalmente:
Todos los verbos de sensación: see, hear, feel, smell ... y los verbos listen to y watch
pueden ir seguidos de OBJETO + INFINITIVO o PARTICIPIO DE PRESENTE (-
ING):
I heard the Beatles play “Yesterday” on the radio. (escuché toda la canción)
I heard the Beatles playing “Yesterday” on the radio. (puede que no escuchara la
canción entera)
The students were waiting to hear what the Principal had to say.
TO BE + INFINITIVO con TO
In the second week of the term they were to visit a car-factory in Vigo
También puede describir planes que han fracasado o no se han llevado a cabo.
En este caso el verbo to be va seguido de infinitivo de perfecto:
The new car model was to have been out last month, but there was a strike.
Obligación: particularmente cuando el hablante está repitiendo órdenes dichas
por terceras personas:
En cuanto a la posición del complemento directo en los phrasal, hay que tener en
cuenta tres aspectos:
Si el C.D. es largo, es decir, compuesto por varios elementos, hay que colocarlo
inmediatamente después del adverbio para que el phrasal no pierda así su significado.
He took it off.
una excepción: en cuanto al phrasal get over, donde hay diferencia en cuanto a
significado:
Arthur and Mary talked to their old friends (they talked to them).
La Puntuación
Colon (: ): Se utiliza para introducir una lista, o también para unir oraciones cuando
la segunda es consecuencia o explicación de la primera:
Learn the following: the present, the past, the future and .....
Comma ( , ):
Después de cada palabra o expresión en una lista de más de dos, pero no delante de la
palabra and (aunque en inglés americano se ponga):
The Registrar, the Librarian and the Lodging Officer said a few words.
En los casos en que las palabras terminadas en -LY sean adjetivos, como en el último
caso, para formar en español su correspondiente adverbio de modo se recurre a la
estructura: in + adjetivo + way: in a friendly way.
Algunos de estos adverbios de grado modifican a verbos, entónces se ponen delante del
verbo principal o después del primer auxiliar:
Jennifer had not arrived home yet o Jennifer had not yet arrived home.
Otras características: Si hay dos o más adverbios en una oración la colocación sería
MODO-LUGAR-TIEMPO. Pero si se trata de VERBOS DE MOVIMIENTO, la
colocación sería LUGAR-MODO-TIEMPO:
La Partícula “AS”
Como CONJUNCIÓN:
She put the puddings on the stove as they take a long time to cook.
He works as a slave.
La forma más débil de expresar gradación es quite a/an y la forma más fuerte es
such a/an:
It was quite a good play, i suppose (not bad, but not really good either).
PREPOSICIONES FINALES
ANY + COMPARATIVOS
WH-WORDS + TO-INFINITIVE
Se emplean para hacer preguntas indirectas para pedir consejo o información de algo:
Tanto “which” como “what” pueden funcionar también como adjetivos interrogativos,
es decir, pueden preceder a un sustantivo:
Las partículas so/such ... that se utilizan para hacer oraciones con el significado de
tan/tanto .... que. SO se emplea con adjetivos (donde se incluyen much,many,little y
few + sustantivos) y advebios. Por otra parte SUCH se emplea con sustantivos (se
pondrá SUCH A/AN si el sustantivo es contable singular y SUCH solamente si el
sustantivo es incontable o plural):
ALTHOUGH / THOUGH
Though puede ponerse al final de la frase después de coma. Although puede ponerse
también en medio de la frase:
No creo que ella haya dicho eso = I don´t believe that she has said that
EXLAMACIONES
What weather!
However busy you are I´m sure you have time for a cup of tea.
IN CASE / UNLESS
IN CASE se utiliza para evitar cosas que no se desean como sinónimo de “providing
eventualities”. Se utiliza para resguardarse contra algo que está sucediendo o para
evitar que suceda, y se traduce por si acaso. Suele ir con tiempos o locuciones verbales
que indican tiempo presente (normalmente subjuntivo):
Most people employed a professional painter, unless they were very hard up.
PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
Se forman para primeras y segundas personas con el adjetivo posesivo añadiendole -self
(singular) o -selves (plural); y para las terceras con el pronombre personal de
complemento más -self o selves: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, (singular)
ourselves, yourselves, themselves (plural):
Usos:
Como objeto de un verbo cuando el sujeto y el objeto del verbo son la misma
persona. Sirve para convertir todos los verbos en verbos reflexivos:
Se usan también para enfatizar nombres y pronombres, por tanto se coloca después
del
nombre o pronombre al que dan énfasis. En inglés hablado suelen ir al final de frase:
HACER COMPARACIONES
AS ... AS // NOT SO ... AS:
Con as ... as se pueden compara cosas, personas o acciones. Se usa tanto con adjetivos
con con adverbios. Cuando la comparación es negativa se puede cambiar por not so ...
as, aunque en inglés hablado se prefiere utilizar la primera fórmula:
You have got aas much of it (pintura) on the floor as you have on the wall.
AS ... AS + CLAUSE:
AS ... AS en símiles:
Los símiles son frases hechas, por lo que hay que procurar no transliterar, puesto que
difieren de uno a otros idiomas y puede resultar negativo. Hay que expresar todo el
conjunto. Si no se sabe la comparación u ofrece alguna duda se recurre a la estructura
que vale para cualquier símil: as ... as anything:
Make + Object + Infinitive (sin TO) tiene más el significado de imponer, forzar,
obligar que de persuadir:
Do you think you can make the ministry change their minds?
ALL + CLAUSE
En inglés estas preguntas siempre se hacen con los auxiliares. Cuando hay un verbo
auxiliar en la frase, se repite éste, y es otro verbo cualquiera se emplea do, does, did; en
cualquier caso el sujeto es siempre un pronombre o there si la oración es impersonal.
Lo mismo que el sujeto siempre tiene que ser un pronombre o there, el auxiliar en
interrogonegativa siempre tiene que ir contraido; y como la primera persona del
presente del verbo to be “am” no se puede contraer con “not”, pasa a la segunda forma
del verbo:
I am a student, aren´t I?
Estas quetion-tags son dichas con entonación creciente y el hablante es pera la respuesta
de “si” si la question-tag es negativa o “no” si es afirmativa:
ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
Las oraciones condicionales se clasifican en diferentes tipos de acuerdo con la
correspondencia temporal ente la oración condicional introducida por la partícula IF y
el tiempo en que vaya la oración principal:
Los ejemplos dados representan los tres tipos más usuales de oraciones condicionales en
inglés.
Observaciones:
2.- En el tipo 2 de condicional cuando se trate del Pasado Simple del verbo to be, hay
que poner were para todas las personas (subjuntivo):
4.- En estos dos últimos casos, al igual que con el Pluscuamperfecto del tipo 3 de
condicional tenemos la posibilidad de omitir if al invertir el orden del sujeto y del verbo
sin que la oración pierda su matiz de condicional:
Por último hay otras conjunciones y giros que pueden introducir oraciones
condicionales, aparte de la partícula if, por ejemplo: unless, as long as, provid,
providing that, even if, supposing (that):
Tenemos que hacer notar que unless es sinónimo de if not, Normalamente se utiliza en
el primer tipo de condicional:
As long as and providing that significan lo mismo que but if only if. Se utilizan
normalmente en el primer tipo de condicional:
Even if significa lo mismo que if, pero enfatiza la condición. Se puede usar para
referirse al pasado, present y futuro:
El Verbo: TO SUGGEST
Suggest significa sugerir y se emplea para hacer sugerencias. Tiene varias estructuras:
Si suggest va en pasado solo puede ir seguido por that-should o por gerundio (la
forma -ing) que también puede ir precedida por adjetivo posesivo, aunque existe
también la forma coloquial que en vez de ir precedida la forma -ing por adjetivo
posesivo puede ir precedia por pronombre personal de complemento (aunque
gramaticalmente es incorrecto):
LA VOZ PASIVA
La Voz Pasiva se emplea con mucha más frecuencia en inglés que en español: Su uso
nos permite colocar al principio de la oración, como sujeto, al complemento de una
oración activa para darle más realce, pues siempre es la primera palabra de una frase la
que mayor efectoppsicológico presente:
En este ejemplo nos ineteresa hacer notar el hecho de que “Moll Falnders”, y no otro
libro, fué escrito por Henry Fielding; por eso empleamos la voz pasiva: por el contrario
si quisieramos hablar de Hrmry Fielding diríamos:
Transformaciones:
Act. They say that Mary is the most beautiful girl in the school
Pas. It is said (by them) that Mary is the most beautiful girl in the school. c) Mary
is said to be the most beautiful girl in the school.
REPORTED SPEECH
ESTILO DIRECTO: las palabras exactas dichas por el hablante original que son
repetidas y situadas entre comillas (“”). (Poniendo dos puntos (:) o coma (,) antes de las
comillas):
Expresar el significado exactos sin utilizar las palabras originales del hablante.
I) STATEMENTS ( “That-clause”)
Presente “ Pasado
Presente---------------------------Pasado
Pasaso-----------------------------Preterito Pluscuamperefcto
“I saw them yesterday” She told me that she had seen them yesterday.
E.D. “Max had already gone when I phoned him this morning”
E.I. Jim said that Max had already gone when he phoned that morning”
Explicación del BACK-SHIFT: el tiempo de la oración original, que sea presente NOW
para el estilo directo, pasa a ser pasado THEN para el estilo indirecto y se está en
pasado THEN pasa a pluscuamperfecto BEFORE THEN haciendo el cambio respecto al
PUNTO DE ORIENTACION.
EXCEPTIONS:
She said:”I decided not to buy the house because it was in the main road”
She said that she had decided not to buy the house because it was in the main road.
He said that when they were living in London, they had a lot of friends.
Otros cambios que son necesarios cuando se pasa de Estilo Directo a Indirecto:
La conjunción that se puede poner inmeditamente después del verbo introductor, pero
no es esencial y muy a menudo se suprime.
Tom said that the thief had come in through the window.
thisthat herethere
We met at the bridge and he said that he'd be there again the next day.
If the speech is reporting on the same day, these changes aren't necessary:
Las reglas anteriores se aplican también a las preguntas indirectas; sin embargo hay
unos puntos adicionales que hay que significar o tener en cuenta:
La palabra de unión de la frase del verbo introductor con la frase del estilo indirecto
es IF or WHETHER, excepto cuando las preguntas directas empiecne con
unpronombre o partícula interrogativa tales como WHO/ WHY/ WHAT/ WHERE/
HOW /WHEN... etc. que será la que haga de unión.
The teacher asked the student if he had gone to England the previous year.
He said:”I have left my watch at home. Can you tell me the time, please?”
He said that he had left his watch at home and asked me (politely) if I could tell him the
time.
WHETHER expresa una duda o una elección entre dos alternativas así muy a menudo
va seguido de OR:
Delante de un INFINITIVO:
Pueden ser especulaciones acerca del futuro o pueden pedir información de algun
acontecimiento futuro también. estas preguntas siguen la Regla Ordinaria (shallwould).
El verbo introductor es normalmente: WONDER
The student asked when he would know the results of the test.
Preguntas Ordinarias:
He offered me a drink.
COMMANDS
Las reglas que afectan a pronombres, adjetivos y otros cambios también se pueden
aplicar a los mandatos indirectos, excepto que no hay backshif porque no hay verbos en
forma personal (son oraciones subordinadas de infinitivo, que es una forma no personal)
Additional notes:
1) La Construcción: To BE + TO-INFINITIVE
Tiempo
Condicional
EXCLAMATIONS:
“What a different situation she is in !” He said that she was in different situation.
He said:”Damn !” He swore
He said:”Thank you”
He thanked me.
Formas Negativas:
He said:”Let´s not say anything about it”
What about + -ING: “What about going to the cinema this evening”
YES/NO ANSWERS:
He asked her if she liked it and she answered that she did.
“Would you be here for the next ten minutes?” she said, and I said:”Yes”
She asked if I would be there for the following ten minutes and I answered that I would.
“You pressed the button”, said the mechanic. “Don't do it again. You might have
a nasty accident”.
She had pressed the button and the mechanic told her (warned her) not to do it again
because (as) she might have a nasty accident.
“Could you show me to work it? I'm not used to electric typewriter's”, she said
She asked me if I could show her to work it as (adding that/ explaining that) she wasn't
used to electric typewriter's
She gave an exclamation of /she exclaimed with/ disgust because (that) there was a slug
in her lettuce and cried for the waiter.
Es un medio más flexible para expresarse que el normal (=dependent) E.I., más
concision: nada de he said, he exclaimed ...
Mary asked why did they always have to pick on her? --------- R.S.
Why did they always (grooned Mary) have to pick on her? --- F.I.S.
RELATIVES CLAUSES
Pronombres Relativos
Personas Cosas
Nom. WHO (THAT) WHICH (THAT)
Ac. WHOM (THAT) WHICH (THAT)
Gen. WHOSE WHOSE(*)
The church (which was) built in the 19th century has beautiful windows.
The people from whom they had hired the car wanted it to be returned:
That was the meeting (that) I kept falling asleep during (incorrect).
That was the meeting during which I kept falling asleep (correct).
The Victoria Line, which was open in March 1969, was London first
Peter has a sister, who works at the U.N. headquarters in Geneve.(implica que
Observaciones:
Liz Taylor, who acted in Anthony and Cleopatra, judged the competition.
The London train, which should arrive at 2.30, is ten minutes late.
George Sand spent many holidays in Majorca with Chopin, whom she first met
in Paris.
The headmaster has recently been to Canada, which he described in detail
in a lecture.
On the sunny days which/that began their holiday, they really appreciated the peace and
quiet.
Jennifer was home for one of the few weekends (which/that) she had during his training.
The man (who/that) I worked for isn´t the most generous man in the world.
Trust Arthur to find the one place where it had been raining.
WHY:
On the eveing before they were due to live, Arthur telephoned his mother.
ORACIONES TEMPORALES
Las oraciones temporales son las introducidas por las conjunciones: when, as soon as,
whenever, after, before, as, while, until, etc...
Correspondencias verbales
Oración Principal Oración Temporal
Observaciones:
Cuando se usa el pasado simple en las dos oraciones indica que la segunda acción
sigue inmediatamente a la primera.
Cuando se utilizan pasados continuos en las dos nos indica que las dos acciones son
simultaneas.
ORACIONES FINALES
Las que tienen sujetos distintos (diferentes), es decir que el sujeto de la oración
principal es distinto del de la oración subordinada.
El primer tipo de oraciones se suele expresar por madio del infinitivo con to o bien con
in order o so as seguidos del infinitivo con to:
Yesterday John took his brother to the cinema so as to feel less lonely.
Peter has bought a car so that his children can go for a ride every Sunday.
Cuando las oraciones son negativas, se expresa del mismo modo, poniendo el verbo
auxiliar en negativa:
He finished his homework so that his father wouldn´t be able to punish him.
Pero más frecuenta que esta fórmula de negación es el uso de to prevent o avoid from,
seguidos de gerundio (-ing):
POSITION OF ADVERBS
Adverbs of MANNER
Adverbs of DEGREE
I am ALWAYS at home.
SUFFIXES
Suffixes (adjectives)
Suffixes (nouns)
Prefixes
to underestimate.
GLOSSARY - BACHILLERATOS
Hacer un exámen (lo hace el alumno) = TO TAKE: The pupil took an exam.
Hacer un exámen (lo prepara el profesor) = TO MAKE: The teacher made an exam.
Presentarse a un exámen = TO SIT IN // TO SIT FOR: The pupil sat for an exam.
Derecho(s) = RIGHT(S):
Guardería = NURSERY SCHOOL: In this nursery school there are few children.
Escuela Primaria = PRIMARY SCHOOL: The primary school starts at six years old.
UNIVERSIDAD:
He is 40.
False Friends
in fact, indeed
Actually it is wonderful.
At present he is a singer.
Notice # News
Program / Programme
(perder el tiempo)
I wasted my money.
He is in Vigo.
He used to lie.
When she starts to lay from the tree, she broke one leg.
Hardly (adv.): scarcely = apenas I'm not tired because I hardly worked.
live (adj.) = en vivo, en directo The live concert was very good.
funcionamiento interno
(inner working)
Latest = the most recent (el m<s reciente): the latest one
I have just read Cela's latest novel (adn no muri\ y puede escribir m<s)
The last one = the last one up to now (el dltimo hasta el momento)
I have just read Shakespeare last novel (ya muri\, no puede escribir m<s)
Latter: the former ... the latter (el primero ... el dltimo de una enumeraci\n)
We went there with Peter and Mary; the former (Peter) invited us, the latter (Mary) paid
for our dinner.
SINÓNIMOS
fracture dialogue
gossip
critic
mad friend
crazy collegue
insane partner
fool classmate
nuts folk
pal
comrade
/laiv/ = (adj.) en vivo, en directo The live concert was very good.
CONTENT /acento en "O"/ = contenido: The content of that film was very good.
/waind/ = dar cuerda: The company didn't give wind to the problem
ASSIST = ayudar
RIGHT = derecho:Go straight/along the King Street, turn to the right and you get the
coach station
MEAL = comida que se sirve en la mesa: Mary makes the meal every day.
Prepositions
On weekends
On holidays On Christmas Day
years In 1999
seasons In Winter
months in January
PROVERBS
March winds and April showers bring forth Marzo ventoso, Abril lluvioso sacan a
May flowers. Mayo florido y hermoso.
The nearer the church, the farther from God. Detrás de la Cruz está el diablo.
That is true which all men say. Voz del pueblo, voz del cielo.
Every dog has his day. A cada puerco le llega su San Martín.
It never rains but it pour on the poor. A perro flaco, todo son pulgas.
God helps them that help themselves. A dios rogando y con el mazo dando.
The pan calls the kettle black. Dijo la sarten al cazo: "Apartate, que me
tiznas.
All is not gold that glitters.
No es oro todo lo que reluce.
Where there is a will there is a way.
Querer es poder.
Hunger is the best sauce.
A buen hambre no hay pan duro.
There is many a slip 'twist the cup and the
lip. Del plato a la boca se pierde la sopa.
Look before you leap. Antes que te cases, mira lo que haces.
The early bird catches the worm. Al que madruga Dios le ayuda.
Those who live in glass houses should not El que vea la mota en el ojo ajeno, vea la
throw stones. viga en el propio.
Love me, love my dog. Quién bien quiere a Beltrán, bien quiere
a su can.
One cannot make an omelet without breaking
the eggs. No se pescan las truchas a bragas enjutas
Out of the frying pan into the fire. Salir de las llamas y caer en las brasas.
There are none so deaf as those that won't No hay peor sordo que el que no quiere
hear. oir.
Cat after kind (or king). Dios los cría y ellos se juntan.
Deeds are fruits, words are but leaves. Hechos son amores y no buenas razones.
PROVERBS (2)
You can't make silk purse out of sow's Coger la oprtunidad por los pelos.
bristles.
Del plato a la boca se pierde la sopa.
There is no royal road to learning.
Cuando el río suene agua lleva.
Rome was not built in a day.
Aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona
When poverty comes in at the door, love es y mona se queda.
flies out of the window.
No se aprende sin esfuerzo.
One swallow does not make summer.
Zamora no se hace en una hora.
You can't make an omelette without breaking
eggs. Poverty mrried life is a great danger.
Don't look a gift horse in the mouth. Una golondrina no hace verano.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. El que wuiere pesca que moje el culo.
As you make your bed, so you must lie on it. A caballo regalado no le mires el diente.
Birds of a feather flock together. Más vale pájaro en mano que cien
volando.
Blood is thicker than water.
Quién mala cama hace en ella yace.
You can't get blood out of a stone.
Dios los cria y ellos se juntan.
Those who live in glass houses shouldn't
throw stones. Son muy fuertes los lazos de parentesco.
All is not gold that glitters. No se puede sacar agua de las piedras.
No le pidas peran al olmo.
When Greek meets Greek, then comes the
tug of war. Nadie tira piedras contra su tejado.
Make hay while the sun shines. No es oro todo lo que reluce.
In for a penny, in for a pound. Es mejor ser ignorante, pues ser sabio
crea problemas.
The labourer id worthy of his hire.
No hay mal que por bien no venga.
What is sauce for the goose is sauce for the
gander. Preso por mil, preso por 1.500.
Every cloud has a silver lining. A cada uno hay que darle lo que le
corresp.
A miss is as good as a mile.
Lo que es bueno para uno, es bueno para
A fault confessed is half redressed. el otro.
One man's meat is another man's poison. Si has cometido algo y lo ves
compensado.
It never rains but it pours.
Ánimo, mientras hay vida, hay
Let not the sun go down upon thy wrath. esperanza.
He who pays the piper calls the tune. Si estás rodando continuamente, no
llegas a ninguna parte.
- PROVERBS - (Cont.)
pence Look after the pence and the pounds will look after themselves.
EXERCISE.-
1.- Don't pull all your eggs in one A.- People mix with those who have tates similar
basket. to their own.
2.- A rolling stone gathers no moss. B.- Live within your means.
3.- One man's meat is another man's C.- It is unwise to reckon your gains until you
poison. actually get them.
4.- Make hay while the sun shines. D.- Even when things seem gloomy there is
alwasy hope.
5.- Empty vessels make most noise.
E.- You should not risk all you have in a single
6.- Cut your coat according to your speculation.
cloth.
F.- What suits one prson may not suit another.
7.- Birds of a feather flock together.
G.- In trying to get yourself out of trouble you
8.- Every cloud has a silver lining. often get into a worse one.
9.- Out of the frying-pan into the fire. H.- It is the people who have nothing in their
heads who talk most.
10.- Don't count your chickens before
they are hatched I.- One who often changes his job will never be
rich.
J.- Work while you can; don't put things off till
tomorrow.
PHRASAL VERBS
To BREAK To LOOK
To COME
- round = persuadir
- into = meterse
To KEEP
- up = levantar, hospedar
- up with = soportar
To GIVE To RUN
To SEE To MAKE
To TAKE To TURN
Kinds:
1.- Male
2.- Female
son daughter
MASCULINE FEMENINE
widower widow
bridegroom bride
bachelor spinster
nephew niece
lord lady
uncle aunt
master mistress
drake duck
brother sister
monk nun
gentleman lady
MASCULINE FEMENINE
abbot abbess
actor actress
baron baroness
duke duchess
emperor empress
god goddess
host hostess
lion lioness
major majoress
prince princess
negro negress
tiger tigress
waiter waitress
MASCULINE FEMENINE
administrator administratix
victor victrix
prosecutor prosecutrix
executor executrix
hero heroina
Joseph Josephina
Gzar Gzarina
Baron Baronette
fiancé fianceé
protegé protegeé
masseur masseuse
comedian comedienne
3.- By using an extra word which clearly shows the gender, either as suffix or prefix:
MASCULINE FEMENINE
doctor lady doctor
boyfriend girlfriend
landlord landlady
4.- By use of pronouns = personal pronouns which refer to the nouns are the most
common gender indicators in English. The 3rd. person singular pronouns have different
forms for masculine, femenine or neuter:
Sometimes the 3rd. person singular pronouns are prefixed to words to distinguish
gender:
MASCULINE FEMENINE
a he-donkey a she-dankey
a he-devil a she-devil
a he-bear a she-bear
MASCULINE FEMENINE
In English there are many words for animate beings that do not indicate their gender.
That is to say, these words indicate both masculine and femenine:
When making a sentence using one of these words, when the gender is not known you
can use "he/she/they":
All substantives coming from verbs to denote agents are common gender:
Some substantives coming from other substantives also denote common gender:
Because of social conditions many common gender words are used only of:
Some words having masculine or femenine forms have become common gender by
using one of the forms to denote the genus:
UNNATURAL GENDER.-
Names of people.- They become neuter when the idea of personality is little developed:
When we wish to speak scornfully of a person we use the pronoun "that" or "it":
Name of animals.- domestic and large beasts are normally personified according to
their sex:
With smaller animals and birds, the neuter is generally used, but some are referred to as
masculine and some as femenine:
Masculine: cuckoo, rabbit, mouse.
Name of things.- countries and cities are generally neuter, but in literary English they
can be referred to as femenine:
Sexless things.- generally referred to as femenine: moon, nature, sea, ships, engines,
aircraft, motor-cars ... and abstract ideas.
Sexless things.- referred to as masculine: sun, rivers, mountains, war, death etc.
GENDER IN PRONOUNS.-
First and second person pronouns do not denote gender because it is clear from context:
For the third person there are three forms: Masculine, femenine and neuter. Sometimes
this causes difficulties in expression: it is necessary to use constructions like
"he/she/they":
two-sex no-sex
anybody anything
everybody everything
1.- The following verbs are used without a preposition in English, but with
preposition in Spanish:
2.- The following verbs are used with a preposition in English, but without a
preposition in Spanish:
3.- The following verbs are used with a preposition in English, but a different
preposition in Spanish:
OF: accuse, approve, assure, beware, boast (or ABOUT), complain (or ABOUT),
consist, convince (or ABOUT), cure, despair, dream (or ABOUT), expect (or FROM),
hear (or FROM), be/get rid, smell, suspect, taste, think (or ABOUT), tire(d), warn (or
AGAINST)
FROM: borrow, defend (or AGAINST), demand (or OF), differ, dismiss, draw, emerge,
escape, excuse (or FOR), hinder, prevent, prohibit, protect (or AGAINST), receive,
separate, suffer
IN: believe, delight, employ(ed), encourage, angage(d), experience(d), fail, help (or
WITH), include, indulge, instruct, interest(ed), invest, share, involve(d), persist.
ON: act, base(d), call, comment, concentrate, congratulate, consult (or ABOUT), count,
decide, depend, economize, embark, experiment, insist, live, rely, lean (or AGAINST),
operate, perform (or IN), write (or ABOUT), pride (oneself), vote (ON a motion; FOR
someone).
TO: accustom(ed), amount, appeal, apply (or FOR), attach(ed), attend, belong,
challenge, compare (or WITH), condemn(ed), confess, consent, convert, entittle(d),
listen, mention, object, occur, prefer, react (or AGAINST), respond, reply, see, submit,
surrender, turn, yield.
AT: amuse(d) (or BY), arrive (or IN), astonish(ed) (or BY), exclaim, glance, guess,
knock, look, point (or TO), shock(ed) (or BY), stare, work (or ON), surprise(d) (or BY),
wonder (or ABOUT).
FOR: account, ask (or OF), act (or ON), apologize, blame, beg, call, charge, exchange,
hope, look, mistake, mourn, pay, prepare, provide, search, thank, vote (or ON), wait (or
ON).
WITH: agree, begin, communicate, compare (or TO), complete (or AGAINST),
comply, confuse, contrast (or TO), cope, correspond, disgust(ed), finish, help (or IN),
interfere (or IN), mix, occupy(ied), part, please(d), quarrel (or ABOUT), reason,
satisfy(ied) (or BY), threaten(d).
FOR: eager, enough, famous, fit, gateful (or TO), qualified (or IN), sorry, ready (or
TO), responsible, sufficient, thankful (or TO), valid.
WITH: angry (WITH someone; AT something), busy (or AT), consistent, content,
familiar (or TO), identical, patient, popular.
OF: afraid, ahead, aware, capable, careful (or WITH), certain, conscious, envious, fond,
guilty, ignorant, independent, jealous, kind (or TO), north/south/east/west, short, shy,
sure, worthy.
TO: close, contrary, cruel, dear, equal, faithful, fatal, harmful, inferior, indifferent,
liable, new, obedient, obvious, polite, previous, rude, similar, sensitive, useful.
AT: bad, clever, efficient, expert (or IN), good, indignant, quick, slow, sad (or
ABOUT), skilful (or IN).
ABOUT: curious, doubtful (or OF), enthusiastic, relunctant (or TO), uneasy, right (or
IN).
This section consists of a list of verbs, adjectives and particles with the particular
preposition that usually follow them. The vebs list has been compiled in the form of
sentence examples. The adjective and particle lists give a phrase only:
They were acquitted OF blame for the She directed him TO the station
mistake libertar absolver
He disagreed WITH her ON/OVER the
He was accustomed TO a large breakfast matter
She acquainted him WITH the situation The dustman disposed OF five tons of
(informar a uno sobre) rubbish yesterday
He admitted TO being the thief (confesarse The evening ended IN confusion (result)
culpable de)
The evening ended WITH a dance
They admitted him TO their plans (conclude)
They agreed ON/ABOUT the question We must enrol FOR the exam before next
week
She agreed TO his suggestion
He exchanged his house FOR a bigger one
He agrred WITH his father on the plan
They excluded him FROM the club (deny
He aimed the gun AT the target entry to)
He apologized TO her for his behaviour They excused him FOR his absence (for
(disculparse con) not bring there)
Delighted, she approved OF his behaviour They excused him FROM attending (allow
not to be there)
He armed himself AGAINST possible
danger She failed IN her exam
She asked at the hotel FOR her friend (ask She failed IN trying to pass the exam
to see)
He fell INTO the habit of not attending
She asked at the hospital ABOUT her
friend (ask how s/o is) They feed mostly ON vegetables
She asked a favour OF her (ask s/o to do She fed him WITH a spoon
domething)
She told him not to fuss OVER her
They would not associate WITH his friends
Wise investments assured him OF large He was gladdened BY her good news
income
In passing they glanced AT him
She was very attached TO her aunt (fond
of) He asked them to glance THROUGH the
notebook
He attached his caravan TO his car
She grieved AT the bad news
She asked him to bear WITH her temper
(tolerate) She grieved FOR the missing child
They believed strongly IN internationalism She helped him WITH the English
He boasted OF his success at billiards They hinted AT the idea that she was
wealthy
She borrowed a pond FROM his sister
They improved ON the old engine with the
Thieves broke INTO the bank new one
She broke WITH him after a row She insisted ON coming with us
He brushed the dust FROM/OFF his coat He was inspired WITH courage by her
example
She burst INTO tears at the news
He was inspired BY her
The smouldering rags burst INTO flames
He instilled knowledge INTO her
She did not care ABOUT/FOR reading her
uncle She joined IN the singing
He changed his scooter FOR a car She joined WITH us in singing the song
How much were you charge FOR dinner? He was leaning AGAINST the wall
smoking
He was charged WITH careless driving He leaned ON his brother for support
They commented ON his behaviour (speak Don't meddle IN/WITH other people's
about) affairs
He compared her WITH her friend They objected TO her bahaviour (dislike,
complain)
He compared her TO a flower
The doctor operated ON him for a cyst
They competed WITH one another FOR
the job Although panniless she would not part
WITH her jewellery
She complained TO him ABOUT his
friend They were prohibited FROM buying arms
They concealed the news FROM him (keep He played FOR England at Lord's
from)
It is rude to point AT someone
We concentrated ON doing one job at at
time You may however point TO someone or
something (indicate)
She concluded FROM his remark that he
was angry (deduce) They presented him WITH a clock when he
retired
He confused her WITH her friend
They presented a clock TO him when he
She was confused BY his directions retired
Her father consented TO her engagement He provided FOR her in his will
She asked him not to refer TO the matter She suspected him OF stealing
again
They swore AT the man for his bad driving
He reflected ON her attitude character
(think about) He swore ON the Bible he was telling the
truth
He released her FOM her promise
She sympathised WITH him in his loss
She relied ON her father for everything
He threatened them WITH the police
She soon replied TO their letter
He threw the book AT them in anger
He reprimanded them FOR arriving late
He threw the coin TO a poor man
Illness resulted FROM lack of food
She was treated FOR the complaint by a
The game resulted IN a draw specialist
This serviette ring serves AS an egg-cup He asked the operator not to trouble herself
ABOUT looking up the number
He served the summons ON the debtor
We trust IN him (believe in)
She served WITH the W.R.N.S. during the
war We trust TO his honesty (believe in)
His creditors settled FOR anything they We would trust him WITH everything we
could get have
He retired and settled IN a seaside town These figures vary FROM the official ones
(differ)
He settled WITH his creditors
The tides vary WITH the moon (alter)
She shared IN her husband's worries
She vouched FOR her friend's honesty
She shared the money WITH him
They watched hopefully FOR the sign that
They sheltered FROM the storm, by he was getting better
standing in a doorway The mother watched OVER her child(take
care of, guard )
The markman shot AT the clay pigeon
He wrote to his friend ABOUT the
He shouted AT the man who annoyed him exhibition
(speak badly)
They yielded TO the enemy's demands
He shouted ACROSS the valley TO his
friend (call to)
In this list the short forms s/o, s/th have been used for someone and something:
BREAK-UP = separación L
BONDS = obligaciones O
recurso seguro
en funciones, ABSORCION
TAKING-TO = rapapolvos
embotellamiento (tráfico)
aviso
TURN-OUT=concurrencia, Nº de
asistentes
entrada, pdblico
TURN-OVER=volumen de
negocios,ventas
rotación de existencias, Nº de
mercancias
The general rule is that DO means "perform an action", while MAKE has a much more
concrete meaning of "build", "prepare" etc. In addition to this, there are, of course,
many idiomatic expressions where this basic rule is not always observed; the most
common of these expressions are:
- S.V.O. - Remember nothing can come between the verb and its object.
- Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time, place and manner usually come at the end of
the sentence.
- Adverbs of frequency and degree are usually placed before the main verb.
3.- VERBS:
- With some verbs you have to use a certain pattern, be careful with:
* Modal verbs (all of them take an infinitive withouit TO, except OUGHT TO and
USED TO).
* I wish with the Simple Past expresses a wish regarding the PRESENT.
* I wish with the Past Perfect expresses a wish regarding the PAST.
- A/ An.
- Another/Other
- Neither/None
5.- PREPOSITIONS:
- Think OF/ABOUT.
- At that moment.
- Arrive AT/IN.
- Based ON
- ON television/Channel 2, etc.
- ON the coast.
- Depend ON.
- Consist OF
- Interested IN
6.- NOUNS:
- The Saxon Genitive: use it only for people, be careful with the order of elements, the
articles and plural possessors.
- The construction FOR + GERUND is used when you are describing an object.
(e.g. I study English IN ORDER TO get a better job, but I've opened the window
SO THAT we can breathe some fresh air).
- Relative Clauses.
* If the relative is the subject of the clause do not use another one.
* Punctuation is crucial for the meaning. The distinction between Defining and Non-
defining should be clear.
* Double negatives.
8.- SPELLING:
- Double consonats.
9.- VOCABULARY:
- EXIT / SUCCESS
- WORK / JOB
- NOTICE / NEWS
- PROGRAM / PROGRAMME
- ATTEND / ASSIST
- LIKE / AS
- AVOID / PREVENT
- FOLLOW / CONTINUE
- LAST / LATEST
- COOK / COOKER
- ECONOMIC / ECONOMICAL
- CLASSIC / CLASSICAL
- PASS / SPEND
These pairs of words frequently occur together in English, joined by and. Say which is
the order in which they are generally used. Then put them into sentences that will
illustrate their meanings and uses:
hide Sentence: The children are playing hide and seek in the garden.
forks sound
GRAMÁTICA ESPAÑOLA
1.- El Artículo:
2.- El Adjetivo
Es la parte de la oración que sirve para expresar ciertas cualidades del sustantivo o para
limitar su sugnificación.
DETERMINATIVO
Son los que limitan la significación del sustantivo con indicación de lugar, posesión,
número ... etc.
Masculino Femenino
singular plural singular plural
1ª persona: mi mis mi mis
Numerales: Son los que limitan la extensión del sustantivo indicando número u
orden.
CLASES:
Cardinales: que expresan número: uno, dos, tres ... mil etc.
Ordinales: que indican el lugar que un objeto ocupa en una serie ordenada de
objetos.
CLASES:
CALIFICATIVOS
Son los que dicen como son las personas, animales o las cosas.
Según el género los adjetivos pueden ser de dos terminaciones: buen-o/-a; o de una
terminación: verd-e, az-ul, valient-e.
Para la formación del femenino o del plural, el adjetivo sigue generalmente las mismas
reglas que el sustantivo.
Apócope del adjetivo: Hay adjetivos calificativos que suprimen algunos de sus sonidos
finales cuando van delante del sustantivo.
Ej.: grande ... gran; bueno ... buen; santo ... san; malo ... mal.
Los grados del adjetivo expresan las cualidades de un sustantivo poseidas en unas
proporciones distintas.
FORMAS:
de IGUALDAD: el coche es tan rápido como el tren.
CLASES:
3.- El Pronombre
El pronombre es la palabra que hace las veces del nombre, es decir, que se pone en
CLASES:
PERSONALES
Singular Plural
Yo
Nosotros,
Me
Nosotras
1ª Persona
Mi
Nos Nos
Conmigo
Tú
Vosotros,
Vosotras
Te
2ª Persona
Vos Vos
Ti
Os Os
Contigo
Ellos,
él, ella, ello
Ellas
3ª Persona le, le, lo
Les Les
se, se
se se
2) DEMOSTRATIVOS
3) POSESIVOS
4) REFLEXIVOS
Singular Plural
Nosostros
mismos
Yo mismo
1ª Persona Nosotras
Me mismas
Nos
Vosotros
mismos
Tú mismo
2ª Persona Vosotras
Te mismas
Os
Ellos
mismos
Él mismo
Ellas
Ella misma
mismas
3ª Persona
(ello mismo)
(ellos
mismos)
se
se
5) RECÍPROCOS
Plural
(uno
a
1ª Persona otro:
dos)
(unos
a
otros:
+ de
dos)
Nos
(uno
a
otro:
dos)
(unos
2ª Persona
a
otros:
+ de
dos)
Os
(uno
a
otro:
dos)
(unos
3ª Persona
a
otros:
+ de
dos)
Se
6) RELATIVOS
7) INTERROGATIVOS
8) INDEFINIDOS
INDEFINIDOS: Son aquellos que designan las personas, animales o cosas de una
Ej.: Algo tiene que comer. (ALGO indica un alimento pero no concreta de
Cual se trata)
OTROS:
Variables Invariables
alguno todo uno
alguien
ninguno cierto cualquiera
nadie
varios otro quienquiera
algo
mucho bastante demasiado
nada
poco
Tiempos Verbales
HABER SER
(simples)
Presente He soy
Los tiempos compuestos o perfectos que corresponden a los tiempos simples son:
Simples Compuestos
Presente Pretérito Perfecto
Pretérito Imperfecto Pretérito Pluscuampecfecto
Pretérito Indefinido Pretérito Anterior
Futuro Simple Futuro Perfecto
Condicional Simple Condicional Compuesto
Para formar la VOZ PASIVA: se hace con el tiempo correspondiente del verbo
SER + el Participio Perfecto o Pasado del verbo que se conjuga:
Tiempos
Tiempos simples Tiempos simples Tiempos compuestos
compuestos
Españoles Ingleses españoles
ingleses
Presente Simple Simple Present Pretérito Perfecto Present Perfect
Pretérito
Simple Past Pret.Pluscuamperfecto Past Perfect
Imperfecto
Pretérito Indefinito Simple Past Pretérito Anterior Past Perfect
Futuro Simple Simple Future Future Perfecto Future Perfect
Simple
Condicional Simple Cond. Compuesto Perfect Conditional
Conditional
1.- TABLE OF TENSES - ACTIVE VOICE
Conditiona
Past Present Future
l
I shall I should
Simple I sang I sing
sing sing
I shall be
-- I was I am I should be
>[Author:p]Continuous singing singing singing
singing
I shall I should
I had I have have have
Perfect
sung sung
sung sung
I had I have
Perfect I shall I should
been been
have been have been
Continuous singin singing
singing Singing
Conditiona
Past Present Future
l
I was I shall be I should be
Simple I am sung
sung sung sung
I shall be
I was I am being
being I should be
Continuous being
being sung
sung Sung
sung
I have been I shall have I should
Perfect I had
sung been sung have been
been sung
sung
I had
Perfect I shall have I should
been I have been
been being have been
being being sung
Continuous sung being sung
sung
Simple Infinitive
To be sung
Continuous Infinitive
To be being sung
Perfect Infinitive
To have been sung
Present Continuous
To have been being sung
Infintive
Being sung
Present Participle
Having been sung
Past Participle
Expressing contrast
Expressing personal opinions
However
In my opinion
Nevertheless
From my point of view
On the one hand
In my view
On the other hand
Personally
Although
As far as I'm concerned
In spite of / Despite
Expressing facts
Adding information
As a matter of fact
Apart from this / that
In fact
Moreover / In addition
Actually
Giving examples Rephrasing
Therefore Basically
As a result of Especially
Consequently In particular
In the end
Conjunciones subordinantes:
- Temporales
After As
As long as As soon as
Before Since
Till Until
When While
Whenever Etc.
2.- Significados
2. 1 Relación aditiva
And Also
As well Besides
Furthermore Likewise
But However
Still Nevertheless
Whereas While
Yet Notwithstanding
So Therefore
Consequently Because
Where would you like to spend your next few years? I would like to...
I think that...
How could I say (...) in English? Could you repeat it, please?
Do you know any other word/expression I didn't hear you. Can you say it again?
for (...)
I can't understand you. Can you say it
How do you spell/write (...)? more slowly?
Richard: It's a kind of material made of animal skin. It is used to make shoes, jackets ...
Richard: L-E-A-T-H-E-R.
Laura: Thank you. Just another question. How could I say `I don't feel very well' in
other words?
You wait and see. It's all going to be OK. I'm not at all sure.
John: Are you sure you are OK? You aren't worried about anything, are you?
Mary: I'm not sure my maths teacher like me. In fact, I think he hates me.
John: Why are you saying that? I doubt it. He is a very pleasant man who seems to like
everyone. I don't
Mary: Are you sure about that? I took a maths exam I don't think I'm going to pass.
John: You wait and see. It'll all turn out fine, and I'm sure that you will pass.
What are your feelings about...? We can ... or ..., what do you think?
I've always liked/hated/loved/enjoyed... I'd rather (+ inf. s/to) than (+ inf. s/to).
There's nothing I like/enjoy more than... ... appeals to me more than ...
Would it be
Would it be possible if I came back home later?
possible...?
Yes, of course.
Would you mind
if...?
Would you mind if she finishes my work?
Formal
I wonder if I
No, I don't mind it at all.
Informal could...?
I wonder if I could see your dictionary.
May I...?
Sure./ I'm sorry, but I'm already using it.
Do you mind...?
Do you think I May I come in?
could...?
Yes, you may.
Could I...?
Do you mind if Arthur comes to the party with us?
Can I...?
No, I don't. Please tell him to come.
Read these dialogues and find out which expressions are used when you talk to
somebody for the first time:
Amy, let me introduce David López. This is Amy Anderson, the language
coordinator.
Yes, it is.
(...)
Hello, Liz. I'm Iris. Your mother talked to you about me, didn't she?
Yes, she did. Nice to meet you, Iris. Are you enjoying your stay in Dublin?
Of course, Let's see. First, we could go to the city centre and then visit Stephen's
Park. Then, ...
IDIOMS
An IDIOM is an idiomatic expression. There are many idioms in English and people
like using them very much in conversation. They are quite colloquial.
There are idioms related to colours such as to be the black sheep, to be in the red, to feel
blue, to have got green fingers, etc. Most of them are body idioms which are related to
parts of the body:
When I started driving i was very red/green and I had to learn a lot.
Read these situations and choose a body idiom for each one.
You buy something and pay a very high price for it.
You have done something bad and you are going to be criticised or punished for
it.
You can use this expression when talking about a horror film.
You say this about a person who can't do anything with his/her hands.
If you do this to a friend, you don't help him/her when he/she needs it.
When you go to s disco and there are many people, you do this to be able to
move around.
When a person doesn't have much experience of things and doesn't realised all
the dangers of something.
When you tell someone something that is not true and they believe you, but they
will laugh when they realise that it is not true.
You use this idiom to refer to a person you find very annoying and irritating.
When you do this, you are firm in your position, you use your authority to
prevent something from happening.
£30.
I am a hundred per cent sure that... I can't say for sure that...
Example:
APOLOGIZING
Responses
Apology
That's all right/OK.
Sorry,
Don't worry.
Excuse
I'm very sorry. It was my fault.
Forget it.
Excuse me for...
I'm terribly sorry.
Not at all.
Please, forgive me
I apology for/about...
for... It doesn't matter at all.
Please, accept my apologies
I'm afraid... Please, think nothing of it.
(for...)
It's perfectly all right.
That was very foolish/careless
of me, I'm afraid.
There's no reason to
apologise (for)...
Apologise to your parents for coming back home late. Give an excuse.
You are riding your bike. A person step off the pavement. You have to stop fast in
order to avoid hitting him/her. You are angry. The other person is frightened.
You are a customer of a hostel and the room is dirty and the bed hasn't got any sheets.
Your partner is the receptionist who tries to apologise.
COMMUNICATING
To maintain a conversation with an interlocutor is not easy. Sometimes, while you are
talking, you may need some time to think of what you are going to say next. In these
cases, you do not usually stop the conversation, but you use some expressions such as
the following:
If you want to change topics, that is, what the conversation is about, you can say
expressions like these:
By the way,
Finally, when you have been talking for a while and want to finish your intervention,
you can use expressions like these ones:
In short, ...
Briefly, ...
In conclusion, ...
Mary: Let's see, what I wanted to say is that, you know, the working class conditions of
factory workers have
Alex: But, that has been mentioned before, I mean, that is not the reason why we are
here today.
Mary: I think you didn't understand very well what I meant, mm, you see, our salary,
job safety and so on,
have improved.
Maggie: By the way, I would like to know if we are going to fight for a pay rise this
year.
Alex: Why not? I have always been in favour of yearly pay rise.
Mary: Oh, I almost forgot to tell you, the manager called this morning to tell me he
wanted to talk to us about
Alex and Maggie: And you tell us now! In conclusion, we have been wasting our time,
he probably wants to
DEBATING
A debate is a conversation among several people who may have different opinions on a
topic. In a debate there is a moderator, a neutral person who does not show his/her
opinion on the topic, and the partcipants who show their point of view. The moderator's
job is to set the times for the participants to talk.
My point is...
Disagreeing Offering solutions
I see what you mean, but... It'd be much better...
This is nonsense.
Presenter: Good afternoon, everybody. I'm Arthur Newton. It's seven o'clock and this
is another edition of Let's talk about. The subject of today's discussion is:
extraterrestrial life. In the studio we have to guests to open the debate. If you want to
take part, call 01-66-77-55. Our first guest is AB.
Presenter: Thanks, so now it's over to you, the viewers. Our first caller is...
FUNCTIONS
I couldn't agree with you more! I suppose you could be right, but...
Hold on a moment!
Introducing yourself Answer
*Hi
Introducing others
Is this right?
Presenting a gift Thanking
Please accept this... That's extremely kind of you.
I think...
It seems to me that...
*What?
Expressing request Granting Refusing
Would you...?
Will you...?
Would you mind... -ing? Not, not at all. I'd rather not
Suggesting
Shall we...?
Let's...
Agreeing with
suggestions
We could... Disagreeing with
suggestions
That's a good idea.
Why don't we...?
I don't think that's a very
What a good idea!
Why not...? good idea.
That sounds like a very
I think we should... That doesn't sound like a very
good idea.
good idea to me.
I suggest that we...
Yes, why not!
No, don't let's.
I suggest (possessive) -
Yes, let's.
ing...
science Marks
physics Qualifications
chemistry Qualities
biology Subjects
botany Degree
zoology Lecture
geography
history
SOME EXPRESSIONS
attractive ugly
good at bad at
helpful unhelpful
original unoriginal
optimistic pessimistic
tidy untidy
conservative adventurous
generous mean
He He/She She
tall, average height
well built
of medium build
freckles
wrinkles
good-looking
CLOTHES ACCESORIES MATERIALS VERBS
bracelet
Skirt get dressed
Silk
earrings
Trousers undressed
Satin
necklace
Jeans ready
Cotton
chain
Shirt changed
Tweed
brooch
Blouse wear
Velvet
ring
Cardigan put on a coat etc.
Linen
pearls
Twinset take off
Wool
belt
Sweater try something on
Lace
handbag
Pullover sit
Waistcoat fit
Tie match
bow-tie go with
jacket shorten
tights
slippers
IN FASHION/OUT OF FASHION
Mini
Maxi
Flared
Midi skirt
bell-bottom trousers
Full
narrow
Pleated
Straight
HIGHER OR FURTHER
SCHOOL SYSTEM VERBS
EDUCATION
University
Playgroup sit
Polytechnic
Playschool take an exam
Teacher Training College
Kindergarten pass / fail
Trade School
Compulsory education do a course
Night School
Junior follow
evening classes
Primary pay attention to
day release
Comprehensive apply for a place at
grammar lectures
second
do research (into)
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ORACIONES SIMPLES
Copulativas
Transitivas
Activas
Intransitivas
Reflexivas
Pasivas
Recíprocas
Impersonales
Enunciativas
Interrogativas
Deliberativas
Exhortativas
ORACIONES COMPUESTAS
Copulativas
Disyuntivas
COORDINADAS Distributivas
Adversativa
Ilativa
Sujeto
Complemento Directo
Complem. Nominal
Aposición
ADJETIVAS o
Finales
Concesivas
Lugar
Temporales (tiempo)
Causales (causa)
Consecutivas
Condicionales