O

pen-channel flow implies flow in a channel open to the atmosphere,

but flow in a conduit is also open-channel flow if the liquid does not OBJECTIVES
fill the conduit completely, and thus there is a free surface. An open- When you finish reading this chapter, you
channel flow involves liquids only (typically water or wastewater) exposed to should be able to
a gas (usually air, which is at atmospheric pressure). ■ Understand how flow in open
Flow in pipes is driven by gravity and/or a pressure difference, whereas channels differs from pressurized
flow in a channel is driven naturally by gravity. Water flow in a river, for
example, is driven by the upstream and downstream elevation difference. The
Chapter
■
flow in pipes
Learn the different flow regimes
in open channels and their

13
flow rate in an open channel is established by the dynamic balance between characteristics
gravity and friction. Inertia of the flowing liquid also becomes important ■ Predict if hydraulic jumps are to

明渠流
in unsteady flow. The free surface coincides with the hydraulic grade line occur during flow, and calculate
(HGL) and the pressure is constant along the free surface. But the height of the fraction of energy dissipated
the free surface from the channel bottom and thus all dimensions of the flow during hydraulic jumps
cross-section along the channel are not known a priori—they change along ■ Understand how flow rates in
with average flow velocity. open channels are measured
In this chapter we present the basic principles of open-channel flows and using sluice gates and weirs
the associated correlations for steady one-dimensional flow in channels of
common cross sections. Detailed informa-
學習目標 tion can be obtained from several books
written on the topic, some of which are
讀完本章後，你將能夠
listed in the references.
■ 了解明渠中的流動與管路中被加壓的
流動的區別。
■ 學到明渠中的不同流動區域及它們的
特性。
■ 預測流動中是否會發生水躍，並計算
Any flow of a liquid with a free surface is a
水躍時，能量耗散的比率。
type of open-channel flow. In this photograph,
the Nicholson River meanders through
■ 了解如何使用水閘門及堰來量測明渠
northern Australia.
© Digital Vision/Getty RF
中的流動率。
任何具有自由表面的液體流動是明渠流的一種形
式。尼可順河彎曲地經過澳州北部。
© Digital Vision/Getty RF 725

725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 725 7/2/13 6:55 PM

明
渠流 (open-channel flow) 意指在對大氣開放的渠道中進行的流動，但是管道
中的流動如果液體並沒有完全充滿管道，以致有自由表面也是明渠流。明
渠流中的液體 (通常是水或廢水) 只對一種氣體曝露 (通常是空氣，其是在大氣壓力
下)。
管中的流動由重力或壓力差驅動，而渠道中的流動自然是由重力驅動的。例
如，河中的流水是由上游與下游的高度差所驅動的。一條明渠中的流率是重力與摩
擦力之間動力平衡所建立的。液體流動的慣性力在不穩定流中也會變得重要。自由
表面與水力坡線 (HGL) 一致，並且沿著自由表面的壓力是常數。但是從渠道底部
到自由表面的高度及沿著渠道的流動截面積的所有尺寸並不是事先就知道的－它
們會隨著平均流速而改變。
本章我們介紹明渠流的基本原理，以及具有常見截面的渠道中的穩定的一維流
動的相關的關係式。詳細的訊息可以從幾本討論這個主題的書中得到，其中一些列
在參考資料和建議讀物中。
 2 流體力學
726
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW

13–1 CLASSIFICATION OF
■

13-1　明渠流的分類
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOWS
Open-channel flow refers to the flow of liquids in channels open to the
atmosphere or in partially filled conduits and is characterized by the pres-
ence of 明渠流意指在對大氣開放的渠道中或在部分充滿液體的流
a liquid–gas interface called the free surface (Fig. 13–1). Most natu-
ral flows encountered in practice, such as the flow of water in creeks,
rivers, and floods, as well as the draining of –
道中的流動，其特徵是存在著液體 氣體的介面，稱為自由表
rainwater off highways, park-
ing lots, and roofs are open-channel flows. Human-made open-channel
(a) 面 (圖
flow 13-1)。大多數實際上會遭遇到的自然流動，例如小溪、
systems include irrigation systems, sewer lines, drainage ditches, and
gutters, and the design of such systems is an important application area of
河流及洪水中水的流動，或是高速公路、停車場與屋頂上的雨
engineering.
In an open channel, the flow velocity is zero at the side and bottom surfaces
水的排洩都是明渠流。人造的明渠流系統包括灌溉系統、污水
because of the no-slip condition, and maximum at the midplane for sym-
metric geometries, typically somewhat below the free surface, as shown in
管線、排水溝與邊溝，如何設計這種系統是一個重要的工程應
Fig. 13–2. (Because of secondary flows that occur even in straight channels
when they are narrow, the maximum axial velocity occurs below the free sur-
用領域。
face, typically within the top 25 percent of depth.) Furthermore, flow velocity
also varies in the flow direction in most cases. Therefore, the velocity dis-
在一個明渠中，邊壁與底面上的流速為零，原因是無滑動
tribution (and thus flow) in open channels is, in general, three-dimensional.
In engineering practice, however, the equations are written in terms of the
條件，而渠道截面是對稱的幾何形狀時，最大速度是在中間平
(b) average velocity at a cross section of the channel. Since the average velocity
varies only with streamwise distance x, V is a one-dimensional variable.
面上，並且一般在稍低於自由表面的位置上，如圖 13-2 The
所示。
FIGURE 13–1
圖 13-1　自然的與人造的明渠流的
Natural and human-made open-
one-dimensionality makes it possible to solve significant real-world problems
特徵是具有一個對大氣開放的自由 in a simple manner by hand
[由於二次流的關係 calculations, and we restrict our consideration in
(即使在很窄的平直渠道中也會發生)，最大
channel flows are characterized by a
this chapter to flows with one-dimensional average velocity. Despite its sim-
free
表面。 surface open to the atmosphere.
(a) 軸向速度發生在低於自由表面的位置，通常在
plicity, the one-dimensional equations provide remarkably 25% 深度的範圍
accurate results
(a)©©Doug
DougSherman/Geofile RF;
Sherman/Geofile RF; and are commonly used in practice.
(b) Royalty-Free/CORBIS
(b) Royalty-Free/CORBIS 之內。]
The no-slip 再者，對大多數的情況，流速在流動方向也會改變。
condition on the channel walls gives rise to velocity gradients,
and wall shear stress w develops along the wetted surfaces. The wall shear
因此，明渠中的速度分佈
stress (即流動)
varies along the wetted perimeter 一般是三維的。然而在工
at a given cross section and offers
resistance to flow. The magnitude of this resistance depends on the viscosity
2.0
1.5
程實踐中，方程式通常是用渠道的一個截面上的平均速度寫出
of the fluid as well as the velocity gradients at the wall surface, which in
1.0 turn depend on wall roughness.
0.5 來的。因為平均速度只隨流向距離
Open-channel flows are also classified as being x 而變，V 是一個一維的變
steady or unsteady. A flow
is said to be steady if there is no change with time at a given location. The
FIGURE 13–2
數。一維化讓手算作為一種簡單的方式，以求解真實世界的問
representative quantity in open-channel flows is the flow depth (or alter-
圖 13-2　一個梯形截面的明渠流的
Typical constant axial velocity nately, the average velocity), which may vary along the channel. The flow
典型的軸向速度輪廓圖；數值是相
contours in an open channel of
題變得可能，因此在本章中我們的討論限制在可以使用一維平
is said to be steady if the flow depth does not vary with time at any given
trapezoidal
對於平均速度的。 cross section; values are location along the channel (although it may vary from one location to
relative to the average velocity.
均速度的流動上。不管其簡單性，一維的方程式提供了極正確
another). Otherwise, the flow is unsteady. In this chapter we deal with
steady flow only.
的結果，並且在實務中經常被使用。
在渠道壁上的無滑動條件造成速度梯度，並使壁面剪應力
Uniform and Varied Flows tw 沿著溼邊發展出
Uniform and Varied Flows
Flow in open channels is also classified as being uniform or nonuniform
來。在一個給定的截面上，壁面剪應力沿著溼邊變化並對流動造成阻力。這個阻力
(also called varied ), depending on how the flow depth y (the distance of the
free surface from the bottom of the channel measured in the vertical direc-
的大小相依於流體的黏度與壁面上的速度梯度，且會受壁面粗糙度影響。
tion) varies along the channel. The flow in a channel is said to be uniform
明渠流也可被分類為穩定的或不穩定的。如果在一個給定的位置上，流動不隨
if the flow depth (and thus the average velocity) remains constant. Other-
wise, the flow is said to be nonuniform or varied, indicating that the flow
時間而變，就稱為穩定的。在明渠流中一個代表性的量是流動深度 (flow depth) (或
替代地，平均速度)，可能會沿著渠道改變。如果流動深度在沿渠道的任何一個位
置上都不隨時間而變，此流動就稱為是穩定的 (雖然它從一個位置到另一個位置可
以改變)；否則流動就是不穩定的。本章我們只討論穩定流。
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 726 7/2/13 6:55 PM

均勻流與變速流
明渠流也被分類為均勻的或不均勻的 (也稱為變速的)，端視流動深度 y (從渠
道底部到自由表面的垂直距離) 如何沿著渠道改變而定。如果流動深度 (從而平均
 727
第 13 章　明渠流 3 CHAPTER 13
727
depth varies with distance in the flow direction. Uniform flow conditions CHAPTER 13
are
速度) commonly
depth varies with
維持不變，明渠流就稱為均勻的 encountered
distance in the in practice
flow direction. in longUniform
(uniform)；否則流動就 straight sections of channels
flow conditions 均勻流
y � yn � V�
with are constant
commonly slope, constant
encountered roughness,
in practice and constant
in long straight sections of cross
channels section.y � y � 常數 V � 常數
稱為是不均勻的或變速的
In with
open constant slope, constant
channels of constant (nonuniform slope或
roughness, and varied)，即指流動深度
constant
and cross section.
constant cross section, the liquid
n

In open channels of constant slope and constant cross section, the liquid
accelerates until
until the
在流道方向隨著距離而改變。均勻流條件在實務中常見於長而
accelerates headlossloss
the head due due to frictional
to frictional effects equals effects equals the elevation
the elevation
727
drop. The
drop. Theliquid
liquidat
直的渠道段，且具有等斜率、等粗糙度與等截面積的流動中。
at this point
this point reaches
reaches its
its terminal terminal
velocity, and velocity,
uniform and flow uniform flow CHAPTER 13
is established. The flow remains uniform as long as the slope, cross section, 斜率：S0 = 常數
is established.
depth varies with The flowin remains
distance the flow uniform Uniform
direction. as longflow as the slope, cross section,
conditions
and surface roughness of the channel remain unchanged. The flow depth in
在具有等斜率且等截面積的明渠中，液體加速直到由於
and surface
are commonly
uniform flow roughness
encountered
is called the ofpractice
in the channel
normal in longynremain
depth ,straight unchanged.
which issections
an importantof channels The flow
charac- depth in
圖 13-3　在一個明渠流的均勻流 FIGURE 13–3
yFor
� yuniform
n� flow in V �open channel,
an FIGU
uniform teristicflow
摩擦效應的水頭損失等於高度下降量為止。此時液體達到其終
with constant parameteris called
slope, constant the normal
roughness,
for open-channel anddepth
flows constant
(Fig. 13–3). , which
yncross section.is an important charac-
中，流動深度與平均流速
the flow depth y and For
V 維持為
the average flowflow in an open
In openThe channels
presence of constant
offor
an obstruction slopeinand theconstant
channel, cross
such as section,
a gate or thea liquid
change 常數。 uniform
teristic parameter
端速度，而均勻流建立起來了。流動維持均勻的，只要渠道的 open-channel flows (Fig. 13–3). velocity V remain constant.
in slope
accelerates untilor cross
the head section,
losscauses
due tothe flow depth
frictional to vary,
effects equals andthe thus the flow
elevation the flow depth y and the aver
The
drop. to
Thepresence
become
liquid varied
at of
this an
or
pointobstruction
nonuniform.
reaches its Suchin
terminalthe
varied channel,
flows are
velocity, and such
common
uniformas a
inflowgate
both or a change
斜率、截面積與表面粗糙度維持不變。均勻流的流動深度稱為正常水深 (normal velocity V remain
in slope
natural
is established. orand cross
The flowsection,
human-made remains opencauses
channels
uniform thelong
as flow
such depth
as the
as rivers,
slope, tocross
vary,
irrigation and thus the flow
systems,
section,
to
depth)
and andynsewer
become
surface varied
lines. The
，其在明渠流中是一個重要的特徵參數
roughness of nonuniform.
orvaried
the flow isremain
channel calledSuch rapidly
unchanged. varied
varied (圖
The flow
flows (RVF)
13-3)。
flow are ifcommon
depth the
in in both
flowflowdepth changesthemarkedly over a relatively short distance in charac-
the flow FIGURE 13–3
uniform
natural and is called
human-made normal open depth y
channelsn, which is
such an important
as rivers, irrigation systems,
在明渠中出現的障礙物，例如一個閘門或在斜率或截面上的變化，會造成流動
direction (such as the flow
teristic parameter for open-channel flows (Fig. 13–3). of water past a partially open gate or over a For uniform flow in an open channel,
and sewer
Thefalls),
presenceandlines.
graduallyThe varied
varied flow
of an obstruction
flow channel,
in the(GVF)
is called
if the rapidly
flow
such asdepth
varied
a gatechanges
or a change
flow (RVF)
gradu- the flowifdepth
the y and the average flow
深度的改變，從而使流動變成變速的或不均勻的。這種變速流在自然的或人造的明
flow
in slope depth
ally over
or cross changes
a
section, markedly
long distance along
causes the flow the overdepth
channel. a relatively
A
to vary, andshort
gradually varied distance
flow
thus the region
flow in the flow V remain constant.
velocity
渠becometypically occurs between
(例如河流)、灌溉系統與污水管線中都很常見。如果流動深度在流動方向的一個 rapidly varied and uniform flow regions, as shown
direction
to (such orasnonuniform.
varied
in Fig. 13–4.
the flow of Such water
variedpast flowsaare partially
common open in bothgate or over a
natural In
falls), and
and human-made
gradually open
varied channelsflow such
(GVF) as rivers,
if theirrigation
flow systems,
depth changes
相當短的距離有很明顯的改變，這種變速流就稱為急變流
and sewer
gradually varied flows, we can work with the one-dimensional average
lines. The varied flowuniform
is called rapidly varied flow (RVF)
(rapidly
ifisthe
variedgradu-flow, RVF)
ally
flow
over
velocity a
depth changes
long
just as distance
we can with along the
flows. channel.
However, A gradually
average velocity variednot flow region
the mostmarkedly useful or over
(例如水流通過一個部分開啟的閘門或流過瀑布)。如果流動深度在流動方向的一段
always most aappropriate
relatively parametershort distance in thevarying
for rapidly flow
typically
direction occurs
flows.(such as the
Therefore,
between
flow
the of rapidly
analysis water past
of rapidly
varied
avaried and
partially uniform
flowsopen
flow
gatecomplicated,
is rather or over regions,
a as shown
很長的距離之間逐漸改變，就稱為漸變流
in Fig.
falls), and13–4.
gradually varied flow (GVF) if the
especially when the flow is unsteady (such as the breaking of waves on the (gradually
flow depth varied
changes flow,
gradu- GVF)。一個漸變流
ally
Inover
shore).a long
gradually For distanceknown along
a varied flows,
discharge the wechannel.
rate,can the A work
flow gradually
withinvaried
height the flow region
one-dimensional
a gradually varied average
區域通常發生在急變流與均勻流區域之間，如圖 13-4 所示。
typically
flowoccurs
region between
(i.e., the rapidly
profile of varied and surface)
the free uniform in flow regions, open
a specified as shown chan-
velocity just as we can with uniform flows. However, average velocity is not
in Fig. 在漸變流中，我們可以用一維的平均速度工作，就像在均勻流中所做的。然而
nel13–4.
can be determined in a step-by-step manner by starting the analysis at
always the
In gradually
a cross sectionmost
variedwhereuseful
flows,the or
weflow most
can conditions appropriate
work withare theknown, parameter
one-dimensional
and evaluating for
average rapidly
head varying
對於急變流，平均速度並不是最有用或最適當的參數。因此，急變流的分析是非
flows.
velocity Therefore,
loss, elevation
just as we can the
drop, with analysis
and of rapidly
then the flows.
uniform average velocity
However, varied
for each
average flows
step.
velocityis rather
is not complicated,
always
especially the most
常複雜的，特別當流動是不穩定時 when useful
the or flowmostisappropriate
unsteady parameter
(such asfor
(例如岸邊的破浪)。對於一個已知的排放率，一 therapidly
breaking varying of waves on the
flows.Laminar
Therefore,and Turbulent
the analysis of rapidly Flows varied in Channels
flows is rather complicated,
shore).
especially
For
個指定的明渠流中的一個漸變流區域的流動高度
Like pipe
a the
whenflow,
known discharge
flow is unsteady
open-channel flow(such
rate, the
can beaslaminar,
flow
the breaking
height
(即自由表面的高度)
of
transitional, waves
inona the
or turbulent,
gradually 可以從一個 varied
flow region
depending (i.e.,
on the the
value profile
of the of
Reynolds the
shore). For a known discharge rate, the flow height in a gradually varied free
number surface)
expressed in
as a specified open chan-
流動條件為已知的截面積開始，用逐步的方法來決定之，並計算每一步中的水頭損
nel
flow can
region be(i.e.,determined
the profile in of a thestep-by-step
free surface) manner
in a specified by starting
open chan- the analysis at
rVRh VRh
nel can be determined in a Re 5
step-by-step 5
manner by starting the analysis (13–1)
at
a失、高度下降及平均速度。
cross section where the flow conditions m n are known, and evaluating head
a cross section where the flow conditions are known, and evaluating head
loss, elevation drop, and then the average velocity for each step.
loss, elevation drop, and then the average velocity for each step.
渠道中的層流與紊流
Laminar and
UF
Laminar and Turbulent
FlowsFlows
GVF
Turbulent
RVF
in Channels
GVF
in Channels
UF

Like 像管流一樣，明渠流可以是層流、過渡流或紊流，視雷諾數的值而定，雷諾數
Like pipe
pipeflow, open-channel
flow, flow can
open-channel be laminar,
flow can betransitional, or turbulent, or turbulent,
laminar, transitional,
depending on the value of the Reynolds number expressed as
可表示為 on the value of the Reynolds number expressed as
depending
rVRh VRh
Re 5
m
5 rVR
n h VRh (13–1)
Re 5 5 (13-1)
(13–1)
m n FIGURE 13–4
Uniform flow (UF), gradually varied
UF GVF RVF GVF UF flow (GVF), and rapidly varied flow
(RVF) in an open channel.
UF GVF RVF GVF UF

FIGURE 13–4
圖 13-4　一個明渠中的均勻流
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 727
Uniform flow (UF), gradually varied
7/2/13 6:56 PM
(UF)、漸變流
flow (GVF), and rapidly 與急變流
(GVF) varied flow
(RVF)。(RVF) in an open channel.
FIGU
Uniform flow (UF), gradual
flow (GVF), and rapidly va
(RVF) in an open
 728
728
PEN-CHANNEL FLOW
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
4 流Here
體 力V學is the average liquid velocity,  is the kinematic viscosity, and R is
h
728 Here V is the average liquid velocity,  is the kinematic viscosity, and R is
728
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW728the hydraulic radius defined as the ratio of the cross-sectional flow area Ac h
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
OPEN-CHANNEL the
FLOW hydraulic radius defined as the ratio of the cross-sectional flow area Ac
and the wetted perimeter p,
and theHere
wetted perimeter p, liquid
Here 其中 VV is
Here
is Vthe
the
hydraulic
average
Vis 是平均液體速度，n
the average
average
radius
velocity,
liquid velocity,
liquidAc as velocity,  is theiskinematic
是運動黏度，而 is the
 the the kinematic
R h 是水力半徑
viscosity,
kinematic viscosity,
and Rh is and Rh is
viscosity, and Rh is
the
Hydraulic radius:
從小學開始，我就知道半徑
the hydraulic
the
hydraulic radius
radius R
defined
defined
5
defined as
  (m)
as
the
Ac the ratio
the
of
ratio
ratio of
of
cross-sectional
the
the
flow
cross-sectional
cross-sectional
area Aflow
(13–2) c
flow area Ac
是直徑的一半，但現在他們 Hydraulic
and
(hydraulic
radius:
the wetted
radius)
perimeter
定義為截面積
and the wetted perimeter Rp,p 5
h
p,
h   (m) A c 與溼邊長 p 的比。 (13–2)area Ac
卻告訴我，水力半徑是水力 and the wetted perimeter p, p Ac
? ?
直徑的 1/4！ Hydraulic radius: Rh 5   (m) (13–2)
ConsideringHydraulic
that水力半徑：
open channels come with Ac irregular cross sections,
prather
Considering that open
radius: channels come 5 Ac  (m)
Rh with rather irregular cross sections, (13–2)
(13-2)
? ? the hydraulic
?the
formity ?
Hydraulic
radius
hydraulic
radius:
servesthatasopen
radius
Considering
to the treatment
serves
the hydraulicofradius
the channels
as
openserves
characteristic
the
channels.
characteristic
come p
with
  (m)
Rh 5 p dimension
dimension
rather
Also, the dimension
andcross
irregular
Reynolds
brings
and
andnumber
brings
uni-
sections,
brings uni-is
uni-
(13–2)

? as the characteristic
?? formity to the
constant forConsidering
constant
the
for
entire
treatment
that
uniform
考慮到明渠通常有相當不規則的截面，水力半徑可以作為特徵
formity
Considering
the
to
entire
the
of open
openflow
treatment
thatuniform channels
open channels of
flow
channels.
section
open come
of an
channels.
comeofwith
section
Also,
with
open
Also,
an
the
rather
channel.
the
rather
open
Reynolds
irregular
Reynolds
irregular
channel.
number
numbercross is
cross
is
sections,
sections,
?? ?? You might the
the
You formity
might
hydraulic
constantthat
expect
hydraulic
forradius
the
長度，並且在處理明渠時帶來一致性。同時對於一個明渠的整
expect
You
to might
the that
serves
theentire
radiusexpectthe
treatment
uniformasflow
hydraulic
serves theas
thathydraulic
of
the
the characteristic
sectionwould
radius
hydraulic
open radius
of an open
characteristic
radius would
channels. would
Also,
dimension
defined as and
be channel.
dimension
bebe
the defined
defined as and
Reynolds
halfbrings
as brings
half half uni-
uni-
the hydraulic diameter,
formity to the
the hydraulicbuttreatment
this is unfortunately
diameter, of
butisthisopen not the
channels.
is unfortunately notcase.
Also,
the Recall
case.the that
Reynolds
Recall the number is
that the
number is
the hydraulic
constant diameter,
for the
個均勻的流動段雷諾數是常數。 but this
entire uniform unfortunately
flow section not of the
an case.
open Recall
channel. that the
hydraulic diameter
constant Dh the
for
hydraulic for
diameter pipeDhuniform
entire flow
for pipeis flow
defined
flow section
is as D
defined ofas
h an
as 4A4A
Dh open
  c /p /p so
so that
cchannel. that
hydraulic diameter D for thatpipe flow is pipedefined forD h  4A c /p so thatas half
the  hydraulicYou the might
diameter
You hydraulic
might expect
reduceshdiameter
你可能會預期水力半徑被定義為水力直徑的一半，但不
expect tothatthe the
reducespipe
the tohydraulic
the
diameter
hydraulic radius
diameter would
circular
for circular
radius would pipes.be
pipes.
be defined
The
The
defined as half
the  hydraulic diameter
the hydraulic
relation between reduces
diameter, hydraulicbuttoradius
the and
this pipe
is diameter
unfortunately
hydraulic for
diameter iscircular
not the case. pipes.
Recall Thethat the
relation between hydraulic
the hydraulic
幸的是，情況並非如此。回想管流的水力直徑 radius
diameter, and
but hydraulic
this is diameter
unfortunately is not the case.
D h 被定義為 Recall that the
relationhydraulic
between hydraulic
diameter Dradius for and
pipe hydraulic
4Aflow is diameter
defined is
as D  4A /p so that
hydraulic
Hydraulic diameter: Dh for pipe
diameter h flow
c
5 4Ris defined as Dh (13–3) h 4Ac /p so that
c
the  D h = 4Ac /p，使圓管的水力直徑正好就是圓管直徑。水力半徑與
hydraulic diameter 4Ac Dh 5to pthe
reduces pipe
h
diameter for circular pipes. The
the 
Hydraulic diameter: hydraulic diameter Dh 5 reduces 4A
5 4R to
c h the pipe diameter for circular
(13–3) pipes. The
relation
Hydraulic between
diameter:
水力直徑的關係是
relation hydraulic D p radius
5 5and 4R hydraulic diameter is (13–3)
So, between
we see thathydraulicthe hydraulic h radius
p and
radius is in hhydraulic
fact one-fourth,diameter
rather than is one-
half, of the hydraulic diameter (Fig. 13–5).
So, we seeHydraulic
that the hydraulic
Therefore,
diameter: a Reynoldsradius is inDbased
number fact4A 4A
on cthe hydraulic rather
one-fourth,
c 5 4Rh radius isthan one-fourthone-
So, weHydraulic
see 水力直徑：that the
diameter:hydraulic radius Dish 5 in
5 fact
p 5one-fourth,
4Rh rather than
(13-3) one- (13–3)
(13–3)
half, of the hydraulic of the diameter
Reynolds number (Fig. 13–5).
based onh hydraulic
p diameter as the characteris-
half, of the tic hydraulic
dimension. diameter
So it will(Fig. come 13–5). as no surprise that the flow is laminar for
FIGURE 13–5 Therefore, a Reynolds number based on the hydraulic radiusflow. is one-fourth
圖 13-5　水力半徑與水力直徑的關 Therefore,
So, we Reasee
Reynolds
2000
that in pipe
the number
flow,
hydraulicbutbased
for Re 
radiuson500 the in hydraulic
is open-channel
in fact radiusAlso,
one-fourth, is one-fourth
open- than one-
rather
The relationship of
betweenthe
the
係可能不是你預期的。 of the Reynolds Reynolds
So,
hydraulic we number
see that
channel number based
the
flow is usually
因此，我們看出來事實上水力半徑是水力直徑的 on
hydraulic hydraulic
turbulent radius
for Re diameter
 is in
2500 fact
and as the
one-fourth,
transitional
1/4characteris-
for
而不是 rather
500 1/2than one-
radius and hydraulictic
diameter is nothalf,So of the hydraulic based
diameter on hydraulic
(Fig. 13–5). diameter as the characteris-
dimension. half, of the
Re it
 will
2500. come
hydraulic
Laminar asflow no
diameter is surprise(Fig.
encountered that
13–5).
when the a flow
thin layeris oflaminar
water for
(such
–5 what you might expect. tic dimension. (圖
Therefore,
as the Sorainwater
13-5)。 ita Reynolds
willdraining
come asa no
number
off road surprise
based on
oropen-channel
parking that
the the flow
hydraulic isradius
laminar for
is one-fourth
E 13–5 Re 
Re
2000

in
2000
pipe
Therefore,
in
flow,
pipe
The
a but
flow,
kinematic
for
Reynoldsbut
Re
for
viscosity

Reof
500
number 
water
in
500 based
at in
20C
onislot)
the
open-channel
1.00
flows at
flow.
hydraulic
10
a low
Also,
flow.
m
velocity.
/s,
open-
2 radius is one-fourth
Also,
and theopen-
nship between the hydraulic channel of isthe
offlow Reynolds
所以，一個基於水力半徑的雷諾數是基於水力直徑作為特徵尺寸的雷諾數的
flow theusually
Reynolds turbulent number
number for based
Re
based  2500 on
on hydraulic
and
hydraulic diameter

transitional
diameter
6
forasas 500 the
the characteris-
characteris-
elationship between the hydraulic channel average
is flow
usually velocity
turbulent in open forchannels
Re is
2500usually and above 0.5 m/s.
transitional Also,for the
500 
hydraulic diameter is not Re  2500. tic
tic dimension.
Laminar
dimension. flow So
Sois it will
encountered
isitusually
will come
come than as
when
as no no a surprise
thin
surprise layer that
that of the
water flow (suchis laminar
laminar for
and hydraulic
FIGURE 13–5 diameter is not 1/4。因此，在管流中當
Re  2500.
hydraulic
Laminar ≲ 2000
Re radius flow is
greater
為層流時，但在明渠流中卻是
encountered
0.1 m.
when
Therefore,
a thin Rethe
the
layer ≲of
Reynolds flow
500 num-
為層流
water is (such for
might expect.
FIGURE 13–5 Re
as the rainwater
Re  2000
ber
draining
2000 in
associated
in pipe
offwith
pipe aflow,waterbut
road
flow, orflow
but for in Re
parking
for open
Re 500
channels
lot) 500 flowsin
in isopen-channel
typically
at a lowabove
open-channel flow.
50,000,
velocity.
flow. Also,
Also, open-
open-
you might expect.
The relationship between the hydraulic
as the channel 
rainwater draining off a≳turbulent
road or 
parking lot) flows ≲atRe
就不奇怪了。同時，明渠流一般當 and flow is usually isRe 2500 時是紊流，而在for Re 2500 500 and 2a ≲low 2500
transitionalvelocity.
時是 500 
The relationship between the hydraulic
The kinematic
channel
thus
viscosity
flow
the
is
flow
of
usually
almost
water always
at
turbulent 20C turbulent.
is
for 1.00
Re   2500 10 6
andm /s, and
transitional the forfor
radius and hydraulic diameter is not The Re
radius and hydraulic diameter is not flow
過渡流。層流是當一細層水流 kinematic
 Note
2500. viscosity
that the
Laminar wettedof flow
(例如雨水從路面或停車場排洩時)water
perimeter
is at 20C
includes
encountered is
the  1.00
sides
when and
 a 10
the
thin
6
bottom
以低速度流動時 m
layer
2
/s,
of and
the
of the500
water

(such
average velocity
Reflow 2500. in open
inLaminar channels
flow is usually
is encountered above when 0.5 m/s.
a thin Also,
layerAlso, the
of
andwater
what you might expect. average as the
channel
velocity contact
in with
open the liquid—it
channels isdoes not include
usually above the free surface
0.5 m/s. the (such
what you might expect. hydraulic radius
會遭遇到。 as the israinwater
the usually
parts
rainwater draining
of thegreater
sides exposed
draining thanoff
off to aaair.
0.1 road
m.
road or parking
For Therefore,
example,
or parking the wettedlot)
the
lot) flows
Reynolds
perimeter
flows at
at anum-
anda low
the velocity.
low velocity.
hydraulic radius is usually greater than 0.1 m. Therefore, thehReynolds 6 m b22num-
/s,
ber associatedThe kinematic viscosity forof water at 20C is 1.00 10 /s, and
and the
6
cross-sectional
with water flow flow inareaopen a rectangular channel of height and width
The kinematic viscosity −6 of2channels water at is typically
20C is 1.00 above  1050,000, m the
水在 ber20°C
associated
的運動黏度是
average with
containing water
1.00
water of×
flow10
depth in ym open
are channels
/s，而明渠中的平均流速通常高於
p b 2y is
and typically
A yb, above
respectively. 50,000,
0.5
isflow velocity
alwaysin open channels is usually above 0.5 m/s. Also, the
  
and thus the flowThen,
average almost
flow velocity in turbulent.
open channels is usually
c
above 0.5 m/s. Also, the
and thus the flowradius is almost always turbulent.
Note thathydraulic
m/s。同時，水力半徑一般大於 the wetted
hydraulic radius is
perimeter
is0.1usually
usually greater
m。因此，明渠中的水流的雷諾數一般會大於
includes
greater the than
thansides 0.1
0.1 m.
and
m. Therefore,
the
Therefore,bottom the
the of Reynolds
the
Reynolds num-
num-
Note that the wetted perimeter includes
Ac yb the sides
y andis the bottomabove of the50,000,
channel in ber contact
ber associated
with the
Rectangular
associated with
channel:
with water
liquid—it
water Rhflowdoes
flow 5in
innot open
open 5 channels
include channels the free is typically
surface(13–4)
typically and
above and50,000,
50,000，使流動幾乎總是紊流的。 5
channel in contact with the liquid—it p does
b 1 2y not 1 include
1 2y/b the free surface
the parts ofandand thus
the sides
thus the
the flow
exposedflow is
to
is almost
air. For always
almost example,
always turbulent.
the wetted perimeter and the
turbulent.
the parts Noteof the sidesthe
注意溼邊包括渠道中與液體接觸的兩邊與底邊，但不包括自由表面，及兩邊與
As that
another exposed
wetted
example, thetoperimeter
air. Forradius
hydraulic example,
includes
for the the the wetted
sides perimeter
and the and
yb the of the
bottom
cross-sectional Note flow thatarea the for a rectangular
wetted perimeter channel
includes ofdrainage
height
the sidesofhwater
and
and ofwidth
depth
the bottom
cross-sectional off ain flow
parking area for
lot ofwith widthatherectangular
b isliquid—it
(Fig. 13–6)channel ofinclude
height hthe and width b of and
the
containing channel
空氣接觸的部分。例如一個矩形渠道，高度 water
channel of contact
depth
in contact y are
with p  b
the pliquid—ith、寬度
 2y bdoes
and 且含水的深度為
does A not  yb, y，其溼邊
respectively.
cnot include the free surface and
free surface
containing
the water
parts of depth y are air. Abc For
 yb 2y and yb Acthe yb, respectively.and the
wetted
Then,
長與截面積分別為 the parts= bof
pLiquid +
of the
the
2y，A
sides
sides =
layer of thickness y:
c
exposed
exposed
yb。因此， to
to air.
Rh 5 5 For example,
example,
> > the
y wetted perimeter
perimeter and the
Then, cross-sectional (13–5)
cross-sectional flow flowAarea area for aa rectangular
p b 1 2y channel b of height hh and width bb
for rectangular channel of height and width
containing water of cdepthyb y are p  y b  2y and A  yb, respectively.
Rectangularcontaining
channel: since b  water
R 5of depth
y.h Therefore, 5Actheyhydraulic yb
are5p  radius b  y the
for 2y flow and ofAacc liquid yb, filmrespectively.
(13–4)
矩形渠道： Rectangular
Then, channel:
over a large surface Rphis5simplyb1 5the2y thickness 11 52y/b (13-4)(13–4)
Then, p b 1 2y 1 1 2y/b layer. of the liquid
Ac the drainage
As another Rectangular
example, the hydraulic radius
channel: Ac 5 yb
5for
Rh radius
y
yb 5 ofywater of depth y
As another
作為另一個例子，一個寬度為 example,
Rectangular the
channel:
b hydraulicR
的停車場，排水深度為 5 p 5for they drainage
時的水力半徑為
5
b 1 2y 1 1 2y/b of water(圖 depth y (13–4)
of13-6) (13–4)
off a parking lot of width b is (Fig. 13–6) h
p b 1 2y 1 1 2y/b
off a parking lot of width b is (Fig. 13–6)
As another Ac
another example, the hydraulic yb radiusybfor the drainage of water of depth y
Liquid
深度 layerAs
y 的液體層： of thickness example,
y: Rthe
h 5
hydraulic
5Ac radius > for
yb >ybthe
y drainage of (13–5)
water
(13-5)of depth y
Liquid off
layera of
parking lot
thickness y:of widthRphb5is b(Fig.
152y13–6) b > >y (13–5)
off a parking lot of width b is (Fig. 13–6) b 1 2y b p
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 728 7/2/13 6:56 PM
since b Liquid
y. Therefore, the hydraulic radius Afor theybflow ofyba liquid film
since b  y. layer of thickness
Therefore, they:hydraulic
Rh 5 A c
radius yb
c 5 for the> yb >ofy a liquid film (13–5)
over a largeLiquid layer
surface is of thickness
simply the y:thickness
Rh of
5 p 5liquid
the >flow
b 1 2ylayer.b >y (13–5)
over a large surface is simply the thicknessp of the 2y
b 1liquid b
layer.
since
since bb  y. Therefore,
 y.
 Therefore, the
the hydraulic
hydraulic radius
radius for
for the
the flow
flow of
of aa liquid
liquid film
film
over
over aa large
large surface
surface is
is simply
simply the
the thickness
thickness of
of the
the liquid
liquid layer.
layer.
 729
CHAPTER 13
第 13 章　明渠流 5
729
CHAPTER 13

729
CHAPTER 13
R R
R R
 y y
 y y

R R



 y b
yb
A y(b � y/tan
Ac ) y(b � y/tan )
AA R 2(
c �� R 2�(sin cos 
�sin )cos ) Rh � pc � bR� � 
c h 2y/sin �
p b � 2y/sin 
p � 2R
p�A
2R � sin  cos  (b) 梯形渠道
Rh � pc � b
Ac  2 � sin Rcos 
Rh � p � 2 R
A y(b � y/tan )
Ac � R 2( � sin
(a)圓渠道
cos ) (u 用弳度) Rh � pc � b � 2y/sin 
p � 2R
A  � sin  cos 
Rh � pc � 2 R
y b

y b
y

y bb
y
A yb yb
b Rh � pc � b � 2y  b  y

Ay yb y (d) 厚度 y 的液體薄層
b
Rh � pc � b � 2y � 1 � 2y/b FIGURE 13–6
Ac yb 圖 13-6　各種明渠幾何的水力半
yb Hydraulic radius relations for various
p � b � 2y  b  徑關係式。
b
(c) 矩形渠道 b Rh � y
open-channel geometries.
A yb yb
A yb y Rh � pc � b � 2y  b  y
Rh � bpc � b � 2y � 1 � 2y/b FIGU
13–2
因為 FROUDEy NUMBER AND WAVE SPEED
bAc>> y。因此一個液體薄層在一個很大表面上的流動的水力半徑簡單地即為液
yb
■
Hydraulic radius relations fo
Rh � p � b � 2y � 1 � 2y/b FIGURE 13–6
Open-channel flow is also classified as subcritical, critical, or supercritical,
體層的厚度。
depending on the value of the dimensionless Froude number mentioned in Hydraulic radius relations for open-channel
various ge
Chap. 7 and defined as open-channel geometries.
13-2　福勞數與波速 V
13–2
Froude number:
FROUDE NUMBER
■ Fr 5
"gL AND WAVE SPEED
(13–6)

13–2 FROUDE NUMBER AND WAVE SPEED

■ c

Open-channel flow is also classified as subcritical, critical,

where g is the gravitational acceleration, V is the average liquid velocity
明渠流也可分類為次臨界 (subcritical)、臨界 or supercritical,
(critical) 或超臨界 (super
Open-channel
at a crossflow
depending onis the
also
section, classified
Lc is of
andvalue as subcritical,
the the
characteristic length.
dimensionless c isortaken
critical,
LFroude supercritical,
to be the mentioned in
number
critical)，端視在第
depending
flow on they value
depth for wide 章中定義的無因次的福勞數的數值而定。福勞數定義為
of7the dimensionless
rectangular channels,Froude
and Fr number
 V/ !gy. mentioned
The Froudein
Chap.
Chap. 7number
7 and
and defined
defined
as
as
is an important parameter that governs the character of flow in open
channels. The flow is classified as V Fr 5 V
FroudeFroude
number:number:
福勞數： Fr 5 (13–6) (13–6)
(13-6)
"gL
Fr , 1  Subcritical or
"gL c
c tranquil flow

wherewhere g is
g is the the gravitational
gravitational acceleration,
acceleration,
Fr 5 1  Critical V is the
flowV is the average average
liquid velocityliquid velocity
(13–7)
其中
at a cross g 是重力加速度，V 是在一個截面的平均液體速度，而 L c 是特徵長度。對寬
at a section, and LFr
cross section, c is
. the
and Lcharacteristic length.
flow Lc islength.
c is the characteristic
1  Supercritical or rapid taken toLcbeis the
taken to be the
的矩形渠道，L
flow depth
flow y for wide
depth y for 取為流動深度
crectangular
wide rectangulary，因此
channels, and Fr  V/
channels, !gy.
and Fr。福勞數是一個重要參數，主
The
 V/Froude
!gy. The Froude
number is
numberan important parameter that governs the character
is an important parameter that governs the character
宰著明渠流的流動特性。流動可以分類為 of flow in open
of flow in open
channels. The flow is classified as
channels. The flow is classified as
Fr , 1  Subcritical or tranquil flow
Fr , 1  Subcritical or tranquil flow
Fr 5 1  Critical flow (13–7)
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 729
Fr 5 1  Critical
Fr . 1  Supercritical flow
or rapid flow (13–7) 7/2/13 6:56 PM

Fr . 1  Supercritical or rapid flow

 V
Froude number: Fr 5 (13–6)
"gL c
where g is the gravitational acceleration, V is the average liquid velocity
at a cross section, and Lc is the characteristic length. Lc is taken to be the
730 flow depth y for wide rectangular channels, and Fr  V/ !gy. The Froude
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
6 number 流 體is力an學important parameter that governs the character of flow in open
channels. The This flow resembles
is classified theasclassification of compressible flow with respect to the
This resembles the classification Mach number: of compressible subsonicflow for Ma withrespect 1, sonictofor theMa  1, and supersonic for
Mach number: subsonic for Ma Ma   11, sonic
Fr (Fig. for
, 1  Subcritical 次臨界流或靜流
13–7). Ma 
Indeed, 1, and supersonic
the(tranquil
or tranquil flow flow)
denominator for of the Froude number has
Ma  1 (Fig. 13–7). Indeed, the
the dimensions denominator of臨界流 of
velocity, the Froude number has
Ma 730 Fr  V/c Fr 5 1  Critical flowand it represents the speed c0 (13–7) at which (13-7) a small
PEN-CHANNELthe dimensions
V/c
FLOW of0 velocity, disturbance
and it represents travels thein speedstill c0 at which
liquid, as shown a small later in this section. Therefore,
Ma  1 disturbance Fr  1 travels 730 in still liquid, in analogyasFrshown. 1  Supercritical
to the
超臨界流或急變流
later
Mach innumber, or rapid(rapid
this section. the
flow
Therefore,
Froude
flow)
number is expressed
Ma  1 in analogy Fr  to1 the Mach This
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
number, resemblesthe Froude the classification
number is of compressible
expressed as the ratio flow with respect toasthe the ratio
Mach of the flow
number: speed to the thewave 1,speed, Fr MaV/c 0,1, just assupersonic
the Mach <number is
Ma  1
of the flow Fr  1
speed to the wave speed,subsonic
expressed FrThis
Machas the V/c
number:
for
這類似可壓縮流中相對於馬赫數的分類：對於
resembles
ratio
Ma
0, subsonic
just
of
classification
the
as
the forflow
sonic
Ma 
Mach offor
speed
compressible
number
1, sonic to the
for
is
Masound
flow and
 1, and
with
speed,
respect
Ma
supersonic
Mato the

for
1 為
for V/c.
V expressed as可壓縮流 the ratioMa of 明渠流  1flow
the (Fig.
The speed13–7).
次音速；對於
Ma
Froude 
Indeed,
to 1number
the
(Fig. sound13–7).
canMathe =
speed, denominator
1 為音速，及對於
Indeed,
also beMa  V/c.ofofthe
the thought
denominator of
as Ma Froude
the
the>Froude 為超音速
1square number
number
root (圖
has
of
has13- ratio
the
c  kRT  The Froude number thecan dimensions
also be thought of
the velocity,
dimensionsof as the forceand
of it represents
squaretoroot
velocity, and it of the
representsthe speed
ratio(or weight).
the speed c 0 cat at which
which aa small
small
V/c Fr  V/c0Ma  V/c
c0  gy of inertia (or dynamic)
Fr  V/c
disturbance of0 inertia travels (orindynamic)
7)。的確，福勞數的分母有速度的因次，它代表微小擾動在靜
disturbance stilltravels liquid, in still asliquid,
shown gravity later
as shown forcein this
later in this
0
section. This is demon-
Therefore,
section. Therefore,
Fr  1 Ma  1 次音速流 Fr  1force
次臨界流 to
strated gravity
by in analogy
force
multiplying to
(or
the both
Mach
weight). the
number,
This
numerator
the
is
Froude
demon-
and
number the is denominator
expressed as ofratio
the square
strated
Fr  1 byMamultiplying
Ma  1 音速流 in
Fr analogy
both
1 臨界流
the to the止液體中移動的速度
numerator Mach and number,
the the Froude
denominator c0，這是本節稍後要證明的。因此類似於
of number
the square is expressed as theratio the
of thespeed of
Froude the flow
number speed to 2
the wave
/gLc by speed, Fr
where V/c ,
 is just as the Mach number is
Vspeed, asdensity andnumber
A is a represen-
A,V/c  0
andFr 0, the
just the Mach is
 1 超音速流 Fr  1 超臨界流
of the
Fr  1 Froude numberofVthe 2
/gLflowc by A, where to the
expressed aswave
馬赫數，福勞數代表流速對波速之比，Fr isgives
thedensity
ratio of the flow Aspeed
is a represen-
to sound = V/c
speed, ，就像馬赫數代
0Ma  V/c.
V  音速
expressed tative as area,
the ratiowhich
The Froude of the flow
number speed
can also be to the
thought soundof as the speed,squareMa root of V/c.
the ratio
URE 13–7 tative 725-786_cengel_ch13.indd
area,c which
kRT  聲速 gives
(理想氣體) 729 表流速對音速之比，Ma
of inertia (or dynamic)2 force =gravity
to V/c。 2force (or weight). This is demon-
c0  gy  波速 (液體) The Froude number can also Vbe rA thought 2( 12of
rVasA)the square Inertia root force of the ratio
Tlogy
 between the Mach number V 2 rA 2( 1strated
Fr
2 by multiplying
A) 2 both the numerator and r the denominator of the square
er Fr 52 of inertia (or dynamic) force to
5
2 rV
of the Froude
福勞數也代表慣性力 5
Inertia
gL
force
gravity
2rA
r number Vc /gLc by A, where (13–8)
5 (或動力)
forcemg (or 對重力
is density andThis
weight).
Gravity (或重量)
A is ais
force demon- (13–8)
之比的平方
represen-
compressible flow and the Froude

gL c rA mg area, Gravity force
ude for open-channel flow.
mber strated by multiplying tative
根。這可以藉由將福勞數平方 both which thegives numerator andVthe 2
/gLdenominator
c 的分子與分母都乘以 of the square rA 來
FIGURE 13–7
圖 13-7　可壓縮流中的馬赫數與明 of the Here
Froude L A represents
cnumber V /gLc by A, 2 volume, V 2 L
where
rA A is
c 2( 2 rV 1 the
 is
2
A) mass
density Inertia of this
and
force A fluid
is a volume,
represen- and mg
Here LAnalogy
cA represents
between the volume,
Mach number L
isFroude A
thewhich is
weight.the
說明，其中 mass
The numerator of r this
是密度，A
Fr 2
5 fluid volume, 5是代表性面積，這給出 andr mg 1 2 (13–8)
渠流中福勞數之間的相似性。
for compressible flow tative
and thearea,
c
gives gL c is
rA twicemg the inertial Gravity force force 2 V A, which can be
–7 is the weight. The numerator
number for open-channel flow.thought of
is twice the as inertial
the dynamic force 12pressure V 2A, which 1 2can be
times the cross-sectional
Here
1 2LcA represents
V 2 rA volume, 1
2( 2 rV L2cA) V
A is 2the慣性力 mass of force
Inertia this fluid volume, and mg area, A.
etween the thought
Mach numberof as the dynamic pressure Therefore, 2 V
is theFr 2 times the cross-sectional
theweight.
5 flow The in an 5open channel
numerator is twicertheisinertial
area,
dominated A.
force 2 Vby
1 2
A, inertial
which can(13–8)forces
(13-8)when
be
Therefore, the flow in an open of gL
mg forces Gravity
2 重力 force
the channel is dominated by inertial when
ssible flow and the Froude thought as cthe rAdynamic pressure 1
Froude number is large and by gravity2 V times forcesthe cross-sectional
when the area, Froude A. number
the Froude
open-channel flow. number isHere large is and by gravity
Therefore,forces the flowwhen in an open the channel
Froudeis number dominated by inertial forces when
其中 L A A small.
Lc代表體積，rLrepresents the Froudevolume,
A number
是此流體體積的質量，而 L is A is and
clarge thebymass gravity offorces
this
mg when fluid
是重量，分子是慣性力thevolume,
Froude numberand mg
is small. c
It follows that
c
at low flow velocities (Fr  1),1 a 2small disturbance trav-
is2 the weight. The is small.numerator is twice 2 the inertial force 2 V A, which can be
It follows that at12 rV low A flow velocitiesIt (Fr
的兩倍，其可被想成是動壓  that 1), ata low small
1
2 rV
disturbance
flow1乘以截面積 trav-
A。因此，明渠中的流動，當
thoughtelsofupstream as the dynamic (with
follows a pressure
velocity 2
cV 2 V relative
velocities
0  times (Fr the  to a stationary
1),cross-sectional
a small disturbance observer)
trav- A.
area, and
els upstream (with福勞數大的時候由慣性力主宰，當福勞數小的時候則由重力主宰。
a velocity c
affects 0  V
theelsrelative
upstream to
upstream (witha stationary
a velocity c0 
conditions. This observer)
V relative to
is called and a stationary observer) and
subcritical or tranquil flow.
affects the upstream conditions. Therefore, the This flow
affects
is calledintheanupstreamopen
subcritical channel
conditions. orisThis dominated
tranquil is calledflow. by inertial
subcritical forcesflow.
or tranquil when
the Froude
因此在低流速時 But at
numberhigh
But at
(Fr flow
is large
high
< velocities
flow
1)，小擾動向上游移動and by
velocities (Fr
gravity
(Fr   1),
forces
1), a asmallsmall
when
(相對於一個靜止觀察者以速度 disturbance
the
disturbance Froudecannot cannot
number
travel travel
But at high flow velocities (Fr  1), a small fact, disturbance
upstream (in fact, the wave is washed downstream at a velocity of
upstream (in the wave is washedcannot downstream travel at a velocity of V  c V  c0
upstream (in fact, cthe is V)
small.
0 − wave is washed
並影響上游的條件，此稱為次臨界流或靜流；但是當高流速時
relativedownstream
to a stationary at aobserver)
velocity and of thus Vthe the c0 upstream
upstream conditions > 1)，小
(Frcannot
0

relative
Itobserver)
follows that to a stationary observer) and thus conditions cannot
relative to a stationary and be at thus lowtheflow
influenced by velocities
the
upstream downstream conditions(Fr  1),
conditions. cannot a small
This is called disturbance
supercritical trav- or
擾動不能向上游移動 be influenced rapid by the
(事實上，此波動以相對於一個靜止觀察者的速度
aflow, downstream
and thecflow  inV this conditions.
case is to controlled This is called
by the upstream supercritical
V −
condi- c 0 被 or
be influenced by the els upstream conditions.
downstream rapid
(with
flow,
tions.and
velocity
This
the flow
Therefore, is 0called
a surface in this
relative
supercritical
wavecase travelsisupstream
a stationary
controlled or when by
observer)
the1, upstream
and
condi-
rapid flow, and the affects the
thisupstream
沖向下游)，上游的條件無法被下游的條件所影響，此稱為超臨界流或急變流。此
flow intions. case conditions.
is controlled
downstream when Frby This
 the
1, andisupstream
called
appears subcritical
frozencondi- on the surface orFrtranquil

when
is swept
Frflow.1. is swept
But at wave Therefore,
high travels
flow a surface
(Fris shallow wave
 1), travels
a small upstream
disturbance when Fr
cannot 1,
travel
tions. Therefore, a種情況的流動被上游的條件所控制。因此一個表面波當
surface Also,velocities
upstream Fr < the
when andFrappears 1, is swept
when the water compared
 to the wavelength of the
1 時向上游移動；當 disturbance,
upstream downstream
(in fact,
the surfacewhen
the wavewave Fr speed
is 1,increases
washed with flowfrozen
downstream depthat y,on a
and thus surface
velocity of
a surface when
V  cFr
distur-  1.
downstream when Fr Fr>1 1, and
Also,
時被沖向下游；而當 appears
when bance
frozen
the water
propagates Fron 1the
=ismuch
shallow surface compared
時似乎是在表面上凍住了。再者，當水深相對於
faster in
when Fr
deep channels to the 1.it does in shallow
than wavelength of the
ones.
0
disturbance,
Also, when the water is relative
shallow tocompared
a stationary Considerto the observer)
thewavelength
flow
andofthus
of a liquid the theopen
in disturbance,
anflow
upstream conditions cannot
the surface wave speed increases with y # rectangular
depth y, and channelthus ofa cross-
surface distur-
the surface wave speed 擾動的波長是淺的時候，表面波的速度隨著流動深度
beincreases
influenced with bysectional
the downstream
flow depth
area Ay,c with and conditions.
thus
volume a surface
flow rate This distur-而增加，因此一個表面擾動
V .isWhen called thesupercritical
flow is critical, or
rapid banceand propagates much faster in deep channels than theitc,does whereinyshallow the ones.
bance propagates much fasterflow,
在深渠道中傳播的速度較在淺渠道中快上許多。 inConsider Frthe
deep critical  1flow
channels the
and
flow
depth.
than in
the this
of itaverage
Noting
does
a
case
liquidin is
flow controlled
# velocity
shallow
that Vin5 an AcV open
is V by
ones.
5 Ac !gy
 !gy
rectangular
, the
upstream
critical
c iscondi-
channel
depth is of cross-
Consider the flow tions. Therefore,
of考慮一個液體以體積流率
a liquid in an aopen
expressed
surface as
wave
⋅
rectangular
V
with volume
travels
channel upstream
flow A of
rate cross- when
# c Fr  1, is swept
sectional area on the surface when Fr is 1.critical,
. When the flow
A # 在一個截面積 c 的矩形明渠道中的流動，當流
V
sectional area yc
Ac with downstream
volume when rate
flow Fr Vc1, . and appears
When the flow frozen is # 2critical,
動是臨界的時候，Fr
Also, Fr the1 water and the
= 1，且其平均速度為 average flow #Vvelocity = Vgy ，其中 is V  yc of !gy
是臨界深度 thec,disturbance,
where yc is the
(critical
Fr  1 and the average y whenflow Critical isisshallow
depth  compared
V(general): !gy to
yc 5the yVc2cwavelength
# velocity c , where isAthe
c (13–9)

the surface critical depth. Noting that V 5 A gA 5 !gy , the critical depth is
Vwave Acspeed
VV=5AcAincreases with critical
flow depth y, and thus
c c c a surface distur-
critical depth. Noting depth)。注意 that =
5AFor c !gygyc ，臨界深度可被表示為
, the depth is 
expressed
bance propagatesdepth
cas
much
a rectangular
faster
cchannel
in deep
of width b we have A by , and the critical
to channels than it does inc shallow ones.
c
yc expressed as relation reduces
# 2 # 21/3
FIGURE 13–8 臨界深度 Critical
Consider the flow # 2 of a liquid in an openV# rectangular V channel of cross-
y sectional (一般)： area depth
A Vwith
Critical (general):
depth (rectangular):
volume flow ycy5
rate a 2b
c 5gb V . When
2 the flow is critical, (13–10)(13-9)(13–9)
CriticalDefinitions of subcritical flow and
depth (general): yc 5 c 2 gAc (13–9)
supercritical flow inFr 1 and the
termsof critical The gA average
liquid
c depthflow is y  # velocity
yc for subcritical is V flow  and !gy y c, ywhere yc is the
c for supercritical
depth.
critical For a
depth. rectangular
flow Noting
(Fig. 13–8). channel
that V of Awidth
5 V 5 A b !gy we have , the  byc, depth
Accritical and theiscritical
For a rectangular 對一個寬度 channel of bwidth
的矩形渠道，我們有 b we have A Ac =byby
 ,cc，因此臨界深度關係式簡化成
and thec critical c
depth as relation reduces to c c
depth relation reducesexpressed to V
# 2 1/3
URE 13–8 # #
Critical depth V 2 (rectangular):
1/3 yVc 25 a b (13–10)
Critical
initions of y depth flow
subcritical (rectangular):
and Critical depth 5 a 2b
yc (general): yc 5 2 gb2 (13–10) (13–9)
dercritical flow in terms of critical gb gAc
cal The liquid depth is y  y c for subcritical flow and y  yc for supercritical
th. The liquid depth is yFor for
 yac rectangular subcritical
flow (Fig. 13–8). channelflow and
of width
y  y b
c for
we supercritical
have A c  byc, and the critical
flow (Fig. 13–8).
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 730 depth relation reduces to 7/2/13 6:56 PM
#
–8 V 2 1/3
Critical depth (rectangular): yc 5 a 2 b (13–10)
of subcritical flow and gb
 sectional area Ac with volume flow rate V . When the flow is critical,
Therefore, the
Fr  1 and the average flow # velocity is V  !gyc, where yc is the
the Froude nu
critical depth. Noting that V 5 AcV 5 Ac !gyc, the critical depth is is small.
expressed as It follows t
# els upstream
V2 affects the up
y Critical depth (general): yc 5 2 (13–9)
gAc But at high
第 13 章　明渠流 7 upstream (in
For a rectangular channel of width b we have Ac  byc, and the critical relative to a
depth relation reduces to be influenced
# rapid flow, a
V 2 1/3 tions. Therefo
Critical
臨界深度 depth (rectangular):
(矩形)： yc 5 a 2 b (13-10) (13–10)
ritical flow and gb 731 downstream w
CHAPTER 13 Also, when th
n terms of critical TheAs liquid depth is flow,
in compressible
對於次臨界流，液體的深度
for subcritical
y  aycliquid
y > can
flow
accelerate
yc；對於超臨界流，則是
andsubcritical
from y  yc to for supercritical
y < yc
the surface wa
flow (Fig. 13–8).
supercritical flow. Of course, it can also decelerate from supercritical to bance propaga
(圖 13-8)。
subcritical flow, and it can do so by undergoing a shock. The shock in 731
Consider th
次臨界流：y > yc sectional
this case is called a hydraulic jump, which corresponds to a normal shock CHAPTER 13 are
就像在可壓縮流中一樣，一個液體可以從次臨界流加速到
in compressible flow. Therefore, the analogy between open-channel flow and Fr  1 and
As in compressible
compressible flow, a liquid can accelerate from subcritical to
flow is remarkable.
超臨界流。當然，也可以從超臨界流減速到次臨界流，並且可 critical dept
supercritical flow. Of course, it can also decelerate from supercritical expressed as
yc to
經歷一個震波來做到。在此情況的震波被稱為水躍 (hydraulic
subcritical flow, and it can do so by undergoing a shock. The shock in Critical depth (
Speed caseofisSurface
called a Waves
hydraulic jump, which corresponds to a normal shock
jump)，它對應到可壓縮流中的正震波。因此，明渠流與可壓縮
this
y

We
in are all familiar with
compressible flow.theTherefore,
waves forming
theonanalogy
the free between
surfaces ofopen-channel
oceans, flow and For a rectang
流的相似性是很顯著的。
lakes, rivers, and even swimming pools. The surface waves can be very
compressible flow is remarkable. 7/2/13 <
超臨界流：y yc PM
6:56 depth relation
high, like the ones we see on the oceans, or barely noticeable. Some are
smooth; some break on the surface. A basic understanding of wave motion FIGURE 13–8
表面波的速度 圖 13-8　用臨界深度來定義的次臨
Definitions of subcritical flow and
Critical depth (
is necessary for the study of certain aspects of open-channel flow, and here 界流與超臨界流。
we present a brief description. A detailed treatment of wave motion can be supercritical flow in terms of critical The liquid de
Speed of Surface Waves
我們都熟悉在海洋、湖泊、河流，甚至在游泳池的自由表 depth.
found in numerous books written on the subject.
變動的板 y
flow (Fig. 13–
WeAn are
important parameterwith
all familiar
面上形成的水波。表面可以很高，像我們在海洋中見到的，也 in the
thestudy
waves of open-channel
forming onflow the wave
theisfree surfaces of oceans, c
speed
lakes,c0,rivers,
which is the speed at which a surface disturbance travels through
and even swimming pools. The surface waves can be V very
0

a有剛好可以察覺的。有些表面是平滑的，有些表面是破碎的。
liquid. Consider a long, wide channel that initially contains a still liquid
high,
of heightlike theend
y. One ones wechannel
of the see on the oceans,
is moved with speedor V,
barely noticeable.
generating a Some are y
平靜的
對波運動的基本了解在研究明渠流的某些方面是必須的。這裡 液體
smooth;
surface wavesome break
of height on the surface.
y propagating at a speed A ofbasic
c0 intounderstanding
the still liquid, asof wave motion
我們只提出一個簡潔的描述。波運動的比較詳細地處理可以從
is
shownnecessary for the study of certain aspects of open-channel flow, and here
in Fig. 13–9a.
Now 變動的
we present a abrief
consider
許多描寫這個主題的書裡發現。
control volume that A
description. encloses the wave
detailed front and
treatment of moves
wave motion can be 波前
with it, as shown in Fig. 13–9b. To an observer traveling with the wave725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 730
found
front, the in numerous books written on the
liquid to the right appears to be moving(wave subject.
towardspeed)
the wave front (a) 一個波的產生與傳播
研究明渠流時一個重要的參數是波速 c0，這是 y
withAnspeedimportant
c0 and the parameter in the
liquid to the left appearsstudy
to beofmoving
open-channel
away from the flow is the wave
一個表面擾動在液體中移動的速度。考慮一個長且寬的渠道， c0
speed
wave front , which
c0with speedisc0 the
 V.speed at which
Of course a surface
the observer would disturbance
think the con- travels through
trol volume Consider
that enclosesa the wavewide
front (and herselfthat
or himself) y 控制體積
a開始時包含一個高度為
liquid. long, channel
y 的靜止液體。渠道的一端被以速度 initiallyis contains
station-
dV a still liquid
V
ary, and he or she would be witnessing a steady-flow process. y
ofTheheight y. One
steady-flow massend of the
balance
. channel
. is moved relation)
1  m2 (or the continuity
with speed V, generating a
for this
移動，產生了一個高度 dym的表面波以速度 c0 朝向靜止液體傳
surface
control waveofof
volume height
width y propagating
b is expressed as at a speed of c0 into the still liquid, as y
播，如圖 所示。 c �V c
shown in 13-9a
Fig. 13–9a. 0 0

dy
Now consider a0 control
2 dV)(y 1volume
現在考慮一個圍繞著波前的控制體積並隨著它移動，如圖
rc0 yb 5 r(c dy)b   Sthat   dV encloses
5 c0 the wave(13–11) front and moves
g(y � y) (2) (1) gy
y 1 dy
with it, as shown in Fig. 13–9b. To an observer traveling with the wave
13-9b 所示。對一個隨著波前移動的觀察者而言，其右邊的液體 (b) 相對於與波一起移動的觀察者的控制體
front,
We makethe the liquid
following to approximations:
the right appears (1) the to be moving
velocity is nearly toward
constant the 積，上面顯示的是錶壓力的分佈。
wave front
似乎以速度
across the c
channel 流向波前，而其左邊的液體似乎是以速度
and thus the momentum flux correction
with speed c0 and the liquid to the left appears to be moving away from the
0 factors c
( 01 −
anddV
2) are one, (2) the distance across the wave is short and thus friction at the 圖 13-9　在一個明渠中，一個波的
wave front with
離開波前。當然觀察者會認為圍繞波前
bottom surface and airspeed
drag atc0thetop
V. areOf course thetheobserver
(包括他自己)
negligible, (3) dynamic的控制體would think
effects the con- FIGURE 13–9
產生與分析。
The generation and analysis of a wave
trol
are volumeand
negligible that
thus
積似乎是靜止的，並且他看到的是一個穩定流過程。
encloses the inwave
the pressure frontvaries
the liquid (andhydrostatically;
herself or himself) in is station- y
in an open channel.
ary, and
terms hepressure,
of gage or she would
P1, avg  be
ghwitnessing
1, avg  g(y/2) a and
steady-flow
P
. ⋅ process.
 gh 2, avg 
⋅ (或連續方程式) 可以
對這個寬度 (4) theb mass
的控制體積的穩定流，其質量守恆 . . with m.2,1 avg m2m1 = cm
g(yThe y)/2,
steady-flow massflow rate is m
balance constant
1  m 2 (or the continuity 0yb,
2 relation) for this
and (5) there are no external forces or body forces and thus the only forces
control
被表示為
acting volume
on the controlofvolume
widthinb the is expressed as
horizontal x-direction are the pressure
forces. Then, the momentum equation a F 5 a bm V 2 a bm V in the
! c0�V c0
# ! # !
out in dy
rc0 yb a5balance
x-direction becomes r(c0 2between dy)b   S
dV)(y 1hydrostatic   dVforces
pressure 5 c0 and (13–11)
(13-11) g(y � y) (2) (1) 
y 1 dy
momentum transfer,
We make the following # # (1) the velocity is nearly constant
我們做以下的近似：(1) P2, avg A2 2 P1,approximations:
avg A1 5m (2V2) 2m (2V1)
速度在跨過渠道方向幾乎是常數，因此動量通量修正因 (13–12)
across the channel and thus the momentum flux correction factors (1 and
子) (b 1 與 b 2 ) 為 1；(2) 跨過波的距離很短，因此底面的摩擦力與頂面的空氣阻
 2 are one, (2) the distance across the wave is short and thus friction at the
FIGU
bottom surface and air drag at the top are negligible, (3) the dynamic effects
The generation and analysis o
are negligible and thus the pressure in the liquid varies hydrostatically; in
in an open
terms of gage pressure, P1, avg  gh1, avg  g(y/ 2) and P2, avg  gh2, avg 
. .
g(y  y)/2, (4) the mass flow rate is constant with m1  m 2  c0yb,
and (5)
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 731 there are no external forces or body forces and thus the only forces 7/2/13 6:56 PM

acting on the control volume in the horizontal x-direction are the pressure
! ! !
 1 2
dy
control volume of width is expressed
rc0 ybb 5 as 1 dy)b   S   dV 5 c
r(c0 2 dV)(y (13–11) c �V c y
0 0 � y) (2)
g(y (
y 1 dy 0

dy
We make rc0 yb 5ther(cfollowing
0 2 dV)(y 1 dy)b   S   dV 5
approximations: (1)c0 the (13–11)
y 1 velocity
dy is nearly g(y
constant
� y) (2) (1) gy
across the channel and thus the momentum flux correction factors (1 and
We make2) theare following
one, (2) the approximations:
distance across (1) the
thevelocity
wave isis short
nearlyand constant
thus friction at the
across bottom
the channel and
surface and air drag at the top are negligible, (3)(the
thus the momentum flux correction factors 1 anddynamic effects
8 流體力 學
2) are one, (2) the distance across the wave is short and thus friction at the The generation and analy
are negligible and thus the pressure in the liquid
bottom surface and air drag at the top are negligible, (3) the dynamic effects
varies hydrostatically; in FIGURE 13–9
in an
terms ofand
are negligible gage
thuspressure,
the pressureP1, avg
in thegh
liquid  g(y/
varies 2) and P2, avg
hydrostatically;
The generation
 gh2, avg  and analysis of a wave
1, avg
. in . in an open channel.
力都是可忽略的；(3)
g(y
terms of y)/2, (4)
gagepressure, the動力效應可以忽略，因此液體中的壓力是靜水力分佈的，
P1, avg mass flow
gh1, avg rate 2)isand
 g(y/ constant
P2, avg withgh2,mavg  m 2  c0yb,
1 
. .
g(y and (5) (4)
P1,y)/2, there
theare no flow
mass external forces
rate is or body
constant
avg = rgh1, avg = rg(y/2) 與 P2, avg = rgh2, avg = rg(y
with m forces
1  mand
2  thus
+ dy)/2；(4) c0yb, the only forces
質量流率是常數，即
and (5)acting
⋅there on no
⋅ are theexternal
controlforces
volume in the
or body horizontal
forces and thus x-direction
the only forces are the pressure
a F! 5 a bm !V 2 a bm V in the
m
acting on 1= = rc0ybvolume
them2control ；與 (5) in 沒有外力或物體力，因此作用在控制體積的水平
the horizontal x-direction !
! are the #pressure # ! x- 方向的
Then, the momentum equation a F 5 a bm V 2 a
forces. Then, the momentum equation ! # #
forces.唯一力量是壓力。動量方程式 outbm V in 在 thex-in方向變成靜水壓力
x-direction becomes a balance between out hydrostatic
in pressure forces and
x-direction becomes a balance between hydrostatic pressure forces and
與動量傳遞之間的平衡，
momentum
momentum transfer,
transfer,
732
P2,P avg AA2 2 P# (2V
avg2A
# # (2V2) 2m# (2V1)
1 5m (13–12)
(13-12)
-CHANNEL FLOW P2, avg A2 2 1, avg 1 5m1, ) 2m (2V1) (13–12)
732
N-CHANNEL FLOW
732 732
Note that both the inlet and the outlet average velocities are negative since
注意進口與出口平均速度兩者都是負的，因為它們是在負 x- 方向。代入，
-CHANNEL FLOW FLOW
OPEN-CHANNEL they
Note thatinboth
are the negative
the inlet x-direction. Substituting,
and the outlet average velocities are negative since
they are
Note inboth
that
Note the
thatnegative
rg(y the
both
1 dy)2 x-direction.
b and
inlet
the inlet
rgy 2
the
and Substituting,
b outlet
the average
outlet velocities
average are negative
velocities since
are negative since
2 5 rc0yb(2c0 1 dV) 2 rc0yb(2c0) (13-13)
(13–13)
they are in are
they the negative
in the
2 negative
rg(y 1 dy) b2 x-direction.
2 Substituting,
x-direction.
2
rgy b Substituting,
2 2 2 5 rc yb(2c0 1 dV) 2 rc0yb(2c0) (13–13)
or, 2rg(y
rg(y 1 dy)21
b dy)rgyb2 b rgy 2b0
或， 2 2 5 rc0yb(2c
5 rc00yb(2c
1 dV) rc0yb(2c
2dV)
0 1 )
2 rc00yb(2c )
0(13–13)(13–13)
or,
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 731 2 2 2 dy
2 7/2/13 6:56 PM
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 731 ga1 1 b dy 5 c0 dV (13–14)
or, or, 2y
dy
ga1 1 b dy 5 c0 dV (13–14)
(13-14)
Combining the momentum and continuity 2y
dy dy relations and rearranging give
ga1 1ga1b1dy 5b cdy 5 c0 dV
0 dV (13–14)(13–14)
Combining the momentum2 and continuity 2y dy2y relations
dy and rearranging give
0 結合動量和連續關係式，並重新整理得到 c0 5 gya1 1 b a1 1 b (13–15)
Combining the
Combining momentum
the and
momentum continuity
and y relations
continuity
dy and
relations
2y
dy rearranging
and give
rearranging give
0low through a sluice c20 5 gya1 1 b a1 1 b (13–15)
Therefore, the wave speed dyy dy dy2y dy
low through a sluice
013–10 cis
2 proportional to the wave height y. For
c20 5c0gya1
0 51 gya1b1 a1 1b a1b1 b (13-15)
(13–15)(13–15)
infinitesimal surface waves, y  y and y thus y 2y 2y
low through
itical a sluice
flow through a sluice Therefore, the wave speed c0 is proportional to the wave height y. For
infinitesimal
Therefore, the
Therefore,
Infinitesimal surface
wave
the
surface waves,
wave
waves: y
c0 
is
speed speed y and
05is
thus to thetowave
c0cproportional
proportional
"gy heightheight
the <wave y. For
y. For
(13–16)
因此，波速 c0 與波高度 dy 成正比。對於無限小的表面波，dy < y，因此
infinitesimal surface
infinitesimal waves,waves,
surface y cy yand
 ythus
and thus
Infinitesimal
Therefore, surface
the waves:
speed 0 5 "gy
of infinitesimal surface waves is proportional (13–16)
to the
無限小的表面波：
Infinitesimal
square Infinitesimal
root the surface waves:waves:
surface
of liquid c0 5 "gy 5 "gy
c0 that (13–16) (13-16)
(13–16)
Therefore, speed depth. Again
of infinitesimal note surface this
waves analysis is valid only
is proportional for
to the
shallow liquid
squareTherefore,
root of bodies,
liquid such as
depth. thosenote encountered in open is channels. Other-
Therefore, the speed
the speed ofAgain
of infinitesimal infinitesimal thatsurface
surface this
waves analysis is valid
is proportional
waves only
proportional forto the
to the
wise, the wave speed
因此，無限小的表面波的速度正比於液體深度的平方根。再一次注意這個分析只對
shallow liquid bodies, is
such independent
as those of liquid
encountered depth
in open for deep
channels. bodies Other- of
squaresquare root ofroot liquid depth.depth.
of liquid AgainAgain note that notethis thatanalysis
this analysis is valid only for
is valid only for
liquid,
wise, suchwave
the as the oceans.
speed
淺液體物體有效，例如在明渠中遭遇到的；否則，深液體物體的波速與深度是無關 The wave speed
is independent can also
of liquid depth be determined
for deepchannels.by using
bodies ofOther-
shallow shallowliquidliquidbodies, such
bodies, as
such those encountered
as those encountered in open in channels.
open Other-
the energy
liquid, such balance
as the relation
oceans. instead
The wave of the
speed momentum
can also beequation
determined togetherby with
using
wise, the wave
wise, the wavespeedspeed
的，例如海洋。波速也可以用能量平衡關係式來決定以代替用動量方程式與連續方 is independent
is independent of liquid of liquiddepth depth for deep for deepbodiesbodies of of
the
the continuity
energy relation. Noteinstead
that theofwaves eventually equation die out because ofwith
the
liquid, suchbalance
liquid, as theas
such relation
oceans.
the oceans.The wave The wave the momentum
speed can also
speed canbe alsodetermined together
be determined by using by using
viscous effectsrelation.
that are Note
程式的結合。注意波最後會因為黏性效應而消失，這在分析中是被忽略的。同時，
the continuity neglected
that the in the analysis. Also,die forout flow in channels
the energy
the energy balance relation
balance instead
relation ofwaves
instead theof eventually
momentum
the momentum equation because
together
equation ofwith
togetherthe with
of non-rectangular
viscous effects
對於在非矩形截面的渠道中的流動，水力深度 that cross-section,
are neglected the
in hydraulic
the analysis. depth
(hydraulicAlso, defined
for
depth) flow
(定義為 as inyhchannels
y  = AAcc/L
/Ltt，其
the continuity
the continuity relation. Note that
relation. Notethe that waves
the waves eventually eventuallydie outdie because
out because
h of the of the
where
of L is
non-rectangular the top width of the flow section
hydraulic should
depth be used in the calcula- /Lt
viscous
中
t
viscous
Lt 是流動段的上部寬度) thatcross-section,
effectseffects are
thatneglected
are the
neglectedin the
應該代替流動深度被使用在福勞數的計算中。例如，對 inanalysis.
the analysis. Also,definedfor flow
Also, forasin flow inAcchannels
yhchannels
tion
where of LFroude is the number in ofplace
the of flowthesection
flow depth should Forused
y. be a half-full
inasthe circular
of non-rectangular
of tnon-rectangular top cross-section,
width cross-section, the =hydraulic
yhdepth the hydraulic
(pR2is/2)/2R
depth
= depth
2defined defined yh calcula-
as Ayhc /L
 t Ac /Lt
channel,
一個半滿的圓形渠道，水力深度為
tion ofwhere for example, the hydraulic y  (R
pR/4。 /2)/2R  R/4.
where LFroude
t is the
number
Lt istopthewidthtopinwidthplace
of theof of
flowthesection
the flowsection
flow depth
h
should Forused
y.should
be a behalf-full
in
used circular
theincalcula-
the calcula-
We我們從經驗知道，當一塊石頭被丟進湖裡時，形成的同心水波向所有方向均
channel, know for from experience that when a rock is thrown 2 into a lake, the con-
(a) tion oftion Froude of example,
number
Froude the
numberin hydraulic
place of the
in place depthofflowthe h  (R
is depth
yflow y. For
depth /2)/2R
y.a For a R/4.
half-full circular
half-full circular
centric
We knowwaves fromthatexperience
form propagate that evenly
when a rockin allis directions
thrown 2 intoand 2 a vanish
lake, the after
con-
channel,channel,for example,
for example,
勻的傳播並且在一段距離後消失了。但是當石頭被丟進一條河流時，如果流動是 the hydraulic
the hydraulic depth depth is yh  is (R
y /2)/2R (R /2)/2R  R/4.  R/4.
(a) some
centric distance.
waves But form
that whenpropagate
the rock is evenlythrown in ainto
all a hriver, the
directions and upstream
vanish side
after
We
靜流或次臨界流 know We from
know (Vexperience
from
< c that
experience when
that
)，波的上游側向上游移動；但如果流動是急流或超臨界流 a
when rock is
rockthrown is into
thrown a lake,
into a the
lake, con-
the con-
(a) (a) of
somethe distance.
wave moves Butform upstream
when 0
the ifrock the isflow thrown is tranquil or subcritical (V  side c0),
centric waveswaves
centric that that propagate
form evenly
propagate in into
evenly all in aallriver,
directions theandupstream
directions vanish
and vanish after after
moves
(V
of >
thec downstream
) 則向下游移動；而在流動是臨界流時
wave moves ifupstream
the flowifis the rapid flow or supercritical
is (V =
tranquil c  c0), and(Vremains
(Vsubcritical
)，波在其產生的位置維持是靜
or  c ),
some somedistance.
0 But when
distance. But when the rock the isrock thrown is throwninto ainto
0 river, the upstream
a river, the upstream side
0 side
stationary
moves at the location
downstream the where
ifupstream flow itrapid
is formed if the flow(V is critical (V  c ).
of
止的。theofwave movesmoves
the wave upstreamifisthe ifflowor is
the supercritical
flowtranquil
is tranquilor subcritical ), and
orc0subcritical (Vremains
0(V c0), c0),
You mayat be
stationary the wondering
location whyitwe pay soifmuch attention to (V flow being
moves downstream
moves downstream if the whereflow
if theisflow is formed
rapid is or
rapid orthe
supercritical flow
supercritical (Vis critical
c0),and
(V 
c0), c0). remains
remains
and
subcritical
You may orbesupercritical.
wondering The
why reason
we pay is sothatmuch the character
attention of
to the
flow flow
being is
stationary
stationary at the atlocation
the location wherewhere it is formed
it is formed if the if flow theisflow critical (V  (V
is critical c0). c0).
strongly
subcritical influenced by this phenomenon. For example, a rock at the riverbed
You may Youorbe supercritical.
may wondering
be wondering The reason
why we
whypay we issothat
pay much the
so much character
attention of
to the
attention flow toflowflowis being
being
may cause
strongly the waterbylevel
influenced this at that locationFor
phenomenon. to example,
rise or toa drop, rock atdepending
the riverbed on
subcritical
subcritical or supercritical.
or supercritical. The reason The reason is thatisthe thatcharacter
the character of theofflow the is flow is
whether
may cause the flow is
theinfluenced subcritical
waterbylevel atthis or supercritical.
thatphenomenon.
location Also, the liquid level drops
stronglystronglyinfluenced thisbyphenomenon. Fortoexample,
rise
For or toa drop,
example, rockaatdepending
the at
rock the on
riverbed riverbed
gradually
whether in the flow direction inorsubcritical flow,Also, but athe sudden rise in liquid
may maythecause
cause flow
the wateris subcritical
the level at
water level supercritical.
thatatlocation
that location to rise toorrise orliquid
to drop, level
depending
to drop, drops
depending on on
level,
graduallycalled a hydraulic
in the flow direction jump, in may occur inflow,
subcritical supercritical
but a sudden flow rise (Fr in 1) as
 liquid
 732
13 章　明渠流
第OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 9
732
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW Note that both t
they are that
Note in the
botn
你可能會奇怪，為什麼我們對流動是次臨界的或超臨界的 水閘門
they are rg(y
in th
這麼關心。原因是流動的特性，強烈受到此現象影響。例如， rg
or,
一塊在河床上的岩石，可能造成在那個位置的水面高度上升或 水躍
or,
下降，視流動是次臨界的或超臨界的而定。同時，在次臨界流
次臨界流 Combining the m
中，液體的高度在流動的方向逐漸下降，但是在超臨界流中 超臨界流 次臨界流

(Fr > 1)，當流動減速至次臨流時 (Fr < 1)，液體高度會有一個突 FIGURE 13–10 Combining th

Supercritical flow through a sluice
然的上升，稱為水躍。 FIGURE
gate.
圖 13–10
13-10　經過一個水閘門的超臨界 Therefore, the w
Supercritical flow through a sluice
流動。 infinitesimal sur
這個現象可以在一個水閘門的下游發生，如圖 13-10 所 gate. Therefore, th
Infinitesimal surfa
示。液體以次臨界速度接近水閘門，但是上游液體的高度夠 infinitesimal
Therefore, the s
高，當其經過閘門時 (就像氣體在一個收縮 – 擴張噴嘴中流動一 Infinitesimal su
square root of l
樣)，會被加速至超臨界的水準。但如果渠道下游段的坡度向下 shallow liquidthb
Therefore,
wise,
squarethe root
waveo
程度不夠，就不能夠維持這個超臨界速度，使得液體躍升至一 liquid,
shallowsuchliqui
as t
thewise,
energy balan
the wa
個較高的水位並有較大的截面積，從而得到一個較低的次臨界 the continuity re
liquid, such a
733 viscous effects t
速度。最後，在河流、運河與灌溉系統中的流動一般都是次臨 the energy ba
CHAPTER 13 of the non-rectangu
continuity
界的。但是經過水閘門與溢洪道的流動一般是超臨界的。 where Lt is the t
viscous
tion effecn
of Froude
irrigation systems is typically subcritical. But the flow past sluice gates and of non-rectan
下次你洗盤子時，你可以創造一個漂亮的水躍
spillways is typically supercritical. (圖 13-11)。 channel, for exa
where
We know Lt is
fromth
You can讓水龍頭的水沖擊餐盤的中央。當水向外徑向地流出去時，其
create a beautiful hydraulic jump the next time you wash dishes (a) tion of
centric Froud
waves th
(Fig. 13–11). Let the water from the faucet hit the middle of a dinner plate. As channel,
some for eB
distance.
深度減小了，並且流動是超臨界的。終於，一個水躍產生了， of theWewaveknow mof
the water spreads out radially, its depth decreases and the flow is supercritical. (a)
centric
moves waves
downstre
你可以從突然的水深增加看到這個現象。試試看吧！
Eventually, a hydraulic jump occurs, which you can see as a sudden increase stationary at the
some distanc
in water depth. Try it! You
of themay wave be m
13-3　比能量 subcritical
moves downs
strongly
or su
influenc
stationary at t
V2
13–3 ■
SPECIFIC ENERGY 2g may
whether
cause
You the w
may
the flow
b
考慮液體在渠道中流動，在一個截面的流動深度是 y 的位 subcritical or
Consider the flow of a liquid in a channel at a cross section where the flow gradually
stronglyininfluthe
置，平均速度是 V，而渠道底部相對於某個基準參考平面是 z。 E level,
may called
cause a th
h
depth is y, the average flow velocity is V, and the elevation of the bottom s
y the flow deceler
為簡單起見，我們忽略液體速度在截面上的變化，並假設每個 whether the f
of the channel at that location relative to some reference datum is z. For This phenome
gradually in t
simplicity,地方的速度都是
we ignore the variation of liquid speed over the cross section and Fig.  13–10. The
V。渠道中這個液體的總機械能可以用水頭表 (b)
thelevel, calledliqa
upstream
assume the speed to
示為 (圖 13-12)
be V everywhere. The total mechanical energy of this
FIGURE 13–11 the flow dece
supercritical lev
圖 13-11　當 (a) 餐盤正面向上時， This pheno
liquid in the channel in terms of heads is expressed as (Fig. 13–12) A hydraulic jump can be observed
可以在餐盤上看到一個水躍，但是 z on converging–dive
a dinner plate when(b) (a) it is right-side- is Fig.  13–10. T
not sufficient
P V2 V2 當 but餐盤正面向下時則不能看到。
up,(b) not when (b) it is upside down. ity, and the upstream
the liquid
H5z1 1 5z1y1 (13–17)
(13-17) Photos
Photos byby
FIGURE Abel
Po-YaPo-Ya
13–11 Chuang. Used supercritical
rg 2g 2g Abel Chuang. Used by permission. and thus to a low
by permission.
A hydraulic jump can be observed on converging–d
2 a dinner plate when (a) it is right-side- is not sufficie
where z is the elevation head, P/g  y is the gage pressure head, and V /2g
其中 z 是高度水頭，P/rg = y 是錶壓水頭，而 V2/2g 是速度或動力水頭。總能量如 up, but not when (b) it is upside down. FIGURE 13–12
ity, and the liq
is the velocity or dynamic head. The total energy as expressed in Eq. 13–17 Photos byThe specific
Abel Po-Ya Chuang.energy and thus
Es of a liquid
Used by permission. intoana
式 (13-17)
is not a realistic 所表示的並不是一個流動流體的真實能量的一個寫實的表示，因參考基
representation of the true energy of a flowing fluid since open channel is the total mechanical
the choice準面的選擇，從而使得高度水頭的值是相當隨意的。如果渠道的底面被取為參考基
of the reference datum and thus the value of the elevation head z energy (expressed as a head) relative
is rather arbitrary.
準面使那裡成為 The intrinsic energy of a fluid at a cross section is repre-
z = 0 的位置，流體在一個截面的內在能量可以更真實地被表示，
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 732
to the bottom of the channel.
sented more realistically if the reference datum is taken to be the bottom of
the channel那麼流體的總機械能用水頭表示變成是壓力水頭與動力水頭的總和。一個明渠中的
so that z  0 there. Then the total mechanical energy of a fluid
in terms of heads becomes the sum of the pressure and dynamic heads. The
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 732

sum of the pressure and dynamic heads of a liquid in an open channel is

called the specific energy Es and is expressed as (Bakhmeteff, 1932)
V2
Es 5 y 1 (13–18)
2g
 V2 liquid in the channel inH terms ofrg 2g2is expressed V
Pheads
V 2g
as2 (Fig. 13–12)
5z1 1 5z1y1 (13–17) z
2g
rg 2g2 2g2
where the flow 733 where z is the elevation head, P/g
P V y is the gage pressure
V head, and V 2/2g
H5z1 1 5z1y1 (13–17)
of the bottom Es CHAPTER 13
y is the velocity
where or dynamic
z is the elevation head.
head, rgThe
P/g total
2g energy
y is the gageaspressure
expressed
2g in Eq.
head, and 13–17
V 2/2g The specific energ
datum is z.and
ice gates For is not velocity
is the a realistic representation
or dynamic head. of Thethetotal
trueenergy
energyasofexpressed
a flowing in fluid since
Eq. 13–17 open channel is
oss section and where
the z is the
choice of elevation
the referencehead, P/gand
datum  ythusis thethegage
value pressure
of the head, andhead
elevation V 2/2gz The specific energ
u energy of this
wash dishes is not a realistic representation of the true energy of a flowing fluid since energy (express
open channel is
流 體 is
is the
力 rather
velocity or dynamic
arbitrary. The total
head. energy
The intrinsic of aenergy
fluid as aexpressed
at cross in Eq. 13–17
13–12)
nner plate. As 10 z the 學choice of the reference datum and thus the value of the section
elevationis head
repre-z The specific energ
to the
energy (expressbo
is not
sented a realistic representation of the true energy of a flowing fluid since
supercritical. is rathermore realistically
arbitrary. if the reference
The intrinsic energy ofdatum a fluidisattaken
a cross to be the bottom
section of
is repre- open channel is
to the bo
(13–17)
dden increase the
the choice
channel of
sothe
thatreference
z  0 datum
there. and
Then thus
the the
total value of
mechanical the elevation
energy of head
a fluidz energy (express
sented more realistically if the reference datum is taken to be the bottom of
is rather
in arbitrary. The intrinsic energy of apressure
fluid at and
a(specific
cross section is repre-
head, and V 2/2g theterms 能量線of
channel heads
so thatbecomes
流體的壓力與動力水頭的總和稱為比能量
z  0 there.the sum
Then of the
the total mechanical dynamic heads.
energy)
energy of E
a s，The
fluid to the bo
sented
FIGURE
sum more
13–12
of the realistically
pressure if the
and dynamic reference datum is taken to be the bottom of
d in Eq. 13–17 V
The specific energy
2
inliquid
Es of athe termsin anof heads
並且被表示為 becomes the sumheads
(Bakhmeteff, theofpressure
of1932) a liquidand in dynamic
an open heads.
channelThe is
wing fluid since 2g calledchannel
the so that
specific z 
energy 0 there.
E andThen
is the
expressedtotal mechanical
as (Bakhmeteff, energy1932)of a fluid
open channel is the totalsum of the pressure and dynamic
mechanical s heads of a liquid in an open channel is
levation
here the head
flow z in terms
energy (expressed as a head) relativeof heads becomes the sum of the 2pressure and dynamic heads. The
ection is repre- called
Es to the bottom ofsum
the specific energy E s and is expressed
V as (Bakhmeteff, 1932)
of the bottom y of the pressure and dynamic
the channel. Es 5heads
y 1 of a liquid in an open channel (13–18)
(13-18) is
e the isbottom
z. Forof 2g2 as (Bakhmeteff, 1932)
tum called the specific energy Es and is expressed V
ss sectiona and
nergy of fluid Es 5 y 1 (13–18)
mic heads. The as shown in Fig. 13–12. 2g2
V
nergy of this
pen channel is 如圖 13-12in an所示。 Es 5 y 1 (13–18)
–12)
f, 1932) z asConsider
shown in flow Fig. 13–12. open channel of2grectangular cross # section and of
constant width b. Noting that
考慮在一個矩形截面的明渠中的流動，其寬度 the volume
Consider flow in an open channel of rectangular cross flow rate is V  A V
b 為常數。

section
c ybV, the
and of
(13–17)
(13–18) as shownflow
average in Fig. 13–12.
velocity is⋅ #
constant
參考基準面width 體積流率是b. Noting V =thatA Vthe= ybV，平均流速是
volume # flow rate is V  Asection cV  ybV, the
Consider flow in an openc channel of V rectangular cross # and of
ad, and V 2/2g average flow velocity is y
in Eq. 13–17 圖 13-12　明渠中液體的比能量 constantEswidth b. Noting that the volume
FIGURE 13–12 V 5 # flow rate is V  AcV  ybV, the
(13–19)
section and of The specific energy E of a liquid in an yb
V .
ng
AcVfluid since
 ybV, the 是相對於渠道底部的總機械能 s average (用水 flow velocity is V5 # (13-19)
(13–19)
y
V�
open channel is the total mechanical
vation head z 頭表示)。 Substituting into Eq. 13–18, the specificyb
energy (expressed as a head) relative V energy becomes .
# y V�
ction is repre- to the bottom of Substituting V5 (13–19)
(13–19)
y the channel. into Eq. 13–18, the specificybenergy V2 becomes .2
the bottom of Es � y Es 5 y 1
代入式 (13-18)，比能量變成 #2 (13–20)
. 2 VV�
rgy of a fluid V � 常數 Substituting into Eq. 13–18, the specific2gb V 2y
energy becomes 2g
ic heads. The Es 5 y 1 # 2 2 (13–20) V2
en channel is This equation is very instructive as it shows 2gb
V 2y the variation of the specific
y 2g2
(13–20)
energy
次臨界流 with flow depth. During Es 5 y 1 flow
steady 2 2 in
(13-20)
(13–20)
y theanvariation
open# channel
of the the flow
V2 V
1932) 2g ThisFr < 1equation is very instructive as it 2gb shows specific
rate is constant, yc y 2g
of the specific energy with flowand a plot
depth. During versus flow
of Es steady y for inconstant
an openV and b is the
# channel
given
flowin
(13–18)
annel the flow
y This超臨界流 equation
Fig. 13–13. We isobserve
very instructive
the as itfrom
following showsthisthe variation
figure: of the specific yc
Fr � 1
臨界深度 rate Fris > 1constant, and a plot of Es versus y for constant V and b is given in y
d b is given in yc
energy with這方程式很具有教育性，因為它顯示出比能量隨流動深度的變
flow depth. During steady flow in an open# channel the flow E
Fr � 1 s, min
Fig. 13–13.
• The We from
distance observe the following from y-axis
this figure:
and aa point onEtheversus
vertical to the curve represents
giventhe
Fr � 1 yc
ection and of Es, min rate is constant,
Es plot of
化。在一個明渠的穩定流中，流率是常數，且在 s y for constant V andV與 b bis為常數 in Es, min
eVrepresents
 ybV, thethe specific
Fig. 13–13.
• The distance energy
We at
from that
observea y-value.
the
point The
following
on the part
from
verticalbetween
this
y-axis the
figure:
to theE 
curve
s y line and
represents thethe Fr � 1
下，Es 相對於 y 的變化示於圖 13-13 中。從此圖我們觀察到以 VariationEs,ofminsp
y line and the 圖 13-13　在一個指定流率下，比能 FIGURE curve
13–13corresponds
specific energy at to dynamic
that y-value. head (or kinetic
The part between energy
the Eshead) of the
 y line andliquid,
the
) of the liquid, 量
Variation
E 相對於深度
of specific
y 的變化。 • and
energy The distance
Es with
the from part
remaining
下幾點： a point
to on the vertical
pressure head y-axis
(or to theenergy
potential curve represents
head). the depth yoffor
y head).(13–19) y s
curve
depth y for a specified flow rate.corresponds to dynamic head (or kinetic energy head) of the liquid, Variation sp
Es �specific
y energy at that y-value. The part between the Es  y line and the depth y for
. and the remaining part to pressure head (or potential energy head). Variation of sp
V� • 從垂直的 curvey-corresponds to dynamic head (or kinetic
軸上的一點到曲線的距離代表在那個 energy head) of the
y- 值的比能量。從 Es =liquid,
y的
and the remaining part to pressure head (or potential energy head). depth y for
線到曲線的部分對應流體的動力水頭 (或動水頭)，而剩下的部分代表壓力水頭
(13–20) V2
2g (或位能水頭)。
f the specific
nnel the flow
y • 當 y → 07/2/13
時，比能量趨近無限大
6:56 PM
(由於速度趨近無限大)，而當 y- 值很大時，
b is given in yc
比能量變成等於流動深度
Fr � 1 725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 733 (因為速度，從而是動能，變成很小)。比能量在某個
Es, min Es
epresents the
中間值達到一個最小值，稱為臨界點
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 733 (critical point)，特徵是臨界深度 (critical
ine and the FIGURE 13–13
depth) y c，與臨界速度 (critical velocity) V c。最小的比能量也稱為臨界能量
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 733
of the liquid, Variation of specific energy Es with
head). (critical
depth y for a specified flowenergy)。
rate.
⋅
• 有一個最小的比能量 Es, min 需要用來支撐指定的流率 V 。因此對於一個給定的
⋅
V ，Es 不能夠低於 Es, min。
• 一條水平線與比能量曲線僅在一點相交，因此一個固定的流動深度對應到一
⋅
個固定的比能量。這是預期的，因為當 V 、b 與 y 被指定時，速度只能有一個
7/2/13 6:56 PM
固定值。然而，對於 E s > E s, min，一條垂直線與曲線相交於兩點，顯示一個
流動可以有兩個不同的深度 (因此兩個不同的速度) 對應到比能量的一個固定
 called the
depth y and critical critical energy.
velocity Vc. The minimum specific energy s, min
is also values of
depth ycc and point,
intermediate criticalcalled velocity Vc. The point,
the critical minimum specific energy
characterized by theiscritical also
called
• called
There the
is a critical
minimum energy.
specific energy E required to support the specified very sma
depth the yc andcritical
# critical energy. velocity Vc. The minimum specific energy
s, min
# is also intermed
flow
• There
called rate
is
the . Therefore,
aVminimum
critical Es cannot
specific
energy. energy be Ebelow Es, min fortoasupport
required given Vthe . specified depth yc
• There is a minimum # specific energy Es, min required to support the
s, min
# specified
flow
•• flow
A rate
horizontal V # . Therefore,
line intersects E cannot
the be
specificbelow energyE curvefor a given V # . called th
There is aVminimum
rate . Therefore, specific energy
Ess cannot be E s, min required
below min
Es,s, min fortoaat one point
support
given Vthe only,
. specified
and thus # # • There is
• A
• A flow rateaVfixed
horizontal
horizontal
linevalue
. Therefore, intersects
line intersects
ofEsflow thedepth
cannot be corresponds
specific
the specific below energy
energy Es, min curve
curve
to
fora aat
fixed
at onevalue
given V . of
point
one point
only,
only, flow rate
specific
and thus energy. This is expected since the velocity
a fixed value of flow depth corresponds to a fixed value of 第 13 章　明渠流 11 has a fixed value
• and
A horizontal
thus # a fixed linevalueintersectsof flow thedepth
specific energy curve
corresponds to a at onevalue
fixed pointof only, • A horizo
when V ,energy.
specific b, and yThis are specified.
is expectedHowever,since thefor Es  Ehas
velocity s, mina, fixed
a vertical valueline and thus
and thus
specific a fixed This
# energy. valueisofexpected flow depth sincecorresponds
the velocitytohas a fixed
a fixed value valueof
when V# , b,the
intersects and curve
y areatspecified.
two points, indicating
However, for that
Es a E flow can have two
, a vertical line specific e
specific
when V , energy.
b,
值。這兩個深度稱為交替深度
and yThis
are is expected
specified. since
However,
(alternate
the velocity
for E s 
depths)。對於通過
Ehas
s, min
s, mina, fixed
a vertical value line 水閘門 #
#
intersects the curve at two points, indicating that a flow can have twoa
different depths (and thus two different velocities) corresponding to when V ,
when V , b,the
intersects and y areatspecified.
curve two points, However,
indicating forthatEs a flow , a vertical
Es, mincan have two line intersects
fixed value
different depths
一個水閘門的流動，忽略摩擦損失 of specific
(and thus energy.
two These
different two
(因此 depths
Es = 常數)，上面
velocities) called alternate
arecorresponding to a
intersectsdepths
different the curve (andatthus twotwo points, indicating
different that a corresponding
velocities) flow can have two to a different
depths.
fixed value Forof flow
的深度對應上游的流動，而下面的深度對應下游的流動 through
specific a sluice
energy. These gatetwo with negligible
depths are called frictional
alternate losses
different
fixed value depths (and thus
of specific two These
energy. different twovelocities) called(圖
depths arecorresponding alternate to ay1 fixed val
(and thusFor
depths. Es flow  constant),
through the uppergate
a sluice depth with corresponds
negligible frictional to the upstream losses depths. F
depths.
fixed value
13-14)。 For of flowspecific
through energy.
a sluiceThesegatetwo with depths
negligible are called alternate
frictional V1
losses
V2 flow,thus
(and and E the lower
constant), depth the to the downstream
upper depth corresponds flow (Fig.to13–14). the upstream (and thus
depths.
•(and thusFor Es  s flow
靠近臨界點時，比能量的一個微小改變會造成交替深度之 through the
constant), a sluice
uppergate depth with negligible to
corresponds frictional
the upstream losses V2 flow, and
flow,
• flow,
A smalland the lower depth toenergy the downstream flow (Fig. 13–14). y2
andchange in specific near thecorresponds
critical pointto causes a large
V
V22 (and thus the
Es  constant),
lower depth to thetheupper depth
downstream flow (Fig. the upstream
13–14). • A small c
• A 間的大差異，並且可能造成流動高度的劇烈擾動。因此在
difference
small changebetween alternate
in specific depths
energy andthe
near may cause(Fig.
critical violent
point fluctuations
causes a large in
V2 • A flow,
smallandchangethe lower
in specificdepth toenergythe downstream
near the flow
critical point 13–14).
causes aFIGURE
large 13–14 differenc
2
flow level. Therefore, operation near the
difference between alternate depths and may cause violent fluctuations
設計明渠流時，應該儘量避免靠近臨界點的操作。 critical point should be 圖 avoided in
13-14　一個水閘門說明交替深 flow leve
rates alternate • difference
A
in small
the design between
change of in
open alternate
specific
channels. depths
energy and
near may
the cause
critical violent
point fluctuations
causes aAlarge in illustrates alternate
sluice gate
度－水閘門上游較深的液體與水 in the de
flow level. Therefore, operation near the critical point should be depths—the avoided
flow level.of
difference Therefore,
between operation
alternate nearenergy
depths the may
and criticalcause point should
violent be閘門下游較淺的液體。
avoided
iquid alternate
rates
rates
upstream of
alternate The value
design the
in發生最小比能量與臨界深度的值可以把式
the minimum
of open channels.specific and
(13-20)the 中的 Efluctuations
critical depth
s theatsluice in deep liquid upstream of
whichgate and the shallow liquid
The value
the shallow
iquid upstreamliquid
of in the⋅level.
flow design of openby
Therefore, channels.
operation near the Es critical
from point should berespect
avoided it occurs is
iquid
rates upstream
alternate of it在occurs
The
b 與 V is
value determined
為常數下對 of the minimum # y differentiating
specific energy
作微分，並令微分為零來決定： andEq. the 13–20
criticalwith depth downstreamto yof the sluice gate.
at which for constant
sluice gate.
the shallow liquid
the shallow liquid forThe
it
in value
the
constant
occurs
design bofand
is determined
the minimum
of open
V , and channels.
by setting
specific energy and
the derivative
differentiating Es fromequal
the critical
Eq. 13–20 to zero: depth at which
with respect to y
iquid
sluiceupstream
gate. of it occurs is determined
The value of the minimum # by differentiating E
specific# 2 energy fromand theEq.
# 13–20 with
critical depth respect to y
at which
sluice gate. liquid for constant b and VdE # , and setting theV derivative s
equal 2 to zero:
the shallow for constant b and V , and d V
it occurs is determined # by 5 settingay 1the## 2derivative
differentiating bE5 1 2equal
s from Eq.
# 13–20 to
5 0zero: with respect to(13-21)
y
s
(13–21)
sluice gate. for constant b and VdE dEdy , ssand dy
dsetting the2gb y2
V 2derivative gbV# 222y 3 to zero:
equal Solving for
5 d ay 1 V b 5 1 2 V 5 0 (13–21)
dy 5 dy ay 1 2gb# 222y22 b 5 1 2 gb2#2y2 33 5 0 (13–21)
Solving for y, whichdE dyiss thed critical2gb
dy flow
V y depth ycgb , Vgives
y
解出 y，其為臨界深度 y5 c，得到 ay 1 2 2#
b 51 2 2 3 50 (13–21)
Solving for y, whichdyis thedycritical2gb flowy 2depth
V 1/3 ycgb, gives
y
Solving for y, which is the critical flow# depth yc, gives The flow ra
yc 5 a # 22 b 1/3 (13–22)
Solving for y, which is the critical flowV 2depth
gb 1/3 yc, gives ing, the crit
y 5 a V# 2 b # (13-22)
(13–22)
ycc 5 a gb b 1/3 (13–22)
The flow rate at the critical point can gb
be
V 22 expressed as V  ycbVc. Substitut-
yc 5 a to2be b # (13–22)
ing, the
The flowcritical
rate atvelocity is determined
the critical point
⋅ be expressed as V#  ycbVc. Substitut-
can gb which is the
The flow rate
在臨界點的流率可以被表示為 at the critical point can be expressed
V = ycbVc，代入可以求得臨界速度為 as V  ycbVc . Substitut-
ing, the critical velocity is determined to bec #
ing,
The the
flowcritical
rate atvelocity pointVcan
is determined
the critical c 5 "gy
to be
be expressed as V  ycbVc. Substitut- (13–23)
ing, theiscritical velocity V 5 "gy (13–23)
which the wave speed.isThedetermined
Vcc 5 "gy
Froude to be
number c
c at this point is (13-23)
(13–23)
indicating t
which is the wave speed. The Froude "gy
VVc 5 numberVcc at at this point is (13–23) point, and
which is the wave speed. The Fr 5Froude 5number 5 1this point is (13–24) minimum va
此即為波速。此點的福勞數是 Vc at this point is
which is the wave speed. The "gyV number
Froude "gy It follows
Fr 5 V 5 Vc c 5 1 (13–24)
Fr 5 "gy 5 "gy 5 1 (13–24) higher flow
indicating that the point ofFrminimum V V
specific energy is indeed the critical
5 "gy 5 "gyc 5 1
c
c
(13–24) higher veloc
(13-24)
point, and the flow becomes
indicating that the point of minimum critical when
"gy specific the
"gyc energy specific energy the
is indeed reaches its
critical critical at th
indicating
minimum that the point of minimum specific energy is indeed the critical
point, andvalue.
the flow becomes critical when the specific energy reaches its
point,
It and
indicating
follows thethat
that flow
thethebecomes
point critical
flowofisminimum when
subcritical theenergy
specific
at lower specific energy
indeed reaches
flowis velocities theand criticalits
thus
minimum value.
指出最小比能量的點的確是臨界點，並且當比能量達到其最小值時，流動變成臨界
minimum
higher andvalue.
point, flow the flow(the becomes critical
of thewhen the specific energy reaches its
It followsdepthsthat the flow upper
is arm
subcritical curve in Fig.
at lower 13–13),
flow supercritical
velocities and thus at
It follows
minimum
的。 that
value.
velocities the
and flow
thus is
lower subcritical
flow at
depths lower
(the flow velocities and thus
higher flow depths (the upper arm of the curve in lower arm of the
Fig. 13–13), curve), and
supercritical at
higher flow depths
It 流動在較低流速，即較高流動深度
follows
critical at the that (theflow
the
critical upperisarm of the(圖
subcritical curve
at in Fig.
lower 13–13),
flow supercritical
velocities and thus at
higher velo cities and point (the
thus lower point
flow of minimum
depths13-13 specific
(the 的曲線的上臂)
lower armenergy).時是次臨界的；在
of the curve), and
higher
higher velo
flowcities
depthsand thus
(the lower
upper armflow depths
of the curve(theinlower arm of the
Fig. 13–13), curve), and
supercritical at
critical at the critical point (the
較高流速，即較低流動深度 point of minimum
(曲線的下臂) 時是超臨界的；而在臨界點specific energy). (最小比能量 735
critical at the critical point (the point of minimum specific energy).
higher velocities and thus lower flow depths (the lower arm of the curve), and 734
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd
CHAPTER 13
critical
的點) 是臨界的。at the critical point (the point of minimum specific energy).
Noting that V 5 !gyc, the(或臨界的)
注意 Vc = cgyc ，最小的
minimum比能量可以僅用臨界深度來表示為
(or critical) specific energy can be
expressed in terms of the critical depth alone as
V 2c gyc 3
Es, min 5 yc 1 5 yc 1 5 yc (13-25)
(13–25)
2g 2g 2
7/2/13 6:56 PM
In uniform flow, the flow depth and the flow velocity, and thus the specific
在均勻流中，流動深度、流速及比能量維持為常數，因為 E = y + V2/2g。水頭 7/2/13 6:56 PM
energy, remain constant since Es 5 y 1 V 2/2g. The head loss iss made up by 7/2/13 6:56 PM

the decline in elevation (the channel is sloped downward in the flow direc- 7/2/13 6:56 PM
tion). In nonuniform flow, however, the specific energy may increase or
decrease, depending on the slope of the channel and the frictional losses. If
the decline in elevation across a flow section is more than the head loss in
that section, for example, the specific energy increases by an amount equal
to the difference between elevation drop and head loss. The specific energy
concept is a particularly useful tool when studying varied flows.
 735
CHAPTER 13
735
735 735
735
CHAPTER 13
Noting that Vc 5 !gyc, the minimum (or critical) specific energy can13be
CHAPTER CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 13
735
Noting that expressed
VcNoting
5 !gyc,that
Noting
in
the terms
VV
thatminimum 5of !gythe
!gy(orc,critical
,thetheminimum
critical) depth alone
specific
minimum (or
energy ascan be specific energy can be
(orcritical)
critical)specific
specificenergy
energycan canbebe CHAPTER 13
Noting that Vcc c55!gy c,c the minimum (or critical)
expressed in termsexpressed
of
expressed
the in terms
critical depthof the
alone critical
as depth
V 2
alone as
gy 3
expressed
Noting that inintermsterms
Vc 52 of ofthe
!gyEthe critical
,critical
the depth
depth
minimum c
yalone
5alone asas5 ycspecific energy can
(or critical)
c
be
Vc gyc5 y3c 1 V
s, cmin
2g2c2 2 alonec 1
2g
gy 2
(13–25)
12 expressed E in terms
y of
流 體s, min力 學c 2g Ec s, min2g5 y2c 1
5 1 5 the
y 1 critical
5 y depth
c VV c as
gy 3
(13–25)
c
c 5 y 1 gyc c5 3 3y (13–25)
EEs, s, min55 ycyc112g2 55yccyc112g 552 yccyc (13–25)
(13–25)
In uniform flow, the flow min
depth and
V
2gc2g the flow gy2g velocity,
2gc 23 2 and thus the specific
In uniform flow, the flow depth and theEflow velocity,
5 y 1 and 5 thus
y 1the specific
5
c 2/2g. The head y (13–25)
energy, remainenergy, remain constant 2 since Echead
s 5 yloss1 V lossthus
is madespecific
up by
s, min
InInuniform since flow, the Vflow
/2g. depth and the is flow 2 c and
2gvelocity,
constant
theIn uniform
uniform
decline
損失由高度的下降彌補 in
s 5 ythe
Eflow,
flow,
elevation
1the flow
flow
(the
The
depth
depth
channel
2g
and
and is the
the made
flow
flow
sloped
(渠道在流動的方向向下傾斜)。然而，在不均勻流中，比能
up by
velocity,
velocity,
2 flow downward
and
and in thusthe
thus
the thespecific
the
flow specific
direc-
the decline in energy, remain constant since /2g.
elevation
energy,
energy,
Indecline
tion).
tion). In nonuniform uniform
In
(the
remain
remain
flow,
channel
flow,
nonuniform
however,
is
constant
constant
the
sloped
flow
theflow,
since
since
specific depth
EE
downwards 5
Eenergy
s s5
however, 5yy y1
and
in
1 1V
the
the
the
may VV2flow2
/2g.The
/2g.
specific
increase
direc-
TheThe head
velocity, head
head
orenergy
loss
loss
loss
and may
isismade
made
is made
thus the
upupbyby
up by
specific
increase or
the
the decline inin elevation
量可能增加或減小，端視渠道斜率與摩擦損失而定。例如，若跨過一個流段的高度
elevation (the
(the channel
channel is is sloped
sloped downward
downward in
in the
the flow
flow direc-
direc-
the
decrease, depending decline
energy,
decrease,on remain
the in
slope
depending elevation
constant
of the on (the
since
channel
the channel
E
and
slope 5
the
of y is
1 sloped
V
frictional
the
2
/2g.
channel downward
The
losses. If
and head
the in
loss the
is
frictional flow
made direc-
up
losses. by
If
tion).
tion). InInnonuniform
nonuniform flow,
flow, however,
s
however, the
the specific
specific energy
energy may
may increase
increase oror
the decline in thetion).
the
elevationIn across
decline nonuniform
in
in elevation
aelevation flow,
flow section
下降大於那一段的水頭損失，比能量增加的量等於高度下降量與水頭損失的差異
decline (the
across ishowever,
channel
morea thanisthe
flow thesloped
section specific
head loss
is inenergy
downward
more than may
in the
the increase
flow
head or
direc-
loss in
that section, for decrease,
decrease,
example, depending
depending
the specific ononthe
energy the slope
slope
increases ofof
by thethe
an channel
channel
amount and
and
equal the
thefrictional
frictional losses.
losses. IfIf
decrease,
tion).
that depending
In nonuniform
section, on the
flow, slope
however, of the the channel
specific and the
energy frictional
may losses.
increase If
or
to the difference the decline infor
量。比能量的觀念在研究變速流時是一個特別有用的工具。
between
the decline elevation
in
example,
elevation
drop and
elevation
the
across specific
head loss.
across a aflow
flow
energy
Thesection
specific
section
increases
is more
energy
is more
by an
than
than the amount
the head
head
equal
loss
loss inin
the decline
decrease,
to thesection,
difference in
depending elevation
betweenon across
the slope
elevation a flow
of the
drop section
channel
and head is more
and than
the
loss. by the
frictional head
Theanspecific loss
losses.
energy in
If
that
concept is a particularly
that useful
section, for tool
for example,
when
example, the
studying the specific
varied
specific energy
flows.energy increases
increases by an amount
amount equal
equal
that
the
conceptsection,
decline infor
is a particularly example,
elevation acrossthe specific
a
useful tool drop flow energy
section
whenand studying increases
is more by
than
variedThe an
the
flows. amount
head equal
loss in
totothe
the difference
difference between
betweenelevation elevation drop andhead headloss. loss.by The specific
specific energy
energy
例題 13-1 to
thatthe difference
section,
　　流動與交替深度的特徵 for between
example, elevation
the specific drop energyand head
increasesloss. The anspecific
amount energy
equal
EXAMPLE concept
13–1 isisa aparticularly
Character of Flow anduseful tool
Alternate
toolwhen
Depth studying varied flows.
toconcept
concept
the difference particularly
is a particularly between useful
useful
elevation tool when
when
drop and studying
studying
head varied
varied
loss. flows.
flows.
The specific energy
水穩定地在一個
Water is flowingEXAMPLE 0.4isinm
steadily 13–1
0.4-m-wideCharacter
a 寬的矩形渠道中以流率 rectangular open of Flow
0.2
channelm3and/sat流動 aAlternate
rate(圖 Depth 0.2 m3/s
3 concept
of 0.2 m /s (Fig. 13–15).
aIf
particularly
the flow depth
useful
is 0.15
tool
m,
when
determine
studying
the flow
varied flows.
13-15)。如果流動深度是 EXAMPLE 13–1 0.15 Character
m，試求流速並決定流動到底是次 ofofFlow andandAlternate Depth
velocity and if Water
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
the flow is isflowing
13–1
13–1
subcriticalsteadily in a 0.4-m-wide
Character
orCharacter
supercritical. ofAlso Flow
Flow rectangular
and
determine the openDepth
Alternate
Alternate channel
Depth at a rate 0.2 m
alternate of
flow depth 0.2 m 3
/s
if theflowing
臨界的或超臨界的。同時決定當流動特徵改變時的交替深度。 (Fig. 13–15).
charactersteadily
of flow were If
ininato the flow
change. depth is 0.15 m, determine thea flow
EXAMPLE
Water
Wateris
Water
13–1 steadily
isisflowing
flowing Character
steadily in a a0.4-m-wide
of Flow rectangular
0.4-m-wide
0.4-m-wide and Alternate
rectangular
rectangular
open
open
open
Depth
channel
channelat
channel
rate
atata arate
rate 0.2 m
velocity
of 0.2 mand 3 if the13–15).
/s (Fig. flow isIfsubcritical the flow depth or supercritical.
is 0.15 m, Also determine
determine the
themflow
0.15
0.2m
0.2
SOLUTION ofofflow
Water 0.2
0.2
alternate
Water inmm
is
3
/s /s(Fig.
(Fig.
3 rectangular
aflowing
flow
解答：考慮水在矩形渠道中的流動。要決定流動特徵、流速與交 depth13–15).
13–15).
open
steadily IfaIfthe
channel
if the the flow
flow depth
of depth
is considered.
incharacter
0.4-m-wide flow isischar-
The
were 0.15
0.15 m,determine
m, determine
to change.
rectangular open the
the
channel at flow
a flow
rate 0.2 m
acter of flow, thevelocity
flow velocity,and ififthe
and the flow
flowis
alternate subcritical
depth are to beor orsupercritical.
ordetermined.
Also
Alsodetermine the
ofvelocity
velocity
0.2 mand
alternate
3and
flow
if the
/s (Fig.depth
the flow
13–15).
if the
isis subcritical
Ifsubcritical
the flow
character of depth
flow
supercritical.
supercritical.
is 0.15
were to m, Also
change.
determine
determine
determine the flow the
the
0.15 m
替深度。 The
Assumptions specific
alternate energy
flow is constant.
depth ififthe
0.4 m
alternate
SOLUTION
velocity
Analysis The average flowand
flow ifdepth
Water
velocity is flow
the flow
determinedintheis character
acharacter
rectangular
subcritical
from
ofofopen
orflow
flow weretotochange.
were
channel
supercritical. ischange.
considered. The char-
Also determine the
假設：比能量是常數。 acter
alternate #
of flow,#
flow the flow
depth if velocity,
the and
character the of alternate
flow were depth
to are
change. to be determined. FIGURE 13–15 0.15 m
SOLUTION 圖 13-15　例題 13-1 的示意圖。 0.15mm
0.15
V
SOLUTION V Water flow
0.2 m /s3 inina arectangular open channel isisconsidered. The char-
解析：平均流速如下決定： SOLUTION
Assumptions
V 5 5 5 Water
Water
The flow
flow
specific in a rectangular
rectangular
energy
5 3.33 is
m/s open
open
constant. channel
channel is considered.
considered. The
The
Schematic char-
char-
for Example 13–1.
0.4 m
acter
acterAof flow,
yb the theflow
(0.15 m)(0.4velocity,
m) andandthe alternate depth are
areto be determined. 0.15 m
acter
SOLUTION
Analysis ofcofflow,
flow,
The the
average
Water flow
flow
flow velocity,
velocity,
flow
in and
velocity
aenergy
rectangular isthe
the alternate
alternate
determined
open depth
depth
channelfromisare totobebedetermined.
considered. determined.
The char- 0.4 m
Assumptions
Assumptions The
The specific #
specific # andisthe
energy is constant.
isconstant.
constant. 0.4
0.4 m m FIGURE 13–
The critical depthAssumptions
for this
acter flow is The specific energy
# of flow,
Analysis The the flow
average velocity,
V flow velocity
V is0.2 alternate
determined
m3/s depth
from are to be determined.
Analysis
Analysis 2 1/3 The The average
average 3 flowflow velocity
velocity is is determined
determined from
from Schematic for Example
FIGURE 13
FIGURE13–
Assumptions The specific
V V
(0.2 5 m #
/s) 2
5 #
energy 1/3
5 is constant. 5 3.33 m/s 0.4 m
yc 5 a 2 b 5 a A #c # yb
Vflow V2#
b# 5 0.294
(0.15 0.2 mm3/s m)
m)(0.4 FIGURE 13
13–
Analysis
gb The(9.81average
m/s2)(0.4 m)
VV55V#V 55V#V 55 0.2 velocity is determined3
0.2mm/s/s 5 3.33 m/s
3 from Schematic for Example 131
Vfor5the 5flow 5 3.33m/s
553.33 m/s Schematic
Schematic for
for Example
Example
FIGURE 1313
Theiscritical
Therefore, the flow supercritical depthsince Athis
VA cactual ybyb
V flow is(0.15
depth
(0.15
(0.15
m)(0.4
ism)(0.4
my 3
0.2m)(0.4
m)
/s 0.15
m)m) m,
這個流動的臨界深度是
and y  yc. Another way to determine V 5 #A
the
c c yb
character
5 5 of flow is to calculate
5 3.33 m/s Schematic for Example 13
The
Thecritical
criticaldepth for
V 2this
Athis
1/3flow is
yb (0.15 m3/s)2m) 1/3
(0.2m)(0.4
the Froude number,The critical ydepth
depth5 afor for
# this bc flow 5flowa isis b 5 0.294 m
c
# 2#2
gb (9.81 m/s2)(0.4
3 2 m)2
flow is (0.2 (0.2m 3/s)
1/3 1/3
The critical V depth 3.33V 2this
for m/s 3 22
2 1/31/3
5 ycy 55a aV#V2 b b 55a a5 2.75 (0.2 mm /s)
/s) 1/3
b 1/3 5 0.294
Fr 5
Therefore, c5 a is
!gy they"(9.81
cflow gb
m/s b 5
supercritical
2
22 )(0.15
2 a (9.81
1/3 m) (9.81 m/s
since
2
)(0.4
the2 m)
actual
2 b b 55 0.294m
0.294 mm
2 1/3 depth is y  0.15 m,
2flow
gbgb
V (9.81(0.2m/s
m/s 2 )(0.4
m 3 2
/s) m)
)(0.4 m)
and y  ycthe 5 a isFr way
. yAnother b 5determine
2 1.toThe
a specific the characterbflow5 0.294
ofdepth
flow ism
is ytocalculate
Again the flow Therefore,
issupercritical
cflow since the actual
is supercritical
thesince energy for
isy y0.15
0.15m,
2 2the
Therefore,
Therefore,
因此，流動是超臨界的，因為實際的流動深度是
the Froude the flowisgb
flow
number, supercritical
supercritical (9.81 m/s
since
sincey = )(0.4
the
the m)
actual
actual
0.15 m 且 flow
flowy < depth
depth
y c is
。另一種決定流動特徵的方法0.15 m,m,
given conditionsand is y  yc. Another way to determine the character of flow is to calculate
and
# and y y
y  ycthe
Therefore,  . Another
.c Another
flow is way way to determine
to determine the
supercritical the
the actual character
character of
flowofdepth flow is to calculate
flow isis ytocalculate
是計算福勞數， Vthe theFroude
2
Froude number,
number, V m3/s)2 since
(0.2 3.33 m/s 0.15 m,
Es1 5 y1 1 theand Froude
5y y
(0.15
 .
m)
c
number,
1 Fr
Another 5 way to 5determine the
5 character
0.7163 m 5 2.75
of flow is to calculate
2gb2y 21 2(9.81 m/s !gy2 2
V)(0.4 m)"(9.81
(0.15 m) 2
3.33
m/sm/s2
)(0.15
the Froude number, Fr 5 VV 5 3.33
3.33 m/sm/s m) 5 2.75
FrFr5
Then the alternate depth is determined 5!gy
from 5Es2 to be
Es1 5
"(9.81 m/s 2 2.75
552.75
Again
# the flow is supercritical !gy
!gy
V since3.33
"(9.81 Fr 2)(0.15
m/s

3 m/s )(0.15m)
2 1. The
m)specific energy for the
V2 Fr 5 5 "(9.81
(0.2 mm/s
/s)2 )(0.15 m) 5 2.75
given
Es2 5 y2 1Again conditions
   S   0.7163 is
2 2 the flow is supercritical
m 5 y 1
!gy 2(9.81 since Fr 21.2 The specific
"(9.81 specificenergy
energyfor
forthe
2
2gb
Again
Again y 2 thethe flow
flow # is is
2
supercritical
supercritical since
since m/s
m/s2)(0.4
FrFr )(0.15
m) y1.
1.2 Them)
The specific energy for the
the
再一次確定流動是超臨界的，因為 given conditions V 2is Fr > 1。在給定條件下的比能量是 (0.2 m 3
/s) 2
given
given
Solving for y2 gives
Again the
Es1 5the conditions
conditions
alternate
y1 1 depth
flow # is isis to be y
supercritical 0.69 m. Therefore,
5 (0.15 m) 1since Fr  2 1. The
2 if the specific energy for mthe
5 0.7163
2# 2supercritical to subcritical while
character of flow were
given
to change
conditions2gbV#V22is
from y21 2(9.81 m/s(0.2 )(0.4 3m)22(0.15 m)2
holding
(0.2 mm 3/s)
3 22
/s)
V 5 (0.15
wouldm) (0.2 m /s) 5 0.7163
the specific energyEconstant,
EE s1 55 y 1 the flow
5 y11yalternate
111 2gb # 2ydepth (0.15
2 (0.15
2 55
rise1from 0.15 to 20.69 m. 2
m)112(9.81from
m) 2 55 0.7163m
0.7163 mm
Then s1s1the
V 22y212ydepth
2gb
2gb 1# 1
is determined 2(9.81m/s
2(9.81 m/s
m/s 2)(0.4
(0.2E
2 s1 
)(0.4
)(0.4m3m)
m)
/s)m)
(0.15
E22s2 (0.15m)
2 to be
(0.15 m)
m) 22
Es1 5 y1alternate
1 25 (0.15 m) 1 (0.2bem23/s) 520.7163 m
Then
ThenEthe
Then the 2gb2yV21#depth
thealternate
alternate depth
depth   
isisdetermined
2(9.81from
determined
isSdetermined
  0.7163 m/s 2 Es1  E2s2 to
from
from
m )(0.4
E2E m) s2
s1EE
(0.15 m)
s2totobebe
然後交替深度可以從 s2 5Es1y2=1Es2 來決定，2#y
5 y s11
V#V
2 2 2 2 2
2gb 2(9.81(0.2m/sm)(0.4
3
3 2 m)
3/s)
2 y
Then Ethe5alternate
y 1 V 2 22
depth    isSdetermined
  0.7163 from
m 5 yEs11 Es2 to (0.2
(0.2bemm /s)2 2
/s)
EE
Solving
s2
55yy2y221
for
2
gives #
12gb22the
2
y   
2   SS  0.7163
  0.7163mm55y y2112(9.81
2
m/s
0.69(0.2m.
2
)(0.4 m) 2 2
2y22yif2 the
s2s2
2gbV y222y 22 alternate depth to be 2y2 2(9.81
2gb 2(9.81 m/s 2Therefore,
m/s
m 23
)(0.4
/s)2 m)
)(0.4 m) y2 2
Es2for
character
Solving 5ofyy2flow
1 were    S   0.7163
2to alternate
change from m
toto5 y2y 1to0.69
supercritical subcritical while2holding
m.m.2Therefore,
2y gives 2the
2gbconstant, depth bebe m) y 22if the
Solving
Solving
the foryenergy
for
specific gives
2 2gives
ythe
the alternate
2 alternatethe depth
depth
flow to be
depth y22y22(9.81
would 0.69
rise 0.69
from
m/s )(0.4
m. 0.15Therefore,
Therefore,
to 0.69 ififm.
the
the
character
character of flow were to change from supercritical to subcritical while holding
character
Solving forofof
y flow
flowgiveswere
were the totoalternate
changefrom
change fromsupercritical
depth supercritical
to be y toto subcritical
subcritical
0.69 m. whileholding
while
Therefore, holding
if the
解出 y 就得到交替深度為the
thespecific
specific energy
2 constant,
y2 = 0.69
energy the flow
flowdepth
depthwould
m。因此如果流動特徵從超臨界變成次臨界，並維持比能量為常
constant, thefrom wouldrise
2 from
from0.15 toto0.69 m.
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 7352 the specific
character of energy
flow were constant,
to change the flow depth would
supercritical torise
rise from 0.15
0.15
subcritical 0.69
to 0.69
while holding m.
m. 7/2/13 6:56 PM

數時，流動深度會從 the specific m 上升至

0.15energy constant,0.69 m。the flow depth would rise from 0.15 to 0.69 m.
討論：注意如果水在等比能量下經歷一個水躍 (動能損失等於位能增加)，流動深度會上升至 0.69
m，前提是渠道邊壁要有足夠高度。

725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 735 7

725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 735 7
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd735
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 735 7

725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 735 7
 736
HANNEL FLOW

FLOW Discussion Note that if the water underwent a hydraulic jump at constant
36 736 specific energy (the frictional losses being equal to the drop in elevation),
NNEL FLOWFLOW
N-CHANNEL Discussion Notedepth
the flow that would
if the rise
waterto underwent a hydraulic
0.69 m, assuming jump at
of course thatconstant
the side walls
specificofenergy (the frictional
the channel are high losses
enough. being equal to the drop in elevation), 第 13 章　明渠流 13
Discussion
the flow depth Noterise
Discussion
would thatto if
Note theifm,
that
0.69 water underwent
theassuming
water a hydraulic
underwent
of course athat jump
hydraulic
the side atwalls
jump constant
at constant
of thespecific energy
specific
channel (the
energy
are high frictional losseslosses
(the frictional
enough. beingbeing
equalequal
to theto drop in elevation),
the drop in elevation),
the flow
the depth wouldwould
flow depth rise to 0.69
rise m, assuming
to 0.69 of course
m, assuming that the
of course thatside
the walls
side walls
13– 4 CONSERVATION OF MASS
of theofchannel are high
the■ channel
13-4　質量與能量守恆方程式 enough.
are high enough.

13– 4 CONSERVATION AND ENERGY OF

■ EQUATIONS
MASS
明渠流牽涉到的液體，其密度幾乎是常數，因此一維穩定流的質量守恆方程式
13– 4
2
ANDCONSERVATION
Open-channel ENERGY
flows EQUATIONS
involve liquids whose densities are nearly constant,
OF OF MASS
and13–
thus 4 CONSERVATION MASS of mass equation is
V
Hzy ■ ■
2g 被表示為 the one-dimensional steady-flow conservation
zy
V Open-channel
2
expressed AND
flows
as ENERGY
AND
involve liquids EQUATIONS
ENERGY #
EQUATIONS
whose densities are nearly constant,
2g
and thus the one-dimensional steady-flow conservation of mass equation is
V 5 liquids5 常數
AcVwhose constant 736
(13-26)
(13–26)
V 2 V 2 Open-channel
Open-channelflowsflows
involve liquids
involve densities
whose are nearly
densities constant,
are nearly constant,
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
H  zH
 z  y expressed as
y
2g 2g and thus
That the
andis,thus product ofV# the
theone-dimensional
the one-dimensional steady-flow
flow cross conservation
section
steady-flow
5 A V 5 constant
and the of mass
average
conservation of equation
flow
mass is is
velocity
equation
(13–26)
也就是流動的截面積與平均流速的乘積在整個渠道中維持為常數。式 在沿 Discussion
V ex pressed
remains as as throughoutc the channel. Equation 13–26 between(13-26)
constant
expressed two sec- specific ene
That is, the product of the flow # section
cross # and the average flow velocity
tions along the channel is expressed
著流道的兩個截面間可以表示為 V 5 AVcV55 Aascconstant
V 5 constant (13–26)
(13–26) the flow dep
V remains constant throughout the channel. Equation 13–26 between two sec- of the chann
Continuity equation: Ac1Vcross5 Ac2section
V2 and the
tions That
along
連續方程式：
is,the
That theis, product is of
the product
channel theofflow
expressed the flow
Ac1V1as= A
cross 1 section
c2V2
andaverage
the average flow flowvelocity
(13–27)
velocity
(13-27)
V V remains
whichremainsconstant
is identical throughout
constant to throughout
the the
steady-flow channel.
the channel. Equation
conservation Equation 13–26
of mass between
13–26 between
equation two
for sec-
two
liquid sec-
A Continuity
tions equation:
along
tions the
along channel
the is
channel Ac1isV1expressed
expressed 5 Ac2as V2 as (13–27)
flow in a pipe. Note that both the flow cross section and the average flow
其與管中液體穩定流的質量守恆方程式是相同的。注意流動截面積與平均流速兩者 13– 4 ■
C
whichContinuity
is identical
velocity may toequation:
the steady-flow
vary during flow,conservation
Abut, of V mass product
equationremainsfor liquid A
Continuityequation:
在流動中都可能改變，但是其乘積維持為常數。 c1V1Aas5c1VAstated,
V2A
1c25 c2 their
2 constant.
(13–27) (13–27)
flow in aTo pipe. Note that both the flow cross section
determine the total energy of a liquid flowing in an open channel and the average flow rela-
which is identical
which is during to flow,
identical thetosteady-flow
the steady-flow conservation
conservation of mass equation
of mass for liquid
equation
能量線 for liquid V2 Open-channe
velocity may
tive to vary
為了決定在明渠中流動的液體相對於一個參考基準面的總
a reference datum, but,
as as stated,
shown in their
Fig. product
13–16, consider remains constant.
a point A in2 the H  z  y  2g and thus the
To flow in a in
flow
determine
liquid at athe
能量，如圖
pipe. Noteenergy
a total
pipe.
distance
13-16
that both
Note thataboth
a fromofthe
所示，考慮液體中與自由表面的距離是
the
liquidflow
free surface
crosscross
theflowing
flow section
in
(and anthusopenandchannel
section the
and average
a distance
a的
therela- flow
average V
y  a 2gfrom
flow expressed as
velocity may
velocity vary
may during
vary flow,
during but,
flow, as
but, stated,
as their
stated, product
their remains
product constant.
remains constant.
of a liquid flowingtive
in to一點a reference
the
To
channel
ATo
determine
datum, asNoting
bottom).
(因此距離渠道底面的距離為
determine the total
the
shownthat
energy
total
in Fig.
of
energy a
13–16, consider
theyelevation,
−aa)。注意在點
liquid
of flowing
liquid
pressure
flowing in
a point
an open
an
A in the
(hydrostatic
Ain的高 channel
open
pressure
rela- rela-
channel
liquid at a distance
relative to thea freefromsurface),
the free surface
and velocity (and thus a distance
at point A are zyA   az from
 (y a a), That is, the p
tive
度、壓力 to
tive a reference
to a datum,
reference
(相對於自由表面的靜水壓) as
datum, shown
as in
shown Fig.
與速度分別是 in 13–16,
Fig. 13–16,consider
A=z+
a
consider
z(hydrostatic pointa
− pressure A
point in thein the V
A
uid flowing in the channel
PA bottom).
ga, andNoting
VA  that the elevation,
V, respectively, thepressure
total energy of(ythe liquid y in terms remains cons
6 liquid
relative at
liquid a distance
at a a
distance from the free surface (and thus
and velocity at point A are zA  z  (y  a), a from
a from the free surface (and a distance
thus a y
distance  a
y from
 A tions along th
oftoheads
a)、P the free
A = rga is 與surface),
VA = V，液體的總能量用水頭來表示是
PA inthe channel
the Vbottom).
channel Noting
bottom). Notingthat the
the
thatelevation,
the elevation, pressure
ofpressure (hydrostatic
(hydrostatic pressure
y pressure
a
fgy
a liquid flowing
of a liquid in
flowing ga, and A  V,Prespectively, 2 total energy the
2 liquid in terms
Continuity equ
relative V rga V V
 (y 
2
HtoA 5
isrelative thetozAfree
1 surface),
the free 5and
1 surface), z 1velocity
and
(y 2velocity at pointat 1 A are
point AzzareyzzA1 a), a),
(y 
z (13–28)
A A
nel. of heads a) 1 5 A1 which is iden
PA Pga,  and
ga, V
and rg
 V V, 2g
respectively,
V, respectively, the total
therg energy
total 2g of
energy the of liquid
the 2gin
liquid terms
inz terms flow in a pip
A PA AV 2A A rga V2 V2 velocity may
of Aheads
5ofzAheads
Hwhich isindependent
is1 is1 5 zof1the (y location
2 a) 1 of the 1 point 5A z1 at ya 1 (13–28) There-
cross section.
rg 2g 2 2
rg 2g 2g To determi
fore,Hthe5Htotal PA PVA A Venergy
mechanical A of(y a2 rgaatrga
liquid
2
any
2
V crossV section 2 2
V of Van open 參考基準面
tive to a refer
which is independent z 1
5 z 1 1 1 5 z 15 (y
z 12 a) 1 a) 1 1 1 5 z
(13-28)
15 yz 11 y 1 (13–28)(13–28)
channel A
can beof
AA A therg2g
expressed
rg locationin terms
2g of theofpoint heads A as
rg at rg a 2g
cross2gsection. There-
2g
FIGURE
圖 2g13–16
13-16　一個液體在明渠中流動的
liquid at a di
fore, the total mechanical energy of a liquid at anyVcross 2 section of an總能量。 Theopen
total energy of a liquid flowing in the channel b
其與點
which Aindependent
isbe 在截面上的位置是無關的。因此，明渠中的液體在任
channel which
can is independent
expressed inofterms
theoflocation
the
ofHheads 5 zof1
location the
as yof1point
the point
2gany
A at aA cross section.
at a cross There-
ansection.
open There-
channel.
(13–29) relative to th
fore, the total
fore, mechanical
the total mechanical energy of a liquid
energy of at
2 a liquid at cross
any section
cross of
sectionan ofopen
an open PA  ga, an
何截面上的總機械能可以用水頭表示為 V of heads is
channel can
channel be
can expressed
be expressed
H in5 terms
where y is the flow depth, z is the elevation z in
1 of
terms
y 1 heads
of as
heads as (13–29)
2g of2 the 2channel bottom, and V is the
average flow velocity. Then the one-dimensional V V energy equation for open- HA 5 zA
where ychannel
is the flow depth, is the H 5H
elevation z1 5
of yzthe
1 y1
1 channel (13–29)
(13-29)
(13–29)
z
flow between an upstream section 2g 1 2g andbottom, and V is the
a downstream section 2
averageisflow velocity. Then the one-dimensional energy equation for open- which is inde
written as fore, the tota
where
channel flow y
where is the
y flow
is
between anthe depth,
flow z is the
depth,
upstream iselevation
the elevation
z section of the
1 and aof channel
the bottom,
channel and Vand
bottom, 2is the
V is the
其中 y 是流動深度，z 是渠道底面的高度，而 V 21 V Vdownstream
2
是平均流速。一個明渠流在上游截
2
section channel can b
average
Energy
is written as flow
average velocity.
flow
equation: Then
velocity.z 1 1 the
Then
y 1 1 one-dimensional
the 5one-dimensional
z 2 1 y 2 1 energy
1 hL
equation
energy for
equation open-
for open-
(13–30)
channel
面 1 channel
與下游截面 flow flowbetweenbetweenan V
2 的一維能量方程式可以寫成 upstream
an
2
2g section
upstream 2 1 and
section 2g1 aand downstream
a downstream section 2
section 2
1 V2
Energy equation:
is The
written
ishead z y
aslossash 1 due 1to frictional
written 1 1 5 z 1 y 1 1 h (13–30)
L 2g 2
2
effects
2
2 2gis expressed
L
2 2
as in pipe flow as where y is the
V1 V1 2 V2 2 V2
Energy equation:
Energy
能量方程式： equation: z1 1 yz1 1 y1 1 5Lz2V15yz2 1Ly2V1 1 hL 1 hL (13-30)
(13–30)(13–30) average flow
The head loss hL due to frictional effects
5 f 2g 5 f 2g as2g
hL 2g is expressed in pipe flow as (13–31) channel flow
D h 2g R h 8g is written as
L V2 L V2
The head loss hloss
The head dueh to frictional
due
L hL 5 to effects
frictional is
effectsexpressed
is as inas
expressed pipe flow flow
in pipe as as
由於摩擦效應的水頭損失 L
where f is the average hLf 在管流中被表示為
friction
Dh 2g
5f
factorR and8g2L is the length
(13–31)
of channel between Energy equatio
2h 2 2
sections 1 and 2. The relation L V 4RL V L V L be V observed when using the
hL 5 Dhf Lh 5 f 5h fshould
5f (13–31)(13–31)
where fhydraulic
is the average The head los
radiusfriction
insteadfactor
of theand Dh L2gDish the
hydraulic Rlength
h 8gRh 8g
2gdiameter. of channel between
sections 1 and 2. The relation Dh  4Rh should be observed when using the
where
hydraulic f is the
where
radius isaverage friction
the average
finstead of the factorfactor
friction
hydraulic and Land
is the
diameter. L islength of channel
the length between
of channel between
sections 1 and1 2.
sections andThe
2. relation Dh D4R
The relation 
h h should
4R h be
should observed
be when
observed using
when the the
using where f is the
hydraulic radius
hydraulic instead
radius of theofhydraulic
instead diameter.
the hydraulic diameter. sections 1 an
hydraulic rad
 where y is the flow depth, z is the elevation of the channel bottom, and V is the
average flow velocity. Then the one-dimensional energy equation for open-
channel flow between an upstream section 1 and a downstream section 2
is written as
V 21 V 22
Energy equation: z 1 1 y1 1 5 z 2 1 y2 1 1 hL (13–30)
14 流體力學 2g 2g

The head loss hL due to frictional effects is expressed as in pipe flow as

L V2 L V2
hL 5 f 5f (13–31)
(13-31)
Dh 2g Rh 8g

where f is the average friction factor and L is the length of channel between
其中 f 是平均摩擦因子且 L 是截面 1 與 2 之間的渠道長度。當使用水力半徑代替水 73
sections 1 and 2. The relation Dh  4Rh should be observed when using the 73
CHAPTE
力直徑時，應該注意關係式
hydraulic Dh =
radius instead of the 4Rh。 diameter.
hydraulic 737
CHAPT
Flow in open channels is gravity driven, and thus a typical channel is CHAPTER 13
明渠中的流動是重力驅動的，因此典型的渠道是稍微傾斜向下的。渠道底部的
Flow sloped
in opendown.
channels is gravity isdriven, and thus a typical achannel is
Flow in open Flow
slightly in open
channels The channels
slope
is gravity of the
driven, gravity
bottom driven,
of
and thus the and
channel
a typical thus typical
is aschannel is
is expressed
channel
slightly sloped down. The slopeThe
of the bottomtheofchannel
the channel
of theischannel
expressed as
斜率被表示為
slightly slopedslightly sloped
down. The down.
slope slope
of the bottom of the
z1 2 zof
2
bottom
z1 2 z2 is expressed as
is expressed as
S0 5 tan a 5 z1 2 z2 >z1z122z2z2 z1 2 z2 (13–32)
55xz 2tan
S0 5 tan za1S02 2 axz152
> z2 L > (13–32) (13–32)
S0 5 tan a5 x2 > 2 x1 x2 2L x1 L (13–32)
(13-32)
x2 2 x 1 L
where  is the angle the channel bottom makes with the horizontal. In
where the is bottom
wherethe angleisslopetheangle
the Schannel the bottom
channel makes thuswith
bottom makes the with
horizontal.
the In
where general,
is the angle the channel
a 是渠道底面與水平面之間的角度。一般而言，底面的斜率非常小，渠道底
其中 general, 0 is bottom
very small,
makes and with thethe channel
horizontal. In horizontal.
bottom is In
736
the bottom
general, the slope S is very small, and thus the channel bottom is
7/2/13 6:56 PM
nearly
general, the horizontal.
bottom slope Sbottom
Therefore, 0 slope
L  xS20 
0 is very small,
is
andxvery
1,thus
small,
where and thus
is the
the xchannel the channel
distance
bottom isin thebottom is
nearly
面幾乎是水平面的。因此 horizontal.
nearly Therefore,
horizontal.
L ≅ x − x L
，其中 
Therefore, x x L x
 , where
x 
是在水平方向的距離。同時，流動深 xis1 measured in the in
x, is the
where distance
x is the the in the
distance
nearlyhorizontal
horizontal.direction.
Therefore, Also,L2 the
1 xflow depth y, which
2 1
2  x1, where x is the distance in the
2 verti-
horizontal direction.
horizontal
cal direction, Also,
direction.the flow
Also, depth
the flowy, which
depth is
y, measured
which is in the
measured verti-
in the verti-
horizontal direction.can Also,be the
taken
度 y 是沿著垂直方向作量測的，但是可以取作為垂直於底面的深度，其誤差是可忽 flow to depth
be they,depth whichnormal is measuredto theinchannel
the verti- bottom
cal direction,
cal can be taken to be the depth normal to the channel bottom
cal
略的。 can direction,
with negligible
direction,
737 with negligible
beerror.
taken to canbebethe taken
depth to normal
be the depth to the normal
channeltobottomthe channel bottom
with
If the channel error.
negligible error.
with 13negligible
CHAPTER error. bottom is straight so that the bottom slope is constant, the
If the drop
channelthe bottom isbottom
straight isso that the so bottom 與slope is
z1 constant, the
ical channel is If the channel Ifbottom
如果渠道底面是直的，使得底面斜率是常數，則截面
vertical channel
between sections
is straight so1 that
and straight
2thecanbottombe that 1the
expressed
slope 2bottom
is 之間的垂降距離可
as 2slope
constant, 5is Sconstant,
z2the 0L.
the
vertical
Then the drop
energybetween
vertical drop
z2 = S0equation
sections
between
(Eq. 1sections
and 2 can be 2expressed
1 expressed
and can as as z1 2 zas
bezexpressed 2 5 z1S20L.z2 5 S0L.
is expressed as vertical
以被表示為 drop −
z1between L。能量方程式
sections 1 and13–30)2 can becomes
(13-30) be
變成 1 2 z2 5 S0L.
Then the Then
energy theequation
energy (Eq.2 13–30)
equation (Eq. becomes
13–30) becomes
(13–32)
Then the energy equation (Eq. 13–30) V 1 becomes V 22
Energy equation: y12 1 V 21 1 S0L 5
V 2y22 1 V 22 1 hL V 22 (13–33)
能量方程式： Energy equation:Vy11 1 2g 1yS1 01
Energy equation: L 51Vy21
2 1S 2g
L 51yh2 L1 1 hL (13-33)
(13–33) (13–33)
horizontal. In Energy equation: y1 1 S0L 5 y2 1
1 2g 2g 102g hL 2g (13–33)
2g 2g
nnel bottom is This equation has the advantage that it is independent of a reference datum
distance in the Thiselevation.
equation
This has the advantage
equation has the that it is independent of a reference datum datum
ed in the verti- This for
equation has the
這個方程式的好處是對於高度它是與參考基準面無關的。 advantage thatadvantage that it isofindependent
it is independent a reference of a reference
datum
forInelevation.
for elevation.
the design of open-channel systems, the bottom slope is selected such
channel bottom for elevation.
在設計明渠系統時，底面斜率的選擇必須能夠提供適當的高度差來克服摩擦水
In the design
In theofdesign
open-channel
of systems,systems,
open-channel the bottom
systems, the slope is selected is such
In that it provides
the design adequate
of open-channel elevation dropthetobottom
overcomeslopetheisbottom
frictional
selectedslopehead
such selected
loss such
is constant, the that it provides
that it adequate
provides
頭損失，使流動得以維持在想要的流率下。因此，水頭損失與底面斜率之間有密 elevation
adequate drop to
elevation overcome
drop to the
overcome frictional
the head
frictionalloss head loss V12
z1 2 z2 5 S0L. that itand thus toadequate
provides maintainelevation
flow at the desired
drop rate. Therefore,
to overcome there is
the frictional a close
head loss con- V12
and thus to maintain
and thus flow
to maintainat the desired
flow at
thetherate. Therefore,
desired rate. there
Therefore, is a close con- 2g V
nection between
切的關聯，使得把水頭損失用一個斜率
and thus to maintain the
flow head
at theloss and(或一個角度的正切)
desired rate. bottom slope,
Therefore, thereand
來表示就顯得是合理 closethere
is ita makes sense
con- is atoclose con-
V12 2g 2
nection thebetween
nection the head
between losshead
the and the bottom
losstangent
and slope,
theofbottom andslope,
it This
makes
and sense
is itdone to senseV2g1to
express
nection between
的。這可以定義一個摩擦斜率
head loss
the head as a(friction
loss slope
and (or
the the
bottom
slope) 來達成， slope, an angle).
and it makes sense tomakesby V1 y1 V1
express the head
aexpress loss as
theslope a slope (or the tangent of an angle). This is done by
(13–33) defining
express the head friction
loss as a head
slopeasloss as atangent
(or the slope (orof the tangentThis
an angle). of anis angle).
done byThis is Vdone 1 by y1 y
frictiona slope
defining adefining as slope as
friction y1
eference datum defining a friction slope as hL L
摩擦斜率： Friction slope: S 5h (13-34)
(13–34) (1)
h
Friction slope:
Friction slope: hSLff 5 LL S 5 L (13–34) (1)
(13–34)
(1)
(1) 
s selected such Friction slope: Sf 5 L f
L (13–34) z1 
L z 
ional head loss z1 z
is a close con- V12 Then the
hL energy equation is written as
因此能量方程式被寫成 z z1 z
2g
能量線
Then the energy
V 22 Then theequation
energy is written
equation isaswritten as z
makes sense to Then the energy
2g equation is written V 21 as V 22
V1 x1
This is done by y1 Energy
V2 equation: y 1 V 5 y 1VV21 2 1 (Sf 2VS220)L
2 2 (13–35)
L Energy equation: 能量方程式：
y 2 Energy equation:Vy1121 1 2g1 5yVy222211 2g 51y(S1 f 2 S0)L
1 (Sf 2 S0)L (13–35)
(13-35) (13–35)
x1 x1
Energy equation: y1 1 y2 1 1 12g
5 2g (Sf 2 S2 0)L
2g (13–35) x1
2g
2g 2g
(13–34) (1) Note that the friction slope is equal to the bottom slope when the head loss
(2)

Note thatNote the friction
that theslope
friction is equal
slope is,to Sthe
isbottom
equal bottom theslope
towhen hL when
bottom z1 slope the head the
z2. when losshead lossThe total energF
z1Note isthat equal
斜率：S0 = 常數the to
z2 the注意當水頭損失等於高度下降時，摩擦斜率等於底面斜率。也
friction elevation
slope is drop.
equalThat to the f  S0slope when the head loss The total energ
The
sections aot
z
is Figure
equal tois the
13–17equalelevation
to the
alsodrop.
showsdrop.
elevation
theThat is,
drop.
energy S That
 S is,when
S
f line, 0which 
f  is h
S when
 z
L0 a distance
1 h z . z 
L 2 z 1 y 2 z . The total energy of
is equal to the elevation That is, S  S when h z  z . sections o
就是當 L = zalso
hshows 1 −the
z2shows
時，S f=theSliquid
0。
f 0 L 1 2
(13–35) x1
水平參考基準面
V 22Figure
Figure /2g x(total
13–17
13–17
x
Figure
also
also
13–17
mechanical
shows theenergy
energy
energy
of the
line,
line,
energy
which
which line,
expressed
is a
is which
a distance
distance as az  a yzdistance
ishead) 
y z  y 
above sections of an o
V /2g (total
2
V 2/2g mechanical
(total 1energy
1mechanical of the
energy 能liquidof線the，expressed
其liquid as a sloped
head) 上above
V 2/2gthe(total
horizontal
mechanical 圖energy
reference 3 - datum.
7 of也 the
顯The示 出
liquidenergy量 line
expressed is為as水平 aexpressed
typically 基
head) 準 面 之as
above a距head)
down離 above
圖 13-17　一個明渠中的液體在兩個 the horizontal
FIGURE 13–17
like the channel the reference
horizontal datum.
reference The
datum. energy Theis line is
energy typically
theline sloped
is typically down
sloped down
n the head loss the ofhorizontal
The total energy a liquid z +itself
reference
at channel
two V 2as
y +datum./2ga 的地方result of(液體的總機械能用水頭表示)。典型的能
The energy frictionalline losses,
typically vertical
sloped drop
downbeing
 z2. 截面之間的總能量。 like
equal the like
to theitself the itself
channel
headasloss as a result
itself
hL and as ofa frictional
result of losses,
frictional the vertical
losses, the drop being
vertical drop being
like
sections the
of an channel
open channel. a result of thus the slope
frictional losses,being
the the samedrop
vertical as the being friction
ance z  y  equal to the
equal headto loss
the h
head and thus the slope being the same
Lwere no Lhead loss, the energy line would be hori- friction
loss h and thus the slope being as
the the
same friction
as the
a head) above equalslope.
to theNote headthat lossifhthere
L and thus the slope being the same as the friction
slope. Note slope.that if
Note there
thatwere head
isnonot.
if there wereTheloss, the loss,
head energy line would be(zwould
hori-
y sloped down slope.zontal
Note even that when
if there thewere
channel no head loss, no
theelevation
energy linethe
and energy
velocity
would be line
headshori-  y be hori-
zontal 2even when
zontal the
even channel
when the is not.
channel The is elevation
not. The and
elevationvelocity and heads
velocity (z  y (z  y
heads
ical drop being zontaland even /2g) would
V 2when then be
the2 channel is able
not. The to convert
elevation to and
eachvelocity
other during heads flow (z  in y this
as the friction and V /2g) and would
V /2g)then
wouldbe able
then tobe convert
able toto each
convert other
to eachduringother flow in
during this
flow in this
would be hori- and Vcase,2
/2g)but would theirthensum be would
able remain
to convert constant.
to each other during flow in this
case, but case, their sum would
but their remain
sum would constant.
remain constant.
ty heads (z  y case, but their sum would remain constant.
ng flow in this
■
 is small.
It follows that at low flow velocities (Fr  1), a small disturban
els upstream (with a velocity c0  V relative to a stationary observ
affects the upstream conditions. This is called subcritical or tranqu
But at high flow velocities (Fr  1), a small disturbance canno
upstream (in fact, the wave is 第 washed downstream
13 章　明渠流 15
at a velocity of
relative to a stationary observer) and thus the upstream conditions
be influenced by the downstream conditions. This is called supercri
rapid flow, and the flow in this case is controlled by the upstream
量線像渠道本身是傾斜向下的，這是摩擦損失的結果，其垂降距離等於水頭損失
tions. Therefore, a surface wave travels upstream when Fr  1, i
hL，因此其斜率與摩擦斜率相同。注意如果沒有水頭損失，能量線會是水平的，即
downstream when Fr  1, and appears frozen on the surface when
Also, when the water
使當渠道不是水平時亦是。在此情況下，高度與速度水頭 (z + 與 V2/2g)
isyshallow compared
將能夠互to the wavelength of the distu
相轉換，但是它們的加總會維持是常數。 the surface wave speed increases with flow depth y, and thus a surface
bance propagates much faster in deep channels than it does in shallow
Consider the flow of a liquid in an open rectangular channel of
13-5　渠道中的均勻流 sectional area Ac with volume flow rate V# . When the flow is
Fr  1 and the average flow # velocity is V  !gyc, where yc
critical depth. Noting that V =
我們在 13-1 節中提到流動深度 (因此是平均流速，因為在穩流時， 5AAccVV=5 Ac !gyc, the critical d
expressed as
常數) 維持是常數的渠道流稱為均勻流。均勻流在實際中通常發生在一個長而直的
38
738 yc #
NNEL
ANNEL FLOWFLOWconstant
constant cross
cross section,
section, and
and constant
constant surface
渠道上，具有等斜率、等截面積、等渠道截面與內襯之中。在設計明渠時，非常希 surface lining.
lining. InIn the
the design
design of of open
open V2
38 Critical depth (general): yc 5 2
yhave uniform
NNEL FLOW channels,
channels, itit望系統的大部都能夠是均勻流，因為這表示渠道會有等壁面高度，這會比較容易設
isis very
constant
very desirable
constant
desirable toto have
cross
cross section,
section, and
and
uniform flow
constant
constant
flow
surface
inin the
surface
the majority
lining.
majority
lining.In In the
of
the
of the
the
design
design ofofopen
open gAc
yy2 2
system
system since
since this
this means
means having
having aa channel
channel of
of constant
constant wall
wall height,
height, which
which is
is
V2V 2 V0V0 channels,
channels,cross
constant
計與建造。 it itisisvery
verydesirable
section,desirable totohave
and constant havesurface
uniform
Foruniform flow
flowin
lining.
a rectangular Ininthe themajority
the majority
design
channel ofofthe
ofofwidththeb 738
open we FLOW
have Ac  byc, and the
y y  y y easier
easier
y y to
to design
design and
and build.
build. OPEN-CHANNEL
2 2
 V2  V0 n n 2 2 system
systemsince
channels, since
it this
is this
means
very means having
having
desirable toa ahave
channel
channel ofofrelation
uniform
depth constant
constant
flow wall
in wall
reduces the height,
height,
majority
to which
which
of isis
the
(2)
(2)
y y The
The
y flow flow depth
depth inin uniform
uniform flow
均勻流中的流動深度稱為正常深度 flow isis called the normal
called the normal
(normal depth
depth yyn，而其
depth) n, , and
and the
the # constant cross s
easier
easiertoto
system design
design
since and and build.
build.
isisthis means thehaving a channelvelocity of constant V00. . wall
The height,
flow which y1 isV1V2V2 
2 n 2 1/3V0
average
average flow flow velocity
velocity called
called the uniform-flow
uniform-flow velocity The
V(rectangular): flow channels, it is v
  22
zz FIGURE
平均速度稱為均勻流速度
The
The 13–8
flow
flow depth
depth in in uniform
uniform(uniform-flow
flowflow is is Critical
velocity)
called
called thedepth
the V 。只要渠道
normal
normal depth
depth y ,
y ,
and y
and the
5 thea y1  y2b yn y2
(2)(2)
remains
remains uniform easier
uniform to
as design
as long
long as and
as the build.
the slope,
slope, cross
cross section,
section, and and surface
0
surface roughness
roughness n n c
gb 2 system since this
Definitions of subcritical flow and easier to design
 (2) z 2z 2
of
of the
the channel
average
average
The flow
flowflow velocity
depth
的斜率、截面積與表面粗糙度維持不變，流動就維持是均勻的
channel remain
remain
velocity
unchanged
unchanged
isiscalled
in uniform(Fig.
(Fig.
called flow
13–18).
the
13–18).
theisuniform-flow
uniform-flow
called
When
When the
the
the normal
bottom
bottom
velocity
velocity
depth
slope
slope
V0V. 0y.The
is
is n,The (1) flow
and flow
the 
supercritical flow in terms of critical The liquid depth issurface for
(2) The flow dept
x x xx z remains
remains
average uniform
uniform
flow as
velocityas long
long isas as the
called the slope,
slope,
the crosscross
uniform-flow section,
section, andand
velocity ysurface
Vy0.croughness z1subcritical
roughness
The flow
斜率：S = tan flow
= 常數and yc forflow
y average supeve
 2 2 
Lcos
Lcos L Lincreased,
increased,depth.
2 the
the
(圖flowflow velocity
velocity increases
increases and
13-18)。當底面的斜率增加時，流速增加而流動深度減小。 and the the flowflow depth
depth decreases.
decreases. There-
There-z 0 a z 2
of ofthe
thechannel
remains channel
uniform remain
remain
as long unchanged
unchanged
as the (Fig.
slope, (Fig.flow 13–18).
cross (Fig.
13–18). section, 13–8).
When
When and thethe bottom
bottom
surface slope
slopexisisx Lcos  L
roughness remains uniform
 Lcos  L fore, fore,
x 2x 2 aaxnew
new uniform
uniformflow
x increased,
因此，一個新的均勻流，具有新的 flowisisestablished
establishedwith withaa(較低的) new
new(lower) (lower) 流動深度被建立起 flow
flowdepth.depth.The The 2 1
of the channel r
ofincreased,
the the
channel theflow flow
remain velocity
velocity
unchangedincreases
increases (Fig. and and the
13–18).the flowflow
When depth
depth thedecreases.
decreases.
bottom There-
There-
slope is
opposite
opposite occurs
occurs
x fore, if
if the
the bottom
bottom slope
slope is
is decreased.
decreased. x 1 x2 x increased, the flo
x2 fore,a anew
increased, newuniform
uniform flow
flowisisestablished
established with
with a anew new(lower)(lower) flow
flowdepth.
depth. TheThe = 高度損失
z1 z 2z2 S0SL0 L During
Duringflow flow openthe
來了。如果底面的斜率被減小時，會發生相反的現象。
ininopen channelsflow velocity
channels ofofconstant
constant increases
slopeSS0and
slope the
0, ,constant
constant flowcross
cross depth
sectiondecreases.
section AAcc, , There- 水頭損失 fore, a new unifo
opposite
opposite
fore, a occurs
new occurs
uniformififthe the bottom
flow bottom
is slope
slopeisisdecreased.
established decreased.
with a new (lower) flow depth. ThehL  z 1  z 2  S0 L opposite occurs i
and
and constant
constant surface
surface
在一個具有等斜率 friction
friction factor factor f,f, the
S0、等截面積 the terminal
terminal velocity
velocity isis reached
Ac 及等表面摩擦因子的明 reached and and During flow in
h1hy,y,z 2  S0 L During
Duringflow
opposite flowininif
occurs open
open
the channels
channels
bottom ofofconstant
slope constant
is slope
decreased. slopeS0S, 0constant
, constantcross cross section
section
FIGURE 13–18A A ,
c c ,
thus
thus uniform
uniform flow
flow is
is established
established
渠中，當水頭損失等於高度下降時就建立了均勻流。因此， when
when the
the head
head loss
loss equals
equals the
the elevation
elevation 圖 13-18　在均勻流中，流動深度 and constant sur
nd
d thethe andand constant
Duringconstant
flowsurface
surface
in openfriction
frictionfactor
channels factor f, f,the
of constant theterminal
terminal
slope S0, velocity
velocitycross
constant isisreached
reached
In uniformand
section
y、平均流速 and
A
flow,
cV, the flow depth y,
及底面斜率 S0 都維 thus uniform flo
eheflow
nt,
flowdepth
nt,andand
depthdrop.
drop.
y,y, Therefore,
Therefore, the average flow velocity V, and the
thus
thusuniform
and uniformflow
constant flowisisestablished
surface established
friction factor whenwhen
f, the thethe head
terminalheadloss loss equals
equals
velocity isthe
the elevation
reached elevation
持為常數，並且水頭損失等於高度 and drop. Therefore,
velocity
locity
e flow V, V,and
depthandy,
thethe 22 V V 22 bottom slope S0 remain constant, and
on
ionloss,
loss, drop.
drop.
thus Therefore,
Therefore,
uniform flow LLisVVestablished when LL the 00 head loss equals the損失，h
the elevation
head Lloss= z1equals
− z2 =the = S0L。 loss,
SfLelevation
main
emain
elocity constant,
constant,
V, and andtheand hhLL55f f   or S
或 or S0L 0L5 5f f (13-36)
(13–36)
(13–36)
drop. Therefore,
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 730 DDhh2g 2g 2 2 RR 8g
8g V 2 2
V
hL  z1  z2  Sf L  S0L.
als
smain
the theelevation
elevationloss,
constant, loss,
and L LV V h h LL 0 0
hLh5 5 f f    or Sor S L L 5 5 f f (13–36)
(13–36) since hL  S0L i
Lsthe
S0SLelevation
0.L. since
sinceloss,  SS00LL inin uniform
hhLL  uniform flow flow and and
L
D D D h 2g
L
D h4R2g
V4R 2
. . Solving
Solving
0 0
the
the 8gV 20
h 8g
RLhRsecond
second relation
relation
h hfh h
 h or S L f for V0, the unifor
 S0L . for 因為在均勻流中，hL = SL0L 且 Dh = 4Rh。從第二個關係式求解均勻流速度 5 0 5 (13–36)
V0 並決定
forVV00, ,thetheuniform-flow
uniform-flowvelocity velocityand andthe theDflow hflow
2g raterateare are determined
determined
Rh 8g to tobe be
since
sincehLhLS0SL0Lininuniform
流率可得 uniformflow flow# and # andDD h h4R 4Rh. hSolving
. Solvingthe thesecond
secondrelation relation
forforV V, the
,
since0 h0 L  Vthe
V uniform-flow
uniform-flow
C C "S
"S
00 S0L in 0uniform
55 R R
0 hh velocity
  and  V
  and  Vvelocity
flow and
55 and
CACAthethe
"S flow
"S
Dchc  04R flowR R raterate areare determined
determined
0 hhh. Solving the second relation
(13–37)
(13–37) to tobe be where
for V0, the uniform-flow velocity and the #
flow # rate are determined to be
where
where V0V5 0 5 "S0R0hR  and  V
C C"S 與
h  and  V 55CA CA c "S
c "S 0R0hRh (13–37)
(13–37)(13-37)
#
0 V 5 C "S R   and  V 5 CA "S R
0 h c 0 h (13–37) is called the Ch
where
where
其中
CC55"8g/f
"8g/f (13–38)
(13–38) named in honor
where C55"8g/f"8g/f
first proposed a s
isis called the Chezy
called the Chezy coefficient.
coefficient. The Eqs. C
The Eqs. 13–37
13–37 and
and the the coefficient
coefficient CC are are (13–38) (13–38) dimensional qua
named
named inin honor
honor of of the
the French
French engineer
engineer Antoine C "8g/f
Antoine Chezy
5 Chezy (1718–1798),
(1718–1798), who who (13–38) (13-38) channels with ro
isiscalled
calledthe theChezy
Chezycoefficient.
coefficient.The TheEqs. Eqs.13–3713–37and andthe thecoefficient
coefficientCCare are surfaces.
first
firstproposed
proposedaasimilar
similarrelationship
relationshipininabout about1769. 1769.The TheChezyChezycoefficient
coefficientisisaa The Chezy co
named
named
is called ininthe
honor
honor
Chezyofofthe theFrench
Frenchengineer
coefficient. engineer
The Eqs. Antoine
Antoine
13–37 Chezy
Chezy
and the(1718–1798),
(1718–1798), Cwho who
dimensional
dimensional稱為蔡希係數quantity,
quantity, and and(Chezy
its
its value
value ranges
ranges from
coefficient)。式 from about
about與係數
(13-37) 30 mm1/2
30 1/2
C/s/s forcoefficient
for small
small
的命名是為紀念法國工程師
are
from Eq. 13–38
first
first
namedproposed
proposed
in honor a asimilar
similar
of to
the relationship
relationship
French in inabout
about 1769.
1769. TheThe
1/2 engineer Antoine Chezy (1718–1798), who Chezy
Chezy coefficient
coefficient is isa a flow in Chap. 8
channels
channels with
with
蔡希 rough
rough
(Antoine surfaces
surfaces
Chezy, mm1/2
to1718-1798)，他在約
90
90 /s/s for
for large
large1769channels
channels with
with smooth
年提出了一個相似的關係式。蔡希 smooth
1/21/2
dimensional
dimensionalquantity, quantity,and anditsitsvaluevalueranges rangesfrom fromaboutabout /s/sfor
3030mmcoefficient forsmall
small
surfaces. first proposed a similar relationship in about 1769. The Chezy is a fully rough turbu
surfaces. 1/21/2
channels
channelswith
dimensional with rough
roughsurfaces
quantity,
係數是一個有因次的量，其值從有粗糙表面的小渠道的 surfaces
and its to to9090m
value m
ranges /s/sforforlarge
from large
about channels
channels
3030 m m with
1/21/2
/s with
/s smooth
for
到有光滑表面的smooth
small
The
The Chezy
Chezy coefficient
coefficient can can be be determined
determined inin a1/2 a straightforward
straightforward manner manner
surfaces.
surfaces. with 1/2
channels rough
from
from Eq.
Eq. 13–38
13–38
大渠道的 byby first
first
90 /s。 surfaces
mdetermining
determining theto
the 90 m factor
friction
friction /s forf f as
factor large
as done
donechannels
for
for pipe
pipewith smooth Here,  is the me
The
TheChezy
surfaces. Chezycoefficient
coefficientcan canbebedetermined
determinedinina astraightforward
straightforwardmanner manner cally turbulent, a
flow
flow inin Chap.
Chap. 88 from from the the Moody
Moody chart chart or or the
the Colebrook
Colebrook equation equation for for the
the
from
from
The Eq.Eq. 13–38
Chezy 13–38 bybyfirst
coefficient firstdetermining
determining
can be the
thefriction
determined friction
in factor
a factor f fasasdone
straightforward donefor forpipe
manner pipe established. Ther
fully
fullyrough
roughturbulent
turbulentlimit limit(Re (Re→ →), ), fully developed t
flow
flow in inChap.
Chap. 8 8from
from the
the Moody
Moody chart
chart ororthe
from Eq. 13–38 by first determining the friction factor f as done for pipe the Colebrook
Colebrook equation
equation forfor thethe factor curves cor
fully
fullyrough
flow inrough
Chap.turbulent
turbulent
f f5 5
8 from [2.0
[2.0
limit
limit
the(Re (Re→→
log(14.8R
log(14.8R
Moody /e)]
/e)]
hh ),
22
22
chart or the Colebrook equation for the
), (13–39)
(13–39) zontal, and thus
fully rough turbulent limitf (Re →
[2.0 ),
[2.0log(14.8R
log(14.8R 2222 The flow in that
Here,
Here,isisthethemean
meansurface roughness.5
surfaceroughness. f Note
5Note that
that h /e)]
h /e)]
open-channel
open-channel flow typi- (13–39)
flowisistypi- (13–39) Since the intr
22
cally
cally turbulent,
turbulent, and and thethe flow
flow isis fully f 5 [2.0 log(14.8R
fully developed
developed by
by the /e)] uniform
thehtime
time uniform flow flow isis (13–39) been devoted by
Here,
Here, isisthe themean
meansurfacesurfaceroughness.
roughness.Note Note that
thatopen-channel
open-channelflow flowisistypi-
typi- empirical relatio
established.
established.Therefore,
Therefore,ititisisreasonable
reasonabletotouse usethe thefriction
frictionfactor
factorrelation
relationfor for used equation w
 where
C 5 "8g/f (13–38)

is called the Chezy coefficient. The Eqs. 13–37 and the coefficient C are
named in honor of the French engineer Antoine Chezy (1718–1798), who
first proposed a similar relationship in about 1769. The Chezy coefficient is a
16 流 體 力 學 quantity, and its value ranges from about 30 m1/2/s for small
dimensional
channels with rough surfaces to 90 m1/2/s for large channels with smooth
surfaces.
The蔡希係數可以用一種直接的方式從式
Chezy coefficient can be determined(13-38) a straightforward manner f，
in 來決定。首先決定摩擦因子
from
像在第 Eq. 13–38 by first determining the friction factor f as done for
8 章中對管流所做的一樣，即從穆迪圖或對於完全粗糙的紊流 (Repipe
→ ∞)，
flow in
用科爾布魯克方程式，
Chap. 8 from the Moody chart or the Colebrook equation for the
fully rough turbulent limit (Re → ),
f 5 [2.0 log(14.8Rh /e)] 22 (13–39)
(13-39)

Here,  is the mean surface roughness. Note that open-channel flow is typi-
其中，ε 是平均表面粗糙度。注意明渠流一般是紊流，並且在均勻流建立的時候，
cally turbulent, and the flow is fully developed by the time uniform flow is
流動是完全發展的。因此，使用完全發展的紊流的摩擦因子關係式是合理的。同
established. Therefore, it is reasonable to use the friction factor relation for
fully developed turbulent flow. Also, at large Reynolds numbers, the friction
時，在大雷諾數時，相對粗糙度所對應的摩擦因子曲線幾乎是水平的，因此摩擦因
factor curves corresponding to specified relative roughness are nearly hori-
子與雷諾數無關。這個區域的流動稱為完全粗糙紊流 (fully rough turbulent flow) (第
zontal, and thus the friction factor is independent of the Reynolds number.
8 章)。
The flow in that region is called fully rough turbulent flow (Chap. 8).
Since the introduction of the Chezy equations, considerable effort has
自從蔡希方程式被導入以後，許多研究者已經貢獻了可觀的努力來開發給平
been devoted by numerous investigators to the development of simpler
均速度和流率更簡單的經驗式。最廣被使用的方程式是由法國人果克勒 (Philippe-
empirical relations for the average velocity and flow rate. The most widely 739
Gaspard
used Gauckler,
equation developed在independently
was1826-1905) 1868 年與愛爾蘭人曼寧 (Robert Manning,
by the Frenchman Philippe-1816- 739739 13
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER131
Gaspard
1897) Gauckler
Both在Gauckler
1889 (1826–1905)
年發展出來的。
and in 1868
Manning made and the Irishman
recommendations thatRobert Manning
the constant in 739
(1816–1897)
Both
BothGauckler
the Chezy in
Gauckler 1889.
and
and
Manning
Manning made
equation be expressed as
果克勒與曼寧兩人都建議蔡希方程式中的常數可以表示為 made recommendations
recommendations that
that
the
the
constant
constantin in CHAPTER 13
thethe
Chezy
Chezyequation
equationbebe
expressed
expressedas as
Both Gauckler and Manning made recommendations that the constant in
a
the Chezy equation be expressed C as5a aR1/6h (13–40)
(13-40)
CC 5 5nR1/6
R1/6 (13–40)
(13–40)
n nh h
a 1/6
where n is called the
其中 n 稱為曼寧係數 Manning
(Manning Ccoefficient,
5 Rh whose value depends on
coefficient)，其值相依於渠道面的粗糙度。將其代入 (13–40)
the
where
wheren is
n is
called
calledthe Manning
the Manning n
coefficient,
coefficient,
whose
whosevalue
value
depends
depends on onthe the
roughness of the channel surfaces. Substituting into Eqs. 13–37 gives the fol-
式 (13-37)of中得到以下的經驗式稱為曼寧方程式
roughness
roughness of
thethe
channel
channel
surfaces.
surfaces.
Substituting
Substituting (Manning
into
into
Eqs.
Eqs. equations)，也稱為果克
13–37
13–37gives
gives
thethe
fol-fol-
lowing
where nempirical is calledrelations
the Manning as the Manning
known coefficient, whoseequations value depends (also referred
on the
lowing
勒lowing
to – empirical
曼寧方程式 empirical
as Gauckler–Manning relations
relations
(Gauckler-Manning knownknown
equations as asthe the Manning
Manning
equations)，因為它們最先是由果克勒提出的。
since they equations
equations
were13–37 (also
(also
first gives referred
proposed referred
by 7/2/13 6:56 PM
738 roughness of the channel surfaces. Substituting into Eqs. the fol-
toas asGauckler–Manning
toGauckler) Gauckler–Manning
for the uniform-flow equations
equations
velocity since
since
and they
the they
flow were were
rate, first
firstproposed
proposedbyby
lowing empirical relations known as the Manning equations (also referred
此方程式所給的均勻流速度與流率為，
Gauckler)
Gauckler) forforthethe uniform-flow
uniform-flow velocity
velocity and and thethe flowflow rate,rate,
to as Gauckler–Manning a 2/3equations1/2
since # they a were first proposed by
Uniform flow: V0 5a aR   and  V
S 0 1/2 # # 5a aAc R 2/3
S1/21/2 (13–41)
Gauckler) for the uniform-flow h 2/3
n h 0 S  and  V
2/3 1/2 velocity and the
5 5nAc R flow 2/3 rate,
h 2/3 0 1/2
Uniform
Uniform
均勻流： flow:flow: V0 V5 0 5Rh RS 0   and  V
與 AchRSh 0 S 0 (13–41)
(13–41)
(13-41)
n n # n n TA B L E 1 3 – 1
The factor a is a dimensional a constant whose 5 a
value in2/3SI units is a  1 m 1/3
/s. TATA
Uniform flow: V0 5 R2/3 1/2
0   and  V
Sconstant Ain
c Rinh S
1/2
(13–41)
1/3 1/3 B LBEL E1 31–31– 1
TheThe factor
Noting factor a is
a is
a dimensional
a
that 1 m  3.2808 dimensional hconstant whose
n ft, its value in English whose value
value
n units isSI SI
units
0 units is is
a a
 1 m
 1 m /s. /s. Mean values of the Mann
因子 a 是有因次的常數，其 SI 單位的值為 a = 1 m1/3 /s。注意 1 m = 3.2808 ft，因此 Mean
Mean
Noting
Noting that that1m 1m  3.2808
3.2808 ft, ft,
itsits value
value in inEnglish
English unitsunits is is TA B Lvalues
Evalues
coefficient 1 3nof 1of
thewater
–for the
Manni
Manflo
The factor a is a dimensional 1/3 constant whose 1/3 value in SI1/3units is a  1 m1/3/s.
其英制單位的值為 a 5 1 m /s 5 (3.2808 ft) /s 5 1.486 ft /s (13–42) coefficient
coefficient
open n
channels*for
n for
water
water
flow
f
Noting that 1 m  a5 15m
a3.2808 1/3 1/3
1 m/sft,/s5its (3.2808
5 (3.2808 1/3 1/3
valueft)inft)English
/s /s5 1.486
5 1.486
units 1/3 1/3
ft ft/s is /s (13–42)
(13–42) open Mean
open values
channels*
channels* of the Mann
Note that the bottom slope1/3S0 and the Manning coefficient n are dimension- coefficient
From n for water flo
Chow (1959).
Note
Note
less that
that thethe
quantities, bottom
bottom slope
anda Eqs.
5 1slope S0/sSand
m13–41 05and thethe
(3.2808
give Manning
the Manning
ft) 1/3
/s 5coefficient
velocity coefficient
1.486
in m/s /s n are
ft1/3and are
nthe dimension-
dimension-
flow (13–42)
rate (13-42)
in From From
openChowChow
(1959).
(1959).
channels*
Wall Material
less
mless
3 quantities,
/s quantities,
in SI units and and
whenEqs.Eqs.
R 13–41
13–41
is give
expressed give thethe
invelocity
velocity
m. in in m/s m/s and and thetheflowflow rateratein in Wall Wall
Material
Material
Note
3 3 that the bottom slopeh S 0 and the Manning coefficient n are dimension- From Chow (1959).
A. Artificially lined chan
m注意底面斜率
m/sExperimentally
/s
in in
SISI units
unitsSwhenwhen
0 與曼寧係數 R Ris is
expressed
expressed
n 是無因次參數，並且當 in in
m. m. R 用 m 表示時，式 (13-41)
less quantities, anddetermined h h
Eqs. 13–41 values
give of are givenininm/s
thenvelocity Table
h
and13–1 the flowfor numer-
rate in A.Wall A.
Artificially
Artificially
Materiallined
Glass lined
chann
chan
Experimentally
ous
給出 3 Experimentally
natural
SI 單位為 and determined
determined
artificial
m/s 的速度與單位為 values
channels. values of3/s
More
m of are
n 的流率。 aregiven
nextensive given intables
in
Table
Table are13–1
13–1 forfor
available numer-
numer-
in the Glass
Glass
m /s in SI units when Rh is expressed in m. Brass
ousous natural
natural
literature. and
Noteand artificial
artificial
that the channels.
channels.
value of nMore More
varies extensive
extensive
from tables
0.010 tables
forareaare available
available
glass in in
channel thethe
to A.Brass
Artificially
Brasssmooth lined chan
Experimentally
對於許多自然的與人工的渠道，實驗決定的 determined values of n are given n in Table
的值被給在表 13–1 for
13-1 numer-
中。更廣泛 Steel,
Glass
literature.
literature.
0.150 Note
for a and Note thatthat
floodplain the the value
value of of
n varies
n varies from from 0.010
0.010 for fora glass
a glass channel
channel to to Steel,
Steel,smooth
smooth
ous natural artificialladen channels. with Moretrees (15 extensivetimes tablesthat ofare a available
glass channel). in the Steel,
Brass painted
0.150
0.150 for for
的表可以在文獻中找到。注意
There is aconsiderable
floodplain
a floodplain laden
laden with
uncertainty nwith trees
trees
的值從給玻璃渠道的
in the(15(15 times
value timesofthat that of
0.010
n, ofa變化到給長滿樹木的氾
glass
a glass
especially channel).
in channel).
natural Steel,
Steel,painted
painted
literature. Note that the value of n varies from 0.010 for a glass channel to Steel,
Steel, riveted
smooth
There
There
channels,is is
considerable
considerable uncertainty
uncertainty in inthe the value value of ofn, n,especially
especially in in
natural
natural Steel,
Steel,riveted
riveted
濫平原的
0.150 for as you(是玻璃渠道的
0.150
a floodplain would laden expect, 15
withsince
倍)。在
treesno (15two channels
times thatare
n 的值中有可觀的不確定性，特別是在 of exactly
a glass alike.
channel). The Cast
Steel, iron
painted
channels,
channels,
scatter as as
youyou would
would expect,
expect, since
since no notwo two channels
channels are areexactly
exactly alike.
alike. The The Cast
Castiron
Concrete, iron finished
There iscan be 20 percent
considerable
自然渠道中，正如你所預期的，因為沒有兩個渠道完全相同，其散佈可以達 or more.inNevertheless,
uncertainty the value of coefficient n, especially n isinapproxi-
natural 20% Concrete,
Steel,
Concrete,riveted
finished
finished
scatter
scatter
mated can can
as beingbe be20 20 percent
percent or or
more.more. Nevertheless,
Nevertheless, coefficient
coefficient n is
n is
approxi-
approxi- Concrete, unfinished
channels, as youindependent
would expect, of the since sizeno andtwo shape channels of the are channel—it
exactly alike. varies
The Cast
Concrete,ironunfinished
Concrete, unfinished
mated
mated
only as as
with being
being independent
independent of of thethe sizesize and and shape
shape of of thethe channel—it
channel—it varies
varies Wood, planed
scatter canthe besurface
20 percent roughness. or more. Nevertheless, coefficient n is approxi- Concrete,
Wood,
Wood, planed finished
planed
only
only withwith thethesurface
surface roughness.
roughness. Wood,
Concrete, unplaned
unfinished
mated as being independent of the size and shape of the channel—it varies Wood,
Wood, unplaned
unplaned
Clay tile
Critical
only with the Uniform
surface roughness.Flow Wood,
Clay
Clay planed
tiletile
Critical
Critical Uniform
Uniform FlowFlow
Flow through an open channel becomes critical flow when the Froude
Brickwork
Wood,
Brickwork
Brickwork
Asphalt
unplaned
Flow
Flowthroughthrough an Clay tile
Critical
number Fr  1 an
Uniform andopenopen
thuschannel
Flow channel
the flowbecomesbecomes
speed critical
equals critical
theflow flowwhen
wave whenthe
speed Vthe Froude
Froude
c 5 !gyc,
Asphalt
Asphalt metal
Corrugated
Brickwork
number
number
where Fr Fr 1 and
1
yc is theancritical and thus
thus the theflow flow speed
speed equals
equals thethe wave wave speed
speed V V 5 5!gy !gy , , Corrugated
Corrugated metal
metal
Flow through open flow channel depth,becomesdefinedcritical previously flow (Eq. when13–9). the Froude
c c When c c Rubble masonry
 expressed as the
c ratio a 5 1 to
kRT of the flow speed m the
/s sound
5 (3.2808 ft) Ma
speed, /s 5
1.486
V/c. ft /s (13–42) open channels*
The Froudec0 number of inertia (or dynamic) force to gravity force (or weight).
 gy  can also be thought of as the square root of the ratio
This is demon-
Note that the bottom slope S0 and the Manning
strated by coefficient
multiplying both the are dimension-
n numerator and the denominator of the square
From Chow (1959).
of inertia (or dynamic) force to gravity force (or weight). This is demon-
less
strated by multiplying quantities, and Eqs. 13–41 give
of thethe velocity
Froude in
number
both the numerator and the denominator of the square m/s
V 2 and the flow rate in
/gL c by A, where  is density
Wall Materiala represen-
and A is
3 tative area, which gives
of the Froude m
number/s in SI
2 units when Rh is expressed in m.
FIGURE 13–7 V /gLc by A,
Experimentally
where  is density and A is a represen-
determined values of n are given in Table
A. Artificially lined channels
tative area, which gives V 2 rA13–1 2( 12for
rV 2numer-
A) Inertia force
Glass 0
Analogy
ousbetween
natural2the
andMach number
artificial
2
Fr 5 5 inrthe (13–8)
1 2 channels. More extensive tables gL are
rA availablemg Gravity force
Brass 0
for compressible rA 2(
V flow and the A)
2 Froude Inertia force
rV c
r literature.
Fr2 5 Note 5 that the value
r of n varies from 0.010 for
(13–8) a glass channel 第to13 章　明渠流 17
number for open-channel flow.mg Gravity Steel, smooth 0
de gL c rA
0.150 for a floodplain laden with trees Hereforce
L A represents volume, L A is the mass of this fluid volume, and mg
c (15 times that of a glass channel).
c Steel, painted 0
There volume,
Here LcA represents is considerable
LcA is theuncertainty is the weight.
mass of thisinfluid The
the volume, numerator
value ofandn,mg is twice
especially 1in inertial force 12Steel,
thenatural V 2A,riveted
which can be 0
2
is the weight. The或更多。無論如何，係數
channels,
numeratoras you would
is twice theexpect,
inertial thought
n 被近似為與渠道的大小與形狀無
since
force 2no
1 of
Vtwo
2 as the dynamic
channels
A, which can be pressure
are exactly表 V
2alike. times
The the
13-1　明渠中的水流的曼寧係 cross-sectional
Cast iron area, A. 0
scatter
thought of as the can be
dynamic 20 percent
pressure 1 2 or more.Therefore, the flowarea,
Nevertheless, incoefficient
anA.
open channel
數的平均值
n is is dominated byConcrete,
approxi-
* inertial forces when
finished 0
關－它只隨表面粗糙度而變。 2 V times the cross-sectional
Therefore, the mated
flow inas an being independent
open channel the
of the by
is dominated Froude number
sizeinertial
and shape is large
forces of and by gravity
the channel—it
when forces
varies when the Froude
Concrete, number
n unfinished 0
壁面材質
only
the Froude number with
is the
large surface
and by roughness.
gravity forces iswhen
small.the Froude number Wood, planed 0
臨界均勻流 A. 人造襯裡渠道
It follows that at low flow velocities (Fr  1), a small Wood,disturbance
unplanedtrav- 0
is small. 玻璃 0.010
Critical
It follows that at low Uniform
flow velocities (Fr
通過明渠中的流動當福勞數 Flow  1),elsa Fr upstream
small (with a velocity
disturbance
= 1 時變成臨界流，並且其 trav- c0  V relative 黃銅
to a stationary
Clay tile observer) and
0.011
0
affects
els upstream (with a velocity c0  V relative to a stationary observer) and the upstream conditions. This is called subcritical or
Brickworktranquil flow. 0
Flow through anVcopen = gychannel But ybecomes
at high critical
flow flow when
velocities (Fr the1), 鋼，平滑
Froude
a small disturbance 0.012
cannot travel
流速等於波速 c ，其中 c
affects the upstream conditions. This is called subcritical or tranquil flow.是臨界深度，之前定義於式  Asphalt 0
number Fr  1 and thus ⋅ the flow speed equals the wave
wave speed V 5 鋼，油漆
!gyc, 0.014 of V  c
But at high flow(13-a)。當體積流率
velocities (Fr  1), a small upstream
V 、渠道斜率 disturbance
S0 與曼寧係數
(in fact,
cannot the
n travel
is washed
為已知時， c 鋼，鉚釘
downstream at aCorrugated
velocity
0.015
metal 0 0
where
upstream (in fact, the wave yc is the critical flow depth,
relative defined
is washed # downstream at a velocity of V  c0 to a previously
stationary (Eq.
observer) 13–9).
and thusWhenthe upstream conditions
Rubble masonrycannot 0
正常深度 yn 可以用曼寧方程式決定 [式 (13-41)]。然而，因為 鑄鐵 0.013
the volume flow rate V , the channel
relative to a stationary observer) and thus the upstream conditions be influenced
slope S 0
by
, andthe downstream
the
cannot Manning conditions.
coefficient This
n is called
B. supercritical
Excavated earth or
channels
混凝土，精製 0.012
be influenced byarethe
Aknown,
c 與 the normal
Rh 兩者都是
downstream yn flow rapid
depthis ycalled
的函數，此方程式變成對
conditions. This flow, and
n can supercritical
the
be determined flow
yn 是隱式的並 in this case
or from the Manning is controlled by the
Clean upstream condi- 0
混凝土，粗製 0.014
equation
rapid flow, and the flow (Eq.
in 13–41).
this case However,
is controlled tions.
since
by Therefore,
the A and
upstream Ra surface
are
condi- bothwave travels upstream
functions of y , when Fr  1, is swept
Gravelly 0
且需要用數值方法 (或試誤法)downstream 來求解。如果 c y h = y
n c，此流動
木材，鉋光 n 0.012
theaequation
tions. Therefore, surface wave oftentravels
ends upstream
up beingwhen implicit Fr  when
in1,ynisFrand
swept 1, and appears
requires frozen on the surface
a numerical Weedy when Fr  1. 0
木材，無鉋光 0.013
Also, when thewhen water等於臨界斜率
Fris shallow
1. is compared to the wavelength of0.014
Stony, the disturbance,
cobbles 0
downstream when (or是均勻的臨界流，且在這種情況下底面斜率
trial
Fr and error)
1, and approach
appears frozentoonsolve. the surfaceIf yn  ySc,0 the flow uniform 陶板 critical
Also, when theflow,
water is shallow compared ⋅the surface wave speed increases with flow depth y, and thus
C. Natural a surface
0.015channels
distur-
and
Sc。當流動深度 bottom slope
(而不是流率Sto the wavelength
0 equals )the
Vbance critical
為已知時，流率可用曼寧方程 of the
propagates #
disturbance,
slope much S in this case. When
faster in deep channels
砌磚flow
瀝青 than it does in0.016
shallow ones.
c Clean and straight 0
the surface wave speed
depth ynincreases
is knownwith flow of
instead depththey,flow and ratethus Va ,surface
theflow
flowdistur-
rate can be determined
bance propagates 式來決定，並用式
much (13-9) Consider
決定臨界深度。再者，只有當 the of a y n =
liquid ycin an open rectangular channel
Sluggish of
with cross-pools
deep 0
from thefaster in deep equation
Manning channels than and it the
doescritical
sectional
in shallow
area A flowones.
with depth
volume fromflow
折疊金屬
Eq.rate 13–9.
V
#
. When the
Major
0.022
flow is
rivers critical, 0
Consider theAgain
flow of 粗石工 0.025
theaflow
liquidis in an open # rectangular
ifFryn 1ycchannel of cross-
c
時流動才是臨界的。 critical only .
sectional area Ac with volume flow rate V . When theand flowtheis average
critical, flow # velocity # B. 濬渠的土渠道is V  !gy c , wherestreams
Mountain yc is the 0
During 當均勻臨界流時，S
uniform critical = Sc critical
0flow, 且
S y
 n = S y c。將曼寧方程式中的
depth.
and y  y
Noting . Replacing
that V 5 V A and
V 5 SA !gy
in , the
D. critical
0.022 depth is
Floodplains
Fr  1 and the average flow # velocity is # V 0 !gycc, wheren yc isc the c 乾淨 0c c
the與 Manning equation5AAccby VcA5 expressed
AScc!gy as Pasture,
0.025farmland 0
critical depth. S0 分別用
yNoting that V= V gy5 與
c !gy
來替換，並解出
c , the c and Sc, respectively,
critical Sc，就得到以
depth is and solving 礫土 for Sc
c #多草 Light brush
0.030 0
expressed as gives the following general relation for the critical slope,
下給臨界斜率的一般式， V2
y # Critical depth (general):
yc 5 大礫石 Heavy brush (13–9)
0.035 0
V2 gA2c Trees 0
Critical depth (general): yc 5 2 (13–9) C. 自然渠道
gAc gn2yc
For a rectangular channel of width b we 乾淨且直 have A  byc, 0.030
and the critical
Critical
臨界斜率 (general):
slope (一般式)： Sc 5 2 4/3 (13-43) (13–43) c* The uncertainty in n can be  20 percen
depth relation
a R
For a rectangular channel of width b we have Ac  byc,h and the critical reduces to 有水池的緩流 more. 0.040
# 2 1/3
FIGURE
depth relation 13–8 to
reduces V 主要河流 0.035
# Critical depth (rectangular): yc 5 a 山溪 2
b 0.050 (13–10)
EL FLOW 對於薄膜流，或在一個寬矩形渠道中的流動，b
Definitions of subcritical flow Vand2 1/3 >> y c ，式 gb
D. 氾濫平原
Critical depth (rectangular):
supercritical
filmflow
For(13-43) 簡化為
yc 5
in terms
flow or flowofacritical
in
b
gb2a wide rectangular channel
The liquid depth
(13–10)
is ywith
 ycbfor yc, Eq.牧地，農地
subcritical 13–43
flow and y  yc 0.035
for supercritical
depth. flowy (Fig.
al The liquid depthsimplifies
is y  ytoc for subcritical flow and  yc2 13–8).
for supercritical 疏灌木 0.050
flow (Fig. 13–8). gn 濃灌木 0.075
Critical
臨界斜率 slope (b >> c):
yyc)： Sc 5 2 1/3 (13-44) 樹木(13–44) 0.150
ay c
* n 的不確定性可達 ±20% 或更多。
This這個方程式給出在一個寬的矩形渠道，其曼寧係數為
equation
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 739
gives the slope necessary to maintain a critical
n，要維 flow of depth yc
in a wide rectangular channel having a Manning coefficient of n.
持深度 yc 的臨界流所需要的斜率。
Superposition Method for Nonuniform Perimeters
The非均勻周長的疊加法
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 730 7/2/13 6:5
surface roughness and thus the Manning coefficient for most natural and
7/2/13 6:56 PM
some human-made channels vary along the wetted perimeter and even along
大多數自然的與一些人造的渠道的粗糙度會沿著溼邊周長，甚至沿著渠道變
the channel. A river, for example, may have a stony bottom for its regular
bed化。例如一條河中，其正常河床可能有石礫底面，但是其延伸的氾濫平原可能是生
but a surface covered with bushes for its extended floodplain. There are
several methods for solving such problems, either by finding an effective
滿灌木的表面。有幾個方法來解決這樣的問題，為整個渠道截面找出等效曼寧係
Manning coefficient n for the entire channel cross section, or by consider-
數，或將渠道考慮成由幾個次區域組成並應用疊加原理。例如，一個渠道的截面可
ing the channel in subsections and applying the superposition principle. For
被分成aNchannel
example, 個次區域，每一個有其自己的曼寧係數與流率。當決定一個區域的周長
cross section can be divided into N subsections, each
with its own uniform Manning coefficient and flow rate. When determining
the perimeter of a section, only the wetted portion of the boundary for that
section is considered, and the imaginary boundaries are ignored. The flow
rate through the channel is the sum of the flow rates through all the sections,
as illustrated in Example 13–4.
 the channel. A river, for example, may have a stony bottom for its regular This equation gives the slope n
in a wide rectangular channel
bed but a surface covered with bushes for its extended floodplain. There are
several methods for solving such problems, either by finding an effective Superposition Metho
Manning coefficient n for the entire channel cross section, or by consider- The surface roughness and thu
ing the channel in subsections and applying the superposition principle. For some human-made channels v
example, a channel cross section can be divided into N subsections, each the channel. A river, for exam
bed but a surface covered with
with流its體own uniform Manning coefficient and flow rate. When determining
18 力學 several methods for solving
the perimeter of a section, only the wetted portion of the boundary for that Manning coefficient n for the
section is considered, and the imaginary boundaries are ignored. The flow ing the channel in subsections
rate through the channel is the sum of the flow rates through all the sections, example, a channel cross sec
as 時，只有那個區域邊界的溼部分被考慮，而假想邊界則被忽略。通過渠道的流率是
illustrated in Example 13–4. with its own uniform Mannin
the perimeter of a section, on
通過所有區域的流率的加總，如例題 13-4 所說明的。 section is considered, and the
rate through the channel is the
EXAMPLE 13–2 Flow Rate in an Open Channel in Uniform Flow as illustrated in Example 13–4
例題 13-2　　明渠在均勻流時的流率
Water is flowing in a weedy excavated earth channel of trapezoidal cross
y  0.52 m 水在一條多草的人工濬渫渠道中流動，其梯形截面的底寬度 0.8 of 60, and a bottom
section with a bottom width of 0.8 m, trapezoid angle EXAMPLE 13–2 Flow Ra
slope angle of 0.3, as shown
  60° 60°，且底面傾斜角度為 0.3°，如圖 13-19 所示。如果量
m，角度 in Fig. 13–19. If the flow depth is measured Water is flowing in a weedy
0.52 m
to be 0.52 m, determine the flow rate of water through the channel.y What section with a bottom width o
測到的流動深度是 0.52 m，試求水通過這個渠道的流率。如果底 slope angle of 0.3, as shown
would your answer be if the bottom angle were 1?   60°
b  0.8 m 面傾斜角度是 1°，你的答案會是什麼呢？ to be 0.52 m, determine the
would your answer be if the b
SOLUTION Water is flowing in a weedy trapezoidal channel of given bdimen-  0.8 m
9 解答：水在一個已知尺寸的多草的矩形渠道中流動。要決定對應
sions. The flow rate corresponding to a measured value of flow depth is to SOLUTION Water is flowing
Example 13–2. 一個流動深度量測值的流率。
be determined. FIGURE
圖 13–19 13-2 的示意圖。
13-19　例題 sions. The flow rate correspo
Schematic for Example 13–2. be determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and uniform. 2 The bottom slope is constant.
Assumptions 1 The flow is ste
3 The roughness of the底面斜率是常數。3.
假設：1. 流動是穩定且均勻的。2. wetted surface of the渠道的溼邊的粗糙度
channel and thus the(即摩擦係數)，是常
friction 3 The roughness of the wette
數。 coefficient are constant. coefficient are constant.
Properties The Manning coefficient for an open channel with weedy surfaces Properties The Manning coef
性質：多草表面的明渠的曼寧係數是
is n  0.030. n = 0.030。 is n  0.030.
Analysis The cross-sectional
Analysis The cross-sectional area, perimeter, and hydraulic radius of the
解析：渠道的截面積、周長與水力半徑是 channel are
channel are y
y 0.52 m Ac 5 yab 1 b 5(
tan u
Ac 5 yab 1 b 5 (0.52 m)a0.8 m 1 b 5 0.5721 m2
tan u tan 608 2y
p 5b 1 5 0.8 m
2y sin u
2 3 0.52 m
p 5b 1 5 0.8 m 1 5 2.001 m Ac 0.5721 m2
sin u sin 608 Rh 5 5 5
p 2.991 m
Ac 0.5721 m2
Rh 5 5 5 0.2859 m The bottom slope of the chan
p 2.991 m S0 5 tan

The bottom slope of the channel is

渠道的底面斜率是
741
S0 5 tan a 5 tan 0.38 5 0.005236 CHAPTER 13
S0 = tan a = tan 0.3° = 0.005236
Then the flow rate through the channel is determined from the Manning
通過渠道的流率用曼寧方程式決定，
equation to be
# a 1 m1/3 /s 725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 740
V 5 AcR2/3 1/2
h S0 5 (0.5721 m2)(0.2859 m)2/3(0.005236)1/2 5 0.60 m3/s
n 0.030
The flow rate for a bottom angle of 1� is determined by using S0 � tan
底面角度為 1° 的流率可以用 S0 = tan a = tan 1° = 0.01746 代入最後一個關係式中來決定。結果是 #
⋅ 3
 � tan 1� � 0.01746 in the last relation. It gives V � 1.1 m3/s.
740 V = 1.1 m /s。
Discussion Note that the flow rate is a strong function of the bottom angle.
7/2/13 6:57 PM

Also, there is considerable uncertainty in the value of the Manning coef-

討論：注意流率是底面角度的強函數。同時，曼寧係數的值，從而使計算出的流率，有可觀的不確
ficient, and thus in the flow rate calculated. A 10 percent uncertainty in n
定性。若 n 值有 10% 的不確定性，會導致流率也有 10% 的不確定性。因此最後的結果只以兩個有
results in a 10 percent uncertainty in the flow rate. Final answers are there-
效數字給出。 fore given to only two significant digits.

EXAMPLE 13–3 The Height of a Rectangular Channel .

V  1.5 m3/s
Water is to be transported in an unfinished-concrete rectangular channel
with a bottom width of 1.2 m at a rate of 1.5 m3/s. The terrain is such that
the channel bottom drops 0.6 m per 300 m length. Determine the minimum
y
height of the channel under uniform-flow conditions (Fig. 13–20). What
would your answer be if the bottom drop is just 0.3 m per 300 m length?

SOLUTION Water is flowing in an unfinished-concrete rectangular channel

with a specified bottom width. The minimum channel height corresponding b  1.2 m
to a specified flow rate is to be determined.
 � tan
Then the flow rate through the 1�
Discussion 0.01746
�Note
channel is that in the
determined
the last
from
flow relation.
the
rate ManningIt gives V � 1.1 m /s. 3
Discussion Note that the flow rate isisa astrong
strong function
function ofofthe
the bottomangle.
bottom angle.
equation to be Discussion Note that the flow rate is a strong function of the bottom angle.
Also, there is considerable uncertainty in the value of the Manning coef-
# a Also, there is considerable uncertainty in the value of the Manning coef-
1 mAlso,
1/3
/s there is considerable uncertainty in the value of the uncertainty
Manning coef-
V 5 AcR2/3 1/2
h S0 5
ficient,
ficient, and
and
(0.5721 2 thus
mthus ininthe
)(0.2859 m)the
2/3 flow
flow rate
rate
(0.005236) 1/2 calculated.
5 0.60 m3/s A A10
calculated. 10percent
percentuncertainty ininn n
n ficient, and thus in the flow rate calculated. A 10 percent uncertainty in n
0.030
resultsinina a1010percent
percentuncertainty
uncertaintyininthe
theflow
flowrate.
rate.Final
Finalanswers
answersare
arethere-
there-
results
results
The flow rate for a bottom in aofto
angle 101�only
percent uncertainty
is determined in Sthe flow rate. Final answers are there-
foregiven
fore givento only two # by using
twosignificant
significant digits.
digits. 0 � tan
 � tan 1� � 0.01746fore given
in the last to only two
relation. significant
It gives V � 1.1 mdigits.
3
/s.
Discussion Note that the flow rate is a strong function of the bottom angle.
Also, there is considerable uncertainty in the value of the Manning coef- 第 13 章　明渠流 19
ficient, and thus in the flow rate calculated. A 10 percent uncertainty in n
results in a 10 percent uncertainty in the flow rate. Final answers are there-
EXAMPLE13–3
EXAMPLE 13–3 The Heightofofa aRectangular
The Rectangular Channel . .
EXAMPLEdigits.
fore given to only two significant 13–3 The Height
Height of a Rectangular Channel Channel V. V
1.51
V  1.
Water is to be transported in an unfinished-concrete rectangular channel
Water is to be transported in an unfinished-concrete rectangular channel
例題 13-3　　矩形渠道的高度
Water
with aisbottom
to be width
transported
of 1.2 in an aunfinished-concrete
m at rate of 1.5 m rectangular channel
3 3/s. The terrain is such that
with a bottom width of 1.2 m at a rate of 1.5 m 3/s. The terrain is such that
with achannel
thechannelbottombottom
width of 1.2 0.6
drops m atmaper rate300
of 1.5 m /s. The terrain the
is such that
水在一個粗製混凝土矩形渠道 the bottom (其底部寬drops 0.6 m 1.2per
m)300 mmlength.
中輸送，流率為 length. Determine
Determine minimum
the minimum
EXAMPLE 13–3 the
The channel
Height
heightofofthe of bottom
a drops
Rectangular
thechannel
channelunder 0.6 m
Channel per 300 m length.
under uniform-flowconditions Determine
conditions(Fig. the
(Fig.13–20).minimum
13–20).
.
What
m3/s
y
height y
長下降uniform-flow
V What
1.5
1.5 m3/s。地形使渠道底面每
height of the 300 m under
channel 0.6 m，試求在均勻流
uniform-flow conditions (Fig. 13–20). What
would
would
Water is to be transported your
inyour answerbebeif ifthe
answer
an unfinished-concrete thebottom
bottomdrop
rectangulardrop isisjust
channel just0.3
0.3mmper per300
300mmlength?
length?
width ofwould
條件下渠道的最小高度
with a bottom 1.2 m your answer
(圖
at a rate 1.5bemif3 the bottom drop
13-20)。假如底面是每
of 300ism
/s. The terrain is such just
that長度下降0.3 m per 300 m length?
the channel bottom drops
0.3 m，你的答案會是什麼呢？ SOLUTION
0.6 m per 300
SOLUTION Water m length.
Water Determine
isisflowing
flowing the unfinished-concrete
ininanan minimum
unfinished-concrete rectangularchannel
rectangular channel
y
height of the channelSOLUTION
under
with a Water bottom
uniform-flow
specified is flowing
conditions in an
(Fig.
width. unfinished-concrete
13–20).
The What channel rectangular
minimum height channel
corresponding b
b 1
with
would your answer be ifwith a specified bottom width. The minimum channel height corresponding b1
aspecified
specified
the bottom drop isbottom
just 0.3 width.
m per 300The mminimum
length? channel height corresponding
totoa aspecified
解答：水在一個已知底面寬度的矩形粗製混凝土渠道中流動。要 flowrate
flow rateisistotobebedetermined.
determined.
toAssumptions
a specified flow rate is to be determined. F
FIG
SOLUTION Assumptions
Water is flowing 1 1TheTheflowflowisissteady
in an unfinished-concrete steadyand
rectangular uniform.2 2The
anduniform. Thebottom
bottomslope
slopeisiscon-con- FIG
決定對應一個指定流率的最小渠道高度。
Assumptions 1roughness
The flow is steady and channel
uniform. 2 The bottom slope bis con- Schematic
Schematic for E
with a specified bottom stant. 3The
width.3 The
stant. The roughness
minimum ofofthe
channel thewetted
height wetted surfaceofof
surface
corresponding thechannel
the channeland andthus
thus 1.2
thethe
m
Schematic for
for Ex
Ex
假設：1.
to a specified flow rate to be3coefficient
stant.
流動是穩定而均勻的。2.
isfriction
friction
The roughness
coefficient
determined. are
of the wetted surface
底面斜率是常數。3.
areconstant.
constant. of the channel and thus the
渠道溼邊
Assumptions 1 The flowfriction
is steadycoefficient
andThe are 2constant. 圖 13-20　例題 FIGURE
13-3 13–20
的示意圖。
的粗糙度，從而摩擦因子，是常數。 Properties
Properties Theuniform.
Manning
Manning The coefficient
bottom slopefor
coefficient forisancon-
anopen
openchannel
channel withunfinished-
with
Schematic
unfinished-
for Example 13–3.
Properties
stant. 3 The roughness concrete
of the wetted The Manning
surfaceisofn the
surfaces coefficient for
channel and thus the
0.014. an open channel with unfinished-
are concrete
constant. surfaces
性質：一個具有粗製混凝土表面的明渠的曼寧係數是 is n ��0.014. n = 0.014。
friction coefficient concrete
Analysis surfaces is n �
Thecross-sectional 0.014.
cross-sectional with area,perimeter,
perimeter,and andhydraulic
hydraulicradius
radiusofofthe the
Properties The Manning Analysis
coefficientThe an open channelarea,
Analysis
解析：渠道的截面積、周長與水力半徑為channel Theforcross-sectional
are area, unfinished-
perimeter, and hydraulic radius of the
concrete surfaces is n channel
� 0.014. are
channel are
Analysis The cross-sectional area, perimeter, and hydraulic radius of the AcAc1.2y
1.2y
channel are AcA5c 5 (1.2m)y  p
byby55(1.2 m)y  p55b b112y2y55(1.2 (1.2m)m)112y  R
2y  R A 1.2y
h 5 c 55
h 5
Ac 5 by 5 (1.2 m)y  p 5 b 1 2y 5 (1.2 m) 1 2y  Rh 5 p p5 1.2
1.2112y2y
Ac 1.2y p 1.2 1 2y
Ac 5 by 5 (1.2 m)y  p 5 b 1 2y 5 (1.2 m) 1 2y  Rh 5 5
Thebottom
bottomslopeslopeofofthe
thechannel p S 1.2
channelisis 1 2y
0.6/300 0.002.Using
Usingthe
theManning
Manning
The S0 �0 �
0.6/300 ��0.002.
渠道的底面斜率是 The bottom
S
equation,
0 = slope
0.6/300
the of
= the
flowrate channel is S � 0.6/300
0.002。使用曼寧方程式，通過渠道的流率被表示為
rate through thechannel
0 channel � 0.002. Using
isexpressed
expressed as the Manning
The bottom slope of theequation,
channel is the
S
equation, the0 � flow
0.6/300 �through
0.002. the
Using the is
Manning
flow rate through the channel is expressed as
as
equation, the flow rate through the channel is expressed as # # aa
# V# V55aA R2/3
AR2/3 S 1/2
1/2
hS 01/2
0
a
V 5 AcR2/3 1/2 V 5 n nAccRch2/3 S
h S0
h 0
n n
1 1mm1/31/3 /s
2/3/s 1.2y1.2y 2/32/3
1.5 3 1/3 2 2)a 1.2y 2/3 1/21/2
2 mm /s 1 m /s (1.2y m mb (0.002)
1 m1/3 /s 3 1.2y 5
3
1.5 m /s 5 1.5 /s 5
m )am3/s 5 0.014
(1.2y 1.5 mb (1.2y
(0.002) 1/2m 2 )a mb (0.002) 1/2
0.014
0.014
1.2 1 2y 0.014
(1.2y m )a 1.2
1.2 1 1 2y
2y mb (0.002)
1.2 1 2y
which is這是 a nonlinear whichis
which
equation inisa
y. anonlinear
nonlinear
Using equation
equation
an equation ininy.
solver y.Using
such Using anan
as EES equationsolver
orequation solversuch
suchasasEES
EESoror
y 的一個非線性方程式。使用方程式求解器，例如
which is a nonlinear equation indepth
y. Using anEES 或用疊代法，解出的流動深度是
equation solver such as EES or
an itirative approach, thean itirative
flow depth approach,
is determinedthe
to flow
be is determined
an itirative approach, the flow depth is determined to be to be
an itirative approach, the flow depth is determined to be
y 5 0.799 m 0.799mm
y y550.799
y 5 0.799 m
If the bottom drop were just 0.3 m per 300 m length, the bottom slope
Ifthe
thebottom
bottomdrop dropwerewerejustjust0.3 0.3mmper per300 300mmlength,
length,thethebottom
bottomslope
slope
would be S0 � 0.001,If Ifand thebottom
the flow depth would � 1.05
be yjust m.
如果底面每 300
Discussion Note that would
y is
m
would 長下降
bebe
the S0S0�
flow �drop
0.3 0.001,
0.001,
depth,
were
m，底面斜率是
and andandthe
thus the
this
0.3
is
S0m
flow
flow
per
=depth
depth
the
300
0.001，且流動深度是m be
would
would
minimum
length, 1.05
be y y��1.05
the =bottom
ym. 1.05 m。
m. slope
would be S0 �
Discussion 0.001,
Note thatyand
yisisthe
the flow depth
flow would
depth, bethus
andthus 1.05 m.the minimum
y � this
the channel Discussion
value for討論：注意 yheight. Note isthat
是流動深度，因此這是渠道高度的最小值。同時曼寧係數
Also, there considerablethe flow depth,
uncertainty in the and this isisnthe minimum
有可觀的不確定性，在決
Discussion
valueforforthe Note
theand that
channel y is the
height. flow depth,
Also,there
therewhen and thus this
isconsiderable is the minimum
considerableuncertainty
uncertainty
value of the Manning value
定建造渠道高度時必須被考慮。
coefficient n, this should
channel height. beAlso,
considered is ininthe
the
value
deciding the height of value
the forof the
channel
value to
thebechannel
built.
Manning height. Also, there
coefficient n, andis this
considerable
should beuncertainty
consideredin when
the
of the Manning coefficient n, and this should be considered when
value of the
deciding Manning
theheight coefficient
heightofofthe
thechannel n,toand
channelto this should be considered when
deciding the bebebuilt.
built.
deciding the742height of the channel to be built.
例題 13-4　　有非均勻粗糙度的渠道
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW

水在一個渠道中流動，其底面斜率是 6m 8m

0.003，且其截面積示於圖 13-21。圖中也
1 2
2m
給出了不同次區域的尺寸與曼寧係數。試
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 741 7/2/13 6:57 PM
求通過渠道的流率與渠道的等效曼寧係
疏灌木
乾淨的自然渠道
數。
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd741
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 741 3m
n 2  0.050
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 741 n 1  0.030 s
FIGURE 13–21
解答：水流過一個有不均勻表面特性的渠
Schematic for Example 13–4.
道。要決定流率與等效曼寧係數。
假設：1. 流動是穩定且均勻的。2. 底面斜 圖 13-21　例題 13-4 的示意圖。
EXAMPLE 13–4 Channels with Nonuniform Roughness
率是常數。3. 沿著渠道方向的曼寧係數不會改變。
Water flows in a channel whose bottom slope is 0.003 and whose cross sec-
tion is shown in Fig. 13–21. The dimensions and the Manning coefficients
for the surfaces of different subsections are also given on the figure. Deter-
mine the flow rate through the channel and the effective Manning coefficient
for the channel.

SOLUTION Water is flowing through a channel with nonuniform surface

properties. The flow rate and the effective Manning coefficient are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and uniform. 2 The bottom slope is con-
 for the flows
Water surfaces
in aofchannel
different subsections
whose bottom slopeare also given on
is 0.003 andthe figure.
whose crossDeter-
sec-
for
tion
minetheisthesurfaces
shown
flow in of
rate different
Fig. 13–21.
through subsections
the The arethe
dimensions
channel and also
and given on
the Manning
effective the figure.
Manning Deter-
coefficients
coefficient
tion is shown in Fig. 13–21. The dimensions and the Manning coefficients
mine
for
for thethe flow rate
surfaces of through
differentthe channel and
subsections arethe
alsoeffective
given on Manning coefficient
the figure. Deter-
for the
thechannel.
surfaces of different subsections are also given on the figure. Deter-
for thethe
mine channel.
flow rate through the channel and the effective Manning coefficient
mine the flow rate through the channel and the effective Manning coefficient
SOLUTION
for the channel. Water is flowing through a channel with nonuniform surface
for the channel.
SOLUTION Water is rate
flowing
properties. The flow and through a channel
the effective Manning with coefficient
nonuniformaresurfaceto be
SOLUTION
properties.
determined. The
Waterflowis rate
flowingand through
the effective Manning
a channel withcoefficient
nonuniform aresurface
to be
SOLUTION The
determined.
properties.
Water is flowing through a channel with nonuniform surface
flow flow
rate and the andeffective Manning
Assumptions
properties. 1 The
The flow rateis and steady uniform.
the effective 2 Thecoefficient
Manning bottom
coefficient
are istocon-
slopeare to be
be
20 流 體
Assumptions
determined.
stant. 3
力
The
學 1 The flow
Manning is steady do
coefficients andnotuniform.
vary 2 The
along the bottom
channel. slope is con-
determined.
stant.
Analysis 3 The
Assumptions The 1 channel
Manning
The flow coefficients
is steadytwo
involves do
andnot vary
uniform.
parts with 2different
along the bottom
The channel. slope is con-
roughnesses,
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and uniform. 2 The bottom slope is andcon-
Analysis
stant.
thus 3 is The
The channelcoefficients
Manning involves two parts
do not varywith different
along roughnesses,
the subsections
channel. and
stant. 3 The Manning coefficients do not vary along the channel. as indi-
it appropriate to divide the channel into two
Analysis
thus itinisFig.
appropriate
The channelThe
解析：渠道包含粗糙度不同的兩個部分，因此將渠道區分成兩個次區域，如圖
cated toinvolves
divide the for
two channel
parts intodifferent
with two subsections
roughnesses,as
13-21indi-
and所示，是適當
Analysis The13–21.
channel involves flow rate two partseach subsection
with differentis roughnesses,
determined from
and
cated
thus
the itin is
Manning Fig. 13–21.
appropriate
equation, The
to flow
divide
and rate
the the for each
channel
total flow subsection
into
rate two
is is determined
subsections
determined by as from
indi-
adding
的。每個次區域的流率可以用曼寧方程式決定，而總流率可以將它們加總來決定。
thus it is appropriate to divide the channel into two subsections as indi-
the
cated
them Manning equation,
in Fig. 13–21. Theand flowtheratetotal flow rate
for each is determined
subsection by adding
is determined from
catedup.
三角形渠道的邊長是 in Fig. s13–21.
= 3 2 The
+ 3 2= flow rate
4.243 for each subsection is determined from
m，然後每個次區域及整個渠道的流動面積、周長及
them
the up.
Manning
TheManning equation,
side length and
of the triangular the total flow rate is determined by adding
and thechannel is s 5rate!3is2 1 3 5 4.243bym.adding Then
2 2
the equation, total flow determined
水力半徑變成：them
theThe up.
flowsidearea,
length of the triangular
perimeter, and channelradius
hydraulic is s 5 for!3each 2
1 3subsection
5 4.243 m and. Then
the
them up.
theThe
entireflowside
channellength
area, of the triangular
perimeter,
become channelradius
and hydraulic is s 5for !3each
2
1 3subsection
2
5 4.243 m and. Then
the
The side length of the triangular channel is s 5 !3 1 3 5 4.243 m. Then 2 2
次區域 1： the
entireflow area, become
channel perimeter, and hydraulic radius for each subsection and the
the flow area,
Subsection perimeter, and hydraulic radius for each subsection and the
1: become
entire channel
entire channel
Subsection 1: become A 2
c1 21 m
Subsection
Ac1 5 1:21 m2  p1 5 10.486 m  Rh1 5 Ac1 5 21 m2 5 2.00 m
Subsection 1:
Ac1 5 21 m   p1 5 10.486 m  Rh1 5 A 1 5 10.486
2 p m 5 2.00 m
pAc1
1 5 10.486
21 m2m 2
A 5 2
2: 21 m2  p1 5 10.486 m  Rh1 5p 510.486 m 552.00
21 m   p 5 10.486 m  R 5 c1 21 m m
次區域 2： Subsection
Ac1c1 5 1 h1 1 2.00 m
Subsection 2: p1 10.486 m
A 2
Subsection 2:A 5 16 m2  p 5 10 m  R 5 A c2 5 16 m2 5 1.60 m
Subsection 2:c2 2 h2 16
10mm2 5 1.60 m
Ac2 5 16 m2  p2 5 10 m  Rh2 5 Ap2 5 16
c2
pAc2 m 2
Entire channel: Ac2 5 16 m   2
p 5 10 m  R 5 2c25 16m 10 m 5 1.60 m
Ac2 5 16 m2  p2 2 5 10 m  Rh2h2 5p2 510 m 5 1.60 m
p 10 m
整個渠道： Entire channel: Ac 2 37 m2
Entire channel: 37 m 2
  20.486 m 
A
Entire channel:
c 5 p 5 R h 5 Ac 5 37 m2 m 5 1.806 m
Ac 5 37 m2  p 5 20.486 m  Rh 5 Ap 5 20.486 37 m2m 5 1.806 m
Using theAcManning equation for each subsection, pAc 20.486 the total
5 37 m2  2 p 5 20.486 m  Rh 5 c5 37 m 2
5flow
1.806rate
m through
Using
the channel is 37
the AManning
c 5 mequation
  p 5 20.486
determined to forbe eachm  subsection,
Rh 5p 520.486
p the m 5
total
20.486 m
1.806
flow ratemthrough
the channel
Using the is# determined
# Manning a to for
# equation be each subsection, the total flow rate through
Using the
V# 5Manning
Vis 1 V# 2 equation
5 a Ato each asubsection,
for 1/2
2/3 2/3 1/2 the total flow rate through
對每個次區域使用曼寧方程式，通過流道的總流率被決定為
the channel # 1 determined c1Rbe h1 S 0 1 a Ac2Rh2 S 0
the channel
V# 5 V# is determined n
V# 2 5 a1Ac1to R be
2/3 1/2 n
S 0 1 a2Ac2Rh2 S 0 2/3 1/2
1 1
n1a 2 h1 2/3 1/2 2/3 n2a
V # 5 V 1# 11/3 V 2# 5(21 Am R )(2
c1 h12/3 Sm)
0 1/21 A c2Rm
(16 2/32 1/2
h22/3S)(1.60
0 1/2 m)
2/3
V5 5(1 V 1m1 V/s)2 c5 n
(21 A 2 Rh1 S 02/311 n A R 2 S0 2/3 d (0.003)1/2
n m )(2 m)
1 c1
n(16 m 0.050
2 c2 h2)(1.60 m)
5 (1 m1/3 /s) c (211m0.030 2
)(2 m) 2/3 1 2
(16 m 2
)(1.60 m)2/3 d (0.003)
1/2

(1 m 1/3 3
/s) c (21 0.030
m 2 0.050
3)(2 m) 1 (16 m2)(1.60 m)2/3d (0.003)1/2
2/3
5 1/3 /s > 85 m /s
5584.8
(1 mm /s) c d (0.003)1/2
5 84.8 m3/s > 85 0.030 0.050
3 1
m /s
0.030 0.050 743
5 84.8 m3/s > 85 m3/s CHAPTER 13
5 84.8 m3/s > 85 m3/s
Knowing the total flow rate, the effective Manning coefficient for the entire
知道總流率，整個渠道的等效曼寧係數可以用曼寧方程式決定，
channel is determined from the Manning equation,
aAcR 2/3
h S0
1/2
(1 m1/3 /s)(37 m2)(1.806 m)2/3(0.003)1/2
neff 5 # 5 5 0.035
V 84.8 m3 /s

討論：渠道的等效曼寧係數 Discussion The n effective Manning coefficient neff of the channel turns out to
eff 的結果介於兩個 n 值之間，正如預期。渠道的曼寧係數的加權平均
742 7/2/13 6:57 PM
lie between the two n values, as expected. The weighted average of the Man-
42 是 navg = (n1P1 + n2P2)/P = 0.040，其值與 neff 相當不同。因此，使用一個加權的平均曼寧係數給整個 7/2/13 6:57 PM
ning coefficient of the channel is navg  (n1p1  n2p2)/p  0.040, which is
42 7/2/13 6:57 PM
742 渠道雖然很吸引人，但卻不是那麼正確。
quite different than neff. Therefore, using a weighted average Manning coeffi- 7/2/13 6:57 PM
cient for the entire channel may be tempting, but it would not be so accurate.

13-6　最好的水力截面積
13–6 BEST HYDRAULIC CROSS SECTIONS
■

明渠系統通常是在重力的影響下所設計出的，以最低可能的成本在一個指定的
Open-channel systems are usually designed to transport a liquid to a loca-
流率下來輸送液體到一個較低高度的地方。注意不需要輸入能量，明渠系統的成本
tion at a lower elevation at a specified rate under the influence of gravity at
the主要包含的是起始建造成本，因此正比於系統的物理尺寸。對於一個給定的渠道長
lowest possible cost. Noting that no energy input is required, the cost of
an 度，渠道的周長代表系統的成本，應該被維持在一個最小值，目的是最小化系統的
open-channel system consists primarily of the initial construction cost,
which is proportional to the physical size of the system. Therefore, for a
尺寸，從而最小化系統的成本。
given channel length, the perimeter of the channel is representative of the
system cost, and it should be kept to a minimum in order to minimize the
size and thus the cost of the system. R
From another perspective, resistance to flow is due to wall shear stress w y
and the wall area, which is equivalent to the wetted perimeter per unit chan-
nel length. Therefore, for a given flow cross-sectional area Ac, the smaller
the wetted perimeter p, the smaller the resistance force, and thus the larger
the average velocity and the flow rate. FIGURE 13–
 Open-channel systems are usually designed to transport a liquid to a loca-
743
tion at a lower elevation at a specified rate under the influence of gravity at
CHAPTER 13
the lowest possible cost. Noting that no energy input is required, the cost of
Knowing an the open-channel
total flow rate, the system
effectiveconsists primarilyforofthethe
Manning coefficient initial construction
entire cost,
743
CHAPTER 13
channel is determined from the Manning equation,
which is proportional to the physical size of the system. Therefore, for a
Knowinggiven cRchannel (1length, the perimeter of the channel is representative of the
2/3 1/2
aAtotal
the h Sflow 0 rate,
1/3
mthe /s)(37 m2)(1.806
effective Manning m)2/3coefficient
(0.003) 1/2
for the entire
neff 5 # 5 5 0.035
channel systemV cost, and it should
is determined from the Manning 84.8be
m /skept to a minimum in order to minimize
equation,
3
第 13the章　明渠流 21
Discussion size aA
TheandR thus
2/3 1/2
S
c effective
h 0 the
(1 m
Manningcost
1/3
/s)(37of mthe
2 system.
)(1.806
coefficient n m)
of
2/3
(0.003)
the
1/2
channel turns out to R
neff 5 # 5 eff 5 0.035
lie between From
the two V another
n values, perspective,
as expected. The
84.8 resistance
m 3
weighted
/s to flow
average is Man-
of the due to wall shear stress w y
ning coefficient
and theof wallthe channel
area, is navg  is
which (n1equivalent
p1  n2p2)/p to 0.040,
 the which perimeter
wetted is per unit chan-
Discussion
quite 從另一個觀點來看，流動的阻力是由於壁剪應力
different Thethaneffective Manning using
neff. Therefore, coefficient neff of average
a weighted the channel turnscoeffi-
Manning w 與壁面積，其是等於每單
outtto
cient
nel the
lie between length.
for the entire two Therefore,
n values,
channel mayasbeexpected.
for a given
tempting,The butweighted
it would average the Man- area Ac, the smaller
flownotcross-sectional
be soofaccurate.
ning位渠道長度的溼邊周長。因此對一個給定的流動截面積
the wetted
coefficient of theperimeter
channel is np, the(n1smaller
avg  p1  n2p2the )/p  resistance
0.040, which is Ac，溼邊周長越小，阻力
force, and thus the larger
quite different than neff. Therefore, using a weighted average Manning coeffi-
the average
越小，從而使平均速度與流率越大。 velocity and the flow rate. FIGURE
cient for the entire channel may be tempting, but it would not be so accurate.
From yet another perspective, for a specified channel geometry with a spec- The best hydraulic cross sec
再從另一個觀點來看，對一個指定的渠道幾何，具有指定的底面斜率 S0 與表an open channel is a semicircu
13–6 ■ified BEST bottom HYDRAULIC
slope S0 andCROSS surface lining SECTIONS (and thus the roughness coefficient n),
面襯裡 the (因此是粗糙度係數
flow velocity is given n)，流動速度是由曼寧公式
by the Manning formula V 5 aR2/3 1/2 給定。因此 since it has the minimum
Open-channel systems are usually designed to transport a liquid to aasloca- h S 0 /n. There-
13–6
tion fore,BEST the HYDRAULIC
flow
at流速隨水力半徑增加，為了最大化每單位截面積的平均流速與流率，水力半徑必須
a lower
■
elevation velocity
at a specified rate CROSS
increases
under the SECTIONS
with the hydraulic
influence of gravity at radius, and the hydraulic perimeter for a specifie
the lowest radius
possiblemust cost. be maximized
Noting that no energy (and thus
input isthe perimeter
required, must
the cost of be minimized since sectional area, and thus the m
Open-channel
被最大化 systems are usually designed to transport
(因此周長必須被極小化，因為 a=liquid
Rhconstruction to a loca-
Ac/p)。我們得到以下的結論： flow res
an open-channel system consists primarily
c/p) inatorder to maximize of the initial cost,
Rh elevation
tion at a lower A a specified rate under the average
the influence flow
of velocity
gravity at or the flow rate
which is proportional to the physical size of the system. Therefore, for a
the lowestper unit cross-sectional
possible cost. Noting that no area. Thus
energy inputweisconclude
required, the thecost
following:
of
given channel length, the perimeter of the channel is representative of the
an open-channel明渠的最好的水力截面是有最大水力半徑的那一個或等效地，對一個指定的
system consists primarily of the initial construction cost,
system cost, and it should be kept to a minimum in order to minimize the
which is proportional tohydraulic
The best the physical cross section
size of the for an open
system. channelfor
Therefore, is athe one with the
size and thus截面積具有最小的溼邊周長的那一個。
the cost of thehydraulic
maximum system. radius or, equivalently, the one with the minimum wetted
given channel length, the perimeter of the channel is representative of the R
From anotherperimeter
perspective, resistance to flow is due to wallarea. shear stress w
system cost, and it shouldforbeakept
specified cross-sectional
to a minimum in order to minimize the y
and the wall每單位面積周長最小的形狀是圓形。因此，在最小流動阻
area, which is equivalent to the wetted perimeter per unit chan-
size and thus the cost of the system.
Theperspective,
nel length. Therefore,
From another shape forwith
a giventheflow
minimal
resistance to flowperimeter
cross-sectional areaper
is due to (圖
Ac,unit area is a circle. Therefore,
the smaller
wall 13-22)。然而，建
shear stress
R
力的基礎下，明渠的最好的截面是半圓形
the wettedon perimeter p, the smaller the resistance force, andthe thus the larger w y y
the basis
and the wall area, which of minimum
is equivalent toflow resistance,
the wetted perimeter perbest unitcross
chan- section for an open
the average velocity
造一個具有平直邊牆的明渠 and the flow rate. FIGURE 13–22
nel length.channel
Therefore,is aforsemicircular
a given flow one (例如梯形或矩形截面的渠道)
(Fig. 13–22).
cross-sectional area However,
A , the smaller it is取代usually cheaper to
From yet another perspective, for a specified channel geometrycwith a spec- The best hydraulic cross section for
the wettedconstruct
perimeter an p, the
opensmaller
channelthe resistance
with force,
straight and
sidesthus the
(such larger
as channels with trap-
半圓形的渠道通常比較便宜，並且渠道的一般形狀可能會被事
ified bottom slope S0 and surface lining (and thus the roughness coefficient n), an open channel is a semicircular one
the average velocityorand
ezoidal the flow rate.
rectangular cross sections) instead 1/2of semicircular ones, 圖 13-22　一個明渠的最好的水力 FIGURE 13–22
the flow velocity is given by the Manning formula as V 5 aR2/3 S /n. There- since itand theminimum
has the wetted b
先指定。因此對於最好的截面，分別地分析每一種幾何形狀是
From yet another perspective, for a specified channel geometry with a spec-
general
fore, the flow velocityshape of
increases the
withchannel may
the hydraulic be specified
radius,
h 0
and the ahydraulic
priori. Thus
The截面是一個半圓形，因為對於一個
it
best
makes
hydraulic
perimetersense cross section
for a specified for
cross-
ified bottom slope S0 and surface lining (and thus the roughness coefficient n), sectional an open channel is
指定的截面積，其有最小的溼邊周 a semicircular
area, and thus the minimum one
radius 合理的。
musttobeanalyze
maximized each (and thus the perimeter must be minimized for1/2the since
the flow velocity is given by geometric
the Manningshape formulaseparately
as V 5 aR2/3 best cross section.
h S 0 /n. There-
since it has the minimum
長，從而有最小的流動阻力。
wetted
flow resistance. FIGURE
Rh  Ac/p) in order to maximize the average flow velocity or the flow rate
fore, the flowAs a motivational
velocity increases
作為一個啟發的例子，考慮一個精製混凝土
per unit cross-sectional
with example,
the consider
hydraulic
area. Thus we conclude the following:
radius, a
and rectangular
the hydraulic
(n = 0.012) 的 channel of finished
perimeter for a specified
A cross-
rectangular open channel o
radius must be maximized (and thusofthe perimeter must be minimized sectional area, and thus the minimum
sincea bottom b and flow depth y. For
concrete (n  0.012) width b and flow depth y with slope of 1 flow resistance.
Rh  矩形渠道，其寬度
The c/p) in
Abest order to
hydraulic cross b，流動深度
maximize
section theanaverage
for y，底面斜率是
flow velocity
open channel is the one orwith1° the
the (圖 13-23)。
flow rate cross-sectional area, the
per maximum(Fig. 13–23).
hydraulic Toor, determine the effects ofthethe aspectwetted
ratio y/b on the hydraulic
unit cross-sectional 2radius
area. equivalently,
Thus we conclude # the one
thewith
following: minimum # flow rate occurs when y
對於一個
perimeter for a 1 m 的截面積，要決定深寬比
specified cross-sectional area. y/b 對水力半徑 Rh 與流2
radius R h and the flow rate V for a cross-sectional area of 1 m , Rh and V are
⋅ hydraulic cross section
The best ⋅ for an open channel is the one with the
率 V 的影響，R
Themaximum
shape with
hydraulic h 與V
the minimal
radius or,用曼寧公式計算。結果被表列在表
perimeter per unit
equivalently, areawith
the one is athe
circle. 13-2 並
Therefore,
minimum wetted
y
on theperimeter
basis offor a specified
minimum cross-sectional
flow area.best cross section for an open
resistance, the
channel 畫在圖 13-24 中，深寬比的範圍從
is a semicircular one (Fig. 13–22). However, 0.1 到 it is5。從表與圖中，我們
usually cheaper to
The shape with the⋅ minimal perimeter per unit area is a circle. Therefore,
construct an open channel with straight sides (such as channels with trap-時達到
觀察到流率 V
on the basis of minimum flow resistance, the best cross sectiony/b
隨著深寬比 y/b 增加而增加，在 for=an0.5
y
open
ezoidal or rectangular cross sections) instead ⋅ of semicircular ones, and the
channel is a semicircular one (Fig. 13–22). ( V However, it is usually cheaper to 表示 b
general一個最大值，然後開始減小
shape of the channel may be specified 的數值也可被解釋為用
a priori. Thus it makes sense m/s
construct an open channel with straight sides (such as channels with trap-
to analyze each geometric shape separately for the best cross section. FIGURE 13–23
ezoidal的流速，因為
or rectangular cross m2)。我們看到水力半徑有相同的趨勢，但
Ac = 1sections) instead of semicircular ones, and the 圖 13-23　一個寬度 b、流動深度
b of width
h
general shape of the channel may be specified a priori. channel
As a motivational example, consider a rectangular of finished
Thus it makes sense A rectangular open channel
的矩形明渠。對於一個給定的截面
concrete是溼邊周長
(n each
 0.012)
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd
to analyze pof則有相反的趨勢。這個結果證實了對一個給定的
743
geometricwidth b and
shape flow depth
separately y with
for the bestacross
bottom slope of 1
section. b and flow depth y. For a given
積，最高流率發生在當 = b/2 時。
FIGUREy 13–23
(Fig. 13–23). To determine the effects of the aspect ratio y/b on the hydraulic cross-sectional area, the highest
As 形狀最好的截面是有最大水力半徑的那一個，或等效地，有最
a motivational example, # consider a rectangular channel of finished
# A rectangular
flow rate occurs when y width
open channel of b/2.
2
radius Rh and
concrete (n the flow of
0.012) ratewidth
V forbaandcross-sectional
flow depth yarea withofa1 m , Rh slope
bottom and Vofare1 b and flow depth y. For a given
小的溼邊周長的那一個。
(Fig. 13–23). To determine the effects of the aspect ratio y/b on the hydraulic cross-sectional area, the highest
# 2
# flow rate occurs when y  b/2.
radius Rh and the flow rate V for a cross-sectional area of 1 m , Rh and V are
矩形渠道
考慮液體在一個矩形截面，寬度 b 且流動深度 y 的明渠中的流動。在一個流動
段的截面積與溼邊周長為
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 743 7/2/13 6:57 PM

Ac = yb　與　p = b + 2y (13-45)
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 743 7/2/13 6:57 PM

從式 (13-45) 的第一個關係式解出 b，並將其代入第二個關係式中得

 22 流體力學

744
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
表 13-2　對一個矩形渠道，Ac = 1 m2，S0 = tan 1° 與 n = 0.012，其水力半徑 Rh 與流率
⋅
V 隨深寬比 y/b 的變化 TA B LE 13–2
#
Variation of the hydraulic radius R and the flow rate V with aspect ratio y /b for a
深寬比 渠道寬度 流動深度 周長 h
水力半徑 流率
rectangular channel with Ac  1 m2, S0  tan 1, and n  0.012
⋅
y /b b ，m y ，m P ，m Rh ，m V ，m3/s
Aspect Channel Flow Hydraulic Flow Rate
0.1 3.162 Ratio 0.316
Width 3.795 Perimeter0.264 Radius 4.53 V# ,
Depth
0.2 2.236 y/b 0.447
b, m y,3.130
m p, m 0.319 Rh, m 5.14 m3/s
0.3 1.826 0.1 0.548
3.162 2.921
0.316 3.795 0.342 0.264 5.39 4.53
0.4 1.581 0.2 0.632
2.236 2.846
0.447 3.130 0.351 0.319 5.48 5.14
0.5 1.414 0.3 1.826
0.707 0.548
2.828 2.921 0.354 0.342 5.50 5.39
0.6 1.291 0.4 1.581
0.775 0.632
2.840 2.846 0.352 0.351 5.49 5.48
0.5 1.414 0.707 2.828 0.354 5.50
0.7 1.195 0.6 0.837
1.291
2.869
0.775 2.840
0.349 0.352
5.45 5.49
0.8 1.118 0.7 0.894
1.195 2.907
0.837 2.869 0.344 0.349 5.41 5.45
0.9 1.054 0.8 0.949
1.118 2.951
0.894 2.907 0.339 0.344 5.35 5.41
1.0 1.000 0.9 1.054
1.000 0.949
3.000 2.951 0.333 0.339 5.29 5.35
1.0 1.000 1.000 3.000 0.333
1.5 0.816 1.225 3.266 0.306 5.00 5.29
1.5 0.816 1.225 3.266 0.306 5.00
2.0 0.707 2.0 1.414
0.707 3.536
1.414 3.536 0.283 0.283 4.74 4.74
3.0 0.577 3.0 1.732
0.577 4.041
1.732 4.041 0.247 0.247 4.34 4.34
4.0 0.500 4.0 2.000
0.500 4.500
2.000 4.500 0.222 0.222 4.04 4.04
5.0 0.447 5.0 0.447
2.236 2.236
4.919 4.919 0.203 0.203 3.81 3.81

5.75

5.35
流率 V ，m3/s

4.95

745
⋅

745 13
CHAPTER
4.55 CHAPTER 13
Rectangular
Rectangular Channels
Channels
Consider liquid flow in 4.15
an open channel of rectangular cross section of
Consider liquid flow in an open channel of rectangular cross section of
圖 13-24　一個矩形渠道
width b and flow2 depth y. The cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter
FIGURE 13–24 width b (A andc=1 flow
m depth y. The cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter
S0 = tan 1°)
與Variation at a flow section
的流率隨深寬比 y/b are
at flow
of the a flow a 的 are
section
rate in 3.75
變化。
rectangular channel with aspect ratio Ac 50 yb  and  p
1 5 b 21 2y 3 4 (13–45)
5
1 2yr = y/b
Ac 5 yb  and  p 5 b 深寬比 (13–45)
r  y/b for Ac  1 m2 and S0  tan 1.
Solving the first relation of Eq. 13–45 for b and substituting it into the second
Solving the first relation of Eq. 13–45 for b and substituting it into the second
relation give evaluated from the Manning formula. The results are tabulated in Table 13–2
relation give
and plotted in Fig.A13–24 for aspect ratios from 0.1 to 5. We observe from
Acc 1 2y #
this table andppthe
5 plot
5 y 1 2ythe flow rate V increases as the flow
that (13–46)
aspect ratio
(13-46)
(13–46)
y
y/b is increased, reaches a maximum at y/b  0.5, and then starts to decrease
#
Now we apply the criterion that the
(the numerical bestforhydraulic
values V can alsocross sectionasfor
be interpreted thean
flowopen
velocities in
Now we apply the criterion that the best
2 hydraulic cross section for an open
channel is the one with the minimum wetted perimeter for a given cross- but the
m/s since A
現在我們應用準則：對一個給定的截面積，一個明渠的最好的水力截面是有最小的c  1 m ). We see the same trend for the hydraulic radius,
channel is the one with the trend
opposite minimum
for the wetted perimeter forresults
a given cross-
sectional
溼邊周長。取 area.pTaking
對 y the derivative
的微分並維持 A of wetted
p withperimeter
為常數，得到 respectp.toThese
y while confirm
holding that
Ac the best
sectional area. Takingcross
the section
derivative c of p shape
for a given with isrespect to ythe
the one with while holding
maximum Ac radius,
hydraulic
constant gives
constant gives or equivalently, the one with the minimum perimeter.
dp A by b
dp 5 2 A2cc 1 2 5 2 by2 1 2 5 2 b 1 2 (13–47)
(13-47)
dy 5 2 y 2 1 2 5 2 y 2 1 2 5 2y 1 2 (13–47)
dy y y y
Setting dp/dy  0 and solving for y, the criterion for the best hydraulic
Setting dp/dy  0 and solving for y, the criterion for the best hydraulic
cross section is determined to be
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd cross
744 section is determined to be 7/2/13 6:57 PM
b
Best hydraulic cross section (rectangular channel): y 5b (13–48)
Best hydraulic cross section (rectangular channel): y 52 (13–48)
2
Therefore, a rectangular open channel should be designed such that the liquid
Therefore, a rectangular open channel should be designed such that the liquid
 y y cy Ac 2y
p5 1 pp 5
2y c 1 (13–46) (13–46)
at a flow section are
y 5 y 1 2y (13–46)
Now
Now weweapply
apply thethecriterion
criterion that
thatthe Ac 5 yb  and  py5 b 1 2y
thebest
besthydraulic
hydraulic cross
cross section
section forforanfor
anopen
open
(13–45)
Now we apply the criterion that the best hydraulic cross section an open
channel
channel
Now
channelNow
iswe
is
the
Now the
applywe
is oneone apply
with
the
Solving
the
we onewith
the
apply the
the
first
with
the criterion
theminimum
criterion minimum
that
relation
the of Eq.
minimum
criterion that
bestthe
wetted
thethatwetted
13–45
the best
hydraulic
for b
wettedand
best hydraulic
perimeter
perimeter
crossforfor
substituting
perimeter
hydraulic cross
across
agiven
section
it into
for thesection
given
for cross-
asection
givenan
second for
cross-
open
cross-
for an
an open
open
relation give
sectional
sectional
channel channel
area.
area.
sectional is Taking
the
area. is
Taking
one the
the
the
with
Taking one the
the with
derivative
derivative the
minimumof
derivative
channel is the one with the minimum ofminimum
p pwith
ofwith
wetted
p
Ac with wetted
respect
respect to to
perimeter
respect y perimeter
while
y
towhile
for
y a
while for
holding
holding
given a Agiven
holding
wetted perimeter for a given ccross- A
cross-
c c A cross-
constant
constant sectional
gives
gives
sectional
constant area.
givesTaking
sectional area.
area. Taking the
the derivative
the derivative
Taking of y of
1 2y p
p 5p with
derivative with
with respect
of prespect to y while
respect to while
while holding
to yy(13–46)
holding Ac
holding A
Acc
constant
constantconstant
gives dp gives
dp dp AcAc A
gives byby by bb b
Now we apply the criterion that the best hydraulic cross section for an open
5522 1 12c 25152 2
2minimum 1 12 25152 2by2 112 2 2 (13–47) 第 13 章　明渠流
(13–47) 23
channel
dydyis they5
dpdy 2 2 dp
y 2dp
one y
c 2 the A
Awith A
52 2
cy y by
2
y 2 wetted
by y5y2b y 1 for
perimeter bba given cross- (13–47)
5Taking
2 25 512 51 c
225
2derivative
2 122 2 21
2 52respect
1 5to 22while1 22 (13–47)
Ac(13–47) (13–47)
sectional area.
constant dy
gives
dy
y
dy
the
yy 22 1 y22of5p withyy 2 1 y2 5 y2
yy 1holding
Setting
Settingdp/dy
dp/dy
Setting 0 
dp/dy 0and
and
0 solving
solving
and forfory,for
solving y,thethe
y, criterion
criterion
the forforthe
criterion thebest
for bestbest
the hydraulic
hydraulic
hydraulic
令 dp/dy = 0 並解出 y，根據最好水力截面準則可以得到
dp Ac by b
cross
cross
Setting Setting
section
sectionis
dp/dy
cross sectionis
determined
determined
dp/dy
Setting isdp/dy
 0 and
 0
toto
determined and
be
 0 and be
solving
dyto be
5 2solving
for
solving
y2
1 y,
2 5 for
fory2 y, the ycriterion for the best
the
2 y, the
criterion
1 2 5 2 criterion
1for
2 the for the
best best hydraulic
hydraulic
(13–47)
hydraulic
cross section
cross section
cross section is determined
determined
is determined
is to be to to be
be bb
Best
Besthydraulic
hydraulic Setting
cross
cross dp/dy
section
section  0 and solving
(rectangular
(rectangular for y, the criterion
channel):
channel): for thebbest hydraulic
Best 最好水力截面
hydraulic cross (矩形渠道)：
section (rectangular channel): y 5 y5 y5 bb
(13–48)
(13–48)
(13–48) (13-48)
cross section is determined to be 2 2 b2
Best
Best hydraulichydraulic
cross cross
section section (rectangular
(rectangular channel):channel):
Best hydraulic cross section (rectangular channel): b 2 y 5 2 y 5 y 5 (13–48) (13–48)
(13–48)
Therefore,
Therefore, a arectangular
rectangular open
open
Best hydraulic crosschannel
channel
section should
should
(rectangular bebedesigned
designed
channel): y such
5 such that 2the
thatthe liquid
liquid
(13–48)
Therefore, a rectangular open channel
因此，一個矩形明渠應該設計成液體高度是渠道寬度的一半，以便在給定截面 should be designed 2 such that the liquid
height
height
Therefore,
height Therefore,
is ishalf
half
is theathe
half
Therefore, channel aachannel
channel
rectangular
the
Therefore,
rectangular
width
width
open
rectangularwidth
a rectangular
open
totochannel
minimize
minimize
open
open
channel
flow
flow
should
to minimize
channel
channel should
should
resistance
be
flow be
beordesigned
resistance
bedesigned
should resistance
designed
orto to
maximize
such
or
designed
such that
thatto
such
maximize
themaximize
such
liquid
that
thethe thethe
the liquid
liquid
that the liquid
flow
flowrate
height
flowratefor積下最小化流阻或最大化流率。這樣也會最小化周長及建造成本。這個結果證實了
height
for a for
isheight
rate half isa half
agiven
given
the half
channel
given thecross-sectional
channel
cross-sectional
is cross-sectional
width
channeltowidth
area.
area.to
minimize minimize
This
This
to area. also
flow
Thisalso flow
minimizes resistance
minimizes
resistance
also tothe
or or
minimizes or the
themaximize
to perimeterto
perimeter
the maximize
the
perimeter the
is
height the
half channel
the width
width to minimize
minimize flow flow resistance
resistance maximize or to maximize the
and
andthus
flowthus
and flow
the
ratethe
thus
從表 for
the
flow rate rate
construction
flow
a
13-2 for
construction
rate
given
construction
的發現，即 a
forgiven
costs.
a costs.
given cross-sectional
yThis
This
= result
result
cross-sectional
cross-sectional
costs. b/2
Thisarea.area.area.
confirms
confirms
This
result
給出最好的截面。 This This
the
also
also
confirms the also
finding
finding
minimizes
minimizes
the
for a given cross-sectional area. This also minimizes the perimeter minimizes
thefrom
finding from
perimeter
the Tablethe
Table
perimeter
from perimeter
Table
and thus the construction costs. This result confirms the finding from Table
13–2
13–2
andthat
13–2 that
thusand
ythat
andythe ythus
b/2
thus the
gives
b/2 gives
construction
13–2
construction
the
thatgives
b/2
the thebest
best cross
costs.
y  b/2the
construction best
gives the
costs.
cross
This
cross
costs.
best
This
section.
section.
result
This
cross
result
result confirms
confirms
section.
section. the finding
confirms the
the finding
from Table
finding from
from Table
Table
13–2 that 13–2
梯形渠道
13–2 y  that
thatb/2 y
y gives

 b/2
b/2 gives
the best
gives the
the best
cross
best cross
section.
cross section.
section.
Trapezoidal
Trapezoidal
Trapezoidal Channels
Channels
Trapezoidal
Channels Channels
Now
NowNow Trapezoidal
Trapezoidal
consider 現在考慮液體在一個梯形截面
Trapezoidal
consider
liquid
liquid
consider
of flow
flow
liquid
bottom inChannels
Channels
Now consider liquid flow in an open channel
Channels
flow
width in
b,anan
inopen
flow open
an
depthchannel
y,channel
open
(其底面寬度
ofoftrapezoidal
andchannel
trapezoid
b，流動深度
of trapezoidal
trapezoidal
of
cross section
cross
trapezoidal
angle  measured crosssection
section
cross
from the section
ofofbottom
bottom
Now Now
width
of bottom
Nowwidth consider
widthb,flow
considerflow
b,liquid
y，且梯形角度從水平面量起是
consider liquid
depth
depth
flow
b, flow
horizontal, asliquid iny,flow
depth
shown and
iny,
an
flow andin
y,open
Fig. andan
trapezoid
13–25.
in open
trapezoid
u)channel
an trapezoid
The
open channel
angle
angle
的明渠中的流動，如圖ofangle of trapezoidal
 measured
measured
trapezoidal
cross-sectional
channel area
of from
from
13-25
cross
measured
and the wetted
trapezoidal cross
thethethesection
section
from
cross sectiony
horizontal,
horizontal,of
as as
ofhorizontal,
bottom perimeter
bottom
shown
shown
width width
in
b, in at Fig.
Fig.
flow a flow
b, section
flow
13–25.
13–25.
depth are
depth
The
y, The
and and trapezoid
cross-sectional
cross-sectional
y,
trapezoid angle area angle
areaandandthe
measured
 measured
thewetted
wetted
from from
the the
of as shown
bottom widthinb,Fig.
所示。在一個流動段的截面積與溼邊周長為 flow 13–25.
depthThe cross-sectional
y, and 
trapezoid angle area and the wetted
measured from
s
the y y y
perimeter
perimeter horizontal,
at
perimeterata aflow
horizontal, asflow
at
horizontal, ashown
flow as section
section
as shown
section
in are
shown are
Fig. in Fig.
13–25.
are
Ac in abFig. 13–25.
y
1 13–25.The The cross-sectional
cross-sectional
cross-sectional
The
by  and  p 5b 1
2y
area and area and
theand
area the wetted
wetted
the wetted
s s s yy
5 (13–49) y
tan u sin u
perimeter
perimeter at a flow
perimeter at
at aasection
flow
flow ysection
y y are
are
section are 2y2y 2y s
b
ss   
Solving theab
first
1 relation of Eq.
與13–49 5
for and
b bb151b substituting it(13-49)
into(13–49)
the
AcA5 Aab
c 5 1
c 5 ab
by  and  p
1 by  and  p
by  and  p 5 1 2y (13–49)
(13–49) 
second relation tantan
give uy u yy
u tan sinsin u u 2y
u sin 2y A
Rh  c 
y(b  y/tan )
b  2y/sin  b b
Ac 5 abA1 A 5 ab
c 5 ab 1 by  and  p
by  and  p
1 5
by  and  p b 1 5
5 b
b 1
1 (13–49) (13–49)
(13–49)
p b
tan u p 5tanc 2
c tan
A u y
u forb b1 2y sin u
sin u sin u (13–50) bb
Solving
Solvingthe
thefirst
Solving firstfirst
the relation
relation
ofofEq.
relation Eq.13–49
of 13–49
Eq. y for
13–49 and
tan ufor and
b usubstituting
sin substituting
and it itinto
substituting intothe
thethe
it into FIGURE 13–25
b
從式 (13-49) 的第一個關係式解出 b，並將其代入第二個關係式 圖 13-25　梯形渠道的參數。 A A y(by(b
 y/tan
 y/tan
) ) )
second Solving
secondrelation
relation
Solving give the first relation of Eq. 13–49 for b and substituting itParameters
give
the Taking
firstthe
relation of ofEq. 13–49 for and substituting into the
it into ittheinto the Ac y(b  y/tan
to y b
c c channel.
secondSolving
relation give
thefirst relation
derivative of
p with Eq. 13–49
respect for
while b and
holding substituting
Ac and  constant
for a trapezoidal RhRh Rh  
p pA pb  2y/sin
b y(b
  A2y/sin
bA 2y/sin
y(b)
c y/tan
  y/tan 
second second
中得到
relationrelation
give give
second relation give AcAc Ac y y y 2y2y 2y
gives Rh  c  R
R h c  y(b  y/tan 

dp p p
5
Ac5p 522 22 1 1 b11yy/tan u 2y 1 (13–50)
(13–50)
(13–50)
p h b p  2y/sin
p 2y/sinbb  2y/sin 
y y 1Actan
52 2 2 y1ptanu tanA5
uyA c u2sin
c sin u u 22y 1 2
2y
u ysin (13–51) FIGURE
FIGURE 13–25
13–25
FIGURE 13–
dy y p 5tan u 2 5
sin
p5 2 u 21 y 1
1 tan u sin u (13-50)
(13–50) (13–50)
(13–50)
y tan yyu tan sin uu sin u Parameters
Parametersfor
for
Parametersa trapezoidal
a trapezoidal
for a trapezoidal FIGUR
channel.
FIGUREchannel.
13–2
chann
FIGUR
Taking
Takingthe
thederivative
Taking derivative
the ofofp pwith
derivative
Setting dp/dyof
withand
respect
respect
 p0 with
toto
respect
solving
y ywhile
for to ytanwhile
while
y, the
holding sin uAcAand
u holding
criterionholding
and
for thec best
constant
Ac and constant
 constant
hydraulic Parameters for
givesgives Taking
gives
Taking thesection
the derivativederivative
offorpany of
with with
prespect respect
to y angleto yisholding
while while holding
Atoandbe A
Parameters
and  constant
cconstant Parameters for aa trapezoidal
for a trapezoidal channe
trapezoidal
Taking the derivative of p with respect to y while holding
cross specified
在維持 Ac 與 u 為常數下，將 p 對 y 取微分得到
trapezoid Ac and  constant
determined
c
gives dpgives
gives AcAhydraulic
dp dp Best c A 1 1cross 2 b b11
2 2 (trapezoidal
1 section y/tan
b y/tan b sin
u u y 5u 1 1 1 2 2 (13–52)
1 y/tan
channel):
u
2
c
5522 5 2A22 2 A 11 1 5522 52 22y/tan
2 21
2(1 1u )1
cos (13–51)
(13–51)
(13–51)
dydydpdy y 2y 2dp
dpyctantan uA1 cc sin
u tan u sinu 11sin ybb 1
u2 u 22by1y y/tan utan
1 tan u1uu sin
u tan
y/tan u sinu 11sin
u2 u 22
5 2 25 5 2
2 2 2 21 2 1
52 52 5 2 2 21 1 (13–51) (13–51)
(13-51)
(13–51)
dy dy
y
dy tanyy 2u tan sinuuu 1 sin
tan sin uu y yy tan u2 tan sinuuu 1 sin
tan sin uu
Setting
Settingdp/dy
dp/dy
Setting 0 
dp/dy 0and
and
0 solving
solving
and forfory,for
solving y,the
the
y, criterion
criterion
the forforthe
criterion thebest
for bestbest
the hydraulic
hydraulic
hydraulic
cross
cross
Setting
cross Setting
section
sectionfor
for
dp/dy
section
Setting any
any
for
 0 and
any  0
specified
dp/dy and
specified
solving
specified solving
trapezoid
trapezoid
for y,
trapezoid
 0 y，對任何指定的梯形角度 for
angle
angle
the  is
y, the
is
criterion

angle
and solving for y, the criterion
 criterion
determined
determined
is for the
determined for
for the best
toto
be the
be
best
to best hydraulic
hydraulic
be hydraulic
令 dp/dy dp/dy
= 0 且解出 u，根據最好水力截面準則可以得到
cross
cross section section
cross section for
for anyfor any specified
specified trapezoid
any specified trapezoid angle
angle angle
trapezoid is
is determined
 determined
u u to be to
isbu sin
bsin
b sin determined to be
be
Best
Besthydraulic
hydraulic cross
cross section745 (trapezoidal
section (trapezoidal channel):
channel): y5y 5y 5 (13–52)
(13–52)
Best hydraulic cross
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd
section (trapezoidal channel): uu (13–52)
7/2/13 6:57 PM
2(1 cos
2 sin
b cos
2(122(1 2 )u )bbusin
u cos sin
)
746 Best
Best hydraulic
最好水力截面
Best hydraulic
cross section
hydraulic cross
(梯形渠道)：
cross section (trapezoidal
section (trapezoidal
(trapezoidal channel):
channel): y5
channel): y5 (13–52)
(13-52)
(13–52) (13–52)
NNEL FLOW 2(1y25cos2(1
2(1u 2) cos
2 cos uu ))
For the special case of  � 90� (a rectangular channel), this relation reduces
對於 u = 90° 的特別 (矩形渠道)，此關係式簡化成 y = b/2，正如預期。
to y � b/2, as expected.
hydraulic radius Rh for Rahtrapezoidal
The一個梯形渠道的水力半徑 可以被表示為 channel can be expressed as
Ac y(b 1 y/tan u ) y(b sin u 1 y cos u )
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd
745745 745
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd Rh 5 5 5 (13–53)
(13-53) 7/2/13
7/2/13
6:
7/2
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 745
p b 1 2y/sin u b sin u 1 2y
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 745
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 745 7/2/1

Rearranging Eq. 13–52 as bsin  � 2y(1 � cos ), substituting into Eq. 13–53
重新整理式 (13-52) 成為 bsin u = 2y(1 − cos u)，代入式 (13-53) 中並簡化，有最好截
and simplifying, the hydraulic radius for a trapezoidal channel with the best
面的梯形渠道的水力半徑變成
cross section becomes
y
Hydraulic radius for the best cross section: Rh 5 (13–54)
2

Therefore, the hydraulic radius is half the flow depth for trapezoidal chan-
nels with the best cross section regardless of the trapezoid angle .
Similarly, the trapezoid angle for the best hydraulic cross section is deter-
mined by taking the derivative of p (Eq. 13–50) with respect to  while
 totoThe
yy��hydraulic radius Rh for a trapezoidal channel can be expressed as
b/2,asasexpected.
b/2, expected.
746
Thehydraulic
The The
hydraulic hydraulic
radius
radius forradius
RRh hfor Rh for achannel
aatrapezoidal
trapezoidal trapezoidal
channel channel
canbe
can can be
beexpressed
expressedasasexpressed as
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW A y(b 1 y/tan u ) y(b sin u 1 y cos u )
c
Rh 5 5 Ac y(b 5 1 y/tan u ) y(b sin u 1 y cos(13–53) u)
Ac c special
ForApthe by(b
y(b R1
1 1case
y/tan
y/tan
2y/sin of 90�bsin
uu) ) �y(b
y(b (a
sinurectangular
sin uu11
1 cosuu)channel),
y ycos
2y ) this relation reduces
(13–53)
RRh to
55 55 h 5 5
55
5
(13–53)
(13–53)
p
h y � b/2, as expected. b 1 2y/sin u b sin u 1 2y
pp bb112y/sin 2y/sinuu bbsinsinuu112y2y
Rearranging Eq. 13–52 Theas 2y(1 R�h for
bsin  �radius
hydraulic cosa), substituting
trapezoidal intocan
channel Eq.be
13–53
expressed as
and
Rearranging
Rearranging Rearranging
simplifying, the
Eq.13–52
Eq. 13–52 asasEq.
hydraulic 13–52
bsin
bsin radiusasfor
2y(1
��2y(1 bsin
�� cos
a cos 2y(1
�),
trapezoidal
), cos ),into
�channel
substituting
substituting substituting
with
intoEq.the
Eq. into Eq. 13–53
best
13–53
13–53
and simplifying, the Ac y(bradius
hydraulic u ) a trapezoidal
1 y/tanfor y(b sin u 1 y cos u)
channel
24 流
and 體
cross 力 學
section becomes
andsimplifying,
simplifying, thehydraulic
the hydraulicradius
radius
Rh 5 for
p
for
5aatrapezoidal
trapezoidal5 channelwith
channel withthe bestwith the
thebest best
(13–53)
crosssection
cross cross section
sectionbecomes
becomes becomes b 1 2y/sin u b sin u 1 2y
y
Hydraulic radius forRearranging
the best cross section:
Eq. Rh 5
13–52 as bsin � y substituting
2y(1 � cos ), (13–54)
into Eq. 13–53
Hydraulic radius for the best cross section:2y y R 5 (13–54)
Hydraulicradius
Hydraulic
最好截面的水力半徑： radiusforand
for thesimplifying,
the bestcross
best the hydraulic
crosssection:
section: radius
RRh h55 for a htrapezoidal
2 channel with the best
(13–54)
(13-54)
(13–54)
cross section 2 2
Therefore, the hydraulic radiusbecomes
is half the flow depth for trapezoidal chan-
nels with the
Therefore,
Therefore, the Therefore,
best
the cross the
hydraulic
hydraulic sectionhydraulic
radius
radius regardless
is ishalf radius
half the
the of is
the
flow half thefor
trapezoid
depth flow
for depth
angle y . forchan-
trapezoidal trapezoidal
chan- chan-
因此，有最後截面的梯形渠道不管梯形角度 Hydraulic radius for the best uflow
cross
depth
是多少，其水力半徑都是流動深度的
section: R
trapezoidal (13–54)
Similarly,
nels
nels
746 withthe
with the nels
thebest
best with
trapezoid
cross
cross the best cross
angle
section
section for section
the
regardless
regardless bestofof regardless
hydraulic
thetrapezoid
the of the
cross
trapezoid
h 5
2trapezoid
section
angle
angle angle .
..is deter-
一半。
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW Similarly, the trapezoid angle for the best hydraulic cross section is deter-
mined by taking
Similarly,
Similarly, the the derivative
thetrapezoid
trapezoid anglefor
angle of
forthe (Eq.
pthe best13–50)
best hydraulic
hydraulic with respect
cross
cross section
section to is while
isdeter-
deter-
mined Therefore,
byderivative the
takingsettinghydraulic radius
theofofderivative is half
of0, pand (Eq.the flow
13–50) depth
with for trapezoidal
to chan-
respect while
類似地，最好水力截面的梯形角度是在保持 For the special case of  � 90� (a rectangular channel),
Awith與 this
yrespect relation
為常數下，取 reduces p [式
holding
mined
mined Actaking
by
by and
taking ytoconstant,
the
the
nels
y � derivative
with
b/2, the
as best
expected. pdp/d
(Eq.
p(Eq.
cross section
�13–50)
13–50)regardless
solving
cwith respect
of the
thetotoresulting
trapezoid while
while
angle .
equation
holding對
holding Afor holding
and
Ac uc and This A
gives and
constant,
yy constant, y constant,
setting setting dp/d
0, andandbest �
solving0, and solving
the resulting
resultingthe resulting
(13-50)] .
的微分，令 The c
dp/dusetting
hydraulic
Similarly, =radius
the dp/d
Rhdp/d
0，並對結果方程式求解
for
trapezoid �� 0,
a trapezoidal
angle for channel
the solving
來決定的。這樣會得到
ucan the
be expressed
hydraulic as section is deter-
cross
equationfor
equation equation
for..This
This for
gives
gives . This gives
Best trapezoid angle: mined by takingActhey(b
5 608 derivative
1 y/tan u ) ofy(bpsin(Eq.u 1 y13–50)
(13–55) cos u ) with respect to  while
最好的梯形角度： Rh 5 uu5=b60° 2y 0, and solving(13-55)
5 (13–53)
holding A
Best trapezoid c and yp constant,
angle: 1 2y/sinsetting dp/d
b sin u 1�
u u 5 608 the resulting
(13–55)
Besttrapezoid
Best trapezoidangle:
angle: u u55 608
608
equation for . This gives (13–55)
(13–55)
Substituting the best trapezoid
Rearranging angle
Eq. 13–52 �
as bsin  �60�
2y(1into
� costhe best hydraulic
), substituting cross
into Eq. 13–53
將最好的梯形角度
section relation y u=
Substituting
b 60°
sin the best trapezoid
代入最好的水力截面關係式
2 cos angle
gives  y =60�
� bsin u/(2 −
into the best
2 cos u)hydraulic
得到 cross
Substitutingthe
Substituting thebest
best
�
and trapezoid
Besttrapezoid
/(2
simplifying,
trapezoid �
theangle��60�
angle
angle: )
hydraulic 60�into
radius for into
au 5thethebest
trapezoidal
608 besthydraulic
hydrauliccross
channel with the cross
best (13–55)
section
sectionrelation
section relationyy� �relation
cross
bbsection
sin/(2
sin y�
/(2 ��b22sin
becomes
cos/(2
cos � 2 cos ) gives
gives
))gives
Substituting the best "3 trapezoid angle y � 60� into the best hydraulic cross
Best = 60°depth
給 u flow 的最好的流動深度： � 60�:radius
for Hydraulic for they best (13–54)(13-56)
sin b/(2 y�52 "3
5bcross section: Rh 5 (13–56)
section relation y
Best flow depth for  � 60�:"3 � 2"3 cos 2)
b gives (13–56)
Bestflow
Best flowdepth
depthfor 60�:
for��60�: y y55 bb (13–56)
2 depth for trapezoidal(13–56)
Therefore, the hydraulic radius22 is half the flow "3the flow area become
chan-
Then the length ofnels
因此流動截面的邊牆長度與流動面積變成 thewith
sidetheedge of the
best for
cross flowregardless
section
60�: section 5and
y of the trapezoid angle .
Thenthe
Then thelengthThen Best
lengthofofthe
flow
the length
theside
Similarly,
depth
sideedge
edge
the of the side
ofofthe
the
trapezoid
�
flow
flow
angle edge of the
section
forsection 2 the
and
and flow bsection and the flow area become
thecross
the best hydraulic flow
flow areaisbecome
area
section become
deter-
(13–56)

y by taking
mined b"3/2 the derivative of p (Eq. 13–50) with respect to  while
3 Then the
s 5 holding Ac length
5 yof5the
and y constant, b side
b"3/2edge
setting of the
dp/d � 0,flow
andsection
solving and the flow area become
(13–57)
the resulting
y b y y b"3/2 5
3 sin 608 for sb"3/2 5b (13-57) (13–57)
5 "3/2
23 3 5
y y b b
y
2
b s s55 equation5 . This gives
5
sin 608 y 5 bb "3/2 (13–57)
(13–57)
sin
sin 608
608 "3/2 b"3/2
b2 2 60
y
3
b p 5 3bBest trapezoid"3/2 s5
angle: 5 u 5 608 5 b (13–58)
(13–55) (13–57)
2 60 p 5 3b sinp608 = 3b "3/2 (13-58) (13–58)
b 6060 pp553b3b
Substituting (13–58)
(13–58)
b 60 y thepbest 5ab3b
trapezoid
b"3/2angle  � 60� into the
3"3best hydraulic cross
(13–58)
b Ac 5 absection
1 relation by y5� b sin
1y/(2 � 2 cosb(b"3/2)
) gives
b"3/2 5 b2 (13–59)
3"3 2
bb tanyAyuc 5 ab 1 tan b"3/2
b"3/2
6085 ab 1
by 3"3
3"34
b(b"3/2) 5 b (13–59)
3 3 3 2 b ab11
AAc c55ab byby55ab abtan
11u y b(b"3/2)
b(b"3/2)
"3 tanb"3/2 55
608 bb22
4 (13-59)
(13–59)
(13–59)
3"3
 b A  b tan
tan
Best flow uu for
depth Ac 5�ab tan608
60�:1tan 608
by
y 55 abb 1
2
44
b(b"3/2) 5 (13–56) b2 (13–59)
43 3 R c y 3433 33 b A  3since 3 2 tan 608 5 "3. Therefore, the best
b
tan ucross section tan 608
for trapezoidal chan- 4
 b b h AA
44 c 
c2 4b2b2 y c 3 4
4R4h   nels
since
b since
3 3 2 sinceThen
Ac istan
half
tan of a55
608
b608
tan 608
hexagon 5 "3.
(Fig. 13–26).
"3.Therefore,
"3. the length of
Therefore, the Therefore,
side Thiscross
edge
thebest
the best of the
cross the
is not
flow best cross
surprising
section
section
section and thesection
flow area
fortrapezoidal
for trapezoidalfor
since a hexagon trapezoidal
become
chan-
chan- chan-
6 2 4 4
nels 因為
issince
half tan
tan
of a60°
608 = "3.。因此梯形渠道的最好的截面是六邊形的一
5
hexagon Therefore,
(Fig. 13–26). the This
best cross
isleast
notsection
surprising for trapezoidal chan-
since a hexagon
FIGURE 13–26 closely
nels
nels isis approximates
half
half of
of aa hexagon
hexagon
nels a iscircle,
(Fig.
(Fig.
half ofand
a a
13–26).
13–26). half-hexagon
yhexagon This
This
b"3/2 is
(Fig.is not
not has the
surprising
surprising
13–26). This is perimeter
since
since
not a ahexagon
surprising per
hexagon
since a hexagon
6section for
26 trapezoidal 3 closely半area
approximates a 5circle, and
5 b a half-hexagon has the(13–57) least perimeter per
a(圖 13-26)。這不令人驚訝，因為六邊形非常接近圓形，並且
s5
The best FIGURE
cross 13–26for trapezoidal
section
y
unit
closely
b
cross-sectional
closely approximates
approximates of
acircle,all and
circle, trapezoidal
and
sin channels.
608aahalf-hexagon
half-hexagon has
has theleast
the leastperimeter
perimeter per
per
lfssection
of a hexagon.
2 closely approximates a circle,
"3/2 and a half-hexagon has the least perimeter per
sectionfor
fortrapezoidal
The trapezoidal
b
best cross section for
unit
unit trapezoidal
Best unit cross
hydraulic
cross-sectional
cross-sectional cross-sectional
area
area sections
ofof all
all areaother
for
trapezoidal
trapezoidal
六邊形的一半在所有梯形渠道中每單位截面積有最小的周長。 of all trapezoidal
channel
channels.
channels. shapes channels.
can be determined
channels
alf is half of a hexagon. 60 unit cross-sectional area of all trapezoidal channels.
p 5 3b (13–58)
lf ofofaahexagon.
hexagon.
channels is half of a hexagon.
in Best Best hydraulic cross sections for other channel shapes can be determined
ba similar
Best hydraulicmanner.
hydraulic cross
cross
Best For example,
sections
sections
hydraulic forfor the
other
yother
cross
其它渠道形狀的最好的水力截面也可以用相同的方式來決 best hydraulic
channel
channel
sections shapes
for shapes
b"3/2 other cross
can
can
channel be
3"3 section
be for be
determined
determined
shapes can a determined
circular
ininaasimilar
similar in
channel aofsimilar
indiameter
manner.
manner. a ForFormanner.
A
similar 5 ab
cantanFor
example,
example,
c 1
Dmanner. by
beuthe example,
5
For
the
ab
shown 1
to
example,
best
best bethe best
b(b"3/2)
ythe�
hydraulic
hydraulic
tan 608
5
D/2.
best hydraulicb
hydraulic
cross
cross
2
section
4 section
cross
(13–59)
cross section
forasection
for a fora a
for
y 3 3 3 2 circular channel
定。例如，一個直徑
circular of
channel diameter
of be D
diameter D can be shown
的圓形渠道其最好的水力截面可以證明
Dtocan beyyshown to be y �
to be y � D/2. D/2.
4circular 4channelof of diameter can beshown
shown tobebe
Rh   circular
b Ac  channel
b diameter DDcan ��D/2.D/2.
2 since tan 608 5 "3. Therefore, the best cross section for trapezoidal chan-
為 isy =
nels D/2。
half of a hexagon (Fig. 13–26). This is not surprising since a hexagon
FIGURE 13–26 EXAMPLE 13–5 closelyBest Cross aSection
圖 13-26　梯形渠道的最好的截面是 approximates circle, and of an Open has
a half-hexagon Channel
the least perimeter per
The best cross section for trapezoidal EXAMPLE EXAMPLE 13–5 13–5areaBest BestCross
Cross Section
Section ofofan an Open
Open Channel
Channel
EXAMPLE13–5 13–5 unit cross-sectional
BestCrossCrossSectionof all trapezoidal
Sectionofof channels.
anOpenOpenChannel
Channel
channels is half of aEXAMPLE
一個六邊形的一半。 hexagon. Best an
Water is to be transported
Best hydraulic at cross
a rate of 2 for
sections m3other
/s inchannel
uniform flow
shapes can in
be an open
determined
Water Water isbe
issimilar
toare to transported
be transported at
atThe a rate
a3 the of2 2mm 3 3/s in uniform flow in an open
channel whose in a
surfaces manner.
asphalt For example,
lined. 3ratebest
bottom ofhydraulic
slope /siscross
in uniform
section
0.001. flow
for
Deter- a in an open
Waterisistotobe
Water betransported
transported
channel atataarate
whose rateofof2are
surfaces 2mm /s/sininuniform
asphalt uniform
lined. The flow
flow
bottomininananopen
slope open
is 0.001.
mine thewhose channel
dimensionscircular whose
channel
of are
the surfaces
of
best diameter
cross areD asphalt
can
section be lined.
shown
ifbottom
the to The
be y � bottom
D/2. slope is 0.001.Deter-
Deter-
例題 13-5　　一個明渠的最好的截面 channel
channel whosesurfaces
surfaces
mine aredimensions
the asphalt
asphalt lined.
lined.
of The
The
the crossshape
bottom
best slope
slope
sectionofisis
ifthe channel
0.001.
0.001.
the ofisthe channel is
Deter-
Deter-
shape
(a) rectangular mine the
and (a)(b)of dimensions (Fig.
trapezoidal of the13–27).
best cross section if the shape of the channel is
mine
mine thedimensions
the dimensions of thebest
the
rectangularbest cross
cross
3 and section
(b)section
trapezoidalififthe
the shape
shape
(Fig. ofofthe
13–27). thechannel
channelisis
水要在一個表面鋪有瀝青的明渠中以流率 (a) rectangular
EXAMPLE 2 mand
13–5 /s 的均勻流形式輸送。底面斜率是
(b)
Besttrapezoidal
Cross Section (Fig. 13–27).
of an Open Channel 0.001，試求最好
(a)rectangular
(a) rectangularand and(b) (b)trapezoidal
trapezoidal(Fig. (Fig.13–27).
13–27).
的截面的尺寸，如果渠道是 (a) 矩形與
Water (b) 梯形
is to (圖 13-27)。
be transported at a rate
of 2 m3/s in uniform flow in an open
channel whose surfaces are asphalt lined. The bottom slope is 0.001. Deter-
解答：水要在一個明渠中以指定的流率輸送。要決定矩形與梯形渠道的最好的渠道尺寸。
mine the dimensions of the best cross section if the shape of the channel is
(a) rectangular and (b) trapezoidal (Fig. 13–27).
假設：1. 流動是穩定且均勻的。2. 底面斜率是常數。3. 渠道的溼表面的粗糙度 (即摩擦係數) 是常
數。
性質：瀝青表面的明渠的曼寧係數是 n = 0.016。

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 747
CHAPTER
747 13
CHAPTER 13
SOLUTION Water is to be transported in an open channel at a specified 747
SOLUTION
rate. The best Water channel is todimensions
be transported are toinbeandetermined open channel at a specified
for rectangular and CHAPTER 13
rate.
trapezoidalThe best shapes. channel dimensions are to be determined for rectangular and 747
trapezoidal CHAPTER 13
SOLUTION shapes.
Assumptions 1 Theisflow
Water to be is steady
transported and uniform. in an open 2 The bottomatslope
channel is con-
a specified 747 747b b
Assumptions
stant.
rate. The 3 The 1channel
bestroughness The flowdimensions ofis the steady wetted and uniform.
are surface
to of2the
be determined Thechannel bottom slopethus
and
for rectangular is con-the
and 第 13 章　明渠流 y  13
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 25
13
SOLUTION Water is to bethe transported in an of open channel atand a specified b2 b2
stant.
friction 3 The
coefficient
trapezoidal shapes. roughness are of
constant. wetted surface the channel thus the 747 y  
rate. The best channel dimensions are CHAPTER 13 2 2
friction
Properties
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Assumptions coefficient
The
Water1 The
Water Manningare
is is toconstant.
flow tobe coefficient
isbesteady
transported
transported forto
and an beopen
ininan
uniform.
determined
anopen 2channel
open The channel
for
channel withrectangular
bottom atasphalt
at a aspecified
slope
and
islining
specified
con-
747
trapezoidal shapes. CHAPTER 13
Properties
is
rate.n
rate.
stant. The 30.016.
The best
The The
SOLUTION
best Manning
channel Water dimensions
channel
roughness isof coefficient
tothe
dimensions be transported
wetted areforto
are an
toin
surface bebe open ofchannel
andetermined
open
determined
the channel for
channel with
for asphalt
at rectangular
arectangular
specified
and thus lining
and
and
the b b
y  2
Assumptions
is n
Analysis解析：(a)
0.016.(a)
rate. The1矩形渠道的最好截面發生在當流動高度是渠道寬度的一
The The
best best flow
channelcross is dimensions
steady
section and for
are uniform.
toa rectangular
be 2 Thefor
determined bottom
channel
rectangular slope
occurs and iswhen
con- 2
trapezoidal
trapezoidal
friction SOLUTION
shapes.
coefficientshapes. areWater constant.
is to be transported in an open channel at a specified b b b
stant.
Analysis
the flow 3 trapezoidal
The(a)
height
rate. roughness
The is
The shapes.
best
half
best the of channel
cross
channel the wetted
section
dimensions for
width, surface
are ato y be of the
rectangular
b/2.
determined Then channel
channel
for the and
occurs thus
cross-sectional
rectangular and the
when y  2
半時，y
Assumptions
Assumptions
Properties The=
Assumptions1 1b/2。因此渠道的截面積、周長與水力半徑為
The The
Manning 1flowflowflow
The iscoefficient
issteady
steady
is steady andand
foruniform.
and an
uniform.open22channel
uniform. 2The
The The bottom
bottom bottom slope
with asphalt slope isis con-
con-
lining b 2
friction
the n flow
area,
stant.
isstant.
coefficient
height
perimeter,
30.016.
trapezoidal
3stant.
The The isand
roughness
roughness
are
half
shapes. constant.
the
hydraulic
of ofchannel
the the radius
wetted
wettedwidth,
ofsurface
the y channel
surface  of b/2.
of the Then
are
the channel theslope
channel and
is con-
cross-sectional
and thus
thus thethe b b b bb b
3
Assumptions The roughness
1 Thecoefficient of the wetted surface of the
2 channel and thus the y   y y  2 2
Properties
area, perimeter, The Manning and hydraulic flow is steadyfor
radius ofand anuniform.
the open
channel The
channel are bottom with slope is con-lining
asphalt 2b 2b 22
Analysis
friction
frictioncoefficient
coefficient
(a)
friction
stant. The are
best
coefficient
3 The are constant.
constant.
cross
are
roughnessb constant.
2 section
of the wetted for asurface rectangular
of the channel Ac and
channel b occurs
thus the when y  2
is n  0.016. AcManning
5 byManning
5 2   p 5 bwidth,1for 2y 5 2b  R 5 with 5 2 b
the flow Properties
Properties
Properties The
height The
friction is The
Manning
half
coefficient the are coefficient
b2coefficient
coefficient
channel
constant. for for an anan open
yopenopen channel
channel
b/2. channel
hThen Apcwith
theasphalt
with asphaltlining lining
asphalt
4bcross-sectional lining
Analysis is (a) n  The
PropertiesA
0.016.5 best
by
The 5 cross
Manning   p section5 b
coefficient 1 for2y for a5 an rectangular
2b  R
open channel 5 channel
with 5 asphalt occurslining when
is isn nperimeter,
area, 0.016.
0.016. c and hydraulic 2 radius of the channel h are p 4 b
the flow Analysis
Substituting height
is n  0.016.
into is
(a)half
the
The best the channel
Manning
cross section
equation, width,for a yrectangular
 b/2. Then channel theoccurscross-sectional
when
b
Analysis
Analysisthe (a)(a) The The best
(a)bestis cross cross section
section for for a arectangular
rectangular channel
Achannel occurs
occurs
whenwhen when 3
area,代入曼寧方程式中，
Substitutingperimeter,flow
Analysis
into
height
and
the
The half
hydraulic
Manning
b2 thecross
best channel
radiussection width,
of
# of theay channel
for  b/2. Then
rectangular are the
channelc
cross-sectional
boccurs y  b bb
theequation,
b
thetheflow# flowarea,
height
height
athe Aisc 5
perimeter,
flow ishalfby
heighthalf the
is the
5
and   p
channel
channel
hydraulic
half 5 bwidth,
radius
channel
2nV 1 4 2y
width,2/3the
width, 5 y2b  R
y3/8ychannel
 b/2.
 b/2.
b/2. hThen
are 5Then
Then
2(0.016)(2 thethe
5 the cross-sectional
3cross-sectional
cross-sectional
m /s)4 2/3 3/8 32
V# perimeter, A R 2/3 1/2
S   S b2 2
b a # of bthe channel a Apc 4 b b b y b
area,
area, 5perimeter,
area, and and
perimeter, hydraulic
hydraulic
and hydraulic
b 25radius
radius
radiusof of the
2/3 the channel
3/8 channel
5 are
areAare
2(0.016)(2 b m /s)4 3 2/3 3/8 2
an c Ah2/3c 501/2by A 5by 5  p   p 52nV ba"S
b11 42y 2y 5 2b  R
2b  R 5 c
1/3 5 b 60
V 5 Acinto
Substituting Rh Sthe 0  Manning
c 5S 22 2b2 b5 2 a 5
equation, 0 b
5 5 a (1 m h 5
h
pAAcpA/s)"0.001
5
4b b4b b
n b b
Ac 5 by 5   pa"S 5 b 1 2y 5 2b  R(1 h 5 m5 1/3
c5c 3 60
which# gives bA cA5 5byby5
c 1.84 5Manning
m.   p   p 2 55
Therefore, b b1#1 A 2y 02y53/8 52b  R
1.70 2b  R m h2,5hp p /s)"0.001
5 5 3 m,2/3and
43.68 the y
2
b
Substituting Substituting
a into theinto the
Manning 2 2 equation, equation,
2nV 4# c2/3 2(0.016)(2 p p 4m4/s)4 3/8 3 b
which gives b  S1.84 m. yb  3
dimensions Aof the 0best the Therefore,
rectangular b 5 a equation, #Ac4#2/3bm3/8are
channel 1.70
2 5 a m2, p m33.68 m, and the b
/s)432/3 3/82/3 b 3/8
2/3 1/2
V其給出 5 cR
Substituting
#b = h a1.84  
intoS
m。因此，A
Manning
= 1.70
2nV ，p =2(0.016)(2
3.68 m，且最好的矩
23 y  bb
# n c 1/3 b y  b 2 60
Substituting
Substituting
dimensions a Vof into
5 #into
the the the
Rh Manning
Acbest 2/3
SManning
1/2
  S  equation,
rectangular 5 2nV a"S
bequation,
achannel 2/3
4 042/3b are 3/8 (1 1/3
3/85 a 2(0.016)(2 m /s)"0.001
2(0.016)(2 m /s)4
m3/s)4 b 3/8
2/3 2 3 360 FIGURE 13–27
V形渠道的尺寸為
5 A cR n a1/2
2/3
V h5S 0 A  R b0S
2/3
S5 1/2 
 1.84 b
S 5  m  and  y
ba a
2nV
a"S
# # b b 55 0.92
a
a (1 mm /s)"0.001 b b b b
y y
  b b
5 0 5
Schematic FIGURE 13–27
for Example 13–5.
60
ana bcross 2 260
c h 0
which # # gives  n1.84 b m.5 1.84 Therefore,m  and  y
2nVa"S
2nV 4A 2/32/3 1.70
03/81.70
Ac40c 
a"S 5 0.92
3/8 m2(1
2m1/31/3
,(1
,m
pm
m2(0.016)(2
p /s)"0.001
2(0.016)(2  3.68
/s)"0.001
mm, 3 3 m,
m /s)4
/s)4 and
2/32/3 3/83/8the
(b) V The V5 5best
which
A AR gives
2/32/31/2
R S S section
b1/2
  1.84 m.
  S S     forb5
b a atrapezoidal
Therefore,
5 a b b channel
5 5 a a occurs3.68 when and the
the trap-
b b b b bSchematicb for Example 13–5.
dimensions of
n whichc c h
n isbcrosstheh 0
gives best
0 b best rectangular
1.84 m. aTherefore, channel Ac  are1.70 m 6060
dimensions of section
the rectangular channel are
(12,(1 poccurs 3.68 m, and the
2
(b)
which
ezoid The best
gives
angle 60
 1.84
and m.b =Therefore,
flow for
1.84
height trapezoidal
m　與　yisa"S
a"S yA5 c0  =
0b !3/2.
channel
1.70 0.92 m m
Then, ,m pm
1/3 1/3 3.68
/s)"0.001 when
/s)"0.001 m,the andtrap- the b
b
dimensions of the best rectangular channel
5 b1.84 m  and  y are
0.92 mm FIGURE 13–27FIGURE 13–27
dimensions
ezoid angle is of 60 the best andbflow rectangular 1.84
height
5 m  and  y
channel
is y 5 b !3/2. are550.92 Then, FIGUREb13–27
which
which (b) gives
gives b b1.84
梯形渠道的最好截面發生在當梯形角度 1.84m.m.Therefore, bTherefore,
5 1.84 m  and  y AcA2 c1.70 1.70
5 0.92mm ,60°
2 2
m p
, p與流動高度是
3.68 3.68m,2m,and andthe the Schematic
圖 13-27　例題 13-5 for Example
Schematic
的示意圖。 13–5.
bfor Example 13–5.
(b) The
dimensions
dimensions
(b)AcThe
best of
5cross
of
y(b
best1
thethe best
b bcos
cross
section
best 5section
rectangular
)for
u1.84
rectangular
5for 0.5"3b
a a trapezoidal
trapezoidal
m  and  ychannel
channel
(1 1channel
are
cos
channel
5
are
608occurs
0.92 m) occurs
5 0.75"3b whenwhen the trap- the trap- Schematic for Example 13–5.FIGURE 13–27
A(b)
ezoid The
angley(b best
is cross
b
60 cosand section
)
flow for
0.5"3b
height a trapezoidal
is y 2
(1 b !3/2. channel
cos 608
Then, occurs
) when
0.75"3b the 2 trap-
y =
ezoid angleezoidb c3 5
is/260 時。因此 1 u 5 5 1 5 Schematic for FIGURE Example 13–5.
(b) The best cross angleand is b 60
section
flow
b5and 5 1.84
height
flow
for
1.84 heightis yis5y y5b !3/2.
am  and  y
trapezoidal
m  and  y 5 "3
b !3/2.
channel
50.92
Then,
Then,
0.92 mm occurs when the trap- FIGURE13–27
13–27
Ac 5 y(b 1 bpcos 5 u3b  R ) 5 0.5"3b h 5 2
(1 5
y22b !3/2.
1 cos
"3 608 b ) 5 0.75"3b 2
Schematic
Schematic forfor Example
Example13–5.
13–5.
ezoid angle is 60Aand flow height is y 5 4 608 Then,
(b)(b)The Thebest best
A c 5 cross
cross
y(b 1csection
5bsection
y(b
cos1 pubfor
5)cos53b  R
for )atrapezoidal
ua0.5"3b 0.5"3b
5trapezoidal
h 5(1 5
2 (1 1
1channelcos
cos b ))occurs
608
channel 55 0.75"3b
occurs
0.75"3b when
2
when 2 thethetrap- trap-
Substituting 2 y "3 4
ezoid
ezoidangle angleisinto is60 60 theand andManning
flow flowheight equation,
pheight
5 isisy hy55
3b  R 25 b y!3/2.
b5!3/2. bThen, Then,
# aAc 5
Substituting into y(bthe cos u ) 5pequation,
1 bManning 0.5"3b
5 3b  Rh (1 5 5cos
y2 1(0.016)(24"3608
"3 b )m5 3 0.75"3b
2
2 4 /s) 3/8
Ac R2/3
V# 5Substituting S 1/2   the
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h y(b 0 1
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theu )Manning
u5 )5 0.5"3b
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equation,
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Substituting n into V n the

a c h Manning
A R
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2/3
S   S  
5
b
a
equation, h
0.75"3("3/4) 2 (0.016)(2
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3
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(a)
代入曼寧方程式中， 5
which# yields b  n1.12 m. Therefore,0.75"3("3/4)
c h 0 5 y
0.75"3("3/4)
a y
Ac  1.64 2/3 "3"3 (1
m(1,mp1/33 /s)"0.001
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3b  R h 5 5 5are(0.016)(2
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whichV yields
dimensions
5which AofcbR Sthe
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2/3
h
1.12
0
best
b 
1/2 Manning
m.
trapezoidal
1.12
S   m.
b equation,
Therefore,
Therefore,
5 a
hAA
channel c2 c 2 1.64
1.644 4 , 2p, p  3.37 3.37
m, and m, theand
b the (a)
dimensions nawhich
# dimensionsof
yields
the ofbest
b best
the 1.12
trapezoidal
m. Therefore,
trapezoidal channel
channel
0.75"3("3/4)
Ac  are
are
1.64 2/3
(0.016)(2
m, p 
2
(1 m
m 31/33.37 m, and the
/s) /s)"0.001 3/8
Substituting
Substituting Ainto
V 5 dimensions b the
into
2/3 51/2 1.12
the
of Manningm  y
Manning
the best
a 0.973
equation,
equation,
btrapezoidal
55 m  and  u
channel are 5 608
c Rh S 0   b 5S 1.12  m  y 5 0.973 m  and  u 2/3 25 608 b (a)
which# yields
# n
a a Note b b
 5 1.12
1.12 b 5m  y
m. Therefore,
1.12 5
m  y 0.973 A
0.75"3("3/4)
5 0.973 m  and  u
 1.64
(0.016)(2 m
(0.016)(2
m  and  u (1 ,mm
5p5 1/3
3608
m 608
3
/s) 3.37 m, and
/s)"0.001
/s) 3/83/8 the
Discussion
V V55 Discussion Rc2/3
R2/3 that
1/21/2 that the trapezoidal cross section is better since it has a has a
Note the trapezoidal cross
c section is better since it
dimensions AofcA hthe
Discussion 0 
hS 0Sbest
Note
 S S   bthe
trapezoidal
that
b55 a a channel
trapezoidal crossare section is better since it hasb bahas a (a)
Discussion
smaller
which yieldsn n Note
perimeter
smaller  that
1.12the
(3.37
b perimeter m trapezoidal
m.
(3.37 versus
Therefore,
m versus 3.68
3.68 Across
0.75"3("3/4)m)
c m)
0.75"3("3/4) 2 and
 section
1.64
and thus
thus m
2/32/32is
lower
,mpm
lower
(1 (1 better 3.37 since
1/3construction
construction
1/3 /s)"0.001
/s)"0.001 m, itand
cost. cost.
the
This 其給出
smaller
is whyperimeter
Thismany b
smaller =
is why b1.12
perimeter
(3.37
man-made
many m。因此
1.12 (3.37
m  y
m
man-made m
versusA c =
versus
waterways 1.64
0.973
3.68
waterways 3.68
arem
m)
are m)，p
m  and  u
and and= 3.37
thus
thus
trapezoidal
trapezoidal m，且最好的梯形
lower
lower
in in
shape construction
608construction
shape(Fig.(Fig.
13–28).cost.
13–28).cost.
dimensions of
Thisbisb the 5
why best
many trapezoidal
man-made
5 channel
waterways are are
trapezoidal
5
2 2in shape (Fig. 13–28). (a)(a)
which
which
This isyields
yields
However,
why many 
the1.12
1.12m.
average
man-made m. Therefore,
Therefore,
velocity throughA
waterways A
cthe
are  1.641.64mm
trapezoidal
trapezoidal , p,inp
channel 3.37
is 3.37
shape largerm,since
m,and andthe the
渠道的尺寸為
However, the
However,averagethe velocity
average through
velocity through the c trapezoidal
the trapezoidal channel
channel is(Fig.
larger 13–28).
sincea
Discussion
dimensions
dimensions
A c ofof
is Note b
the 5that
thebest
smaller. 1.12 them  ytrapezoidal
besttrapezoidal 5 0.973
trapezoidalchannel cross
m  and  u
channelare section
are is 5 608is larger
better since since
it has
However,
A c is smaller.
smaller the
Ac isaverage
perimeter smaller. velocity through the trapezoidal channel is larger since
(3.37 m versus 3.68 m) and thus lower construction cost.
Discussion
A is smaller. Noteb b5 that
51.12 the
1.12m  y trapezoidal
m  y 55 0.973
0.973 cross
m  and  usection
m  and  u
與 is5better
608608 since it has a
This is why many
c man-made waterways are trapezoidal in5 shape (Fig. 13–28).
smaller perimeter (3.37 m versus 3.68 m) and thus lower construction cost.
Discussion
Discussion
However, theNote
Note that
average thatthe
thetrapezoidal
velocity trapezoidal
through crossthecross section
sectionischannel
trapezoidal isbetter
bettersince
issince it ithas
larger hasa a
since
is13–7
This 討論：注意梯形截面較好因為它有較小的周長
why
13–7 many ■
■GRADUALLY
man-made
GRADUALLY VARIED
waterways
VARIED are FLOW
trapezoidal
FLOW in shape
(3.37 m (Fig.
對 3.68 13–28). (b)
(b)
smaller
Asmaller
is perimeter
perimeter
smaller. (3.37
(3.37 m m versus
versus 3.68
3.68 m) m) andandthus
thus
lower
lower construction
construction cost.
cost.
13–7c
However,
This To
■ the
this GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW
average
pointman-made
we velocity
considered
m)，因此有較低的建造成本。這是為什麼許多人造水道是梯形的
Thisis iswhy
why many
many man-made
through
uniform flow
waterways
waterways
the
are
trapezoidal
during whichin
aretrapezoidal
trapezoidal
channel
the flow
inshape
shape
is
depthlarger
(Fig.
(Fig. and since
y13–28).
13–28). FIGURE (b)
13–28
13–7
Ac is smaller.
However,
However,the flow
the
the the GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW
■To this point we considered uniform flow during which the flow depth y and
flowvelocity
average
average
velocityV remain
velocity
velocity
V remain constant.
through
through
constant. In
thethe
Inthis section
trapezoidal
trapezoidal
this sectionwe consider
channel
we channel is
consider gradually
is
larger
larger
gradually since
圖 13-28　許多人造的水流渠道是梯
since Many
Many man-made
man-made
FIGURE(b)
water
water
13–28
channels
channels
To this原因 point (圖we considered uniform
13-28)。然而，通過梯形渠道的平均速度較大，因為
(GVF), which flow during which the flow depth A y and
形的，因為有較低的建造成本與較 FIGURE 13–28
varied flow whichis isa aform
formofofsteady
steadynonuniform
nonuniformflow flowcharacterized
c are
Acthis
Ais
c is
varied
smaller.
smaller. flow (GVF), characterized 好的性能。 aretrapezoidal
trapezoidal in
in shape
shape because
because
To
the flow point we
velocity considered
V remain uniform
constant. flow
In during
this which
section we the flow
consider depth y
gradually and FIGUREchannels
13–28
13–7
the
varied
較小。
flow
by
changes)
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GRADUALLY
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(GVF),
changes)
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andand free
in flow
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is
VARIED
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a form
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and
thatalways
of
FLOW
velocity (small
remains
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slopes
■by gradual variations in flow depth and velocity (small slopes and no abrupt
velocity remain
Vawhich constant. In this section
smooth
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and
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(GVF), which is steady
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during
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ininSection
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13–8.
and characterized
and no abrupt
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and
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VARIED
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FIGURE
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13–8.
anddepth
and depth
A y yand
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(b) Photo
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725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 747747
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6:57 PM
ororzigzags).
zigzags).
漸改變Flows that
that involve
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(小斜率且沒有突然的變化)，並且自由表面總是維持平滑的 rapid
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 26 流體力學

748 748748
748
EN-CHANNEL 748
OPEN-CHANNEL
OPEN-CHANNEL
FLOW FLOW
FLOW
OPEN-CHANNEL
-CHANNEL FLOW FLOW 與曲折)。流動深度與速度快速變化的流動，稱為急變流 (RVF)，將在 13-8 節中討
in theinbottom
748
inthe thebottom bottom
slope slope
論。底面斜率或渠道截面或流道中的一個障礙物的改變，都可能造成渠道中的均勻 orslopecross ororcross crosssection
section section
of a channel ofofa achannel channel
or anorobstruction
orananobstruction
obstructionin theininthe the
in the bottom
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW inpath
path the of of bottom
slope
flow
flow may slope
ormay cross
cause orsection
cause cross
thethe section
of
uniform
uniform a channelflowof ainchannel
flow or
ina a anchannel
channel or an
obstruction to to obstruction
become
become in the graduallyin the
gradually
path of flow may cause the uniform flow in a channel to become gradually
path of or path
flow
orrapidlyof
may
rapidly flowcausemay the causeuniform theor uniform
flowsection in flow of ainchannel
a channel a channel
to orbecome to become
gradually gradually
流變成漸變流或急變流。
or rapidly variedvariedinvaried
the
flow. flow.
bottomflow. slope cross an obstruction in the
or rapidly orRapidly
rapidly
varied
Rapidly varied
flow.
path of flow.
flow may cause the uniform flow in a channel to become gradually
Rapidly variedvaried varied
flows
急變流發生在渠道的一個小段之間，具有相對較小的表面積，因此與壁面剪力
or
flows
rapidlyflows
flowsoccur
occur
varied flow.
occuraover
over over
short a ashort shortsection
section section
of theofchannel ofthe thechannel
channel
with rel- withwithrel- rel-
Rapidly Rapidly
varied varied
flows occur overoccur a over
short a short
section section
of the of
channel the channel
with rel- with rel-
ativelyatively
atively
small small small
surface
有關的摩擦損失是可忽略的。急變流中的水頭損失是高度局部性的，起因於強烈的
surface
surface
Rapidly area, variedarea,
area,
and flows and
thus and
occur thusthus
overfrictional
frictional africtional
short losses
section losses
losses
of theassociated
associated associated
channel withwith with withwall
wall
rel- wall
atively atively
small
shear
shear are small
surface
are surface
area,
negligible.
negligible. and area,
HeadHead thus and
losses
losses thus
frictional in in RVFfrictional
RVF losses
are are losses
associated
highly
highly associated
localized with
localized wall
and with
and wall
shear are negligible. atively small surface
Head lossesHead area,
in RVF and thusare frictional
highly losses
localized associated and with
are due due
wallareare due
shear areshear are agitation
negligible. negligible.
擾動與紊流。另一方面，漸變流中的損失主要是由於沿著渠道的摩擦效應，並且可
to tointense
intense shear Head
agitation and Head
losses
are negligible.
and inlosses
turbulence.RVF
turbulence. losses inare RVF
in
Losses RVF are
highly
Losses are
in in highly
localized
highly
GVF,GVF, localized
localized
on on and
the the are
and
other are
other and
due
due
hand, are are
hand, due
are
to intense agitation to and turbulence.
intense agitation and Losses in
turbulence. LossesGVF, in on the
GVF, on other
the other hand,
hand, are
are
to intense to intense
agitation
primarily
primarily agitation
and and
turbulence. turbulence.
Losses Losses
in GVF, in on GVF,the on
other the other
hand, arehand, are
primarily
用曼寧公式來決定。 due todue due totofrictional
frictional
primarily frictional
dueeffects effects
to frictionaleffects
along along
effects along
the the
channel
along the
thechannel
channel
and and
channel and
can and
can becanbecan bebedetermined
determined
determined determined
primarily primarily
from duethe
from the due
to Manning
frictional
Manning
from to
the frictional
effects
formula.
formula.
Manning effectsthe
along
formula. along channel the channel
and can and can be determined
be determined
from the Manning formula.
from在漸變流中，流動深度與速度緩慢地改變，且自由表面是穩定的。這使得在質
thefrom Manning the
InIngradually Manning
gradually formula.
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gradually
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varied
flow,
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thethedepth the
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flow flow
depth depthand
depth and velocity
andvelocity
velocity vary vary slowly,
vary and theand
slowly,
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In gradually varied
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surface isthe flow
stable. This makes and velocity
it velocity
possible vary slowly,
tovelocity
formulate the variation and the of and the
In gradually In gradually
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量與能量守恆定理的基礎上來推導沿著渠道的流動深度變化的公式，並獲得自由表
free
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formulate vary slowly,
and
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flow This along makes it possible
the channel on the to formulate
basis of the the variation
conservation of mass andof
free free
surface surface
is stable. is This
stable. makes This itmakes
possible it basis
possible
to formulate to formulate
the variationthe variation
of of
flow depth along the channel on the basis of the conservation of mass and and
面的形狀變得是可能的。 flow
flow depth
depth along
along
energy the the
principles channel
channel
and to on on
obtain the the
relations basis forof of
thethethe conservation
profileconservation
of the free of of
surface. massmass and
flow depth flow
energy
energy depth
along thealong
principlesIn channel
principles the channel
on theslope on
basis the basis
theofenergy the for of isthe
conservation conservation of mass ofand mass and
toand and to toobtain
obtain relations
relations thefor the the profile
profile
theoffree of thethe freefree surface.
surface.
uniform flow, the of line equal to the slope of the bot-
energy principles andsurface. obtain relations
在均勻流中，能量線的斜率等於底面的斜率。因此摩擦斜 for slope profile ofbottom surface.
energy energy
principles
InSInf uniform
principles
uniform tom
and to
flow,
flow, and
obtain
thethe to obtain
Therefore,
relations
slope the relations
friction
for the for
profile the
equals ofprofile
the the free of the
slope,
surface.free
Sf  Ssurface.
0.
水平線 摩擦斜率
In uniform flow, In the slope
gradually ofslope
varied the of
flow,
ofhowever,
the
energy theenergyenergy
line these isline lineisis
equal
slopes
equal
toequal
are theto
different
tothe
slope theslope
slope
theof
(Fig.of13–29).
ofthe
bot- thebot-
bot-
In uniform
tom In
tom uniform
flow,
surface.
surface.
dh the flow,
slope
率等於底面斜率，S
Therefore,
Therefore, theof slope
the
the the of
energy
friction
f =the
friction S 0energy
line is
。然而，在漸變流中這些斜率是不同的
slopeslope line
equal
equals
equalsis
to equal
the
thethe to
slope
bottom
bottomtheof slope
the
slope, of
bot-
slope, S the
S
andf . f
bot-
 S
 S 0. 0.
V2 tom surface. L
Therefore,
Considerthe friction
steady flow slope in a rectangularequals the openbottom channel slope, of widthS b, S
2g tom Hsurface.
能量線,
tom
(VIn
 dV) 2 surface.
Therefore,
Ingradually
gradually Therefore,
varied
assume
(圖13-29)。 the
variedflow,
any friction the
flow,however,
variation friction
slope
however,
in the equals
these slope
theseslopes
bottom equals
the
slopes
slope bottom
andare the bottom
slope,
aredifferent
water different
depth S slope,
(Fig.
to
f
 S
(Fig.13–29).
fbe . S0  S .
13–29). 0
rather
0 f
In gradually2g varied flow, however, these slopes are different (Fig. 13–29).
V
dh In
dh dh
L LgraduallyIn gradually
V Consider
varied
dVConsider
varied
flow,
gradual.
steady
steady flow,
however,
We again
flow
flow however,
in these
write the slopes
ina arectangular these
equations
rectangular areslopes
in different
terms
open are
of
openchannel different
(Fig.
average
channel (Fig.
13–29).
velocity
ofofwidth V
width13–29).
and
b,b,andand
V 2V 2 dhLy L 2 2 dhConsider Consider steady flow考慮在一個寬度
approximate inthe apressure
rectangular open
b 的矩形明渠中的穩定流，並且假設底面
distribution channel
as hydrostatic. of width
From Eq. 13–17, b, and
the
2
V2g
2g (V (V  dV)dV) L Consider
assume
assume steady any
any steady
flow
variation
variationin flow
a in in in
rectangular
thethe a rectangular
bottom
bottom open slope
slope open
channel
and and channel
of
water
water widthdepth of
depth b, width
to and
tobe be b, and
rather
rather
(V  dV) 2
assume any y  dy variationtotal headinof the bottom
the liquid at anyslope cross section and iswater H  zbdepth  y  Vto/2g, 2
bewhere ratherzb
2
2g (V 2g
(V  dV)  2g dV)2 assumegradual. assume
any
gradual. any
variation
WeWe variation
invertical
the
斜率與水深的任何改變都相當緩慢。我們再一次用平均速度來
again
again write
write inthe
bottom the
the bottom
slope
equations
ofequations and slope water andfrom water
depth todepth bevelocityto be Vrather
rather
terms of average velocity V and Vand
in in terms
terms of of average
average velocity and
2g is the distance the bottom surface the reference datum.
2g V2g
gradual. We again write theHequations in
y y HdVV 
V z, gradual.
dVdV gradual.approximate
We again
approximate We again
write
Differentiating
thethe the write
pressure equations
pressure
寫出方程式並近似壓力分佈為靜水壓的，從式 the
with equations
respect
distribution
distributionin toterms
x gives
as inhydrostatic.
as of terms
average
hydrostatic. of average
velocity
From From velocity
Eq.
(13-17)，液體在 V
Eq. and
13–17,
13–17, and
V thethe
V  dV V  zb dV 底面斜率 approximate
S zb  dz b the pressure distribution as hydrostatic. From Eq. 13–17, the
y y y
 approximate
dy dydx
0
approximate
total
total the
head
head ofof the
pressure
the the pressure
liquiddistribution
liquid at dH
atany distribution
any dcrossas
cross section Vas
hydrostatic.
section
2
hydrostatic.
isdzb From
isH H dy V Eq.
 z z  dV From
y
b V z/2g,2 y
13–17,
 V Eq.
V2 2 the
/2g, 13–17,
/2g, where
where the
zbzb
y  dy total head of the liquid 任何截面的總水頭是 at any cross 5 section azH b 1 z1is
=ysection
b+ 2gH
by 5dx
+ VzH2 1 y
b/2g，其中
1b where
是從參考基準 2
(13–60)z
y  dy y total
dy head total
of head
the of
liquid the at liquid
any at
cross dxany dxcross
section is H  zis  y
dx
  z gV dx2/2g,y b V
where /2g, z where
b z
is theisvertical
isthe thevertical
verticaldistance distance theofenergy
of thethebottom bottom surface
surface from
from the thereference
reference b datum.
datum.
水平的 b b b
x x  dx x distance of total bottom surface from the reference datum.
is參考基準面 is
the vertical the
Differentiating
Differentiating
But
vertical
distance
面到底面的垂直距離。將isofthe
Hdistance
Hline with the
with
Hrespect of
bottom
respect
respect the ofbottom
the
surface
totox xgives H liquid
對 and
surface
from
x 作微分得到 thusthe from
dH/dx isthe
reference
givesis equal to the negative of the friction
the reference
slope
datum. of the datum.
zb zb FIGURE dzzbb z
zb 13–29 bdzDifferentiating
dz
Differentiating
b b Differentiating H with
with
Henergy
H
respect
(a negative
with to
to xquantity),
respect
x
gives
gives to x which
gives
圖 13-29　一個明渠在漸變流 (GVF) slope, as shown in Fig. 13–29. Also, 2 2 dz /dx is the negative of the bottom
zb b  dzb over a
zb  dzb of zproperties dHddH55d dazaz1
dH Therefore, 2 VdzV b bdz dydz dydy V VdVdV
2V1
b b V
dydV
Variation
dxdx
的條件下，經過一個微分流動段的 2b b55
dx slope.
dH 5d dH az d
1 y V
1
b b y y
b1 1
dz
5 V dy
b2g 1 dxdxdz 1 1
b1 dV
V 11V dV (13–60)
(13-60)
(13–60) (13–60)
dx dxdifferential flow section in an open dxdx bdxdx azb 1 2g b 5 dx1 1 dx dx g gdxdx (13–60)
性質的變化。
channel under conditions of gradually dxdx dxdx
5 azb51 y dH
1 bdh
2g y5 1 dx1 dzgb dx1 (13–60)
dx dx 5 2g2 5dx 2g dx dx g dx 5 2S0g dx
dx
L
x x dxdx x x But 2Sf  and   (13–61)
varied dx x(GVF).
x flow x
x But HHistotal
isthe
theenergy
total
totalenergy
energy ofliquid
dx ofthethe
dxliquid
liquid and
anddH/dx
thus
thus
dx dH/dx
theisslope
dH/dx isthe
theslope
ofslope
theofofthe
the
x x  dx x x But dxBut is the
xH HisBut isline
theHtotal the total
energy of
of the
energy
the of 是能量線的斜率
liquid thewhich
and
and
liquid
thus
thus and
dH/dxthus
is
dH/dx
is the is theof
slope slope
ofof the of the
但是 H energy
energy line
是液體的總能量，因此
energy line (a negative (a (a
negative
negative quantity),
quantity),
Substituting quantity),
dH/dx
which
Eqs. 13–61 which
is equal
into Eq. isis
equal
equal to to
thethenegative
(一個負的量)，它等於摩擦 negative
to the negative of the friction
13–60 gives thethe
friction
friction
E29
RE13–29
13–29 energy
energy line asline
(a negative (a negative
quantity), quantity),
which iswhich
equaldzdy is
to equal
the isto
negative thenegative
negative ofthe
the
of the friction friction
RE
9ation
on 13–29
ofofproperties
propertiesover
over a a slope,slope,
斜率的負值，如示於圖slope,
as shown asshown
shown
in Fig. inin13–29.
13-29 Fig.
Fig. 13–29.
13–29.
中的。同時，dzAlso, Also,Also,
dz b S/dx
b/dx
dz
is/dx/dx
bthe is
V dV thethe
negative
b是底面斜率的負值。因此， negative
of theofof thebottom
bottom bottom
properties over a slope, asslope,
shown as shown
in Fig. in Fig.
13–29. 13–29.
Also, dz SAlso,
/dx
2 5 dz
is the
1/dx is the
negative negative
of the of
bottomthe
(13–62) bottom
slope.slope.
slope.Therefore,
Therefore, b b
0 f
ion offlow
operties
rential
ntial properties
over
flow a over
section
section a open
ininanan open Therefore, dx g dx
low section in an open slope. Therefore,
slope. Therefore,
ential
wunder
el
nel flow
section
under insection
an open
conditions
conditions in an
ofof open
gradually
gradually ThedH dHdH
# conservation
dh dhdh
of mass
L Lequation for steady dz dzdz
flow b bin a rectangular channel
er conditions of gradually dH
is V ybV
5 dh
dH
2 5 5
L 22dh 55
constant.
5 2S 2S 2S
  and     and  
Differentiating dz 與
  and  
with
b dz
respect
5 2S 552S 2S
b 0to x gives
(13-61)
(13–61) (13–61)
(13–61)
del under conditions of gradually
conditions of gradually   L f f 0 0
dx5 2dxdxdx dxdx f 5 2S   and  dxdx
L b
flow
flow
(GVF). (GVF).
(GVF). 5
52 2S f  and   f dx 5 2S 0 5 2S0 (13–61) (13–61)
dVF).
flow (GVF). dx dx
dx 0 5dx bV
dy
1 yb  
dV dx
S 
dV dx V dy
52 (13–63)
Substituting
Substituting
Substituting
將式 (13-61) Eqs.
Eqs.13–61
Eqs. 13–61
代入式 (13-60) 13–61
into
得到Eq.into
intoEq.
Eq.
13–60
dx 13–60
13–60
dx gives
gives givesdx y dx
Substituting
Substituting Eqs.
Eqs. 13–61 13–61
into Eq. into
13–60Eq. 13–60
gives gives
Substituting Eq. 13–63 into Eq. 13–62 and noting that V/ !gy is the Froude
dy dydy
V V VdVdV
number,
S0 2 SSf 05
Sdy
2
0 2Sf S15
Vf 5dydV
dV 11V dV (13–62)
(13–62) (13–62)
S0 2 Sf 5S0 2 Sdy
dx1 dxdx
f 5gV dx 1g gdy
2 dy dxdx dy (13–62) (13–62)
(13-62)
S0 2dx Sf 5 g2dx dx 5g dx2 Fr2 (13–64)
gydx dx dx dx
The
The# conservation
The# conservationconservation
of mass
# conservation ofofmass
massequation
equation equation for
for steady forsteady
steady
flow in flow
flow inina arectangular
a rectangular rectangular
channelchannel
channel
The The
conservation
isisybV of mass of mass
equation
constant.
constant. equation
for steady
Differentiating ⋅
Differentiatingfor steady
flow
with
within flow
a in a
rectangular rectangular
channel channel
is# V  V #V ybV
質量守恆方程式對在矩形渠道中的穩定流是 ybV
Solving
constant. for dy/dx gives
Differentiatingthe desired =respect
relation
V = respect
with ybV respect
for
常數。相對於the
toflow totox xgives
rate
x gives of gives
change of
x 作微分得到 flow
is V 
is V  ybV  constant.
ybVdepth
 constant. Differentiating
Differentiating
(or the surface profile)with with
respect
in gradually respect
to
varied x givesintoanxopen
giveschannel,
dy5bVbVdydydV
0dy05
dVdV dV
dy   S0 2 Sf dVdV
V5dy V Vdydy
The0GVF
5 bV
equation: dy
dV
yb
1 dx 11 ybybSdV 5 SS
dV
   
5  2 dV
V dy 522V dy (13–65) (13–63)
(13–63) (13–63)
yb dxdx Sdx dxdx 1dx dx2y ydxdx
2 dxdx
0 5 bV 0 dx 51bV 1 yb
    S  
2 Fr
5 2 y5 (13–63)
(13-63)
(13–63)
dx dx
dx dx dx ydxdx y dx
Substituting
Substituting
Substituting Eq.
Eq.13–63
Eq. 13–63 13–63
into into
Eq.intoEq.
Eq.13–62
13–62 13–62
and andandnoting
noting notingthat
that V/ that
!gy !gy
V/V/
is !gy
theisFroude
isthe
theFroude
Froude
Substituting
Substituting Eq.
number,
number, Eq.
13–63 13–63
into Eq. into Eq.
13–62 13–62
and notingand noting
that V/ that
!gy V/
is !gy
the is
Froude the Froude
number,
number,number, 2 2
dy dy2dydy V Vdy
dydy dydydy 2 dy dy
2Vdy FrFr2dy
S0 2 SSf 05
Sdy
2
0 2Sf S2
5
f 5
V dy 225 dy
V 2 dy 55dy
2 Fr2 22
dy (13–64)
(13–64) (13–64)
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 748 S0 2 Sf 5S0 2 Sf 5gy
dx2 dxdxdx5gygydx
2 dx
2dxFr 2 Fr2dxdx
52dxdxdx (13–64) (13–64)
7/2/13 6:57 PM
dx gy dx dx gy dx dx dx dx dx
Solving
Solving Solving for
for dy/dxfordy/dx
dy/dxgives
gives gives
the the
thedesired
desired desiredrelation
relationrelationfor
for the forthe
ratetherate
of rateofofchange
change change ofofflow
of flow flow
Solving
Solvingdepth
for dy/dx
depth(or for
(or gives
the
the thegives
dy/dx
surface
surface the desired
desired
profile)
profile)relation
inin relation
for the
gradually
gradually for flow
rate
varied
varied the
of
flowrate
change
in in
anof
an change
of
open flow
open of flow
channel,
channel,
depth (or the surface profile) in gradually varied flow in an open channel,
depth (ordepth (or the profile)
the surface surface profile) in gradually
in gradually varied
S S22 Svaried
flow
S in anflow in an
open open channel,
channel,
The
TheGVF
GVFequation:
equation: dy S dy
S0dy2 Sf 0 0 f f
2 S55S0 2 Sf (13–65)
(13–65)
dy dy
Substituting Eqs. 13–61 intoSEq. dy gives
13–60 V dV
2S 5 1 0 f (13–62)
dx
dy V g dV
dx
S0 2 Sf 5 1 (13–62)
g dxflow in a rectangular channel
The# conservation of mass equation fordxsteady
is V  ybV  constant. Differentiating with respect to x gives
The# conservation of mass equation for steady flow in a rectangular channel
is V  ybV  constant. dy dV with respect
Differentiating dV V dy
to x gives 第 13 章　明渠流 27
0 5 bV 1 yb   S   52 (13–63)
dx
dy dx
dV dx
dV y dx
V dy
0 5 bV 1 yb   S   52 (13–63)
Substituting Eq. 13–63 dxEq. 13–62
into dx thaty V/
dx and noting dx !gy is the Froude
將式 (13-63) 代入式 (13-62) 中，並注意 V/ gy 是福勞數，
number,
Substituting Eq. 13–63 into Eq. 13–62 and noting that V/ !gy is the Froude
number, dy V 2 dy dy dy
S 2S 5 0 2 f 5 2 Fr2 (13–64) (13-64)
dx
dy V gy2 dx
dy dxdy dx
dy
2
S0 2 Sf 5 2 5 2 Fr (13–64)
Solving for dy/dx gives the dx gy
desired dx dxfor the dx
relation rate of change of flow
求解 dy/dx，得到在一個明渠中的漸變流的流動深度 (或表面形狀) 的變化率的關係
depth (or the surface profile) in gradually varied flow in an open channel,
Solving
式， for dy/dx gives the desired relation for the rate of change of flow
depth (or the surface profile) in dy S0 2 Svaried
gradually f flow in an open channel,
The GVF equation: 5 2
(13–65)
dy 1S022FrSf
dx
The 方程式：
GVFGVF equation: 5 (13-65)
(13–65)
dx 1 2 Fr2

這與在可壓縮流中流動面積作為馬赫數的函數的變化關係類似。這個關係式是為矩
形渠道導出的，但對其它截面的渠道也是成立的，只要福勞數被適當地表示即可。
對於一組給定的參數，這個微分方程式的解析或數值解會得到流動深度 y 與 x 的函
7/2/13 6:57 PM
數關係表示式，而函數 y(x) 即表面形狀。
7/2/13 6:57 PM
流動深度的一般趨勢－不管它沿著渠道是增加、減小或維持常數－相依於
dy/dx 的正負號，而它則相依於式 (13-65) 中分子與分母的正負號。福勞數永遠是
749
正的，摩擦斜率 Sf 也是一樣 (除非是理想情況下的流動，其摩擦效應可以忽略，h
CHAPTER 13
L
which is analogous to the variation of flow area as a function of the Mach
與 Sfnumber in compressible flow. ThisSrelation
兩者都是零)。底面斜率 0 對往下傾斜的流段 (一般的情況)
is derived for a rectangular chan- 是正的，對水平
nel, but it is also valid for channels of(逆流)
流段是零，而對往上傾斜的流段 other constant cross sections provided
是負的。流動深度當 dy/dx > 0 時增加，當
that the Froude number is expressed accordingly. An analytical or numerical
x < 0 of時this
d y / dsolution 減differential
小，而當 equation d x =the0 flow
d y /gives 時， 維 y持as為
depth 常 數 (of因x 此 自 由 表 面 平 行
a function
for a given set of parameters, and the function y(x) is the surface profile.
於渠道
The底 面 ，trend
general 如 在of均flow
勻流 之 情 況 ) it並increases,
depth—whether =S f ( 圖
且 S 0 decreases, or
remains constant along the channel—depends on the sign of dy/dx, which
13-30)。對於指定 S 與 S 時，dy/dx 可能是正或負，端視福勞
depends on the signs0 of thef numerator and the denominator of Eq. 13–65.
The Froude 1
數小於或大於 number is always positive and so is the friction slope Sf
而定。因此，次臨界流與超臨界流的流動行為
(except  for the idealized case of flow with negligible frictional effects for
是相反的。假如 S0 −
which both hL and f >zero).
Sf Sare 0，次臨界流在流動方向的流動深度增
The bottom slope S0 is positive for down-
ward-sloping sections (typically the case), zero for horizontal sections, and
加，但在超臨界流中則減小。
negative for upward-sloping sections of a channel (adverse flow). The flow
depth increases
分母 1 − Fr 2when dy/dx  0, decreases when dy/dx  0, and remains
的正負號的決定是簡單的：對於次臨界流
constant (and thus the free surface is parallel to the channel bottom, as in
(Fr <uniform flow) when dy/dx  0 and thus S0 (Fr
1)，它是正的；而對於超臨界流 Sf >
(Fig. 13–30). For specified
1)，則是負的。但
values of S0 and Sf, the term dy/dx may be positive or negative, depending on
是分子的正負號要看
whether the Froude numberS0 與is less
Sf 的相對大小而定。注意摩擦斜率
than or greater than 1. Therefore, the flow
behavior is opposite in subcritical and supercritical flows. For S0  Sf  0,
Sf 永遠是正的，其值在均勻流中
for example, the flow depth increases = the
(yin yn) flow
等於渠道斜率 S0。摩
direction in subcritical
flow, but it decreases
擦斜率是會隨著流動距離改變的量，並且就像在例題 in supercritical flow. 13-6 中
The determination of the sign of the denominator 1  Fr2 is easy: it is
所展示的，可以用曼寧方程式根據每個流動位置的深度來做計
positive for subcritical flow (Fr  1), and negative for supercritical flow
(Fr  1). But the sign of the numerator depends on the relative magnitudes
算。注意水頭損失隨著速度增加而增加，並且對於一個給定的
of S0 and Sf. Note that the friction slope Sf is always positive, and its value
is equal to the channel slope S0 in uniform flow, y  yn. The friction slope FIGURE 13–30
流率，速度與流動深度成反比。因此當 y < y n 時，S
is a quantity that varies with streamwise distance, and f > S 0 ，從
is calculated from
圖 13-30　一條緩慢流動的河流，具
A slow-moving river of approximately
有幾乎是常數的深度與截面，例如
而 S0the− Manning
Sf < 0；當 equation,
y > ynbased
時，S upon the depth at each streamwise location,
f < S0，從而 S0 − Sf > 0。對於水平 constant depth and cross section,
這裡顯示的芝加哥河，是均勻流的
as demonstrated in Example 13–6. Noting that head loss increases with such as the Chicago River shown
0 = 0) 與向上傾斜的
的 (Sincreasing < 0)
(S0the
velocity, and that 渠道，分子
velocity S0 −
is inversely Sf 永遠都是負
proportional to flow 一個例子，其 0 ≈example
here, isSan Sf 及 dy/dx ≈ 0。
of uniform
depth for a given flow rate, Sf  S0 and thus S0  Sf  0 when y  yn, and © Hisham F. Ibrahim/Getty
flow with S0  Sf and RF
dy/dx  0.
Sf  S0 and thus S0  Sf  0 when y  yn. The numerator S0  Sf is always © Hisham F. Ibrahim/Getty RF
negative for horizontal (S0  0) and upward-sloping (S0  0) channels, and
thus the flow depth decreases in the flow direction during subcritical flows
in such channels.

Liquid Surface Profiles in Open Channels, y(x)

Open-channel systems are designed and built on the basis of the projected
flow depths along the channel. Therefore, it is important to be able to pre-
 28 流體力學

的，因此在這種渠道中，當在次臨界流時，流動深度沿著流動方向減小。

明渠中的液體表面形狀，y(x)
明渠系統的設計與建造是根據沿著渠道的預計流動深度，因此對於一個指定的
流率與指定的渠道能夠預測流動深度是很重要的。一個流動深度相對於流動距離的
圖是流動的表面形狀 (surface profile) y(x)。漸變流的表面形狀的一般特性相依於與
臨界及正常深度相對應的底面斜率與流動深度。
一個典型的明渠包括各種不同底面斜率與不同流域的流段，因此有不同表面形
狀的流動段。例如，渠道的一個向下傾斜的流段的表面形狀的一般形狀與在一個向
上傾斜的流段中的情形是不一樣的。同樣地，在次臨界流中的形狀與在超臨界流中
的形狀也不一樣。不像均勻流中不包括慣性力，漸變流包括液體的加速和減速，因
750
此表面形狀反應液體重量、剪力與慣性力的動態平衡。
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW

profile每一種表面形狀由一個指示渠道斜率的字母與一個指示相
A in supercritical flow. Unlike uniform flow that does not involve iner-
tial forces, gradually varied flow involves acceleration and deceleration of
S
750 對於臨界深度
liquid, and the surface yc 與正常深度
profile reflects ythe n 的流動深度的數字來作標識。
dynamic balance between liquid
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 逆向 weight, shear force, and inertial effects.
陡峭
H 渠道斜率可以是陡峭 (S)、臨界 (C)、溫和 (M)、水平 (H) 或逆
A Each
profilesurface profile is flow.
in supercritical identifiedUnlike by uniform
a letter that flowindicates
that doesthenotslope involve of iner-
C
水平
向
the (A)
channel
tial (圖
forces, and13-31)。渠道斜率如果
by a number
gradually varied thatflow indicates
involves yflow
n > y ，被稱為溫和的；如果
depth
acceleration
c relative and to deceleration
the criti- of
S calliquid,
depth and yc and thenormal
surfacedepth profile yn. reflects
The slope theofdynamic
the channel balance can between
be steep liquid
臨界
M
(S),<critical
ynweight,
yc，被稱為陡峭的如果 (C), mild
shear force,(M), andhorizontal
y = (H),
inertial neffects.
yc，被稱為臨界的如果
or adverse (A) (Fig. 13–31). S0The= 0 (零
H
channel slope is said to be mild if y  y , steep if y  y , critical if y  c,
yslope
C 溫和
Each surface profile is identified
底面斜率)，被稱為水平的；以及如果
horizontal
n
if S0  0 (zero bottom slope), and adverse
c by a letter
S0n <that indicates nthe
0c (負斜率)
if S0  0 (nega- 被稱為逆 of
the channel and by a number that indicates flow depth relative to the criti-
tive slope). Note that a liquid flows uphill in an open channel that has an
向的。注意當一個明渠中的液體沿山坡向上流動時，渠道斜率
FIGURE 13–31
圖 13-31　對不同斜率型態的液體表 cal depth y and normal depth yn. The slope of the channel can be steep
M adverse slope. c
Designation of the letters S, C, M, H,
面形狀用 S、C、M、H 與 A 等不同 是逆向的。
(S), classification
The critical (C), mild (M), horizontal
of a channel (H), or adverse
section depends on the flow (A) rate
(Fig.and 13–31).
the The
and A for liquid surface profiles for channel slope is said
字母標識。 channel cross section as to
wellbeasmild the if yn ofycthe
slope , steep if ynbottom.
channel  yc, critical
A channel if yn  yc,
different types of slopes. horizontal
section that is if S0  0to(zero
一個明渠流段的分類相依於流率與渠道截面，也相依於渠
classified have abottommild slope slope), for one andflow adversemay haveif S0a  steep0 (nega-
tivefor
slope slope).
another Noteflow, that
and a even
liquida critical
flows uphillslope in an
for a openflow.
third channel
Therefore,that has an
FIGURE 13–31 道底面的斜率。一個渠道流段對一個流動被分類為溫和的斜率對另一個流動可能是
Designation of the letters S, C, M, weadverse
need to slope.calculate the critical depth yc and the normal depth yn before we
1 H, The classification of a channel section depends on the flow rate and the
can assess
and A for liquid陡峭的斜率，而對第三個流動甚至可能是臨界斜率。因此在我們可以評估斜率之
surface profiles for the slope.
channel
The number cross section as
designation well asthethe
indicates slope
initial of theofchannel
position the liquid bottom.
surfaceAfor channel
different types of slopes.
前，需要計算臨界深度 a given ychannel
sectionc 與正常深度that is classified
slope yn。to
relative have
to the a mild
surface slope
levels for oneand
in critical flow may have
uniform flows,a steep
2 as slope
shownfor another
in Fig. 13–32. flow, and even
A surface a critical
profile is designatedslope for by 1a ifthird flow.depth
the flow Therefore,
yn we 數字標識對一個給定斜率的渠道指示液體面的起始位置相
is aboveneed bothtocritical
calculate and the
normal
criticaldepths (y 
depth c andthe
yc yand y yn), bydepth
normal 2 if the ynflow
before we
1 depth
均勻流的自由表面
can isassess
between
對於臨界與均勻流的液面高度的關係，如圖 the theslope.two ( yn  y  yc or yn  y  yc), and by 3 if the flow
13-32 所示。用 1
yc 3 depthTheis below
number both the critical indicates
designation and normal thedepths y  yc and
initial(position of ythe yn). There-
 liquid surface for
y fore, three channel
differentslope
標識的表面形狀，其流動深度同時大於臨界與正常深度
a given profiles are possible
relative for a specified
to the surface levels intype of channel
critical and uniform slope.(y > yc
flows,
2 Butasfor
shown in Fig. 13–32. A surface profile is designated by 1 if thesince
channels with zero or adverse slopes, type 1 flow cannot exist flow depth
且isflow
the > can
yabove y nboth
)，用never 2 標識的流動深度介於兩者之間
be
critical uniform
and normal in horizontal
depths (and y upward y  yn(y
yc and channels,
>2y thus
and
), nby
>y 或
if thec flow
yn 臨界流的自由表面
normal depth is not defined. Also, type 2 flow does not exist for channels with
yndepth
critical <isybetween
< y slope c)，而用
since normal
the3two ( yn  y  yc or yn  y  yc), and by 3 if the flow
標識的流動深度則同時小於臨界與正常深度
and critical depths are identical in this case.
yc 3 depth is below both the critical and normal depths ( y  yc and y  yn). There-
FIGURE 13–32 The five
< ycthree
(yfore, classes of slopes and
< yn)。因此，對一個指定的渠道斜率型態，可能有三
且 ydifferent the three types of initial positions discussed
y profiles are possible for a specified type of channel slope.
Designation of the numbers 1, 2, and 3 give a total of 12 distinct configurations for surface profiles in GVF, all tabu-
Butand forsketched
channelsinwith Tablezero or The
adverse slopes, typeis 1also flow cannot exist since
for liquid surface profiles based on the lated
種不同的形狀。但是對於零斜率或逆向斜率的渠道，型態 13–3. Froude number given for each 1的
value of the flow depth relative to the the flow can never be uniform in horizontal
case, with Fr  1 for y  yc, as well as the sign of the slope dy/dx of the and upward channels, and thus
normal and critical
渠道底面 depths. normal depthdetermined
is not defined.
流動不能存在因為對於水平或向上的渠道，流動不可能是均勻
surface profile from Also,
Eq. 13–65,type dy/dx
2 flowdoes (S0  notSf)/(1
existfor Fr channels
2
). Note with
critical
that dy/dx slope
 0, and since normal
thus the flow anddepthcritical depths in
increases aretheidentical in this case.
flow direction when
FIGURE
圖 13–32
13-32　基於流動深度相對於正常
的，因此正常深度沒被定義。同時，型態
both The
S0 five Sf andclasses
1  of Fr2slopes and the
are positive or three
negative. types Otherwise 的流動對於有臨界
of 2initial positions
dy/dx  0 and discussed
Designation of the numbers 1, 2, and 3 the
與臨界深度的值的液體表面形狀指 give
flow a total
depth of 12 distinct
decreases.
斜率的渠道不存在，因為在此情況下，臨界與正常深度是相同 In configurations
type 1 flows, for
the surface
flow depthprofiles in
increases GVF, in all tabu-
the
for1、2
定 liquid 與surface
3 等數字。 lated
profiles based on the flow and sketched
direction in Table
and the surface 13–3.approaches
profile The Froude thenumber
horizontal is also
planegivenasymp- for each
的。case, with
value of the flow depth relative to the totically. In type Fr  1 for ytheflow
2 flows, yc, as welldecreases
depth as the sign andofthethesurface
slope profile
dy/dx of the
normal and critical depths. approaches
surface profile the lower of yc or ynfrom
determined . In type Eq.313–65,
flows, dy/dx the flow  depth
(S0 increases
Sf)/(1  and Fr2). Note
thethat
surface
dy/dxprofile 0, approaches
and thus thetheflow lowerdepth c or
of yincreases y n. These
in thetrends
flow in surface
direction when
profiles
both Scontinue
0  S f
as
and long
1  asFrthere
2
are is no
positivechange or in bottom
negative. slope
Otherwise or roughness.
dy/dx  0 and
Consider
the flow the depth casedecreases.
in Table 13–3 In type designated
1 flows,M1 the(mild
flowchannel slope and in the
depth increases
y flow  yc). The
yn direction andflowthe is subcritical
surface profilesince y  yc the
approaches andhorizontal
thus Fr plane 1 andasymp-
1 Fr2  0.
totically. InAlso,  S0 and
type S2f flows, thethus flowS0depth  0 since and
 Sf decreases y  the yn, and
surface thusprofile
theapproaches
flow velocity is less than the velocity in normal
the lower of y or y . In type 3 flows, the flow depth increases flow. Therefore, the and
slope of the surface profilec dy/dxn  (S0  Sf)/(1  Fr2)  0, and the
 第 13 章　明渠流 29

以上討論五種斜率的分類與三種初始位置的型態，給出在漸變流中十二種不
同的表面形狀外觀，都被列表並畫在表 13-3 中。每一種情況的福勞數也被給出，
對於 y < yc 有 Fr > 1，同時也列出從式 (13-65)，dy/dx = (S0 − Sf)/(1 − Fr2)，所決定
的表面形狀的斜率 dy/dx 的正負號。注意當 S 0 − S f 與 1 − Fr 2 兩者皆為正或負時
dy/dx > 0，因此流動深度沿著流動方向增加。否則，dy/dx < 0 且流動深度減小。第
1 型流動，流動深度沿著流動的方向增加，並且表面形狀漸近地趨近水平的平面。
第 2 型流動，流動深度減小且表面形狀趨近 yc 或 yn 的較低者。第 3 型流動，流動
深度增加且表面形狀趨近 yc 或 yn 的較低者。這種表面形狀的趨勢只要底面斜率或
粗糙度沒有改變就會一直持續。
考慮表 13-3 標識為 M1 的情況 (溫和渠道斜率且 y > yn > yc)。此流動是次臨界
的因為 y > yc 從而 Fr < 1 且 1 − Fr2 > 0。同時 Sf < S0 從而 S0 − Sf > 0 因為 y > yn，
並且因此流速小於正常流的速度。因此，表面形狀的斜率 dy/dx = (S 0 − S f )/(1 −
Fr2) > 0，使得流動深度 y 沿著流動方向增加。但當 y 增加時，流速減小，並且因
此 Sf 與 Fr 趨近零。結果 dy/dx 趨近 S0 使得流動深度的增加率等於渠道斜率。這要
求表面的形狀在 y 大的時候變成水平。因此我們結論 M1 表面形狀在流動的方向先
上升，然後漸進地趨向水平。
當 y → yc 在次臨界流中 (例如 M2、H2 與 A2)，我們有 Fr → 1 且 1 − Fr2 → 0，
且因此斜率 dy/dx 趨向負無限大；但是當 y → yc 在超臨界流中 (例如 M3、H3 與
A3)，我們有 Fr → 1 且 1 − Fr2 → 0，且因此 dy/dx，它是一個正量，趨向無限大。亦
即，自由表面幾乎垂直地上升且流動深度非常快速地增加。這在物理上不能夠被維
持，因此自由表面破碎了。結果形成一個水躍。當發生此現象時，一維近似不再適
用。

一些代表性的表面形狀
一個典型的明渠系統包括幾個不同斜率的流段，其間有稱為過渡區的連接段，
因此流動的總表面形狀是一個連續的形狀，由先前所描述過的各個形狀所組成。
明渠中通常會遭遇到幾個代表性的表面形狀，包括一些複合形狀，被給在圖 13-33
中。對每一種情況，表面形狀的改變是由渠道幾何上的改變所造成的。例如斜率上
的突然改變或在流動中的一個障礙物，如水閘門。更多複合形狀可以從列於參考資
料中的專書中找到。表面形狀上的一點代表在那一點上滿足質量、動量與能量守恆
關係式的流動高度。注意在漸變流中 dy/dx << 1 且 S0 << 1，因此在這些圖中渠道與
表面形狀兩者的斜率，為了有較好的視覺效果都被高度誇大了。許多渠道與表面形
狀如果按照比例畫出，看起來幾乎是水平的。
圖 13-33a 顯示的是在一個有溫和斜率與水閘門的渠道中漸變流的表面形狀。
 751
30 流體力學 CHAPTER 13

TABLE 13–3
Classification of surface profiles in gradually varied flow. The vertical scale is greatly exaggerated.
表 13-3　漸變流中表面形狀的分類。垂直方向的尺寸被高度誇張了。
Channel Profile Froude Profile Surface
Slope 渠道斜率 形狀符號
Notation 流動深度
Flow Depth 福勞數
Number 形狀斜率
Slope 表面形狀
Profile
dy 水平線
陡峭 (S) yc > yn S1 y > yc Fr < 1 >0
dx S1
S0 < Sc yc
dy
S2 yn < y < yc Fr > 1 <0
S1 dx
S2 dy S2
S3 y < yn Fr > 1 >0 yn
dx
S1 S3

S3

渠道底面，S0 > Sc

水平線
dy C1
臨界 (C) yc = yn C1 y > yc Fr < 1 >0 yc = yn
S0 < Sc dx
dy C3
C2 y < yc Fr > 1 >0
C1 dx
C3
C3
渠道底面，S0 = Sc

起始點 水平線
M1
dy
溫和 (M) yc < yn M1 y > yn Fr < 1 >0 yn
表面形狀
dx 正常
S0 < Sc 深度
p y(x)
dy
M1 M2 yc < y < yn Fr < 1 <0
dx M2
M2 dy yc
M3 臨界
M3 y < yc Fr > 1 >0 深度
dx
M3

渠道底面，S0 < Sc
dy
水平 (H) yn → ∞ H2 y > yc Fr < 1 <0
dx H2
S0 = 0
dy
H2 H3 y < yc Fr > 1 >0 yc
dx
H2
H3 H3

渠道底面，S0 = 0
dy
逆向 (A) S0 < 0 A2 y > yc Fr < 1 <0 A2
dx
yn：不存在 dy
A2 A3 y < yc Fr > 1 >0 yc
dx
A2 A3
A3

渠道底面，S0 < 0

725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 751 7/2/13 6:58 PM

 第 13 章　明渠流 31
753
CHAPTER 13

水躍
均勻流
M1
yn1 均勻流
M3 yn2
yc
yn2

溫和

(a) 在一個具有溫和斜率的明渠中通過水閘門的流動

水躍
A2
A2

A3

yc

逆向
(b) 在一個具有逆向斜率及自由出口的明渠中通過水閘門的流動

yc

yn1
均勻
流 S3 均勻流
yn2
y  yn2
陡峭

較不陡峭

(c) 均勻的超臨界流從陡峭到較不陡峭的變化

yn1 均勻流 M2

yc S2
yn2
均勻流
水躍
溫和 H2
H3 yc
自由
陡峭 落下 圖 13-33　在平渠流中會遭遇到的幾
個常見的表面形狀。所有流動都是 FIGURE 13–33
水平
Some
從左向右。 common surface profiles
(d) 均勻的次臨界流從溫和到陡峭到具有自由出口的水平斜率的變化 encountered in open-channel flow.
All flows are from left to right.

次臨界的上游流動
becomes uniform flow is established. The critical depth 當它接近閘門時慢
(注意流動是次臨界的，因為斜率是溫和的)
supercritical when
occurs at the break in grade. The change of slope is accompanied by a
下來 (例如河流接近水壩)，並且液體高度上升了。當流動通過閘門時是超臨界的
smooth decrease in flow depth through an M2 profile at the end of the mild
section, and through an S2 profile at the beginning of the steep section. In
(因為開口的高度低於臨界深度)。因此，閘門之前的表面形狀是 M1，而閘門之後
the horizontal section, the flow depth increases first smoothly through an H3
水躍之前是
profile, M3。
and then rapidly during a hydraulic jump. The flow depth then
decreases through an H2 profile as the liquid accelerates toward the end
一個明渠中的一段可能有負斜率並且包含上坡流，如圖 13-33b 所示的。有逆
向斜率的流動無法維持，除非慣性力能克服抵抗流體運動的重力及摩擦力。因此一
個上坡的渠道流段必須被一個下坡的流段或一個自由出口所跟隨。當具有逆向斜率
的次臨界流接近一個水閘門時，接近閘門時流動深度減小，產生一個 A2 形狀。通

725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 753 7/2/13 6:58 PM

 32 流體力學

過閘門的流動一般是超臨界的，在水躍之前會產生一個 A3 形狀。
圖 13-33c 的明渠流段包括一個從陡峭到不那麼陡峭的斜率的改變。在較不陡
峭的那個流段其流速較小 (較小的高度下降驅動流體)，因此當均勻流再一次建立
時，流動深度較高。注意有較陡峭斜率的均勻流必須是超臨界的 (y < yc)，流動深
度很平滑地經過一個 S3 的形狀從起始增加到新的均勻流高度。
圖 13-33d 顯示出一個明渠的複合表面形狀，包含幾個不同的流段。開始時斜
率是溫和的，其流動是均勻且次臨界的。然後流動變成陡峭的，且其流動當均勻流
建立時變成超臨界的。臨界深度發生在坡度改變的地方。斜率的改變伴隨著流動深
754
-CHANNEL FLOW
度，在溫和段末端經過一個 M2 形狀，與在陡峭段前端經過一個 S2 形狀，平滑地
減小。在水平段，流動深度先經過一個 H3 形狀平滑地增加，然後經歷一個水躍急
of the channel to a free outfall. The flow becomes critical before reaching
速地增加。接著，當液體加速朝去渠道尾端自由向外掉落時，流動深度經過一個
the end of the channel, and the outfall controls the upstream flow past the
hydraulic jump. The outfalling flow stream is supercritical. Note that uniform
H2 形狀減小。流動在達到渠道末端之前變成臨界的，並且出口控制著通過水躍的
flow cannot be established in a horizontal channel since the gravity force
上游流動。出口的流動是超臨界的。注意，均勻流在水平渠道中不能夠建立，因為
has no component in the flow direction, and the flow is inertia-driven.
重力在流動方向沒有分量，且流動是慣性驅動的。
Numerical Solution of Surface Profile
表面形狀的數值解
The prediction of the surface profile y(x) is an important part of the design
of open-channel systems. A good starting point for the determination of the
預測表面形狀是設計明渠系統的一個重要部分。一個決定表面形狀的良好起始
surface profile is the identification of the points along the channel, called
點是辨識沿著渠道的重要點，稱為控制點
the control points, at which the flow depth (control
can bepoints)，在這些點上的流動深度
calculated from a knowl-
edge of flow rate. For example, the flow depth at a section of a rectangular
可以從流率的知識上計算出來。例如，一個矩形渠道中發生臨界流的截面，其流動
channel where
# 2 critical flow ⋅
occurs, called the critical point, is determined
深度稱為臨界點，可以用 2 1/3
yc = (V 2/gb2)1/3 決定。正常深度，其為均勻流被建立時所
from yc  (V /gb ) . The normal depth yn, which is the flow depth reached
達到的流動深度，也是一個控制點。一旦有了在控制點上的流動深度，其上游或下
when uniform flow is established, also serves as a control point. Once flow
depths at control points are available, the surface profile
游的表面形狀，通常用數值積分非線性微分方程式 upstream or down- 來
[式 (13-65)，重複寫在這裡]
stream
決定 is determined usually by numerical integration of the nonlinear dif-
ferential equation (Eq. 13–65, repeated here)
dy S0 2 Sf
5 (13-66)
(13–66)
dx 1 2 Fr2
The friction slope Sf is determined from the uniform-flow conditions, and
the FroudeSfnumber
摩擦斜率 是從均勻流條件來決定的，且福勞數是從適用於渠道截面的一個關係
from a relation appropriate for the channel cross section.
式所決定的。

EXAMPLE 13–6 Gradually Varied Flow with M1 Surface Profile

Gradually varied flow of water in a wide rectangular channel with a per-unit-
width flow rate of 1 m3/sm and a Manning coefficient of n  0.02 is con-
sidered. The slope of the channel is 0.001, and at the location x  0, the
flow depth is measured to be 0.8 m. (a) Determine the normal and critical
depths of the flow and classify the water surface profile, and (b) calculate
the flow depth y at x  1000 m by integrating the GVF equation numerically
4 over the range 0  x  1000 m. Repeat part (b) to obtain the flow depths
Example 13–6. for different x values, and plot the surface profile (Fig. 13–34).

SOLUTION Gradually varied flow of water in a wide rectangular channel is

considered. The normal and critical flow depths, the flow type, and the flow
depth at a specified location are to be determined, and the surface profile is
to be plotted.
Assumptions 1 The channel is wide, and the flow is gradually varied. 2 The
 depths at control points are available, the surface profile upstream or down- The prediction of th
stream is determined usually by numerical integration of the nonlinear dif- of open-channel sys
surface profile is th
ferential equation (Eq. 13–65, repeated here)
the control points,
dy S0 2 Sf edge of flow rate. F
5 (13–66) channel where
dx 1 2 Fr2 # criti
from yc  (V 2/gb2)1
The friction slope Sf is determined from the uniform-flow conditions, and when uniform flow
第 13 章　明渠流 33 depths at control po
the Froude number from a relation appropriate for the channel cross section.
stream is determine
ferential equation (E
8m
EXAMPLE 13–6 Gradually Varied Flow with M1 Surface Profile
例題 13-6　　有 M1 表面形狀的漸變流
Gradually varied flow of3 water in a wide rectangular channel with a per-unit- The friction slope
考慮水在一個每單位寬度流率 1 m /s ⋅ m，曼寧係數為 n = 0.02 的
width flow rate of 1 m3/sm and a Manning coefficient of n  0.02 is con- the Froude number
寬矩形渠道中的漸變流。渠道的斜率是
sidered. The slope of the channel is 0.001,x =
0.001，並且在 0 的位
and at the location
y x  0, the
flow depth is measured
置量測到的流動深度是 0.8 m。(a) 決定流動的正常和臨界流動深 to be 0.8 m. (a) Determine the normal
y  0.8 m and critical
0
EXAMPLE 13–6
depths of the flow and classify the water surface profile, and (b) calculate
度，並分類水的表面形狀，並
the flow depth y at(b) x 1000 0m≤by
在範圍 x ≤integrating
1000 m 用數值方
the GVF equation numerically Gradually varied fl
E 13–34 法積分 GVF over
方程式來計算在
the range 0  x=x 1000
 1000m 的流動深度 y。重做
m. Repeat part (b) to(b)obtain the flow depths width flow rate of
sidered. The slope
matic for Example 13–6. forx different x values, and plot the surface 0
profile (Fig. 13–34).
小題得到不同 值的流動深度，並畫出表面形狀 (圖 13-34)。 flow depth is mea
底面斜率，S0 = 0.001 depths of the flow
SOLUTION Gradually varied flow of water in a wide rectangular
解答：考慮水在一個寬矩形渠道中的漸變流。要決定水在一個指 channel is
FIGURE 13–34
the flow depth y at
13-34　例題 over the range 0 
considered. The normal and critical flow depths, the flow圖 type, and
Schematic forthe
13-6
flow
Example
的示意圖。
13–6.
定位置上的正常與臨界流動深度、流動型態和流動深度，並畫出 for different x valu
depth at a specified location are to be determined, and the surface profile is
表面形狀。 to be plotted. SOLUTION Gradu
Assumptions 1 The channel is wide,
假設：1. 渠道是寬的，並且流動是漸變的。2. and the flow is gradually
底面斜率是常數。3. varied. 2 The
渠道溼面的粗糙度與摩擦係數是 considered. The no
depth at a specifie
bottom slope is constant. 3 The roughness of the wetted surface of the chan-
常數。 to be plotted.
nel and thus the friction coefficient are constant. Assumptions 1 Th
性質：渠道的曼寧係數為
Properties The n =Manning
0.02。 coefficient of the channel is given to be n  0.02. bottom slope is co
Analysis (a) The channel is said to be wide,h ≅
解析：(a) 渠道是寬的，因此水力半徑等於流動深度，R and thus the hydraulic (b
y。知道每單位寬度 radius
= 1 m)is 的流率。正 nel and thus the fr
equal to the flow depth, Rh  y. Knowing the flow rate per unit width (b  1 m), Properties The Ma
常深度可用曼寧方程式決定為
the normal depth is determined from the Manning equation to be
Analysis (a) The c
equal to the flow de
# a a a 5/3 1/2 the normal depth i
V 5 AcR2/3 1/2 2/3 1/2
h S 0 5 (yb)y S 0 5 by S 0 #
n n n V
#
(V /b)n 3/5 (1 m2/s)(0.02) 3/5 755
yn 5 a 1/2
b 5 a 1/3 1/2
b 5 0.76 m CHAPTER
755 13
755yn 5 a
aS 0 (1 m /s)(0.001) CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 13
The critical depth for this flow is
此流動的臨界深度是The # depth # this flow is #
The critical
criticalVdepth 2 for
for
V# 2 this flow is (V# /b)2 1/3 (1 m2/s)2 1/3
#
yc 5 V# 222 5 V# 22 2 S yc 5 a(V# /b)22 b1/3 5 a (1 m22/s)222 b1/3 5 0.47 m
yyc 5 V c 5 g(by)
gA V S y 5 a (Vg/b) b 5 a (9.81 1/3 (1 mm/s /s) )b 1/3 5 0.47 m
c 5 gA22 5 g(by)22 S yc 5 a g b 5 a(9.81 m/s22) b 5 0.47 m
c
gAc g(by) g (9.81 m/s )
Noting that yc c  yn  y at x  0, we see from Table 13-3 that the water
Noting
surface
Noting that
profile
that yyc 
duringyn  thisy at xx 
atGVF is0, we
0,classified see
see from as M1. Table
Table 13-313-3 that that thethe water
注意在 x = 0，y c < yn < y，我們從表 c  yn  y 13-3 we GVF from water
看出在此 中水的表面形狀被歸類為 725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 754M1。
surface
surface profile
profile during
during this
this GVF
GVF is
is classified
classified as
as M1.
M1.
(b) 知道起始條件(b) Knowing
y(0) = 0.8the m，任何 initial condition
x 位置的流動深度是由數值積分 y (0)  0.8 m, the flowGVF depth y at any x
方程式來決定的，
_ch13.indd 754 (b)
(b) Knowing the initial condition y (0)  0.8 m, the flow depth y at
Knowing
location is the
determined initial condition
by numerical y (0)
integration
 0.8 m,of the
the flow
GVF depth
equation y at any
any xx 7/2/13 6:58 PM
location
location is is determined
determined by by numerical
numerical integration
integration of
of the
the GVF
GVF equation
equation
dy S0 2 Sf
dy 5 SS0 2 S
dy 5 1 022FrSf2f
dx
5 11 2 2
where the Froude number for a dx
dx
wide rectangular2 Fr Fr2 channel is
其中福勞數對一個寬矩形渠道是
where the Froude number for a wide #
rectangular #
channel is
where the Froude number for a Vwide rectangular V /by Vchannel
/b is
Fr 5 V 5 V## /by 5 V## /b
V V /by V /b 3
Fr
Fr 55 "gy 5 5 "gy 5 5 "gy3
"gy
"gy from "gy
"gy "gy
"gy 3
and the friction slop is determined the uniform-flow equation by setting
and
S
and  the
S ,friction
0 thef friction slop S
而摩擦斜率是從均勻流方程式令 slop is determined
is0 =
determined
Sf 來決定的， from
from the uniform-flow equation by
the uniform-flow equation by setting
setting
SS0  S , # #
0  Sf,
f
# a (V# /b)n 2 (V /b) n 2 2
V# 5 a by 5/3S 1/2 f S Sf 5 a(V /b)n
# 5/3 b22 5 (V## 2/b)10/3 2 2
#
VV 5 n
a 5/3 1/2
S aa (V ay/b)nb 5 (V y 2nn2
a /b)
5 n by by 5/3SSf1/2
f S SSf 5
f 5 ay 5/3 b 5 2 10/3
aa2yy 10/3
n
Substituting, the GVF equation for a wide rectangular channel becomes
ay 5/3 0
Substituting, # 2 rectangular 100
Substituting, the the GVF GVF equation
equationSfor for2aa(V wide
wide rectangular
2 2 10/3
channel
channel becomes
becomes 00
dy 0 ## /b)2 n2 /(a2 y10/3 ) 200
100
100
5 (V /b) # 2n 22/(a 2y310/3) 300
dy 5 SS00 2
dy
dx 122(V(V /b)/b) /(a y) )
n /(gy 200
200
dx 5 1 2 (V## /b)22/(gy 33) 400
300
300
500
which is highly nonlinear,dxand thus 1 2it (V is /b) /(gy ) (if not impossible) to inte-
difficult 400
400
600
500
500
which
grate is highly nonlinear, and thus
which is highly nonlinear, and thus it is difficultnonlinear
analytically. Fortunately, nowadays it is difficult
solving (if
(if not
not impossible)
differentialto
impossible) inte-
toequa-
inte- 700
600
600
grate
tions analytically.
by integrating Fortunately,
such nowadays
nonlinear equations solving
grate analytically. Fortunately, nowadays solving nonlinear differential equa- nonlinear
numerically differential
using a equa-
program 800
700
700
tions by 900
like
tionsEES by integrating
or Matlab such
integrating is easy.
such nonlinear
With this
nonlinear equationsmind, the
equations numerically
solution using
numerically of theaanonlinear
using program
program 800
800
1000
like
first EES
order or Matlab
differential is easy.
equation With this
subject mind,
to the the
initialsolution
condition of the
y (x nonlinear
)  y1 is 900
900
like EES or Matlab is easy. With this mind, the solution of the nonlinear 1
1000
 dxdx y11(0)
dx
(b) Knowing the initial condition 12
2 Fr
2FrFr m, the flow depth y at any x
0.8
location is determined by numerical integration of the GVF equation
where
where
wherethe
the
theFroude
Froude
Froudenumber
number
numberfor
for
foraawide
awide
wide
rectangular
rectangular
rectangularchannel
channel
channelisisis
dy # S# 0# 2 Sf ## #
VVV dx 5VV1/by
V/by/by 2 VV/b
2 Fr V/b/b
FrFr
Fr 5
5 5 555 55 5
where the Froude number"gy
"gya wide"gy"gy "gy "gy 33 3
"gy
for "gy
rectangular "gy
channel is
# #
V fromV /by V /b
andand
and the
the
the friction
friction
friction slop
slop
slopisisis
determined
determined
Fr 5 from
determined 5 the
from the
the uniform-flow
uniform-flow
uniform-flow
5 equation
equation
equationby
byby
setting
setting
setting
SS0S0 S
S ,
S
f34, , "gy "gy "gy 3

0 f f 流體力學
and the friction slop is determined from #the
# # uniform-flow
# # equation
# 2 2 2 by setting
# # # aaa 5/35/31/21/2
S 0  Sf,VVV
(V
(V(V
/b)n/b)n2 2 2 (V
/b)n (V(V
/b) /b)
/b) n2nn2
555 by
ff fbybySSS S
5/3 1/2
ff f SSSSS555aaa bbb555
nn#n ay #5/3
ayay5/35/3 #aa2y
a2y10/3
210/3
y 10/3
a 5/3 1/2 (V /b)n 2 (V /b)2n2
代入，對一個寬矩形渠道的 V 5 by S S
f GVFS 5 a
f 方程式變成 5/3
b 5 沿渠道的距離，
Substituting,
Substituting,
thethe
GVF
GVF n
equation
equation forfor
a wide
a wide ayrectangular
rectangular a2channel
y 10/3
Substituting, the GVF equation for a wide rectangular channel becomeschannel becomes
becomes 00水深，m
0 0.80
0.80
0.80
m
100
1000.80
100 0.82
0.82
0.82
Substituting, the GVF equation for #a# wide
# 2 2rectangular
2 2 2 10/3 channel becomes 0
dydy SS0S02
dy 022(V
(V(V
/b) # /b)
/b) n2n/(a
n2/(a yy210/3
/(a y 10/3
)) ) 100 200
2000.82
200 0.86
0.86
0.86
555 S0 2 (V# /b)
dy # # 22n22/(a 2 10/3
y ) 200 300
3000.86
300 0.90
0.90
0.90
dx
dxdx 5112 122 (V(V(V /b)
# /b)
/b) /(gy2 33 3
/(gy
/(gy )) ) 300 4000.90
400
400 0.96
0.96
0.96
dx 2 3
1 2 (V /b) /(gy ) 400
5000.96
500
500 1.03
1.03
1.03
which
whichisisishighly
which highly
highly
which isnonlinear,
nonlinear,
nonlinear,
highly andand
and
nonlinear, thus
thus
thus
and itititis
thus itisis
isdifficult
difficult(if
difficult
difficult (if
(if(if
not
not not
not impossible)
impossible)
impossible)
impossible) tototointe-
to inte- inte-
inte- 500 1.03
這是高度非線性的，因此要用解析方法積分非常困難 (如果不是 600 600
6001.10
600 1.10
1.10
1.10
grate
grateanalytically.
grate analytically.
analytically. Fortunately,
Fortunately,
Fortunately,
grate analytically. nowadays
nowadays
nowadayssolving
nowadays
Fortunately, solvingnonlinear
solving
solving nonlinear
nonlinear
nonlinear differential
differential
equa-equa-
differential
differential equa-
equa- 700 700
7001.18
700 1.18
1.18
1.18
tions
tions
tions 不可能)。幸運地，現在用像
by
bybyintegrating
integrating
tions such
suchsuch
by integrating
integrating such nonlinear
nonlinearEES
equations
nonlinear
nonlinear 或 Matlab
equations
equations
equations 這樣的程式使用數值
numerically
numerically
numerically
numerically using
using using aaaprogram
a program
using program
program 800 800
8001.26
800 1.26
1.26
1.26
like EES or Matlab is easy. With this mind, the solution of of
the nonlinear 900 9001.35
900 1.35
1.35
like
likeEES
like EESorororMatlab
EES Matlabisisiseasy.
Matlab easy.With
easy.
方法來解這樣的非線性方程式是容易的。了解這一點，一階非線 Withthis
With thismind,
this mind,the
mind, thesolution
the solution
solution ofofthe
thenonlinear
the nonlinear
nonlinear 1000
900 1.44
1.35
first order differential equation subject to the initial condition y (x1)  y1 is 1000
1000
1000 1.44
1.44
1.44
first
firstorder
first order
orderexdifferential
differential
differential equation
equationsubject
equation subjecttototothe
subject theinitial
the initialcondition
initial conditionyy(xy(x1(x
condition ) )1)yy11yis
1isis
pressed
性微分方程式受起始條件 as y(x 1) = y1 支配的解被表示為
1
ex
exex
pressed
pressed
pressed as
asas x
# 2 2 2 10/3 2.0
S0 2 (V /b) n /(a y )
# f(x,y)dx where f(x,y) 5SS0S0210222(V(V(V#(V/b)
## # 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10/3
2

y 5 xy2x12x1 2.02.0
2.0
/b) n/(a
n/(gy yy2y10/3
)/(a
n/(a 10/3
)) )
###
2
x1 /b)
/b) 2 3 1.8
yy5
y55
yy1 1y1
11 其中
1 f(x,y)dx where f(x,y)
f(x,y)dx where f(x,y)
f(x,y)dx where f(x,y) 555 ## # 2 2 3 3 1.81.8
112
122 (V 1.6 1.8
and where yx y (x) is the water depth at the
1x1x1
specified /b)
(V(V /b)
/b) /(gy
2 /(gy
location/(gy )3) ) given
x. For
y
numerical values, this problem can be solved using EES as follows: 1.4
1.61.6
1.6
and
andwhere
and where
where yy=yy(x)
yy(x)
y(x)
(x)
isisisthethewater
the water
water depth
depthatatatthe
depth thespecified
the specifiedlocation
specified locationx.x.x.For
location Forgiven
For given1.2
given
其中 Voly  1 “m^3/s,是在指定 x 位置的水深。對於給定的數值，這個問
volume flow rate per unit width, b  1 m” yy y
numerical
numerical
numerical values,
values,
values, this
this
this problem
problem
problem can
can
can bebe
be solved
solved
solved using
using
usingEES
EES
EES as
asas
follows:
follows:
follows: 1.41.4
1.4

y，m
題可以用 b  1 “m, EES width
求解如下： of channel” 1.0
n  0.02 “Manning coefficient”
Vol
Vol
Vol 111“m^3/s,
“m^3/s,
“m^3/s, volume
volume
volume flow
flow
flow
S_0  0.001 “slope of channel”
rate
rate
rate perper
per unit
unit
unit width,
width,
width, bbb
11 1
m”
m”m” 0.8
1.21.2
1.2 yn

y，m
y，m
y，m
bb
b 111“m,
Vol “m,
“m, width
=g 1 width
width
“m^3/s,
9.81 ofofof
channel”
channel”
channel”
volume
“gravitational flow rate perm/s^2”
acceleration, unit width, b = 1 m” 0.6 1.01.0
1.0 yc
nn
n 0.02
0.02
0.02 “Manning
“Manning
“Manning coefficient”
coefficient”
coefficient” ynynyn
b=1 x1“m, width of channel”
0; y1=0.8 “m, initial condition” 0.4 0.80.8
0.8
S_0
S_0
S_0 0.001
0.001
0.001 “slope
x2  1000 “slope
“slope “m,ofof of
channel”
channel”
channel”
length of channel”
gg
g n =
9.81
9.810.02
9.81 “Manning
“gravitational
“gravitational
“gravitational coefficient”
acceleration,
acceleration,
acceleration, m/s^2”
m/s^2”
m/s^2” 0.2
0.60.6
f_xy  (S_0-((Vol/b)^2*n^2/y(10/3)))/(1-(Vol/b)^2/(g*y^3)) “the GVF equation 0.6 ycycyc
“slope 0.0
x1x1
x1 S_0
0;
0;0; = 0.001
toy1=0.8
y1=0.8be integrated”
y1=0.8 “m, “m,
“m, of channel”
initial
initial
initial condition”
condition”
condition” 0 200 400 600 800 1000
0.40.4
0.4
y  y1+integral(f_xy, x, x1, x2) “integral equation with automatic step size.” x，m
x2x2
x2 g1000
 =1000
9.81“m,
1000 “m,
length
lengthofofof
“gravitational
“m, length channel”
channel” m/s^2”
acceleration,
channel”
Copying the mini program above into a blank EES screen and calculating 0.20.2
0.2
圖 13-35　在例題 13-6 FIGURE 13–35
f_xyf_xy
f_xy 
x1 (S_0-((Vol/b)^2*n^2/y(10/3)))/(1-(Vol/b)^2/(g*y^3))
=(S_0-((Vol/b)^2*n^2/y(10/3)))/(1-(Vol/b)^2/(g*y^3))
(S_0-((Vol/b)^2*n^2/y(10/3)))/(1-(Vol/b)^2/(g*y^3))
0; y1=0.8
gives “m,depth
the water initial
at acondition”
location of 1000 m, “the
“the
“theGVF
GVF
GVF equation
equation
equation 中討論的
Flow 0.0
depth
0.0 and
0.0 756surface profile for
tototo
bebe
be integrated”
integrated”
integrated” y(x2) 5 y(1000 m) 5 1.44 m
GVF 問題的流動深度與表面形狀。
00 0problem
OPEN-CHANNEL
the GVF 200
200
200 400
FLOW 400 600
400
discussed 600 800
600
in 800 1000
800 1000
1000
x2 = 1000 “m, length of channel”
yy yy1+integral(f_xy,
y1+integral(f_xy, x, x,
x1,
x1,
x2) x2)“integral
“integral equation
equationwith
with
automatic
automatic
y1+integral(f_xy, x, x1, x2) “integral equation with automatic step size.” step
step
size.”
size.” Examplex，m x，m
13–6.
x，m
clear all Note that the built-in functio
Copying f_xythe
Copying
Copying =the
the(S_0-((Vol/b)^2*n^2/y(10/3)))/(1-(Vol/b)^2/(g*y^3))
mini
miniprogram
mini programabove
program aboveinto
above intoaaablank
into blankEES
blank EESscreen
EES “the
screenand
screen and
and GVF domain=[0 1000]; % limits on integral
calculating
calculating
calculating
s0=.001; % channel slope
FIGURE
FIGURE
FIGURE 13–3513–35
13–35
between specified limits usin
gives
gives
givesthe
the
thewater
water
todepth
water
equation depth
depth
be atatat
aalocation
alocation
integrated” location
ofofof
1000
1000
1000m,m,
m, depths at different locations a
Flow
Flow
Flow
n=.02; % Manning depth
depth
depth
roughness andand
andsurface
surface
surface profile
profile
profile forforat different x va
for
calculations 2
y = y1+integral(f_xy,y(x
x,
y(x
y(x x1,
2)2)25
x2)
)55 “integral
y(1000 m)
y(1000
y(1000 m)
m)555equation
1.44
1.44mmmwith automatic step
1.44 the
q=1; % per-unit-width the
the GVF
GVF
flowrate
GVF problem
problem
problem discussed
discussed
discussed in
in
file, as shownin in Fig. 13–34.
g=9.81; % gravity (SI)
size.” y0=.8; % initial condition on depth
Example
Example
Example 13–6.
curve-fit13–6.
the flow depth data i
13–6.
[X,Y]=ode45(‘simple_flow_derivative’, yapprox(x) 5 0.7930
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 755 7/2/13 6:58 PM
將以上的迷你程式拷貝到一個空的 EES 螢幕上，並計算得到在位 [domain(1) domain (end)],y0, It can be shown that the flo
[],s0,n,q,g,domain); formula do not differ from tab
置 1000 m 的水深， Discussion The graphical res
plot (X, Y, ‘k’) Table 13–3 that an M1 profi
y(x2) = y(1000 m) = 1.44 m axis([0 1000 0 max(Y)]) downstream direction. This pr
xlabel(‘x (m)’);ylabel(‘y (m)’); like Matlab, using the code gi
注意內建函數“integral”使用一個自動調整步長的方法在指定的 **************
5-786_cengel_ch13.indd上下限之間進行數值積分。沿著渠道在不同位置的水深是在不同
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd
-786_cengel_ch13.indd 755755
755 function 7/2/13
7/2/13
7/2/13 6:586:58
6:58PM
PMPM
yprime=simple_flow_
的 x2 值上重複此計算而得到的。畫出結果得到顯示在圖 13-34 上 derivative(x,y,flag,s0, n,q,g, (domain)
的表面形狀。使用 EES 的曲線擬合的特性，我們甚至可以將流動 yprime=(s0-n.^2*q.^2./y.^(10/3))./(1- EXAMPLE 13–7 Classifi
q.^2/g./y.^3);
Water is flowing uniformly in
深度數據曲線擬合成以下的二次多項式：
concrete surfaces. The chann
FIGURE 13–36
圖 13-36　求解例題 13-6 的 GVF 問 the bottom slope is 0.004. D
yapprox(x) = 0.7930 + 0.0002789x + 3.7727 × 10−7x2 A Matlab program for solving the
題的一個 Matlab 程式。 mild, critical, or steep for this
GVF problem of Example 13–6.
可以證明從這個曲線擬合公式所得到的流動深度結果與圖表上的數據差異不超過 1%。 SOLUTION Water is flowing u
mined whether the channel sl
討論：圖形結果證實從表 13-3 所得到的定量預測，即一個 M1 形狀應該得到在往下游的方向水的深 Assumptions 1 The flow is st
度增加。這個問題也可以用其它程式解出，像 Matlab，使用給出在圖 13-36 的程式碼。 stant. 3 The roughness of th
friction coefficient are constan
Properties The Manning coe
b concrete surfaces is n  0.01

y2m Analysis The cross-sectional
2
Ac 5 yb 5
p5b12
b6m Ac
Rh 5 5
S0  0.004 p
 =ode45(‘simple_flow_derivative’,
8; % initial condition on depth file, as shownapprox
in Fig. 13–34. Using the curve-fit feature of EES, we can even downstrea
81;
ain(1)% gravity
domain(SI)
(end)],y0, curve-fit theshown
xlabel(‘x (m)’);ylabel(‘y (m)’); like Matla
=ode45(‘simple_flow_derivative’, It can be yflow depth
approx(x)
that dataflow
5 0.7930
the into the following
1 0.0002789x
depth results1second-order
3.7727
obtained polynomial,
10 27
3 from 2
x**************
this curve-fit
;n,q,g,domain);
% initial condition on depth
ain(1) domain (end)],y0, formula doshown
ynot differ 5from
the tabulated data by 1more than31from
percent.
27 2
=ode45(‘simple_flow_derivative’, It can be approx(x)
that 0.7930 flow 0.0002789x
1 depth results 3.7727
obtained 10 xfunction
this curve-fit
n,q,g,domain); Discussion
formula do The
not graphical
differ from result
tabulated confirms
data bythe
more quantitative
than 1 prediction
percent. from
ain(1) domain
X, Y, ‘k’) (end)],y0, It can 13–3
be shown thatM1theprofile
flow depth results obtained from yprime=simple_flow_
this curve-fit
Table
Discussion that an
Thediffer
graphical should
result confirms yield increasing water depth in the
bythe quantitative prediction from
n,q,g,domain); derivative(x,y,flag,s0, n,q,g, (domain)
0 1000
X, Y, ‘k’) 0 max(Y)]) formula do not
downstream direction. from
This tabulated
problem dataalso
can more
be than using
solved 1 percent.
other programs,
yprime=(s0-n.^2*q.^2./y.^(10/3))./(1- EXAMPLE
Table 13–3
Discussion that an M1 profile should yield increasing water depth in the
l(‘x1000
0 (m)’);ylabel(‘y
0 max(Y)])(m)’); like Matlab, The
downstream usinggraphical
direction. coderesult
the This given confirms
problem incan
Fig.also the quantitative prediction
13–36.
be solved using
from
q.^2/g./y.^3);
other programs,
X, Y, ‘k’)
********** Table 13–3 that an M1 profile should yield increasing water depth in the Water is
(‘x (m)’);ylabel(‘y (m)’);
0 1000 0 max(Y)]) like Matlab, direction.
using the This
code problem
given in can
Fig.also
13–36. 第 13 章　明渠流 35 concrete
********* downstream be solved using other
FIGURE programs,
13–36
ion
(‘x (m)’);ylabel(‘y (m)’); the botto
like Matlab, using the code given in Fig. 13–36. A Matlab program for solving the mild, crit
me=simple_flow_
*********
on GVF problem of Example 13–6.
ative(x,y,flag,s0,
e=simple_flow_ n,q,g, (domain)
on 例題 13-7　　渠道斜率的分類 SOLUTION
me=(s0-n.^2*q.^2./y.^(10/3))./(1-
ative(x,y,flag,s0, n,q,g, (domain) EXAMPLE 13–7 Classification of Channel Slope mined wh
e=simple_flow_
g./y.^3);
e=(s0-n.^2*q.^2./y.^(10/3))./(1- EXAMPLE 13–7 uniformly
水在一個有粗製混凝土表面的矩形明渠中均勻的流動。渠道寬度
ative(x,y,flag,s0, n,q,g, (domain) Water is flowing Classification of Channel
in a rectangular open Slope
channel with unfinished- Assumptio
g./y.^3); stant. 3 T
e=(s0-n.^2*q.^2./y.^(10/3))./(1-
6 m，流動深度EXAMPLE
concrete
2 13–7
surfaces.
m，且底面斜率是 Classification
The channel width
0.004。試決定此流動的渠道 ofisChannel
6
Water is flowing uniformly in a rectangular open channel m, Slope
the flow depth
with isunfinished-
2 m, and friction co
RE 13–36 the bottom slope isThe 0.004. Determine
g./y.^3);
tlab concrete
應該被分類為溫和的、臨界的或是陡峭的
program for solving the Water surfaces.
is flowing uniformly channel
in (圖
aflow width if
rectangular is the
6 m,channel
the flowshould
depth
13-37)。 open channel with unfinished-
be is classified
2 m, and as Properties
E 13–36 mild,
the critical,
bottom or steep
slope isThe for this
0.004. Determine (Fig. 13–37).
ifis the channel should be is
classified as b concrete
problem
tlab of
programExample
for 13–6.
solving the concrete surfaces. channel width 6 m, the flow depth 2 m,y and
2m Analysis
E 13–36 mild, critical, or steep
解答：水在一個明渠中均勻的流動。要決定這個流動的渠道是溫
the bottom slope for
isis0.004. this flow
Determine (Fig. 13–37).
ifinthe channel should Itbeisclassified as
2
problem of Example 13–6.
tlab program for solving the SOLUTION Water flowing uniformly an open channel. to be deter-
mild,
minedcritical,
和、臨界的或陡峭的。 whether orthe
steep for this flowis(Fig. 13–37).
problem of Example 13–6. SOLUTION Water ischannel
flowingslope
uniformly mild,
in an critical, or steep for
open channel. It isthis
to flow.
be deter-
Assumptions
假設：1. 流動是穩定且均勻的。2.
mined whether 1 the
Thechannel
flow is slope
steadyisand
底面斜率是常數。3. mild, uniform.
渠道溼面 2orThe
critical, bottom
steep for slope
this is con-
SOLUTION
stant. 3 The Water is flowing
roughness of uniformly
the wetted in an open
surface of channel.
the It is
channel to flow.
and bethus
6m
bdeter-
the
Assumptions
的粗糙度不變，因此摩擦係數是常數。
mined whether 1 The
the areflow
channel is steady and uniform. 2 The bottom slope
slope is mild, critical, or steep for this flow. is
S0 con-
0.004
friction coefficient
stant. 3 The roughness constant.
Assumptions
性質：對一個粗製混凝土表面的明渠，其曼寧係數是
Properties 1 The
The flowofiscoefficient
Manning
the wetted
steady surface
andfor n =open
uniform.
an
of2 the
0.014。 Thechannel
bottom
channel with
and
slope thus the
is con-
unfinished- The flow
friction coefficient are constant. 圖 FIGURE
13-37　例題 13–37
13-7 的示意圖。
stant.
concrete
解析：截面積、周長與水力半徑為3 The roughness
surfaces is n of0.014.
the wetted surface of the channelSchematic and thusforthe Example 13–7. #
b Properties
friction The Manning coefficient for an open channel with unfinished- V5

y2m 2 Analysiscoefficient
concrete surfaces
are constant.
The cross-sectional
is n  0.014. area, perimeter, and hydraulic radius are

b Properties The Manning coefficient for an open2 channel with unfinished-
y2m Analysis surfaces
The cross-sectional 5 area, perimeter,
(2 m)(6 m) 5 12and m hydraulic radius are Noting th
2
b concrete isAcn 5 yb
0.014. and thus
 2
y2m 2 Analysis Apc 5
5 yb
The cross-sectional (2 5
m)(6
area,
b 152y mm)152(2
12and
6perimeter, m 5
m) hydraulic
10 m radius are
b6m Apc 5 yb bAc152y (2
125 m62 mm)152(2
m)(6 12m) m2 5 10 m
Rh 5 5 5 1.2 m
Sb0  0.004
6m p 5 bApc1 2y12 10
5m m62 m 1 2(2 m) 5 10 m This chan
Rh 5 5 5 1.2 m and the f
 0.004
Sb0  6m The flow rate is determined Apc from 1210 mm
the
2 Manning equation to be
RE 13–37 流率用曼寧方程式決定為 Rh 5 51/3 5 1.2 m Discussion
0.004
S0 for
matic Example 13–7. The flow # rate
a is determined p1 mfrom 10 m Manning
/s the equation to be would be
E 13–37 V 5 Ac Rh S 0 5 2/3 1/2
(12 m2)(1.2 m)2/3(0.004)1/2 5 61.2 m3/s to classify
matic for Example 13–7. #
The flow rate n
a is determined 0.014
1/3
1 mfrom /s the Manning equation to be
E 13–37 V 5 Ac R2/3 1/2
h S0 5 (12 m2)(1.2 m)2/3(0.004)1/2 5 61.2 m3/s
# n
Noting thata the 2/3 flow is uniform, 0.014
1 m /s the specified
1/3 flow rate 1/2
is the normal depth
matic for Example 13–7. V 5 y AcyRhS 1/2 5 The critical (12 m 2
)(1.2for 2/3
m)this (0.004) 5 61.2 m3/s
and thus
Noting thatn then flow02 ism.uniform, depth
0.014 the specified flow flow
rate is
is the normal depth
注意，此流動是均勻的，指定的流率是正常深度，因此 # y = yn = 2 m。
and thus y  y
Noting that the flow  2 m. V The
2
is uniform, critical depth
(61.2 m 3 for
/s) 2 this flow is
# 2 5 the specified flow5rate
2.65ismthe normal depth
n
此流動的臨界深度是 yc 5 2 3
and thus y  yn  2 m.gA 2m2this
)2 flow is
VThe 2
c critical
(9.81 depth
m/s
(61.2 m /s)for
)(12
yc 5 # 2 5 2 3
5 2.65 m
This channel at these gA (9.81 m/sm )(12 2m2)2 as steep since yn  yc,
Vflow2
c conditions
(61.2 is classified
/s)
and the flow is yc 5 2 5
supercritical. 2 2 2
5 2.65 m
This channel at these gA flow c conditions
(9.81 m/s is )(12classified
m) as steep since yn  yc,
Discussion
and the flow Ifisatthe flow depth were greater than 2.65 m, 725-786_cengel_ch13.indd
supercritical. the channel slope 756

This
would channel
be said to these
be flowTherefore,
mild. conditionstheis bottom
classified
slope steep issince
as alone not yn  yc,
sufficient
Discussion Ifisthe
此渠道在這些流動條件下被分類為陡峭的，因為
and the flow supercritical. yn < yc，且流動是超臨界的。
flow depth were greater than 2.65 m, the channel slope
to classify
would be a downhill
said to be channel
mild. as being mild, critical, oralone
steep. not sufficient
Discussion If 2.65
討論：如果流動深度大於 the flow depth were greater than slope
Therefore, the bottom
m，渠道斜率會被稱為溫和的。因為只有底面斜率並不足夠用來分類 2.65 m, theischannel slope
to classify
would be a downhill
said to be channel
mild. as being
Therefore, the mild,
bottomcritical,
slope oralone
steep.
is not sufficient
一個下坡的渠道是溫和、臨界的或陡峭的。
to classify a downhill channel as being mild, critical, or steep.

13-8　急變流與水躍
757
CHAPTER 13
明渠中的流動如果流動深度在一個相當短的距離變化非常
13–8 RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW
■

明顯時被稱為急變流 (RVF) (圖 13-38)。例如發生在水閘門、寬

_ch13.indd 756 AND THE HYDRAULIC JUMP 7/2/13 6:58 PM
頂堰、銳緣堰、瀑布與在渠道擴張或收縮的過渡段。渠道截面
_ch13.indd 756 Recall that flow in open channels is called rapidly varied flow (RVF) if 7/2/13 6:58 PM
the的變化是急變流的一個原因。但是有一些急變流，發生在即使
flow depth changes markedly over a relatively short distance in the flow
_ch13.indd 756 7/2/13 6:58 PM
direction (Fig. 13–38). Such flows occur in sluice gates, broad- or sharp-
渠道截面是常數的區域，例如通過水閘門的流動。
crested weirs, waterfalls, and the transition sections of channels for expan-
sion and急變流一般都非常複雜，因為它們事實上可能包括可觀的
contraction. A change in the cross section of the channel is one
cause of rapidly varied flow. But some rapidly varied flows, such as flow 圖 13-38　流動有突然變化時會發生 FIGURE 13–38
多維度與暫態效應、逆流與流動分離 (圖 13-39)。因此急變流通
through a sluice gate, occur even in regions where the channel cross section Rapidly varied flow
急變流，例如截面積的突然改變。 occurs when there
is constant. is a sudden change in flow, such as an
Rapidly varied flows are typically complicated by the fact that they may abrupt change in cross section.
involve significant multidimensional and transient effects, backflows, and
flow separation (Fig. 13–39). Therefore, rapidly varied flows are usually
studied experimentally or numerically. But despite these complexities, it is
still possible to analyze some rapidly varied flows using the one-dimensional
flow approximation with reasonable accuracy.
The flow in steep channels may be supercritical, and the flow must change
hat flow in open channels is called therapidly
flow depth varied changesflow markedly
(RVF) if over a relatively short distance in the flow
ddepthflow (RVF) if
changes markedly over a relatively directionshort (Fig.distance
13–38).inSuch flows occur in(Fig.
the flow
direction sluice 13–38).
gates,Such broad- flows occur in sluice gates, br
or sharp-
ance in the flow crested weirs, waterfalls, and the fortransition
expan- sections of chann
(Fig.or13–38).
broad- sharp- Such flows occur crested in sluice weirs,
gates, waterfalls,
broad- orand the transition
sharp- sion and
sections
contraction.
of channels
A change in theone
cross section of the
weirs,
nnels forwaterfalls,
expan- and the transitionsion and contraction.
sections of channelsAforchange expan-incause the cross section of the channel is
e contraction.
channel is one A change in the cross cause of rapidly
section of the varied
channel flow.is But some rapidly varied flows, such as flowrapidly varied flows
one
of rapidly varied flow. But some
ws, such as flow FIGURE 13–38
through a sluice gate,such occur through
regionsa where sluice gate, occurFIGUREeven insection
13–38 regions where
Rapidly thevaried
channeflo
rapidly varied Rapidly
flow. varied
But flow
some rapidly
occurs varied
when there flows, as even
flowin is constant.
the channel cross
nel cross section
is36 issuch
constant. Rapidly varied flow occurs when there is a sudden chan
a sluice gate, occur evenchange
a sudden in regions
流in體 力
flow, where
學 as anthe channel cross section
Rapidly varied
nt.that they may
ct abrupt change in Rapidly varied flows are typically complicated
cross section. is a sudden byflows
change theinfactare typically
flow, suchthey
that as ancomplicated
may byabrupt
the fact
ch
involve by significant multidimensional involve significant
abrupt change multidimensional
in cross section.andand transient effects, b
yowsbackflows, and
varied flows are typically complicated
are usually
the fact that they may flowand transient
separation
effects,
(Fig.
backflows,
13–39). Therefore, rapidly varied flo
significant
omplexities, it multidimensional
is and flow separation
transient effects, (Fig. 13–39).and
常用實驗的或數值的方法研究。但是不管這些複雜性，仍然有
backflows, Therefore, rapidly varied flows are usually
studied
aration
one-dimensional(Fig. 13–39). Therefore, studied rapidly experimentally
varied flows are or usually
可能用一維的流動近似以合理的正確性分析某些急變流。
numerically. Butexperimentally
despite these or numerically.it But
complexities, is despite these com
stillvaried
possible to analyze
using thesome rapidly varied flows using the o
experimentally or numerically. Butstill possible
despite these to analyze
complexities, some rapidly
it is flow flows
approximation with
one-dimensional
reasonable accuracy.
ow must change
flow approximation 在陡峭渠道中的流動可能是超臨界的，如果由於渠道降低
with reasonable accuracy.
ibleflow
cal to due
analyze
to a some rapidly varied flows using the one-dimensional The flow in steep channels may be supercritical, and the flo
roximation
Any such change with reasonable accuracy. The flow 斜率或增加摩擦效應而不再能夠維持超臨界流，則流動必須變
in steep channels may be supercritical, and the flow must change
hydraulic jump. to subcritical
ow in steep channels may be supercritical, and成次臨界的。任何這種從超臨界到次臨界的變化都是通過水躍 theif the
flowchannel
must changecan notolonger subcriticalsustain if supercritical
the channel can flownodue longer
to a sustain supercritica
tion, and thus a reduced frictional effects. Any such changefrictional effects. An
slope of the channel or increased
tical if the channel can no longer reduced slope of the flow
sustain supercritical channel dueortoincreased
a from supercritical to subcritical
slope of the channel or increased frictional
ses the hydraulic from supercritical 發生的。水躍包含可觀的混合與攪動，因此會有相當可觀的機
effects. Anytosuch subcritical
change A flow occurs through a hydraulicflow jump. occurs through a h
ossible,
percritical we make to subcritical flow occurs A hydraulic
through jump
械能量耗散。 involves jump.
a hydraulic considerable mixing and agitation, and thus a mixing and agitati
hydraulic jump involves considerable
significant significant amount of mechanical energy dissipation.
ulic jump involves considerable mixing andamount
agitation, of mechanical
and thus aenergy
考慮通過一個包含水躍的控制體積的穩定流，如圖 Consider
dissipation.
steady 13-40
nt ions amount
1 and 2, of mechanical energy dissipation. Consider steady flow through a control volume thatflow through
encloses the ahydraulic
control volume that enclose
jump, asthat 所示。為了使一個簡單的分析變成是可能的，我們作以下的近
shown in Fig. jump, as shown in Fig. 13–39. To make a simple analysis pos
er 1 2  1.flow through a control volume
steady encloses the13–39.
hydraulic To make a simple analysis possible, we
the following approximations:
make
consider gage the following 似： approximations:
shown in Fig. 13–39. To make a simple
aces and its
analysis possible, we make
wing approximations: 1. Thethe velocity is nearly constant
gible relative 1. The velocity 1. 在渠道的截面 is nearly constant1 與 2 的速度幾乎是常數，因此動量通量修正
across channel at sections 1 andacross2, the channel at sectio
and therefore thebmomentum-flux and therefore the momentum-flux
are 1  2  1.correction factors are 
o the intense
velocity is nearly constant acrossFIGURE the channel
13–39
at 因子是
sections 11=and
b2 ≅ 2,1。 2. correction The pressure
factors
in the liquid variesgage hydrostatically, and we c
圖 13-39　當通過急流時，一個獨木
herefore the momentum-flux correction2.a kayaker
The pressure
factors are  in1 the
 liquid
2  1.
varies hydrostatically, and we consider
When riding
舟划者同時遭遇到漸變流 (GVF) the rapids, 與 2. 液體中的壓力呈靜水壓力分佈，並且我們只考慮錶壓，因為 pressure only since atmospheric pressure acts on all surfac
pressure in the 急變流 liquid variesseveral
encounters hydrostatically,
features ofpressure
both andonly since atmospheric
we consider gage pressure acts on all surfaces and its
(RVF) 的許多特徵，而後者 effect cancels out.
sure .only .since 是比較刺激的。 gradually varied flow (GVF)
atmospheric pressure acts effecton all 大氣壓作用在所有表面上且其影響互相抵消。
and cancels
surfaces out. and its
3. The wall shear
tion m 2  m1 is rapidly varied flow (RVF), with the
t cancels out. © Karl Weatherly/Getty 3. The wall shear stress and its associated
more exciting. 3. 壁面剪應力及其有關的損失相對於水躍中由於劇烈攪動的損
being RF
latter758
losses are stress
negligible and its associated losses are negligi
relative
FLOW to the
to the losses that occur during the hydraulic jump due to
wall shear stress and its OPEN-CHANNEL
associated lossesRFarelosses
© Karl Weatherly/Getty negligible
失是可忽略的。
that occur
relative during the hydraulic jump due to the intense
agitation.
(13–67)
e losses that occur 控制 during the hydraulic hL agitation.
jumpwhere due to theintense
P1, avg gy1/2 and P2, avg  gy2/2. For a channel width of b, we have
. 4. The
m  m 2  m 1  channel is1bVwide and horizontal.
能量線 . .
4. The channel A4.1 
渠道是寬而水平的。
is Awide
y1b, 2  y2and
b, andhorizontal. A1V1  y 1. Substituting and When riding
ntion.
the horizontal 體積
FIGURE 13–39
F 5 a bmisV wide
simplifying, the momentum 5.
equation There
reduces are
to no external or body forces other than gravity. se
# S
and horizontal. V25. There are no external or body forces other than gravity. encounters
S
channel 2 5. 除了重力以外，沒有外力或物體力。 When riding the rapids, a kayaker
y2 2y1V1
e areoutno external gradually v
y1 or body forces other than gravity. gencounters
(V2 2 V1) several features
. ofconservation
both
V1 y 21 2 y 22 5 (13–69)
rostatic pressure For a channel of width ⋅ b,
⋅ the . ofrapidly
mass varied
relatio
For a channel對一個寬度 of width b,b the conservation
的渠道，質量守恆關係式 graduallyof massvaried relation
= m2(GVF)
m1flow m
被表示為2  m
and1 is
Eliminating V2 .by using .V2  expressed (y1/y2)V1 fromas Eq.y13–67bV 
gives y bV or latter
channel of width gy1b,(1)the conservation expressed
of2 mass asryy 1bV1 
relation my2 2
bVm21oris rapidly 1
varied 1
flow (RVF), 2 2
with the
1bV1 = ry2bV
(2) gy 2或
x 2y V 2
(y1 2 y2latter being more(13–70) exciting.
1 1
d as y1bV (13–68) y bV or
1 y 2 2
y 21 2 y 22 5
gy2
) y1V1 5 y2V2
y1V1 5 y2V2 (13–67)
Canceling the common factor y1V
y 1 =from
y
© Karl Weatherly/Getty
y2V2both sides and rearranging give
RF
(13-67)
y1V1 5 y2V2 Noting that the only
(13–67) 1 2
forces acting on the control volume in
equation a F
Noting that the only forces acting y2 2on y2the control volume in the horizontal

a a
V2 2 S
注意作用在控制體積水平的 y1x- 方向的唯一力是壓力，動量方程
a b 1 2 2Fr 2
5 0 (13–71)
Es2  y2  2
hat the only forces acting on the x-direction
control volume y1 x-direction 1
areequation
the pressureF S
forces, the # S
momentum
次臨界 2g
are theinpressure
the horizontal
forces, the momentum V
式 a F1 negative a a
5 bm 2

a bm V inboth
where FrS
# S roots—one
5 V1 / !gy1.# This
S is a quadratic # S在 equation for y2/y1, and it has outtwo
on are the pressure forces, the momentum equation 5
the x-direction bm
and V
one 2 bm
positive. V
Noting in x-
the
that y 方向變成是靜水壓力與動
/yx-direction
cannot be
becomesin a balance between hydrostatic pressure
2 1
becomes
negative since a balance between hydro
out
y2 and y1 are positive quantities, the depth ratio y2/y1 is determined to be
in 超臨界
in the x-direction becomes a balance between
7/2/13 6:58 PM
hydrostatic pressure
forces and momentum transfer,y2 forces and momentum
量傳遞之間的平衡， transfer,
1
Depth ratio: 2
5 0.5 A21 1 "1 1 8Fr1 B (13–72)
Es1 Es y1 # #
d momentum transfer, # # P A1 2 P2, avg A2 5 mV2 2 mV1
FIGURE 13–40 P1, avg(Eq.
The energy equation A1 2 P2, avgforA2this
13–30) mV2 2 mflow
5 horizontal V1 section
1, avgis (13–68)
(13-68)
圖 13-40　一個水躍的示意圖與流動 # #
758 Schematic
P深度—比能量圖 and flow Adepth-specific V 21 V 22
1, avg 1 2 P2, avg
A 2 5 mV2 2 mV1
(比能量減小)。 (13–68)
y1 1 5 y2 1 1 hL (13–73)
-CHANNEL FLOW energy diagram for a hydraulic jump
(specific energy decreases). 其中 P1, avg = rgy1/2 及 P2,2gavg = rgy2g2/2。對於一個渠道寬度 b，我
where Noting thatV⋅2 (y1⋅/y2 ⋅ Fr/2.
)V gy
and V1 / !gy
1 5 For 1, the head loss associated withwe
ahydraulic
們有 AP 1= y1b gy2= 1/2
y2band
及. P m2,=avg
m2 =1m a channel width of b, have
hL 1, avg 、A jump is expressed. as 1. =2 rA1V1 = ry1bV1。代入並簡化，動量方程式
1  y1b, A2  y2b, and m  m 2  m 1 2 A12 V1  y1bV1.2 Substituting
A變成 and
V1 2 V2 y1Fr1 y 21
simplifying, the momentum hequation
L 5 y 1 2 y 2 reduces
1
2g
to
5 y 1 2 y 2 1
2
a1 2
y2
b (13–74)
V2 2
y2 The energy2 line for 2y1V1 jump is shown in Fig. 13–40. The drop in the
a hydraulic
y 2 y 22 the
energy line1 across
5 jump
(V2 2 Vthe1) head loss h associated (13–69)
with (13-69)
g represents
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 757 L the
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 757 jump.

57
Eliminating V2 by using V2 
For given (y1of
values /y2Fr)V 1 from
1 and y1, theEq. 13–67 flow
downstream givesdepth y2 and the head
7/2/13 6:58 PM
(2) gy2 loss hL can be calculated from Eqs. 13–72 and 13–74, respectively. Plotting
x 2
2y1V 1that hL becomes negative for Fr1  1, which
hL against 2Fr1 would
2
reveal
y 1 2(itywould
is impossible 2 5 correspond (y1 2toy2negative
) (13–70)
entropy generation, which
gy
would be a violation of the2second law of thermodynamics). Thus we con-
Canceling the common clude that the upstream
factor y1  y2flow frommust be supercritical
both sides and(Fr 1  1) for a hydrau-
rearranging give
lic jump to occur. In other words, it is impossible for subcritical flow to
2 y2 2 jump.
undergo a hydraulic y2 This is analogous to gas flow having to be super-
V2 2
758
ANNEL FLOW
58
NNEL758
hFLOW
N-CHANNEL FLOW where P1, avg  gy1/2 and P2, avg  gy2/2. For a channel width of b, we have
758
L . . .
758 A1  yP1b, A2
where gy y2b,/2and andmP m  m  A V  y1bVwidth 1. Substituting and
758
ANNEL hLFLOW 1, avg 1 2, avg 2 gy12/2. For1 a1channel of b, we have
ANNEL FLOW where
simplifying, P the 
avg momentum gy /2 . and equation. P . gy /2. For a channel width of b, we have
h
HANNEL FLOW L
A 1  y1b, A2  y2b, and m  m
1, 1
. 22,avg . mreduces 2 to
1 . A1V1  y1bV1. Substituting 第 13 and章　明渠流 37
V where
whereP1P A  y b,
1  A 2 1/2
gy  y
/22and b,
and P and m   m gy 
2 2/2. m 1For 
Fortoaa channelA V  y
width bV 1 of. Substituting
b, we
b, we have have and
P1,1,1,avgavg P2,2,equation 2V/2. channel width ofhave
hhL 2 simplifying,
where 
the gymomentum avg 2/2. gy 2y reduces 1 1 1
LhL y2 avg gy 1/21and P2,..avg  avg .
. gy .
. 1For 1 a channel width of b, we
AA simplifying,
yyy1b,11b,
b,A2A yythe
22b,andand
momentum
. my 1
m m
. m my22mequation
.5 reduces )toy bV11.. Substituting and
2 2
V2 A111 A 22   b, and m2 
 m
mA V(V A 2V
1V y11V1 11bV Substituting and (13–69) and
V2 y2
y2b, 2  1  2y g11V 1 1A
21 
1bV
1y. Substituting
simplifying,
simplifying,
ysimplifying,
2 V2 = (y1/y2)V1，從式 (13-67)，消去the the
the momentum
momentum
momentum equation
y 2
2 equation
equationy 2
5 reduces reduces
1
reduces 1
2yto
(V V 2 to
to V ) (13–69)
用 y 22V5 g21 得到
1 22 121
V Eliminating V2 by using V2  y(y 1 2 (V2 113–67 2 V1) gives (13–69)
VV 1/yV2)V from Eq.
22 2
yy 2 2y
22 1 12y1V1
2y 1 V 1 g
(2) gy2 2 22 2
2 (V
Eliminating V2 by usingy1 V2yy2112y yy2 /y 2V V11))
2
x 2
22 5 (y 21 5
2 2
5 )V(V2from
g 2yg g
2 (VV21)2
11V 1 2 Eq. 13–67 gives (13–69) (13–69) (13–69)
(2) gy2 Eliminating V 2 by using y 1 2 V 2y 2 5 (y 1 /y 2 )V (y1 1
from 2 y 2
Eq.
) 13–67 gives (13–70) (13-70)
x (2) gy2 Eliminating V by using V  (y /y )V from 2ygyV Eq. 2
x Eliminating 2V2 by using 2 V22  1 (y 221/y 1 2)V11 2from 1 13–67
2Eq. 13–67 gives gives
(2) gy2 Eliminating V 2 by using V  (y
y21 2 y22152 2 1 (y1 1 12 y2)/y )V from
2y V Eq. 13–67 gives (13–70)
xx x
(2)
(2) gy Canceling the common factor yy1 2y 21Vyy212gy 52 2 both (y1 sides 2 y2) and rearranging give (13–70)
gy22 1  2y2 from V 2 gy
從兩邊消去共同因子 (y1y− 2
2
1 y22 2y 2 y 2
)，並重新整理得到
5 2 2y (y 1 V 21
11 1 (y2 2 y ) y 2 ) (13–70)
y1 y22yyy12222 and rearranging(13–70)
2 5
Canceling the common factor gy
52y2gy from (yboth11 2 ysides 22) give
(13–70)
2 Canceling the common1afactor b 1 y 
1 2 2Frgy 22y from
2 1 5 0 2 both sides and rearranging (13–71)give
Canceling the common factor y1yy 2y2 from y21 both sides and rearranging give
758 Canceling the common factor 21 y  y from 2both sides
2
2 Canceling the common factor
y2 y ay2 byy21
a 2 by 1
1 y1 2
y2 2 2 from y2Fr
2 1both 5 02sides and and rearranging
rearranging(13–71) give
give (13-71)
V 22 2 OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 2 2Fr 5 0 (13–71)
V2
 2 where Fr1 5 V1 / !gy1 a b y21 22 y12y2Fr . This is
1 a quadratic 1 2
y5 equation
0 1 for y /y ,
2 1 (13–71) and it has two
2g 2g2 2 y1 a y2 b y11 y22 2 2Fr 1 1 22
roots—one
hwhere negative
V1where/ !gy and P.1,This one
avg  apositive.
gy /2
yyis1 ba1 1
and
quadratic Noting P avgequation
.2 2,2Fr
that 5gy y00.2/y 2/2.
1for cannot
Fory a/ychannel be negative width since
of b, we have
(13–71)
2 1, and it has two
L Fr1 5 yya1 quadratic . 11 5 equation (13–71)
where Fr 5 V / 1!gy . This is for y /y , and it has twoand
both
where其中 y Fr and 5 y V are
/ A
!gy positive
 . y
。這是一個 b,
This A quantities,
is  a 1yquadratic
b,(y and
/y the )1m depth
equation m
的二次方程式，它有兩個根－一正一負。
 ratio
 form yy /y A, isandVdetermined
it
 has
2 y 1 bV
two .
to Substituting
be
roots—one 2 1 negative
111 1 1and one positive. Noting that y /y2 cannot be negative since
1 1 21 2 2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1 1 1 1 1
roots—one
where roots—one negative negative
simplifying,
and one
11 // !gy 11.. This
and the
ypositive.
oneismomentum aapositive.
Noting that Noting
equation 2/y1 cannot thatreduces yfor /y1yynegative
2be tocannot beit
sinceitnegative twosince
yquadratic depthequation ratio y22/yfor 22/y
/y11,,yand tohas be two
Fr yequation
1 where
both注意 V2 yy22Fr and
/y 5
5y1 V
111 不能是負的，因為 V
are !gy
positive This 2 yis
quantities, 2與 quadratic
1the 兩者都是正的量，深度比 1 is determined
and
2/y1 被決定為 has
both
Depth
roots—oneyboth and
ratio:
roots—one2ynegative y y and
are
negative y
positive
1 andare and onepositive
quantities,
one 5 quantities,
0.5 the
positive. Noting A21 depth 1 the
ratio
"1 depth
that
1 y /y8Fr isratio
yy221/y
2y determined
B
1 11 cannot
V y /y
2 1 be is todetermined
be
negative
negative since (13–72)to be
yy21 positive. Noting y 21 2 ythat /y cannot be since
2 1 2 1
1 Es1V1 Es 2 2 1 (V V ) (13–69)
1 2 5 2
y1 1 both
both
Depth
Depth 22 and
yyratio:
ratio:and yy11 are are positive
positive y 2 quantities,
5 5 yA21
quantities,
0.5 0.52 A21 1
the
the
"1 1 depth "1
depth
1 8Fr 1 2ratio
ratio
B 8Frgy21yB22/y /y 11 2is
2
is determined
1
determined (13–72)
to
to be
be
(13–72)
EE EEs 深度比： Depth
energyratio: y1 yy113–30) 5 for 0.5 A21 this 1 "1 1 8Fr 1 B section is (13–72)
(13-72)
EThe equation (Eq. horizontal flow
1
11 s1
y22V2 yby
s1 E
s1 s
s Eliminating 1 using V2  (y1/y2)V12 from Eq. 13–67 gives
Depth ratio: 5 0.5
5 A21
for 1 "1 1 8Fr12 BB flow section is (13–72)
w depth-specific
gy1 (1)E TheDepth
Ess x The energy
E energy
(2) ratio:
gy2 equation equation (Eq. (Eq. 13–30) 13–30)
yy(Eq. 0.5
for V 21A21 this this
1
horizontal "1 V 221 8Fr
horizontal flow 1 section is (13–72)
0r a hydraulic jump
Es1s1 The energy equation 11
y 1 13–30) 5 y for 21 this 2 1 horizontal
2y
h 1V 1
2
flow section (13–73) is
wlow depth-specific
y depth-specific 對此水平流段能量方程式 (13-36) 1
V 21 V 2g 是
2 2 y
V 221 V 2 2gy 22 5 L (y 1 2 y 2 ) (13–70)
The energy equation (Eq. 13–30) for this horizontal gy 2 flow section is
d flow
ecreases).
for depth-specific
a hydraulicjump jump The energy equation (Eq. y 1 y 1 13–30)1 5 1
y for
25 y1this
1 V 2
2 1
1 h 2
horizontal
L 1 h V 2
flow section is (13–73) (13–73)
a hydraulic 1 2g
y2g 2g 5 ,ythe 2g
2L
1 hassociated (13–73)
w m for a hydraulic jump NotingthatV2 (yCanceling
depth-specific /y )V and Fr
the common5 1V 21 / !gy
factor 2y 21 head
2g y2 loss from L both sides with and ahydraulic
rearranging give
decreases).
wcreases).
depth-specific 1 2 1 1 V
V 11 2 1 2g 1 V 1
V 22 2
gy
rr aa decreases).
hydraulic Noting
jump that V2 (y1/y2)Vas
is expressed 1 and Fr 5 y
y1 1 V1 / !gy
1 5 1,y
ythe 1head 2loss h
1associated
1 yh2 loss withahydraulic (13–73) (13-73)
hydraulic jump jump V 22 2 Noting that V2  (y1/y2)V1 and1Fr11 5
Noting that V  (y /y )V and Fr 2g
2g V1 5
5
/ !gy
V
22 1
/ a
y,2the
1!gy 2g
2g
b
head
1 , the
L
L
head
2 2Fr
associated
loss 2
5 associated
0
withahydraulic
with
(13–73)
a hydraulic (13–71)
ecreases). jump is expressed 2 as 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
ecreases). Es2  y2 
2g jump is expressed as V 21 2 V 22 y1 y1 y Fr2 y 21
Noting
Noting jump that
thatV is2 hexpressed
(y
L (y511/y /yy且221)V
)V 211and yasV1
and Fr
Fr 1 5 V 22 V !gy
V11 2//.，與一個水躍有關的水頭損失被表示為
5 y111,,2
!gy the
the yyhead
head
1
12 lossassociated
1
ya1 2 22with b aahydraulic
V 12Fr1 loss associated with hydraulic
 2
2 5 2 (13–74)
注意 V2 = (yh21L/y5 2)Vwhere
y 12 y Fr112 51 VV1121/ !gy 2g
2 5 V y This
2 y is
1 a quadratic y
a1 2
Fr 2 2 equation
1
b y
y for
(13–74)y22/y 1, and it has two
jump is
jump is expressed expressed hL 5
1 as
y as2 y2 1
2
2g V 2 12
2 1
V 2 2
2 y 21Noting ythat
1 1
y a12Fr2 12
y
bcannot
roots—one
hL1 5 y1 2negative y2 1 and1 5 oney21positive. 5 y12 2 yFig.
12 12 2/y21 2
ya1 1 (13–74)
b beinnegative (13–74)
since
The energy lineboth for a hydraulic 22 2g jump 22 is shown in 22 1 213–40. yThe 222 drop the
The energy line for a hydraulic y 2 and y 1 V V
are
jump positive
11 2 is2 V 2g quantities,
V 22shown in Fig. 13–40. the y Fr
depth
y11Fr11 The drop
2 ratio
2 yy /y
y2 11 1in theisy 2
2determined to be
energy
The
energy 1 energy lineacross
line across
hhL 5
line L 5 for yy1the
the 1 a2 jump
yyjump
2hydraulic 22 1 1 representsrepresentsjump the
5
5is
y
yythe
11 2
shown
head 2 head yy2 in
loss
1
1 h loss
Fig. associated ha1
13–40.L associated
a1 2
2 The
with
b
22 b drop the with (13–74)
in the
(13–74) the
(13-74)
The energyDepth line for a hydraulic 2g
2g jump 2
is0.5shown 2 L
in2
2 Fig. 13–40. y
2y2 The drop in the
jump.
energy
jump. Es1 line Eacross
ratio:
the jump represents 5 A21
y1 the head loss hL associated with the
1 "1 1 8Fr 1 B 2 (13–72)
The
The For energy
Forenergy givenvalues
given line
s
values
line across
for
of of
for a Fr
a 1hydraulic
Fr the
hydraulic
and 1 and
jump
y1, the y1jump jump represents
, downstream
the downstream is
is shown shown the
flow in head
in depth Fig.
flow13–40.
Fig. loss
13–40.
ydepth h L associated
The
yThe 2 and drop
drop in
theinhead with
the
the the
jump. 2 and the head
FIGURE 13–40 energy
loss
lossenergy hjump.
h canline
一個水躍的能量線示於圖
can
line be across
be The the
calculated
calculated
across energy
the jump
from
jump equation
from Eqs.represents
13-40
representsEqs.13–72 (Eq. 13–72 13–30)
and the
中。能量線在跨過水躍的下降代表與此水躍有
the head
and
13–74,
head for13–74, this
loss horizontal
respectively.
loss h
h associated
respectively.
associated flow section
Plotting with
Plotting
with is
the
the
ForL given values of Fr1 and y1, the downstream
L flow depth L
L y2 and the head
hjump. against For given values of Fr and y , the downstream flow depth y and whichhead
the
Schematic and flow depth-specific hloss hL canFrFr
LL against 1 would would reveal reveal that1that L becomes
hEqs. hL113–72 becomes V 1 negative
negative 1for
for VFr2respectively.  Fr 1, 1which  21,Plotting
2 2
jump.
關的水頭損失。 be 1 calculated from y 1 and 5 13–74,
y 1 1 h (13–73)
energy diagram for a hydraulic is For loss
is impossible
impossible
For jump
given
given hL can values
(it(itwould
values bewould calculated
of Fr
correspond
of時，下游的流動深度
Fr and
11correspond
andthat yyfrom
11,, to the
the Eqs. downstream
negative
to 1negative
downstream 13–72 2g entropy and flow 13–74,
2gdepth
2 generation,
entropy
flow depth
Lrespectively.
yy22which
generation, and
and the which
thewhich Plotting
head
head
(specific energy decreases). h L against
當給定 Fr Fr 1 would
與 y reveal h L becomes y 與水頭損失 negative for
h Fr
分別可用式 1  1, (13-72) 與
would
loss
would
loss hhhLLbebe against
can a aviolation
be 1 Fr of
calculated
violation 1 would
1 the second
of Vthe fromreveal
second Eqs.law thatof 13–72
law L of becomes
hthermodynamics).
2
and
thermodynamics).13–74, negative Thus L for
respectively. we Thus Fr1 we
con-  1,
Plotting con- which
is impossible L can be (it calculated
Noting would that from
correspond
 (y /y Eqs.)V and 13–72
to Fr negative
5 and V / 13–74,
!gy entropy , the respectively.
head generation,
loss associated Plotting
whichwith a hydraulic
clude isthat theFrupstream
impossible
計算出來。將 (it hflow would
L 相對於
2 must 1 2be 1supercritical
correspond 1 to negative 1 (Fr1  1 1) entropy
1 1<for
for a1) hydrau-
h1generation, which
hh(13-74)
clude
would
lic
L against
against
L jump
that
betoathe Frviolation
occur.
would
11 upstream
would
jump In isof
other
reveal
reveal flow
the
expressed words,
that
that
second must Fr1h
asit
hisLL畫出來會揭露當
belaw becomes
becomes supercritical
impossible of thermodynamics). negative
negative
for
Fr
(Fr
subcritical

for1時 Fr
Frflow for
L
1  to
Thus
變成負的，這是
a1,
1,
we which
hydrau-
which
con-
is
lic wouldto
impossible
jump be a(it (itviolation
would of words,
correspond the second itto law
isnegative of thermodynamics).
entropy generation, Thus which wetocon-
is
不可能的
clude
undergo impossiblethat theoccur.
a hydraulic wouldIn other
(這對應到一個負的熵產生，將會違反熱力學第二定律)。因此我們結論水
upstream jump. Thiscorrespond
flow must
isflow analogous be tosupercritical impossible
negative
to21 gas
V 2 Vflow
2 entropy(Fr
having
for 
1 to 1)
subcritical
generation,
ybe Frfor super-
2
flow
a hydrau-which
y 21a hydrau-
would clude be that
beatoaahydraulic
violationthe upstreamof the second must ylaw be supercritical (Fr  1) for
undergo Injump. hThis y1isto 2analogous is of thermodynamics).
to > gas flow fory2 having 1 1 Thus to
a1 be 2we bcon-
super-
2 1 1
licwould
sonic jump (Mach
躍要能夠產生，上游的流動必須是超臨界的 violation
occur. greater
number ofother the thanL second
words,
5 1) law
it
2 1
undergo of athermodynamics).
impossible
(Fr shock 5 ywave. 1 2
1)。換言之，次臨界流不能夠產 subcritical Thus we
flow con-to (13–74)
clude lic that jump the to occur.
upstream In flow other must words, be it
supercritical2gis impossible
1
(Fr for 1) 2subcritical
for a y 22 flow
hydrau- to
sonic
clude
undergoHeadthat (Mach the
a hydraulic
loss number
is aupstream measure greater
jump. flow
of This than
themust 1)
is analogous
mechanical to
be supercritical undergo energy a
to gasdissipated shock (Fr11 having
flow wave.

 via 1) for to abehydrau-
inter- super-
licHead undergo
生水躍。這類似於氣體的流動要產生震波必須是超音速的
lic jump loss to a
occur.hydraulic
The
is aandmeasure In
energy other jump.
line words,
ofthan for
isthe This a is
it
hydraulic analogous
is impossible
jump isto showngas for flow
(馬赫數大於
subcritical
in Fig. having 13–40. to
1)。
flow
The be super-
to
drop
to in the
nal
sonic jump
fluid (Mach to occur.
friction, number In head other
greater loss words, 1)mechanical
usually it is
to impossible
undesirable
undergo energy
a shock as it dissipated
forrepresentssubcritical
wave. viaflow
the inter-
undergo
nal sonic
fluid (Mach
aafriction,
hydraulic energy number
and jump.linehead greater
across
This the
is than
isisanalogous jump 1) to undergo
represents to gas the a
flow shock
head having loss wave. hto
L beassociated
be super- the with the
mechanical
undergo
Head energy
hydraulic
水頭損失是經由內部流體摩擦所產生的機械能耗散的一個量度，且水頭損失通
loss is jump.a wasted.
measurejump. But ofloss
This sometimes
the usually
analogous
mechanical hydraulic undesirable gasjumps
to energy flowdissipated as
are
having itdesigned
represents
to via super-
inter-
in sonic
mechanical
sonicconjunction Head energy
(Mach
(Mach loss
with is
number
number agreater
wasted.
stilling measure
greater basins thanof
than
But and 1)the
1)
sometimes to
to undergo
spillways mechanical
undergo of aadams,
hydraulic shock
shockenergy and wave.
jumps
wave. ititdissipated are designed
isrepresents
desir- via inter-
nal fluid friction,
常是不被喜歡的，因為它代表機械能的浪費。但是有時候水躍會與水壩的靜水池或 For and given head values loss of is Fr usually and ,undesirable
the downstream as flow depth the head
able
in Headnal
to
conjunction fluid
loss
waste as friction,
is a
much
with measure of
stillingand the head
of
mechanical
basins the loss mechanical
and1 is energy y
usually
spillways
1 as undesirable
energy
possible
of dams, dissipated
to as
minimize
and it it is y
represents
via 2 and the
inter-
desir- the
Head
mechanical energy loss is lossa measure
hwasted.canthe of
be water the
But sometimes
calculated mechanical from Eqs. energy
hydraulic
13–72 and dissipated
jumps 13–74, via
arerespectively. inter-
designed Plotting
thenal
able mechanical
溢洪道一起設計，目的是儘可能地消耗機械能來最小化水的機械能以降低其造成損
mechanical
fluidto waste
nalconjunction
fluid friction,
friction, energy
as energy and
much
and
L of
head
head wasted.
ofFr the loss
lossmechanical But
and
is
is revealusually
usuallysometimes
thus its potential
undesirable
energy
undesirable hydraulic
as dams, to as
possible
as cause jumps
it
itand dam-
represents
toitfor
represents are
minimize designed
the
the1, which
in
age. This is done hwith
Lby against stilling
first producing basins
1 would
and
supercritical spillways
that L becomes
hflow of
by converting negative high isFrdesir- 
mechanical
the in
mechanical conjunction energy
害的能力。其作法是先轉換高壓力成為高速度來產生超臨界流，然後允許流體在其
mechanical energy energy with
wasted.
wasted. of stilling
the But
But water basins
sometimes
sometimes and and thus spillways
hydraulic
its
hydraulic potential of
jumps
jumps dams, to are
are and
cause it
designed
designed
1 is
dam- desir-
able
pressure to waste
to high asis
linear much
impossible velocity,of the
(itand mechanical
would then correspond
allowing energy the to flow as
negative possible
to entropy
agitate to andminimize
generation, which
in
age.
in able
conjunction
This is done
conjunction to waste with
with as
bystillingmuch
first
stilling of
basins
producing
basins the mechanical
and
and spillways
supercritical
spillways energy of
flow
of dams,
dams, as possible
by converting and
and it is to minimize
desir-
high we con-
the mechanical of would
崩潰與減速時攪動，並消耗其動能的一部分，因此水躍性質的一個量測是其能量耗
dissipate the part
mechanical itsenergykinetic be
energy
a energy
of violation
the
of as of
water
the itwater theand
breaks secondthus
and down law
itsand
thus
of decelerates
potential
its
thermodynamics).
potential
to cause toit
to aiscausedesir-
Thus
dam-
able
pressure
able This
age. to
to wastewaste tois high
done as
as
clude much
linear
much
by that
first of
velocity,
of the
the
theproducing
upstream mechanical
and
mechanical then
flow
supercritical must energy
allowing
energy as the
as possible
be supercritical
flow possible
flow
by to to
(Frto1 
converting minimize
agitate
minimize
1) high andadam-
for hydrau-
散的比例大小。
the
dissipate age. This
mechanical part islicenergy
of done
its kinetic by of first
the energy producing
water as and it supercritical
thus
breaks its down potential flowdecelerates
and by
to converting
cause dam-
to a high
pressure to high linear velocity, and then allowing the flow to agitate and flow to
the mechanical jump
energy toof occur.
the In
water other and words,
thus it
its is impossible
potential to forcausesubcriticaldam-
age. pressure
age.
dissipate This
Thispart is
is done toundergo
of itsby
done high bykineticlinear
first
a hydraulic
first velocity,
producing
producing
energy jump. and
assupercritical
itThis
supercritical then
breaks is analogousallowing
down flow
flowand tobythe
by gas flow
converting
flow having
converting
decelerates
to agitate high and
totoabe super-
high
pressure
pressure dissipate to
to highhigh part
sonic linear
linearof(Mach itsvelocity,kinetic
velocity,numberenergy and
andgreater then
then as than it 1)
allowing
allowing breaks to undergo the
thedown flow
flow a andshock to decelerates
to wave. and
agitate
agitate and to a
dissipate Head loss isenergy a measure ofbreaks the mechanical energy dissipated via inter-
dissipate part of its kinetic energy as it breaks down and decelerates to aa
part of its kinetic as it down and decelerates to
nal fluid friction, and head loss is usually undesirable as it represents the
mechanical energy wasted. But sometimes hydraulic jumps are designed
in conjunction with stilling basins and spillways of dams, and it is desir-
8 able to waste as much of the mechanical energy as possible 7/2/13to6:59
minimize
PM

the mechanical energy of the water and thus its potential to cause dam-
 759
38 流體力學 CHAPTER
759
subcritical velocity. Therefore, a measure of performance of a hydraulic
CHAPTER 13

e of a hydraulic 能量線 jump is its fraction of energy dissipation.

液體在水躍之前的比能量是 Es1 = y1 + V 21/2g。因此能量耗
The specific
hL energy of the liquid before the hydraulic jump is Es1 
散比 13-41) 被定義為 V 12
jump is Es1 
V 12 y1 1 V 21/2g.
V 22 Then the(圖energy dissipation ratio (Fig. 13–41) is defined as 2g
41) is defined as 2g
2g

hL V2 hL hL hL
(13–75) Energy
y2 dissipation
能量耗散比 ratio 5 5 5 (13–75)
(13-75)
1 Fr21 /2) y1
V1 Es1 y1 1 V 21 /2g y1(1 1 Fr21 /2) y1
V1
percent for weak
Fr1  9). (1) The fraction (2) of energy dissipation ranges from just
能量耗散比的範圍從弱水躍 (Fr 1 < 2)a 的幾個百分比到強水躍 few percent for weak
ross section and hhydraulic hL jumps (Fr1  2) to 85 percent for strong jumps (Fr1  9). (1)
能量耗散比  L  >
er a considerable Es1 Unlike (Fr 9) 的 85% 左右。
a normal shock in gas flow, which occurs at a cross section and
y1  V12/2g 1
h
erest, the length  L
ownstream flow 圖 13-41　能量耗散比代表在一個水
thus has
FIGURE negligible
13–41 thickness, the hydraulic
不像氣體流動的正震波，其發生是在一個截面上並具有可 jump occurs over a considerable Es1
The energy dissipation
躍中機械能耗散的比例。 channel length. 忽略的厚度，但水躍通常發生在一段可觀的渠道長度上。在實
ratio represents In the Froude number range of practical interest, the length
be classified into the fraction of of mechanical
the energy
hydraulic jump is observed to be 4 to 7 times the downstream flow
y on the value of dissipated during a hydraulic jump. 際關注的福勞數範圍，被觀察到的水躍長度約為下游流動深度
han 1, the liquid depth y2. The energy dissipation
waves. At larger y2 的 Experimental
4 到 7 倍。 studies indicate that hydraulic jumps can be classified into the fraction of m
range of Froude five categories as shown in Table 13–4, depending primarily on the value of dissipated during a
-balanced steady 760 實驗研究指出水躍可以分成五類如表 13-4 所示，主要相依於上游福勞數 Fr1。
760
OPEN-CHANNEL
OPEN-CHANNEL
760the upstream
FLOW Froude number Fr1. For Fr1 somewhat higher than 1, the liquid
jump. Hydraulic 若 Fr1 FLOW
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
稍大於 1，液體在水躍時稍微上升，製造出駐波。在 Fr1 更大一點時，產生
atio y2/y1 ranges TABL EE 13–
TABL 13– 4 rises slightly during the hydraulic jump, producing standing waves. At larger
TABL E 13– 4 4出高度破壞性的振盪波。最希望的福勞數範圍是 4.5 < Fr < 9，會產生穩定且高度
volve small rises
Classification
Classification
Fr
of hydraulic1 , highly
jumps damaging oscillating waves occur. The desirable 1 range of Froude
and involve high Classification ofof hydraulic
hydraulic jumps
jumps
Source:
Source: U.S. Bureau of numbers is 4.5  Fr1  9, which produces stable and well-balanced steady
Reclamation (1955).
Source: U.S.
U.S. Bureau
Bureau ofof Reclamation
Reclamation (1955).
(1955).
ontal rectangular 表 13-4　水躍的分類 Depth
Depth waves with
Fraction
Fraction high
of levels of energy dissipation within the jump. Hydraulic
Depth Fraction of
of
draulic jumps in Upstream
Upstream
Upstream
Ratio
Ratio jumps
Ratioy y Energy with
Energy Fr
Energy 1  9 produce very rough waves. The depth ratio Surface
Surfacey2/y1 ranges
Surface
the flow charac- 上游 Fr
Fr 1Fr1 深度比 yy22/y
/y 2/ Dissipation
1 能量耗散比
Dissipation Description
Description 描述 表面形狀
Profile
Profile
Fr11 y2/yfrom
1
11 slightly
DissipationoverDescription
1 for undular jumps that are mild and involve Profilesmall rises
ump length, and <
�1 1 11 0 水躍不可能。違反熱力學第二
0 Impossible jump. Would
Would violate
violate the
the
�1
�1 1
1in surface0 0level toImpossible
over 12
Impossible jump.
for
jump. strong
Would jumps
violate the that are rough and involve high
second law of thermodynamics.
rises in surface level. second定律。
second law
law of
of thermodynamics.
thermodynamics.
1–1.7
1-1.7
1–1.7 1–2
1–2 1-2 �5% < 5% Undular
Undular jump
波狀水躍
jump (or
(or standing
(或駐波)。表面高wave).
1–2 In this�5% section Small
we limit jumpour(or standing wave).
consideration
Low energyto wide horizontal rectangular
1–1.7 �5% Undular standing wave).
Small rise in
rise in surface
surface level. Low
in surface level. Low energy
度微升，低能量耗散。接近
Small rise level. energy
channels so that edge and
dissipation.
dissipation. gravity
Surface
Surface effects
rollers
rollers are negligible. Hydraulic jumps in
develop
develop
near FrF r =
dissipation. Surface
1
1.7. . 7 時 rollers
， 發 develop
展 出 表面滾
nonrectangular and nearsloped
near Fr � 1.7.channels behave similarly, but the flow charac-
�
�
Fr動。 1.7.
channel from a
The flow depth teristics and thus the relations for depth ratio, head loss, jump length, and
vely. Determine 1.7-2.5 2-3.1
dissipation ratio 弱水躍。表面平滑地上升，帶
5-15%are different.
) the head loss 1.7–2.5
1.7–2.5 2–3.1
2–3.1 5–15%
5–15% Weak
Weak jump. Surface
有滾動。低能量耗散。 rising smoothly,
1.7–2.5 2–3.1 5–15% Weak jump.
jump. Surface
Surface rising
rising smoothly,
smoothly,
oduction poten- Energy line with small
with small rollers.
rollers. Low
Low energy
energy
with small rollers. Low energy
dissipation.
dissipation.
hL dissipation.
oes a hydraulic
after the jump, 2.5-4.5
V2.5–4.5
2.5–4.5
1 7 m/s
2.5–4.5
3.1–5.9
3.1–5.9
3.1–5.9
EXAMPLE
3.1-5.9 15–45%
15–45%V2 13–8 Oscillating
15–45%
14-45% Hydraulic
振盪水躍。振盪是由底部進入
Oscillating
Oscillating jump.
Jump caused
jump. Pulsations
jump. Pulsations
Pulsations caused
by
caused by
by
er potential are y2 的噴束產生大型波浪，可以傳
jets
jets entering
entering at
at the
the bottom
bottom generate
generate
y 1 0.8 m jets entering at the bottom generate
Water discharging large
largeinto
wavesa that
10-m-wide
播數英哩並破壞土堤。設計靜can travel rectangular
for miles horizontal channel from a
hannel is suffi- large waves
waves that
that can
can travel
travel for
for miles
miles
and damage
sluice gate is observed
and damageto
水池時必須避免。 earth
have
earth banks. Should
undergone
banks. Should be
a
be hydraulic jump. The flow depth
and damage earth banks. Should be
avoided
thein the design of stilling basins.
(1) (2) avoided in the
and velocity before avoided the design
injump are of
design 0.8
of stilling basins.
m and
stilling 7 m/s, respectively. Determine
basins.
4.5-9
4.5–9
4.5–9
4.5–9
5.9-12FIGURE
5.9–12(a)
5.9–12
5.9–12 the flow
45–70% 45-70%
13–42
45–70%
45–70% depth and穩
Steady
Steady
Steady
定水
the
jump.
jump.
jump.
躍 。well-balanced,
Froude
Stable,
Stable,
Stable,
穩 定 、 高after
number
well-balanced,
well-balanced,
度 平the jump, (b) the head loss
Schematic forand
Example and 衡，並對下游條件不敏感。密
insensitive to downstream
the 13–8.
energy dissipation
and
and insensitive
insensitive ratio,
to and (c) the wasted power production poten-
to downstream
downstream Energy line
conditions. Intense eddy
集的旋渦運動與在水躍內有高
conditions. Intense eddy motion
motion and
and
tial due to the hydraulic
conditions.
high level jump
of
Intense
energy (Fig.
eddy 13–42).
motion and
dissipation within
high 水平的能量耗散。設計所推薦
level of energy dissipation
high level of energy dissipation within within
the jump.
the jump. Recommended
Recommended range range
the jump.的範圍。 Recommended range
SOLUTION Water for
for at a
design.
design.
for design. specified depth and velocity undergoes a hydraulic
>9 > 12 in a 70-85%
jump 70–85% horizontal 強水躍。險惡並斷斷續續。能
channel. The depth and Froude number after the jump,
�9
�9 �12
�12 70–85% Strong jump.
Strong jump. Rough
Rough and
and intermittent.
intermittent. V1 7 m/s
70–85%
the head loss and Strong
the量耗散很有效，但與其它設計
jump. Rough andratio,
dissipation intermittent.
andbut the wasted power potential are
�9 �12
Very
Very effective energy dissipation,
Very effective
effective energy
energy dissipation,
dissipation, but
but y1 0.8 m
to be determined. may be比較，可能是不經濟的，因水
may be uneconomical compared
uneconomical compared toto
may be uneconomical compared to
Assumptions 1 other other 波高度相當高。
designs
The designs
7/2/13 6:59 PM because
flow isbecause of the
steadyof or larger
larger water
the quasi-steady.
water 2 The channel is suffi-
other designs because of the larger water
heights involved.
heights involved.
ciently
來源：美國填海工程局 wide so that
(1955)。 theinvolved.
heights end effects are negligible. (1)
Properties The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
Analysis
Analysis (a) The Froude number before the hydraulic jump is
Analysis (a) The Froude
(a) The Froude number before the
number before the hydraulic jump is
hydraulic jump is
V1 Schematic fo
Fr
V
5 V11 5 777 m/s
m/s
m/s 2.50
5 2.50
Fr
Fr111 5
5 "gy 5 5 "(9.81 m/s22)(0.8 m) 5 5 2.50
"gy
"gy11
1 "(9.81 m/s 2)(0.8 m)
"(9.81 m/s )(0.8 m)
which is
which is greater than
than 1. Therefore,
Therefore, the flow
flow is indeed
indeed supercritical before
before the
which is greater
greater than 1.
1. Therefore, the
the flow is
is indeed supercritical
supercritical before the
the
jump.
jump. The
The flow
flow depth,
depth, velocity,
velocity, and
and Froude
Froude number
number after
after the
the jump
jump are
are
 Depth
Depth Fraction
Fraction of
of y2.
depth The energy dissipation ratio represents
ream
ream Ratio
Ratio Energy
Energy Experimental studies indicate that hydraulic jumps can be classified intoSurface
Surfacethe fraction of mechanical energy
rr1 yy2/y
/y1 Dissipation Description
five categories
Dissipation as shown in Table 13–4, depending primarily on the value of Profile
Description dissipated during a hydraulic jump.
Profile
1 2 1
1 1 0 the upstream Froude number
Impossible jump. Fr 1. For Fr
Would 1 somewhat
violate the higher than 1, the liquid
1 1 0 rises slightly
Impossible
during thejump. Would
hydraulic violate
jump, the standing waves. At larger
producing
second
Fr1, highlysecond law of
of thermodynamics.
lawoscillating
damaging thermodynamics.
waves occur. The desirable range of Froude
7 1–2 numbers is 4.5  Fr
Undular 1  9, which
jump produces stable and well-balanced steady
7 1–2 �5%
�5%
waves withUndular jumpof(or
high levels
standing
(orenergy
standing wave).
wave).within the jump. Hydraulic
dissipation
Small 第 13 章　明渠流 39
jumps with Fr1 rise
Small rise in
in surface
very level.
surface
9 produce rough Low
level. Low
waves.energy
energy
The depth ratio y2/y1 ranges
dissipation.
dissipation.
from slightly Surface
over 1 forSurface rollers develop
rollersthat
undular jumps develop
are mild and involve small rises
in surfacenear
levelFr
near to �
Fr � 1.7.
over 12 for strong jumps that are rough and involve high
1.7.
rises in surface level.
平衡的穩定波，在水躍內具有高水平的能量耗散。大於 Fr1 > 9 的水躍產生險惡的
In this section we limit our consideration to wide horizontal rectangular
channels so ythat
波。深度比 2/y1edge
稍微大於and gravity effects are negligible. Hydraulic
1 時產生溫和的波狀水躍 jumps in
(undular jump) ，且其表面高度
2.5
2.5 2–3.1
2–3.1 5–15%
5–15% Weak
nonrectangular
Weak andjump.
jump. Surface
sloped rising
channels
Surface smoothly,
behave
rising similarly, but the flow charac-
smoothly,
稍微上升，深度比大於
teristics and
withthus the 12
relations
small rollers. 時產生險惡的強力水躍，其水位有高程度的上升。
for depth ratio, head loss, jump length, and
dissipationwith
ratiosmall rollers. Low
are different. Low energy
energy
dissipation.
在本節中，我們的考慮只針對寬的水平矩形渠道，其邊際與重力效應可以忽
dissipation.
略。非矩形及傾斜渠道的水躍行為類似，但是流動特性，也就是深度比、水頭損
4.5
4.5 3.1–5.9
3.1–5.9 15–45%
15–45% Oscillating
Oscillating jump.
jump. Pulsations
Pulsations caused
caused by by
失、水躍長度與耗散比是不同的。
EXAMPLE 13–8 Hydraulic Jump
jets
jets entering
entering at
at the
the bottom
bottom generate
generate
Water discharging into a 10-m-wide rectangular horizontal channel from a
large
large waves
waves that
that can travel
travel for
canundergone fora miles
miles jump. The flow depth
sluice gate is observed to have hydraulic
and
and
and velocity damage
damage
before the earth
earth banks.
0.8 mShould
banks.
jump are Should be
be respectively. Determine
and 7 m/s,
例題 13-8 　　水躍
avoided
(a) the flow in
depthinandthe design
thedesign of
Froude of stilling
number basins.
afterbasins.
the jump, (b) the head loss
avoided the stilling
and the energy dissipation ratio, and (c) the wasted power production poten- Energy
能量線 line
9 5.9–12 水從一個水閘門排入一個
45–70%
tial due Steady jump. 10 m 寬的矩形水平渠道中，並被觀察到
9 5.9–12 45–70% Steady jump. Stable,
to the hydraulic jump (Fig.
Stable, well-balanced,
13–42).
well-balanced, hL
and insensitive
經歷一個水躍。水躍之前的流動深度與速度分別是 to downstream
and insensitive to downstream 0.8 m 與 7 m/
SOLUTION Water at Intense
conditions. a specified depth
eddy and velocity
motion and undergoes a hydraulic
conditions. Intense eddy motion and
s。 jump in a horizontal channel. The depth and Froude number after the jump,
high
headhigh
level
loss level
of energy
energy dissipation
of dissipationdissipation within
within
V1 7 m/s
y2
V2
試求the(a) the
and the
水躍之後的流動深度與福勞數，(b)
jump.
to be determined. Recommended
ratio, and the
range
wasted power potential are
水頭損失與能量耗散 y1 0.8 m
the jump. Recommended range
for
Assumptions design.
1
比，與 (c) 由於水躍所浪費的功率製造能力The
for design. flow is steady or quasi-steady.(圖2 13-42)。
The channel is suffi-
ciently wide so that the end effects are negligible. (1) (2)
9 Properties
70–85% The density of
Strong water is 1000 kg/m . 3
9 �12
�12 Strong jump.
jump. Rough
Rough and
解答：在水平渠道中的水在指定深度與速度下經歷了一個水躍。
70–85% and intermittent.
intermittent. FIGURE 13–42
Very
Very effective energy dissipation, but
effective energy dissipation, but 圖 13-42　例題 13-8 的示意圖。
要決定在水躍之後的深度與福勞數、水頭損失與耗散比與浪費的 Schematic for Example 13–8.
may
may be
be uneconomical
uneconomical compared
compared to to
功率能力。other designs because of the larger water
other designs because of the larger water
heights
heights involved.
假設：1. 流動是穩定或近似穩定的。2.involved. 渠道足夠寬，故邊際效應可以忽略。
性質：水的密度是 1000 kg/m3。
解析：(a) 水躍之前的福勞數是
Analysis
Analysis (a)
(a) The
The Froude
Froude number
number before
before the
the hydraulic
hydraulic jump
jump isis
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 759 V
V1 5
1 7 m/s
7 m/s 7/2/13 6:59 PM
Fr
Fr11 5
5 5 5 2.50
5 2.50
"gy
"gy1 "(9.81
"(9.81 m/s
2
m/s2)(0.8
)(0.8 m)
m)
1
which
which is
is greater
greater than
than 1.
1. Therefore,
Therefore, the
the flow
flow is
is indeed
indeed supercritical
supercritical before
before the
the
其值大於 1。因此水躍前流動的確是超臨界的。水躍之後的流動深度、速度與福勞數為
jump.
jump. The flow depth, velocity, and Froude number after the jump are
The flow depth, velocity, and Froude number after the jump are
yy2 5 0.5y1 A21 1 "1 1 8Fr 212 B 5 0.5(0.8 m) A21 1 "1 1 8 3 2.5022 B 5 2.46 m
2 5 0.5y1 A21 1 "1 1 8Fr 1 B 5 0.5(0.8 m) A21 1 "1 1 8 3 2.50 B 5 2.46 m
yy1 0.8
0.8 m
m
V 5yV 5 2.46 m (7
(7 m/s) 5 2.28
2.28 m/s
1
V22 5 V11 5 m/s) 5 m/s
y2
2 2.46 m
VV22 5 2.28
2.28 m/s
m/s 761
Fr
Fr22 5
5 5 5 0.464
5 0.464 CHAPTER 13
"gy
"gy 2 "(9.81 m/s 2
2)(2.46 m)
"(9.81 m/s )(2.46 m)
2

Note that the flow depth triples and the Froude number reduces to about
注意在水躍之後流動深度變 3 倍，而福勞數減小成約
one-fifth after the jump. 1/5 倍。
(b) 水頭損失從能量方程式決定為
(b) The head loss is determined from the energy equation to be
V 21 2 V 22 (7 m/s)2 2 (2.28 m/s)2
hL 5 y1 2 y2 1 5 (0.8 m) 2 (2.46 m) 1
2g 2(9.81 m/s2)
5 0.572 m
_ch13.indd 760 7/2/13 6:59 PM
_ch13.indd 760 7/2/13 6:59 PM
The specific energy of water before the jump and the dissipation ratio are
水躍之前水的比能量與耗散比為
V 21 (7 m/s)2
Es1 5 y1 1 5 (0.8 m) 1 5 3.30 m
2g 2(9.81 m/s2)
hL 0.572 m
5 5 5 0.173
Es1 3.30 m
Therefore, 17.3 percent of the available head (or mechanical energy) of the
liquid is wasted (converted to thermal energy) as a result of frictional effects
during this hydraulic jump.
 Note thatafter
one-fifth the the
flowjump.
depth triples and the Froude number reduces to about
Note
Note that
one-fifth the
thatafter flow
the the depth
depth triples
flowjump. triples and
and the
the Froude
Froude number
number reduces
reduces toto about
about
one-fifth
(b) The after
head the
loss jump.
is
one-fifth after the jump. determined from the energy equation to be
(b) The head loss is 2determined from the energy equation to be
(b)
(b) The
The head
head loss
loss isis1determined
V 2 V 22
determined from
from the
the energy
energy equation to
(7 m/s)
equation to be
2
be (2.28 m/s)
2 2
hL 5 y1 2 y2 1 V 21 2 V 22 5 (0.8 m) 2 (2.46 m) 1 (7 m/s)2 2 (2.282 m/s)2
hL 5 y1 2 y2 1 VV212 2g 2 2
2 VV222 5
5 (0.8 m) 2 (2.46 m) 1 (7 2(9.81
(7 m/s)
m/s)
2 m/s )m/s)22
2 2 (2.28
2 (2.28
hhL 5 y 2 y
y11 2 ym
5 0.572 2 11 1 2g (0.8 m) 2 (2.46
5 (0.8 m) 2 (2.46 m) 1 m) 1 2(9.81 m/s22) m/s)
L5 2 2g
2g 2(9.81
2(9.81 m/s2))
m/s
40 流5 體0.572
力 學m
5 0.572
The specific
5 m
0.572energy
m of water before the jump and the dissipation ratio are
The specific energy of water before the jump and the dissipation ratio are
The
The specific
specific energy of water
V 21 before the jump (7and
m/s)the
2 dissipation ratio are
Es1 5 y1 1 V 21 5before
energy of water (0.8 m) the1 jump
(7
and
m/s)
the
2
2
dissipation
5 3.30 m ratio are
Es1 5 y1 1 2g VV212 5 (0.8 m) 1 2(9.81 (7 m/s
(7 m/s)
m/s)
2 )
2 2 5 3.30 m
EEs1 5 y 1 2g 1 5 (0.8 m) 1 2(9.81 m/s ) 5 3.30 m
s1 5 y1 1 2g 5 (0.8 hL m)0.572
1 1 2(9.81 2 5 3.30 m
2g 5 h 5 0.5722(9.81 m m/s
m/s 2)
)
L
3.30 mm 5 0.173
5 Ehhs1 5 0.572 m 5 0.173
L 5 0.572
3.30 mm 5
L
耗散比 5
5E Es1 5 3.30 5 0.173
0.173
Therefore, 17.3 percent of the available
Es1s1 m
head
3.30 m (or mechanical energy) of the
Therefore,
liquid 17.3 (converted
is wasted percent of to thethermal
available head as
energy) (oramechanical energy)effects
result of frictional of the
Therefore,
liquid is
Therefore, 17.3
wasted
17.3 percent
(converted
percent of
of the
to
the available
thermal head
energy)
available head (or
as
(oramechanical
result of
mechanical energy)
frictional
energy) of
of the
effects
the
during this (或機械能)
因此，液體可用的水頭 hydraulic jump.的 17.3% 被浪費了 (轉變成熱能)，原因是水躍產生的摩擦效應。
liquid
during is wasted
this
liquid is (converted
hydraulic
wasted to thermal energy) as a result of frictional effects
jump. to thermal energy) as a result of frictional effects
(converted
during
(c)
(c) 水的質量流率是 Thethis
during mass
this hydraulic
flow ratejump.
hydraulic of water is
jump.
(c) The
# mass# flow rate of water is
(c)
(c) The
m
The5mass
rV# 5flow
mass rbyrate
flow V1 5
1rate
of water
of(1000 is
waterkg/m
3
is )(0.8 m)(10 m)(7 m/s) 5 56,000 kg/s
#
m# 5 rV# # 5 rby1V1 5 (1000 kg/m33)(0.8 m)(10 m)(7 m/s) 5 56,000 kg/s
m # 5 rV 5 rby1V1 5 (1000 kg/m 3)(0.8 m)(10 m)(7 m/s) 5 56,000 kg/s
Thenmthe 5 power
rV 5 rby dissipation corresponding
1V1 5 (1000 kg/m )(0.8tom)(10
a head lossm/s)
m)(7 of 0.572
5 56,000m becomes
kg/s
Then
對應一個 0.572 the power dissipation corresponding to a head loss of 0.572 m becomes
m 的水頭損失的功率耗散大小為
Then
Then the # power
the power dissipation
dissipation corresponding
corresponding to to aa head
head loss
loss of
of 0.572
0.572 1 Nm
m becomes
becomes
E# dissipated 5 m## ghL 5 (56,000 kg/s)(9.81 m/s2)(0.572 m)a 1 N 2 b
1 kg·m/s
N 2b
2
E# dissipated 5 m# ghL 5 (56,000 kg/s)(9.81 m/s2 )(0.572 m)a 11 N
EE#dissipated 55 m
m# gh
ghL 5
5 (56,000
(56,000 kg/s)(9.81
kg/s)(9.81 m/s
m/s 2)(0.572 m)a 1 kg·m/s2 b
)(0.572 m)a b (a)
dissipated 5 314,000L N·m/s 5 314 kW 11 kg·m/s
kg·m/s2 (a)
5 314,000 N·m/s 5 314 kW (a)
(a)
Discussion The5 314,000
5results
314,000 N·m/s
show
N·m/s 5
that 314
5the kW
314hydraulic
kW jump is a highly dissipative
Discussion
process, The results
wasting 314 kWshow of powerthat the hydraulic
production jump isina this
potential highly
case.dissipative
That is,
Discussion
討論：結果顯示水躍是高度的耗散過程，此例中浪費了
process,
Discussion The
wasting
The results
314
results kW show
of
show that
power
that the hydraulic
production
the 314
hydraulic jump
kW
potential
jump isin
is aathis
highly
的功率產生能力。因此，如果水被
case.
highly dissipative
That is,
dissipative
if the water were routed to a hydraulic turbine instead of being released from
process,
if the
process, wasting
water were
wasting 314
routed
314 kW
kW toof
ofa power
hydraulic
power production
turbine
production potential
instead
potential of in this
being
in this case.
released
case. That is,
from
That is,
the sluice gate,
分流到一個水力輪機來代替從水閘門排放，至多可以產生 up to 314 kW of power could be generated. But
314 kWof的功率。但是這個潛力被轉換成 this poten-
if
if the
the water
sluice
the were
watergate,
wereup routed to 314 to
to athermal
akWhydraulic
of power turbine
could instead of being
be generated. released
But this from
poten-
tial is converted torouted
useless hydraulic turbine
energy instead
instead of useful being released
power, from
causing a
無用的熱能，而不是有用的功率，造成水溫上升，
the
the sluice
tial is gate,
gate, up
converted to rise to
to 314
useless kW
kW of of power could be
be generated. But
But this poten-
water sluice
temperature up of thermal
314 energy
power instead
could of useful power,
generated. causing
this poten- a
tial
tial is
water converted
converted to
is temperature useless of thermal
thermal energy
energy instead
instead of of useful
useful power,
power, causing
causing aa
#torise useless
water
water temperature
temperature rise
rise of
E# dissipated of 314 kJ/s
DT 5 E# # dissipated
#mc 5 314 kJ/s kJ/kg·8C) 5 0.00138C
E (56,000 kg/s)(4.18
314 5 0.00138C
DT 5 Edissipated
#
m# cp 5
p 5 314 kJ/s
(56,000 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/s kJ/kg·8C) 5
5 0.00138C
DT dissipated
DT 5 5 m # c 5 (56,000 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg·8C) 0.00138C
Note that a 314-kW mcppresistance (56,000heater wouldkJ/kg·8C)
kg/s)(4.18 cause the same temperature
注意一個 314Note
kW 的電阻式加熱器會對
that a 314-kW 56,000
resistance kg/s
heater 的水流率造成相同的溫升。
would cause the same temperature
rise for water flowing at a rate of 56,000 kg/s.
Note
rise
Notefor that aa 314-kW
water
that flowing at
314-kW resistance
a rate of heater
resistance 56,000would
heater kg/s. cause
would cause thethe same
same temperature
temperature
rise
rise for
for water
water flowing
flowing at at aa rate
rate of of 56,000
56,000 kg/s.
kg/s.

13-9　流動控制與量測
13–9 FLOW CONTROL AND MEASUREMENT
■

13–9管道及流道中的流率是用各種閥來控制的。然而，在明渠中的液體流動並沒受
13–9 FLOW CONTROL
FLOW
■
CONTROL AND AND MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
13–9 FLOW
in pipesCONTROL
and ducts isAND MEASUREMENT
■
The flow rate ■ controlled by various kinds of valves. (b)
The flow rate in pipes and ducts is controlled by various kinds of valves.
Liquid flow in inopen channels, however, is not confined, and thusofthe flow
(b)
The 到侷限，因此流動是用部分阻塞渠道來控制的。其作法是允許流體從障礙物之上或
flow rate pipes and
and ducts is
is controlled by
by various kinds valves. (b)
The is
Liquid flow
flow ratein in openpipes channels, ducts
however, controlled
is not various
confined, and kinds
thusof thevalves.
flow (b) FIGURE 13–
rate
Liquid controlled
flow in openby partially
channels, blocking
however, the
is channel.
not This
confined, is
and done
thus by
the either
flow FIGURE 13
rate之下流過。若障礙物允許流體從其上面流過，稱為堰
Liquidis flow
controlledin open
by channels,
partially however,
blocking theis not confined,
channel. This (weir)
and
is thus
done (圖 the
by 13-43)。若障礙物
flow
either A weir is a flowFIGURE control 13– dev
allowing
rate is the liquidbytopartially
controlled flow over the obstruction
blocking the or under
channel. This it.
is An
done obstruction
by either Ainweir is a flow FIGURE
control 13
dev
rate
allowingis controlled
the liquid byto partially
flow blocking
over the the
obstruction channel.
or This
under is
it. done
An by either
obstruction A which the water flows o
that allows
allowing the the liquid
底部有可調整的門口並允許液體流過其底部，稱為底流閘門
liquid to to
flowflow over
over the itobstruction
is called a or weir (Fig.
under it. 13–43),
An (underflow
obstruction Ainweir
and an gate)。這些 weir
whichis
is aathe
flow
flowthe
control
control
water flows
obstruct
dev
deo
allowing
obstruction the
that allows with liquid
the liquid to flow over
to flow over
an adjustable the
opening obstruction
it is atcalled or
the bottom under
a weir that it. An
(Fig.allows obstruction
13–43), and
theand an
liquid in which the water flows oo
that allows the
裝置可以用來控制通過渠道的流率並加以量測。 liquid to flow over itit is called aa weir (Fig. 13–43), an in
(a) which
© DesignthePicswater
the flows
obstruct
that
to allows
obstruction
flow underneaththe
with liquid
an to
itadjustableflow
adjustable
is called an over
opening
underflow is called
at the weir
bottom
gate. (Fig.
that
Suchthat 13–43),
allows
devices canthe and
liquid
be used an RF/The
the Irish Im
obstruct
obstruction with an opening at RF;the
(b) obstruct
at the bottom allows the
thebeliquid
(a) © Design Pics
Collection/Getty RF/The
PhotoIrish
couI
obstruction
to
to flow underneath
control thewithflow anrate
itadjustable
is through
called anopening
theunderflow
channel the
as bottom
gate.
well Such
as that
to allows
devices
measure canit. liquid
used (a) © Design Pics
Collection/Getty RF;RF/The Irish
(b)ofPhoto
Bryan LIm
cou
to
to flow
to flow underneath
底流閘門
control underneath
the flow rate itit is called
called an
is through antheunderflow
underflow
channel as gate.
wellSuch
gate. as todevices
Such devices
measure can
canit.bebe used
used
(a) © Design Pics RF/The
Collection/Getty RF; (b) of Photo
Irish
Bryan couL
I
Collection/Getty RF; (b) Photo cou
to
to control
control the the flow
flow rate
rate through
through thethe channel
channel as as well
well as as to
to measure
measure it. it. of Bryan L
of Bryan L
有許多種底流閘門可以用來控制流率，每種都有一些優點與缺點。底流閘門位
於牆壁、壩或明渠的底部。兩種常用的這種閘門是水閘門 (sluice gate) 與滾筒式閘
門 (drum gate)，如圖 13-44 所示。水閘門一般是垂直的，並使用一個平的表面，而
滾筒式閘門則有圓形的截面，並具有流線型的表面。
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 761 7
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 761 7
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 761 7
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 761 7
 V 21 2 V 22 (7 m/s)2 2 (2.28 m/s)2
hL 5 y1 2 y2 1 5 (0.8 m) 2 (2.46 m) 1
2g 2(9.81 m/s2)
5 0.572 m
w gates to control flow rate.
nderflow
underflowgates
gates
toto
control
control
flow
flow
Therate.
rate. energy of water before the jump and the dissipation ratio are
specific
V 21 (7 m/s)2
Es1 5 y1 1 5 (0.8 m) 1 5 3.30 m
2g 2(9.81 m/s2)
Underflow Gates 第 13 章　明渠流 41
Underflow
Underflow Gates
Gates
h 0.572 m L
5 5 5 0.173
There are numerous types of underflow
E gates
3.30 m to control the flow rate, each
s1
There
with certainThere arearenumerous
advantages numerous
Therefore, 17.3 and percent
types
types ofofunderflow
disadvantages. underflow
of the available head
gates
Underflow gatestoto
(or mechanical
control
gates control
energy) areofthe the flow
located
the
flowrate,
atrate,each
each
1 1
with
with certain
certain advantages
the bottom of當閘門部分打開時，上游液體在朝向閘門接近時加速，在 advantages and and disadvantages.
disadvantages.
a wall, dam, or an open channel. Two common types of such
liquid is wasted (converted to thermal energy) as a Underflow
result Underflow
of frictional gates
gates
effects are
are located
located atat
the
the during this
bottom
bottom of of hydraulic
a a
wall,
wall, jump.
dam,dam, or oran anopenopen channel.
channel. Two Two common
common types
types ofof
suchsuch
sluice gate and the drum gate, are shown in Fig. 13–44. A sluice
gates, the閘門達到臨界速度，並在通過閘門以後繼續加速至超臨界流的
gates,
gates,
gate is typically thethe
(c) The sluice
sluice
mass
vertical gate
flow
and gate
rateand ofand
has athe
water isdrum
the
plane drum gate,
surface, gate, areareshown
whereas shown ininFig.
a drum Fig. 13–44.
gate 13–44.
has aAAsluice sluice
#
gate
gate is is #
速度。因此，底流閘門就類似於氣體動力學中的收縮
typically
typically vertical
vertical and and has has3 a plane
a plane surface,
surface, whereas
whereas – 擴張噴 a drum
a drum gate
gate hashasa a
circular cross section with a1 streamlined
m 5 rV 5 rby V 1 5 (1000 kg/m surface.
)(0.8 m)(10 m)(7 m/s) 5 56,000 kg/s
circular
circular crosscross
When 嘴。從一個底流閘門的排水，如果液體噴束直接從閘門流出到
the gateThen the
section
is power section
partiallydissipation
withwith
opened, a streamlined
a streamlined
the upstream
corresponding
surface.
surface.
to a head lossliquid of 0.572accelerates
m becomes as it
approaches When
When
the gate, the the gate
# reaches
gate is is
partially
partially
critical speed opened,
opened,
at the the the upstream
upstream liquid
liquid accelerates
accelerates
further asasit it
大氣中則稱為自由流出 # gh 5 (free outflow) (圖2 gate, and accelerates
13-44a)，而若是排出 1N
approaches
approaches
to supercritical speeds E the the gate,
gate,m reaches
reaches
(56,000 critical
critical
kg/s)(9.81
dissipatedpast the gate. Therefore, an underflow gate
5 L speed
speed
m/s at
)(0.572at
the the
m)a gate,
gate,
1 kg·m/s2
and and
b accelerates
accelerates
is analo- further further
Es 的液體逆流回來並淹沒了液體噴束，則稱為沉沒出口
totosupercritical
supercriticalspeeds speedspast pastthethegate. (drowned
2b2b2a2a
gous
Es Esto a converging–diverging 5 314,000 N·m/s nozzle 5 314ingate.
gasTherefore,
kW
Therefore,an
dynamics. anunderflow
The underflow
dischargegate gateis isanalo-
from analo- (a)
gous
an underflowgous
or togate
toa converging–diverging
submerged a isconverging–diverging
outflow)
called a free (圖outflow nozzle
nozzle
the in
13-44b)。在沉沒流中，流體噴束經歷
if ingas
liquid gasdynamics.
jetdynamics.
streaming The The
out discharge
discharge
of the from from
Discussion The results show that the hydraulic jump is a highly dissipative
Es2a
Es2a an
gate is openanunderflow
underflow
to gate
the atmosphere gate is
wasting 314 kW (Fig.
is
called
called a a
freefree outflow
13–44a), outflow
production and
if if
the the liquid
liquid
it isin called jet
this case.a That
jet
streaming
streaming
drowned out
(or outof of
thethe
一個水躍，因此下游的流動是次臨界的。同時沉沒出口包括高
process, of power potential is,
submerged gate
gate
) is ifis
open
theopen
outflow waterto
ifto the
the
were the atmosphere
atmosphere
discharged
routed to a hydraulic (Fig.
liquid(Fig. 13–44a),
turbine 13–44a),
flashes
insteadback ofand and
being itreleased
and itissubmerges
iscalled
called
from a drowned
a drowned
the (or(or
水平的紊流與逆流，因此有很大的水頭損失
submerged the sluice
submerged ) ) gate,
outflow
outflowup to if 314
if
the kW
the of power could
discharged
discharged liquid
liquid hflashes
L。
be generated. flashes But backthis
back poten-
andand submerges
submerges thethe
specific jet (Fig. 13–44b). In drowned
tial is converted to useless flow, the liquid
thermal jet undergoes
energy instead of useful power, a hydraulic
causing a jump,
owdepth-specific
depth-specific
ough jet
jet
(Fig.
(Fig. 13–44b).
13–44b).
對於通過底流閘門，具有自由或沉沒出口的流動，其流動
and thus the downstream
water temperatureflow In In drowned
drowned flow,
flow, the theliquid
liquid
rise ofis subcritical. Also, drowned outflow involves jet jet
undergoes
undergoes a hydraulic
a hydraulic jump,
jump,
or
flow
flowthrough
througha high level
and
and thusthus the the downstream
downstream
# flowflowis is subcritical.
subcritical. Also,
Also, drowned
drowned
loss houtflow outflowinvolves
involves
深度of– turbulence
比能量的圖示於圖 Eanddissipated
backflow, and
13-45。注意對於摩擦效應可以忽略的
314 kJ/sthus a large head L.
a high
a high level
level
The flow depth-specific energy ofDTof turbulence
5turbulence#
mcp
5 and
diagramand backflow,
backflow,
for flow
(56,000 kg/s)(4.18
and and thusthus a
5 0.00138Clarge
a large
through underflow gates with
kJ/kg·8C)
head
head loss
lossh L L.
.
h
理想閘門，其比能量維持為常數
TheThe flowflow depth-specific
depth-specific energy
energy (從點
diagram
diagram 1for到點
for flow 2a)，但對實際的
flow through
through
free and drowned Note that outflowa 314-kW is given resistancein Fig.heater13–45.
would cause Notethethat same specific energygates
underflow
thetemperature underflow gates with
with
remainsfree freeand anddrowned
fordrowned
閘門則減小。下游對於一個自由出口是超臨界的
constantrise for
water outflow
idealized
flowing outflow is isgiven
at agates
rate of given
with
56,000 innegligible
in
Fig.Fig.13–45.
kg/s. 13–45. Note
(點
frictionalNote that
that
2b)，但對 thethespecific
effects specificenergy
(from energy
remains
remains
point 1 to一個沉沒出口則是次臨界的 constant
constant
point 2a), but decreases for actualfor for idealized
idealized gatesgates
gates. The downstream is supercriti- (from
with
(點 2c)，因為沉沒出口會經過一個 with negligible
negligible frictional
frictional effects
effects (from
cal for apoint
point
gate 1with
to
1 to point
point
free 2a),
2a),
outflow butbut decreases
decreases
(point 2b),for for
but actual
actual gates.
subcritical gates. The
for The downstream
one downstream
with drowned is is
supercriti-
supercriti-
水躍變成次臨界流，這將包含可觀的混合與能量耗散。
outflow (point 2c) since a drowned outflow also involves a hydraulic jump to drowned
cal
calfor fora gate
a gate with with free free outflow
outflow (point
(point 2b),
2b), but but subcritical
subcritical for forone one with
with drowned
outflow
subcritical outflow
13–9
flow, (point
(point
將摩擦效應近似成可忽略的並假設上游
which FLOW2c)2c)since
involves
■ since
CONTROLa drowned
a drowned
considerable AND outflow
outflow
MEASUREMENT
mixing alsoalsoinvolves
(或貯水槽)
and involves
energy a hydraulic
速度很 a hydraulicjump
dissipation. jumptoto
subcritical
subcritical
ApproximatingThe flowthe
小，使用伯努利方程式可以證明自由噴束 flow,
flow, which
whichinvolves
rate frictional
in pipes andeffects
involves considerable
ducts is as
considerable
negligible
controlled
mixing
by(free
mixing
variousand and
the
jet)kinds andenergy
的排出速度 energy
upstream
of
dissipation.
valves. (or
dissipation. (b)
Approximating
Approximating
reservoir)是velocity to inbeopen the the frictional
frictional effects
effects as as negligible
negligible and and the the upstream
upstream(or(or
5 low, it can however,
be shown byconfined,
using and the thus Bernoulli
Liquid flow channels, is not the flow equa-
(細節參考第
reservoir)
reservoir) velocity
velocity 章) to tobe be low,low, it it
cancan be beshownshown by by usingusing the the Bernoulli
Bernoulli equa-
equa- FIGURE 13–43
tion that the discharge velocity of a free jet is (see Chap. 5 for details) 圖 13-43　堰是控制流動的裝置，水
rate is controlled by partially blocking the channel. This is done by either
A weir is a flow control device
tion
tionallowing
thatthatthethe the liquid
discharge
discharge to flow over theofobstruction
velocity
velocity a freejetorjetis
ofa free under
is(see it.Chap.
(see An Chap.obstruction 流從此種障礙物的上面流過。
5 5forfordetails)
details) in which the water flows over
that allows the liquid to flow
V5 over it is called a weir (Fig. 13–43),(13-76)
"2gy and an(13–76)
(a) © Design Pics RF/The the Irish Image
obstruction.
1
obstruction with an adjustable opening at the
V V55"2gy bottom
"2gy that allows the liquid Collection/Getty
(13–76)
(13–76) RF; (b) Photo
(a) © Design Pics RF/The Irish Image
1 1
The frictional effects
to flow can be
underneath it is accounted for bygate.
called an underflow modifying thiscanrelation
Such devices be used with
courtesy Collection/Getty
of Bryan Lewis. RF; (b) Photo courtesy
The
The
a discharge frictional
to frictional
用一個排放係數
control theeffects
coefficient effects
flow
C rate cancanbebe
(discharge
through
. Then accounted
the
the accounted
channel as for
coefficient)
discharge
d
for
Cdby
well bytomodifying
modifying
as來修正此關係式，
velocity measure this
at the it.gate this
relation
and relation
the with with of Bryan Lewis.

flow rate adischarge

dischargecoefficient
become coefficientCdC. dThen
a 就可以把摩擦效應考慮在內。因此閘門的排放速度與流率變成 . Thenthethedischarge
dischargevelocity
velocityatatthethegate
gateand
andthethe
flow
flowrate
ratebecome
become #
V 5 Cd "2gy1  and  V 5 Cd ba"2gy
# # 1 (13–77)
V V55CdC"2gy
d "2gy 且
1  and  V
1  and  V55CdCba"2gy
d ba"2gy
1 1 (13-77)
(13–77)
(13–77)
where b and a are the width and the height of the gate opening, respectively.
where
whereb band
anda aarearethethewidth
widthand
andthetheheight
heightofofthethegate
gateopening,
opening,respectively.
respectively.
其中 b 與 a 分別是閘門開口的寬度與高度。
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 761 7/2/13 6:59 PM

762
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW

水閘門 水閘門

7/2/13 7:00 PM
滾筒式閘門
y1 y1 7/2/13
7/2/137:00
7:00
PMPM
V1 縮流頸 V1 V1
y1
y2 V2 圖 13-44　用來
a V2
y2 V2 y2 控制流率的底流
a
閘門的一般形
(a) 自由流出的水閘門 (b) 沉沒出口的水閘門 (c) 滾筒式閘門 式。

FIGURE 13–44
Common types of underflow gates to control flow rate.

y
Underflow Gates
There are numerous types of underflow gates to control the flow rate, each
V 21 with certain advantages and disadvantages. Underflow gates are located at
Es1  y1  1
 y1 y1
V1 V1 V1
y1
a y2 V2 763
763
y2 V2 y2 V2 CHAPTER
CHAPTER 1313
a

0.60.6

FIGURE 13–44
42 流體力學
Common types of underflow
0.50.5 gates to control flow rate.
763
CHAPTER 13
763
y 次臨界流
0.40.4 Underflow
0.6
Gates
自由流出
CHAPTER 13

0.6 There are numerous types of underflow gates to control the flow rate, each
V 21 with certain advantages and disadvantages. Underflow gates are located at
Es1  y1  1 0.5
2g the bottom of a wall, dam, or an open channel. Two common types of such
0.5 CdCd0.30.3
無摩擦閘門 gates, the sluice gate and the drum gate, are shown in Fig. 13–44. A sluice
2c
gate is typically
0.4
vertical and has a plane surface, whereas a drum gate has a
沉沒出口 circular cross section with a streamlined surface.
0.4
0.20.2 When the gate is partially opened, the upstream liquid accelerates as it
超臨界流 approaches
Cd 0.3 the gate, reaches critical speed at the gate, and accelerates further
Cd 0.3 to supercritical speeds past the gate. Therefore, an underflow gate is analo- FIGURE
FIGURE13– 13
2b 2a Es
0.10.1 gous to a converging–diverging nozzle in gas dynamics. The discharge from
an underflow Discharge
Discharge coefficients
coefficients forfor
drown
drow
Es1  Es2a 0.2 gate is called a free outflow if the liquid jet streaming out of the
andandfreefreedischarge
dischargefr
y 2 y/a2 /a 2 2 3gate3 4is4open 5 5 to6 the 6 7atmosphere (Fig. 13–44a), and it is called a drowned (or
0.2
7 8 8 沉沒出口
FIGURE
圖 13–45
13-45　通過底流閘門的流動的示 submerged ) outflow if the discharged liquid flashes back and submerges the underflow
underflowgat g
FIG
Schematic and flow 0 0
depth-specific jet (Fig. 13–44b). FIGURE 13–46
意圖與流動深度 – 比能量圖。 0 0 2 2 4 4 0.1 6 6 In drowned 8 8 flow,
10 the liquid
10 12 12jet undergoes1414 a hydraulic
16 16 jump, DataData
from
from
Henderson,
Henderson,
Discharge Open
OpenChannel
Channel
coefficients F
0.1
energy diagram for flow through and thus the downstream flow is subcritical. Discharge Also, drowned coefficients
outflow forin drowned
volves
1st1st
Edition,
Edition,
© 1966.
© 1966.Reprinted
Reprintedbyby
andpermissio
permiss
free dis
underflow gates.y /a 2 3 4 5 6 a7high level of 2 /a
yturbulence 2 y 13/a
y 1/a 4 5 6
and backflow, 7 thus
and 8 a largeand headfreeloss
discharge
h . from Education,
Pearson
Pearson Education,Inc.,
Inc.,
Upper
UpperSaddle
Saddle
River,
Riv
2 8
underflow
L
gates. und
0 The flow0depth-specific energy diagram for flow through underflow gates with Data from Henderson, Ope
6 free and 010 2 4 6 8 Data from10Henderson,12Open Channel 14 Flow, 16
0 2 4 8 drowned outflow
12 is given
14 in16Fig. 13–45. Note that the specific energy 1st Edition, © 1966. Reprinted
1st
y Edition,
/a © 1966. Reprinted by permission of
y 1/a constant for idealized gates with negligible
remains 1
frictional effects (from Pearson Education, Inc., Upper S
Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
point 1 to point 2a), but decreases for actual gates. The downstream is supercriti-
圖 13-46　底流閘門的自由出口與沉沒出口的排放係數。
cal for a gate with free outflow (point 2b), but subcritical for one with drowned
TheThedischarge
dischargecoefficient
coefficient
outflow CdC
Data 1 2c)
dfrom

(point 1for for idealized
Henderson,
sinceidealized Openflow,
a drowned flow,
Channel but
outflow but Calso
Flow, dC1st
  1 1forforaactual
Edition,
d involves actualReprinted
© 1966.
hydraulic jump toby
flowflowthrough
throughthe thegates.
gates. permission
Experimentally
Experimentally of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
subcritical flow, whichdetermined determined
involves values
valuesmixing
considerable ofofCdCand dforforunder-
under-
energy dissipation.
The discharge
flow coefficient
flowgatesgatesare d plotted The
 1 forinidealized
areCplotted inFig. discharge
Approximating
Fig. flow,
13–46
13–46 coefficient
butasC
the  1 for
frictional
asdfunctions
functions of1offor
Cdactual
effects theasidealized
the negligible
contraction
contraction flow,
andbut the
coef-
coef- d  1 for (or
Cupstream actual
flow through the gates. Experimentally determined
flow through values
the of
gates. C for under-
Experimentally
= 1，但對實際通過閘門的流動 determined values of C for under-
ficienty對於理想的流動，排放係數
ficient /a2/a
2y andandthe thedepthreservoir)
depth ratio velocity
ratioy1yof /a.
1/a.
to
CNote
dNote be low,
that
d it
thatmost can be
mostvaluesshown by using
valuesofofCdCdforforfree the d < 1。實驗決
Bernoulli
Cfree d equa-
flow gates are plotted in Fig. 13–46 tion as
flowfunctions
gates
that the are the
plotted
discharge contraction
in Fig.ofcoef-
velocity 13–46
a free as jet functions
is (see Chap. of 5theforcontraction
details) coef-
outflow
outflow
ficient y2/a and 定的底流閘門的 from
from a a
vertical
the depth ratio y1/a. vertical sluice
Cd Notesluice
值被畫在圖
ficient gate
that gate
y2/amost rangerange
and13-46
values between
the depth between
中，表示成收縮係數
of 0.50.5
for free
Cdratio and
y1/a. and 0.6.0.6. The
Note that ymost The C C values
2/ad 與高度比
values
dvalues of C yd1/afor的函 free
drop
outflow from drop sharply
sharply
a vertical forforgate
sluice drowned
drowned
range outflow,
outflow,
between 0.5as asexpected,
expected, Cdand V 5
andthe "2gy
theflow flow raterate0.5
decreases
decreases (13–76)
outflow from aand 0.6.
vertical The
sluice values
gate range 1
between and 0.6. The Cd values
drop sharply 數。注意垂直水閘門的自由出口的
forforfor
the drowned
the same outflow,
sameupstream
upstream The frictional
as conditions.
expected,
conditions.
drop sharplyandFor effects
the
for For aCagiven
flow
drowned 值的範圍大多數介於
dcan
ratebeoutflow,
given accounted
decreases
value
valueofas ofyfor
/a,
1y
bythe
1/a,
expected, the0.5
modifying
value
and 與
value 0.6
theof ofC之間。對於沉
this
flow relation with
dCdrate decreases
for the same upstream conditions. For aa discharge
given value coefficient
of y /a, C
the . Then
value of the
C discharge velocity at the gate and the
decreases
decreases
沒出口，C with increasingy2y/a.
withincreasing for the 2/a.
same
值如預期的急速下降，並且在相同的上游條件時流率減小了。對一個 upstream 1 conditions.
d For
d a given value of y 1/a, the value of Cd
decreases with increasing y2d/a. flow rate become
decreases with increasing y2/a. #
給定的 y1/a 的值，Cd 值隨 y2/a 增加而減小。
V 5 Cd "2gy1  and  V 5 Cd ba"2gy1 (13–77)

where b and a are the width and the height of the gate opening, respectively.

例題 13-913–9
EXAMPLE 　　有沉沒出口的水閘門
Sluice Gate with Drowned Outflow
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE13–9
13–9 SluiceSluiceGate
Gate
EXAMPLE with
13–9withDrowned
Drowned Outflow
Outflow
Sluice Gate with Drowned Outflow
水從一個 Water is3released
m from a 3-m-deep reservoir into a 6-m-wide open
深的水庫排放，通過一個在渠道底部有 0.25 channel
m a高的 Sluice
水閘門 gate
Water
through a sluiceWater is iswith
gate released
released fromfromaWater
a 0.25-m-high isatreleased
a3-m-deep
3-m-deep
opening from
thereservoir
reservoir
channel ainto
3-m-deep
into
bottom. reservoiropen
a6-m-wide
The 6-m-wide into
open achannel
6-m-wide
channel open channel Sluice Sluice gate Sluice gate
gate
開口的水閘門進入一個
flow depththrough
through
after a asluice
sluice
all turbulence subsides isthrough
寬的明渠中。在所有紊流都平息後的
6 m gategatewith with ameasured a sluice
to be gate
a0.25-m-high
0.25-m-high with
opening
1.5 opening
m. a 0.25-m-high
atatthe
Determine opening
thechannel
channel at the The
bottom.
bottom. channel
The bottom. The
the rate of discharge (Fig. 13–47). flow depth after all turbulence subsides is measured to be 1.5 m. Determine
流動深度為 flow flow
1.5 depth
depth
m。試決定排放率 after
after
allallturbulence
turbulence
(圖the13-47)。 subsides
subsidesis ismeasured
measuredtotobebe1.5
rate of discharge (Fig. 13–47).
1.5m.m.Determine
Determine
SOLUTION the therate
Water rate
isofreleased
ofdischarge
discharge
from (Fig.
a (Fig. 13–47).
reservoir13–47).
through a sluice gate into
解答：水從一個水庫中被排放，經過一個水閘門進入一條明渠
an open channel.
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 762 For specified flow depths, SOLUTION
the rate Water is released
of discharge from a reservoir
is to be y 1 3 mthrough a sluice gate into7/2/13 7:00 PM
determined. SOLUTION
SOLUTION Water Wateris isreleased
released
an openfrom froma areservoir
channel. reservoir
For through
specifiedthrough a asluice
sluice
flow depths, thegate
gateof
rate into
into
discharge is to be y1 3 m
中。對於指定的流動深度，要決定排放率。
Assumptions anan1open
The
open flow is steadyFor
channel.
channel. inForthe mean. 2 The
specified
specified
determined. flow channel
flow depths,is sufficiently
depths, the
therate
rateofofdischarge
dischargeis istotobebe y1y1 3 m
3m
wide so that the end effects are negligible. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady in the mean. 2 The channel is sufficiently y 2 1.5 m
假設：1. determined.
determined.
流動在平均上是穩定的。2. 渠道足夠寬使得邊際效應可
Analysis The depth ratio y1/a and the contraction wide so that coefficient
the endy2effects
/a are are negligible. a 0.25 m
以忽略。 Assumptions Assumptions 1 1The
y1soso
Theflow flowis issteady
steadyininthe
Analysis
y2are
mean.2 2The
themean. Thechannel
channelis issufficiently
sufficiently
The depth ratio y1/a and the contraction coefficient y2/a are a 0.25 m
y 2 y 2 1.51
wide
wide 5
that
3that
m the theend
end
5 12  and  
effects
effects 5
are negligible.
1.5negligible.
m
56
解析：深度比 y1a/a
Analysis
Analysis與收縮係數 The
0.25 The
m depth y
depth /a 為
ratioy1ay/a1/aand
2ratio andthe
0.25 mthe
ycontraction
1 contraction
3m coefficient
coefficient yy2y2/a2/aare
圖 13-47　例題 are
1.5 m FIGURE 13–47
13-9 的示意圖。 a a 0.25
0.25
mm
5 5 12  and   5 56
a 0.25 m a Schematic
0.25 m for Example 13–9. FIG
764 y1y1 3 m
3m y2y2 1.51.5
mm
CHANNEL FLOW 55 與
12  and  
5512  and   55 556 6 Schematic for Ex
a a 0.25
0.25
mm a a 0.25 mm
0.25 FIGURE
FIGURE13–
13
The corresponding discharge coefficient is determined from Fig. 13–46 to be Schematic
SchematicforforExample
Example131
對應的排放係數從圖 13-46 決定為 Cd = 0.47，因此排放率變成
Cd  0.47. Then the discharge rate becomes
#
V 5 Cd ba"2gy1 5 0.47(6 m)(0.25 m)"2(9.81 m/s2)(3 m) 5 5.41 m3/s
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 763
Discussion In the case of free flow, the discharge coefficient would be Cd  7/2/13 7:00 PM

0.59, with a 725-786_cengel_ch13.indd

corresponding flow 763
rate of 6.78 m3/s. Therefore, the flow rate
decreases considerably when the outflow is drowned.

725-786_cengel_ch13.indd
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd763763 7/2

Overflow Gates
NNEL FLOW

The corresponding discharge coefficient is determined from Fig. 13–46 to be

The corresponding discharge coefficient is determined from Fig. 13–46 to be
Cd  0.47. Then the discharge rate becomes
Cd  0.47. Then the discharge rate becomes
#
# 3
V 5 Cd ba"2gy 1 5 0.47(6 2 5.41 m /s
m)(0.25 m)"2(9.81 m/s2)(3 m) 5 3
V 5 Cd ba"2gy 1 5 0.47(6 m)(0.25 m)"2(9.81 m/s )(3 m) 5 5.41 m /s
Discussion In the case of free flow, the discharge coefficient would be Cd 
Discussion In the case of free flow, the discharge coefficient would be C 
0.59, with a corresponding flow rate of 6.78 m3/s. Therefore, the flow rate 第d 13 章　明渠流 43
0.59, with a corresponding flow rate of 6.78 m3/s. Therefore, the flow rate
decreases considerably when the outflow is drowned.
decreases considerably when the outflow is drowned.

討論：在自由流的情況下，排放係數將會是 Cd = 0.59，而對應的流率是 6.78 m3/s。因此當出口被沉

沒時，流率可觀地下降了。
Overflow GatesGates
Overflow
Recall that the total mechanical energy of a liquid at any cross section of an
溢流閘門
Recall that the total mechanical energy of a liquid at any cross section of an 764
2
open channel can be expressed in terms of heads as H  z 
open channel can be expressed in terms of heads as H  zb  y  V /2g,
b y  V /2g, OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
2
where ywhere 在一條明渠的任何截面上，其液體的總機械能可以用水頭表示為
is the = zb + y +
and VHand
y flow
is thedepth, b is the
flow zdepth, zb elevation of the channel
is the elevation bottom,bottom,
of the channel V The correspond
is the average
V 2
/2g，其中 flow yvelocity.
是流動深度，z During flow with
是渠道底面的高度，而 negligible frictional
V effects
是平均流速。在可忽略摩
is the average flow velocity. During flow with negligible frictional effects
b
Cd  0.47. The
#
(head loss
(head  0),
hL loss hL the totalthemechanical
0), total energy energy
mechanical remainsremains
constant, and theand the
constant, V 5 Cd ba"
擦效應的流動中  (水頭損失 hL = 0)，總機械能維持為常數，而明渠流中在上游截面
one-dimensional
one-dimensionalenergy equation for open-channel flow between upstream
energy equation for open-channel flow between upstream Discussion In
11 與下游截面
section section
and downstream 2 之間的一維的能量方程式可以寫成
section section
2 is written as 0.59, with a co
1 and downstream 2 is written as decreases cons
V 21 2 V 22
zb1 1 y1 1 V 22
5 zb2V 11 y2 1   or  E Es2 (13–78)
s1 5 Dzb 1
zb1 1
2gy1 1 2gy2 1   or  E
5 zb2 1 s1 5 Dzb 1 Es2 (13-78)
(13–78)
2g 2g
Es  y
Es  y
where E V 2y/2g Overflow Ga
s  yE
where  isV 2the
y + V2/2g
Es =bottom
/2g specific
is the ∆z energy energy
specific and zand
b  zzb2  zb1 is the
b 2 z的底面相對於在截面 zb1 is the Recall that the to
b = zb2 −2zrelative
其中 s 是比能量且 b2
elevation of the point of flow at section b1 是水流在截面to that at section 1.
elevation of the bottom point of flow at section 2 relative to that at section 1. open channel ca
Therefore,
1 the specific energy
的底面的高度。因此在一個下坡流動中液體流的比能量增加了 of a liquid stream increases by
Therefore, the specific energy of a liquid stream increases by |zb| during |z b| during
|∆z b | (注意對於向 where y is the fl
downhill flow (note is the average fl
downhill
下傾斜的渠道，∆z flow that(note b is z
zthat negative
b 是負的)，對於上波流動則減少
for channels inclinedinclined
b is negative for channels ∆zb，而對於水平流則維持為常
down), down),
(head loss hL 
decreases by z
decreases during uphill flow, and remains constant during
b by z during uphill flow, and remains constant during horizontal horizontal one-dimensional
b
數。(如果摩擦效應不可忽略，則所有情況比能量都減少 hthe
flow. (The specific energy also decreases by hL for L。)frictional
flow. (The specific energy also decreases by all
hL cases
for allifcases if the frictional section 1 and do
effects effects
are not negligible.)
對一個等寬度
are b 的渠道，在穩定流時，⋅
not negligible.) # V = AcV = byV 且 V = ⋅V /Ac，因此比能
For a量變成
channel of constant V  AcV#  byV  constant in steady
width b,width zb1 1
For a #channel # of constant b, V  AcV  byV  constanty in steady
flow and V
flow andV /Ac. Then
V  V /A the specific
. Then energy energy
the specific becomes becomes .
Es  y
where Es  y 
Es c # V  常數
Es # elevation of the b
V2
Es 5 y 1 V2 (13-79) (13–79) Therefore, the s
Es 2gb
5 y2y1
2 (13–79) 次臨界流， downhill flow
2gb2y 2 2V Fr < 1 decreases by zb
yE
ic s with E with
energy
2g
s The variation
The of the specific
variation of the energy energy
specific Es withEflow depth y for steady flow y flow flow. (The speci
w rate in rate
fied flow 對在具有常數寬度
in in a channel b 的渠道中的穩定流，其比能量 s with flowEsdepth
隨著深度 y for steady 超臨界流， effects are not n
h. width. of constant width b is replotted in Fig. 13–48. This diagram is
in a channel of constant width b is replotted in Fig. 13–48. Thisycdiagram is 臨界 Fr > 1 For a channel#
ant y 變化的圖重繪於圖
extremely valuablevaluable 13-48 中。此圖極有價值因為它顯示出流動
as it shows Fr  1 深度
extremely as it the allowable
shows states during
the allowable flow. Once
states during flow.the
Once Ethe flow and V  V /
upstream
upstream conditions at a flow section 1 are specified, the state liquid
conditions at
中能夠允許的狀態。一旦在一個流動截面a flow section 1 are specified,
1 the
的上游條件被指定state of the of the liquid
min Es

at any at
section 2 on an2 Eon
any section s–yandiagram must fall
Es–y diagram on fall
a point
on aon the on
specific
FIGURE 13–48
了，在截面 2 的液體的狀態在一個 Es-ymust
圖上必須落在通過點 point 1 the
圖 specific
13-48　一個等寬度的渠道，在一
energy energy
curve that passes through point 1.
curve that passes through point 1.
Variation of specific energy
個指定流率下，比能量 s with
EsE隨著深度 The variation of
的比能量曲線的一點上。 depth y for a specified flow rate in
ya 的變化關係。
channel of constant width. in a channel of c
extremely valua
Flow over
Flow aover
Bump with Negligible
a Bump
通過隆起且摩擦可以忽略的流動 Friction
with Negligible Friction upstream conditi
Now consider steady flow with negligible frictionfriction
over a bump at any section 2
Now現在考慮在一個等寬度
consider steady flow with negligible
b 的水平渠道中，通過一個高度 over aofbump
height
ofbz
∆z height
b
的凸起物的穩zb energy curve tha
in a horizontal
in a channel
horizontal of constant
channel of width
constant b, as
width shown
b, as in Fig.
shown 13–47.
in Fig. The
13–47. The
定流動，其摩擦力可以忽略，如圖
energy energy
equation in this case is,case
fromis,Eq. 13-49 所示。這種情況的能量方程式，從式
13–78,
equation in this from Eq. 13–78, Flow over a B
(13-78)，可得 Now consider st
Es2 5 Es1 2 Dzb (13–80)
Es2 5 Es1 2 Dzb (13–80) in a horizontal c
E
Therefore, the specific energy of the liquid= E − ∆z
s2 decreases
s1 b by z as it flows over (13-80) energy equation
Therefore, the specific energy of the liquid decreases by zb as it flows over
b
the bump,
the and theand
bump, statethe
ofstate
the liquid
of theon
liquid s–y
the Eon diagram
the shifts toshifts
E –y diagram the left by left by
to the
因此，液體的比能量在其流過一個凸起物時減小了
s ∆zb，並且液體的狀態，在Es-y
Therefore, the sp
圖中向左移動了 ∆zb，如圖 13-49 所示。對一個有大寬度的渠道，質量守恆方程式 the bump, and th

725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 764
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7/2/13 7:00 PM
 765
765
CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 13
44 z流bb,, 體
as力 學 in Fig. 13–49. The conservation of mass equation for a chan-
shown yy
z as shown in Fig. 13–49. The conservation of mass equation for a chan-
nel of large width
nel of large width is is yy22V
V22 
 yy11V and thus
V11 and thus V  (( yy11/y
V22  /y22)V
)V11.. Then
Then the
the specific
specific
energy of the liquid over the bump can be expressed
energy of the liquid over the bump can be expressed as as
為 y2V2 = y1V1，因此 V2 = (y1/y2)V1。流過凸起物的液體的比能量可以被表示為
V 222
V V 22 y22
E 5 y 1 2    S   E 2 Dz 5 y 1 V 11 y 11 (13–81)
Es2
s2 5 y22 1
2g   S   Es1
2g
s1 2 Dzbb 5 y22 1
2g yy222
2g
(13–81)
(13-81)
2
2a
2a
Rearranging,
Rearranging,
重新整理
V 221 2
V
zb
z b
332 2 (Es1 2 Dzb)y22 5 00 (13-82)
y 2 2 (Es1 2 Dzb)y 22 1 2g yy211 5
y 1 1 (13–82)
(13–82)
2g 2b
2b
which
這是 y2is
which is的一個aa third-degree
third-degree
3 次多項式，因此有 polynomial 3equation
polynomial equation in yy22 and
in
個解。捨棄負號的解，在凸起物上方的流動 and thusthus has has three
three solu-
solu- Emin  EEc
E min c
tions.
tions.
765 Disregarding
Disregarding the
the negative
negative solution,
solution, it
it appears
appears that
that the
the flow
flow depth
depth over
over
深度似乎有兩個解。
CHAPTER 13
the bump
the bump can can havehave twotwo values.
values.
ation for a chan- y
Now the curious 現在好奇的問題是，凸起物上方的液體高度會上升或下
question is, does
does the the liquid
liquid level
level rise
rise or or drop
drop overover the the
Then the specific Now the curious question is,
bump? Our
bump? Our intuition intuition says the entire
降？我們的直覺會以為整個液體會跟隨凸起物，因此液體表面 liquid body will
says the entire liquid body will follow the bump and follow the bump and
thus the liquid
thus the1a liquid surface surface will rise
will rise over
over the the bump,
bump, but but this
this isis notnot necessarily
necessarily so. so.
在凸起物上方會上升，但實際上未必如此。注意，比能量是流
y 21
(13–81) Noting
Noting that that specific energy is the sum of the flow
specific energy is the sum of the flow depth and dynamic head, depth and dynamic head, yy11 yy22
次臨界流
y 22
either scenario is 動深度與動能水頭的加總，哪一種情節都是可能的，端視速度
is possible,
possible, depending on on how
how the the velocity
velocity changes.
changes. The The E –y
Ess–y V
V11
either
2a scenario depending zb
diagram in
diagram in Fig.Fig. 13–49
13–49
如何改變。圖 gives us
gives us thethe
13-49 definite answer:
的 Es-yanswer:
definite If the
圖給我們確定的答案如果凸起物之
If the flow
flow before
before the the z b
bump
bump is subcritical
zb is subcritical前的流動是次臨界的
(state 1a), the
(state 1a), the flow(狀態 flow depth y decreases
y22 decreases (state
depth1a)，流動深度 (state
y2 減小2a). 2a).
(狀態
If the
If the
2a)。若
(13–82) decrease in
decrease in flow
超臨界流 flow depth
depth is is greater
greater than than thethe bumpbump height
height (i.e.,
(i.e., yy11   yy22   z ),
zbb),
the
2b
free surface
1b is 流動深度的減小量大於凸起物高度
suppressed. But if the flow is (即 y1 −as
supercritical >approaches
y2 it ∆zb)，則自由表 F
the free surface is suppressed. But if the flow is supercritical as it approaches FI
s has three solu- the bump
Emin  Ec the bump (state (stateEs1b),
1b),面被壓低了。但若流動在接近凸起物時是超臨界的
the flow depth rises over the bump
the flow depth rises over the bump (state 2b), creating a (state 2b), creating
(狀態 a
1b)， Schematic and flow dd
Schematic and flow
flow depth over
bump along
bump along
超臨界上游 the free
the free surface.
surface.
流動深度在凸起物上面會上升 (狀態 2b)，在自由表面上造成一energy energy diagram
diagram for
for flow
flow
or drop over the The situation
流動
The situation is 個凸起。 is reversed if the channel has a
reversed if the channel has a depression of depth zbb depression of depth z for subcritical
for subcritical and and
w the bump and instead
instead 次臨界上游 of a bump: The specific energy in this
of a bump: The specific energy in this case increases (so that state 2case increases (so that state 2 up
up
ot necessarily so.
d dynamic head, y1 isy2to
is to the
the right
right of
流動
of state
state 11若渠道有一個深度
on the
on the E –y diagram)
Ess–y diagram) since z
∆zb 的凹坑，而不是一個凸起，情況就
since zbb is is negative.
negative. There-There-
hanges. The Es–y V1 fore,
fore, the flow
the flow depth
V2 depth increases if the
increases if the approach flow
會相反：這種情況的比能量會增加 approach flow
(在 E is subcritical
iss-ysubcritical
圖上狀態 2and and
會在狀
flow before the decreases
zb
if it is supercritical.
decreases if it is supercritical.
(state 2a). If the 凸起物 Now let’s let’s reconsider 態 1 的右邊)，因為
reconsider flow over over aa bump ∆zb 是負的。因此，若接近流是次臨界的，
bump with negligible
negligible friction,
friction, as as dis-
dis-
y1  y2  zb), Now flow with
as it approaches cussed
cussedFIGURE earlier.
earlier. 13–49As the height of the
流動深度增加；若接近流是超臨界的，則流動深度減小。 bump z is increased,
As the height of the bump zbb is increased, point 2 (either 2a point 2 (either 2a
圖 13-49　流過一個凸起物的流動深
te 2b), creating a Schematic or 2b
and
or
度 – 比能量圖；給次臨界與超臨界的 2b for
flow for sub-sub- or
depth-specific or supercritical
supercritical flow) continues
flow) continues shifting
現在，讓我們再考慮流過一個凸起物的流動，摩擦力可以 shifting to to the
the left
left onon the
the E –y
Ess–y
energy diagramdiagram,
for flow over a bump
until finally reaching the critical point. That is, the flow over the
on of depth zb
上游流動。 diagram,
for subcritical until finally
and supercritical reaching the critical point. That is, ∆z
忽略，如之前討論過的。當凸起的高度 the增加時，點
flow over the 2 (不管
s (so that state 2 bumpupstream
bump is critical
is critical when
flows.when the bump
the bump heightheight is is z
zcc  E Es1 E
s1  Escsc b E Es1s1 E min,, and
Emin and
negative. There- 是次臨界流的
the
the specific energy
specific 2a 或超臨界流的
energy of the
of liquid2b)
the liquid 在 Es-y
reaches
reaches its圖上持續地向左移動，直到最後達到臨
its minimum level.
minimum level.
subcritical and The question that comes to mind is, what happens if the
the bump
bump heightheight is is
The question that comes to
界點。也就是當凸起高度是 = Es1 −
∆zcmind sc = Es1
is,Ewhat − Emin 時，凸起上面的流動是臨界
happens if
friction, as dis- increased
increased further? Does the specific energy of
further? Does the specific energy of the liquid continue decreas- the liquid continue decreas-
的，並且液體的比能量達到其最低的水平。
point 2 (either 2a ing? The
ing? The answer answer to to this
this question
question is is aa resounding
resounding no since the
no since the liquid
liquid is is
e left on the Es–y already 我們心中想到的問題是，若凸起高度再被增加時會發生什麼呢？液體的比能量
at its minimum energy level,
already at its minimum energy level, and its energy cannot decrease anyand its energy cannot decrease any
he flow over the
 Es1  Emin, and further.
further. In other
In other words,
words, the
是否繼續減小？這個問題的答案是很響亮的“不”，因為液體已經在其最低的能 the liquid
liquid is is already
already at at the
the furthest
furthest left left point
point on on
the E
the –y diagram,
Ess–y diagram, and and no no point
point further
further leftleft cancan satisfy
satisfy conservation
conservation of of mass
mass
e bump height is 量水平，且其能量不能進一步減小。換言之，液體已經在 Es-y 圖上的最左邊的點
and energy and the momentum equation.
and energy and the momentum equation. Therefore, the flow must remain Therefore, the flow must remain
ontinue decreas- 上，沒有更左邊的點可以滿足質量、能量與動量的守恆方程式。因此，流動必須維
nce the liquid is critical.
critical. The flow
The flow at at this
this state
state is is said
said to to be choked. In
be choked. In gas
gas dynamics,
dynamics, this this isis
not decrease any analogous to the
持為臨界的。這種情況的流動被稱為“阻塞”(Choked) flow in a converging nozzle
analogous to the flow in a converging nozzle accelerating as the back pres- accelerating as
了。在氣體動力學中，這 the back pres-
est left point on sure is
sure is lowered,
lowered, and and reaching
reaching the the speed
speed of of sound
sound at at the
the nozzle
nozzle exit exit when
when
ervation of mass 類似於在收縮噴嘴中的流動，當背壓被降低時氣流加速。當背壓達到臨界壓力時，
ow must remain
the back
the back pressure
pressure reaches reaches the the critical
critical pressure.
pressure. But But the the nozzle
nozzle exit exit velocity
velocity
dynamics, this is remains at the sonic level no matter how
remains at the sonic level no matter how much the back pressure is lowered.much the back pressure is lowered.
as the back pres- Here again,
Here again, the the flow
flow is is choked.
choked.
nozzle exit when
zzle exit velocity
ssure is lowered.
 第 13 章　明渠流 45

766
NNEL FLOW 氣流在噴嘴的出口達到音速。但是不論背壓如何再被降低，噴嘴出口速度維持在音
766
6
66
766
NNEL
NEL FLOW
FLOW
NNEL FLOW
ANNEL FLOW Broad-Crested Weir
速的水平。這裡一樣，流動被“阻塞”了。
Broad-Crested
Broad-Crested
The discussions onWeir
Weir
flow over a high bump can be summarized as follows:
Broad-Crested
寬頂堰 flow over on
Thediscussions
discussions
Weir
a on
sufficiently
overhigh
flowover obstruction inbean open channel isfollows:
always
The flow a ahigh
high bumpcan
bump can besummarized
summarized
asasfollows:
The discussions
Theflowdiscussions on
on flow
flow over
over aa high
high bump
bump in can
can be
beopensummarized as follows:
ansummarized isasisalways
follows: 766
critical.
The
The Such
overovera obstructions
流過高凸起的水流的討論可以總結如下：流過在一個明渠中的一個足夠高的障
flow asufficiently
sufficiently placed
high
high intentionally
obstruction
obstruction inan
inan open
open channel
channel
channel toalways
mea-
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
The flow
The flow over
over a sufficiently
a sufficiently high
high obstruction
obstruction in
inthean
anan open
open channel
channel is always
istomea-
always
sure the
critical.
critical. Such flow
Such rate are
obstructions called
obstructions
礙物的水流總是臨界的。這種被故意放置在一個明渠中用來量測流率的障礙物稱為 weirs.
placed
placed Therefore,
intentionally
intentionally in inan flow velocity
open
open channel
channel over
to a suf-
mea- Broad-Creste
critical. Such
Such obstructions
obstructions placed
placed intentionally
intentionally in an open
inflow channel to mea-
critical.
ficiently
sure
sure thetheflow broad
flowrate weir
rate iscalled
areare the critical
called weirs. velocity, which
Therefore,
Therefore, thethe isan
flowopen
expressedchannel
asover
velocity
velocity Vover5ato!gy
amea-
suf- c,gy ，
堰
sure
sure(weirs)。因此，一個足夠寬的堰上的流速是臨界速度，可以被表示為
the
the flow
flow rate
rate are
are called
weirs.
called weirs.
weirs. Therefore,
Therefore, the
the flow
flow velocity
velocity over
over Vaasuf-
=suf-
suf- c
The discussions
where
ficiently y
ficiently broad c is
broadthe critical depth. Then the flow rate over a weir
weir is the critical velocity, which is expressed as V 5 !gyc, c,
weir is the critical velocity, which is expressed asof V width
5 !gyb is The flow over a
ficiently
ficiently
其中
ex
broad
broad
y 是臨界深度。因此流過一個寬度
pressed
where
weir
weir
asthecritical
is the
isdepth.
the critical
critical velocity,
velocity, which
bflowwhich
的堰的流率被表示為 is expressed
isover
expressed as V
weirofasofwidth 5 !gy
5
Vwidth !gy cc,, critical. Such ob
where yccyisc isthe critical depth.ThenThen thetheflow rateover
rate a aweir b bis is sure the flow ra
where
where yycc is the critical depth. Then Then the the flow
flow rate
rate over
over aa weir
weir ofof width
width bb is
exex pressed
pressed asisasthe critical depth.
# is ficiently broad w
ex pressed
expressed as as V 5 A V 5 y b"gy 5 bg 1/2 3/2
y (13–83) (13-83) where yc is the
# # c c c c
## 5
V V5 AAVcV
55 ycb"gy5
y b"gy c 5
1/21/2
bgbg y 3/2y 3/2
c 1/2c 3/2
(13–83)
(13–83) expressed as
broad-crested
A 寬頂堰 weirV
V5 5is cA V 5c y b"gy
AaccVrectangular
c
5 yccb"gyccblock5 bg
5 bg1/2ofyyc3/2
height Pw and
c Pw、長度
length Lw
(13–83)
(13–83)
(broad-crested weir) 是一個矩形塊，高度 Lw，有一個水平的
Vc yc that has a horizontal
broad-crested
A Abroad-crested weircrest
weir is isaover which critical
arectangular
rectangular block
block flow occurs
ofofheightheightPw(Fig.
Pwandand13–50).
lengthLThe
length Lw
A
A broad-crested
broad-crested
頂部，臨界流發生在其上 weir
weir is
(圖
is aasurface
rectangular
13-50)。上游高於堰的頂部平面的
rectangular block
block of
of height
height P and
and length
length
wL
Vc yc yc that has a horizontal crest over which critical flow occurs (Fig. 13–50).H TheLww
upstream
that has a head above
horizontal the
crest top over which of the weir
critical flow is called
occurs P
the weir
(Fig.
w
w head
13–50). and
The 流出 A broad-cres
Vcc yyc that
that
is has
denotedaa horizontal
hashead horizontal
byabove crest
crest
Totheobtain over
over which
which
asurface
relation critical
critical
for theflow
flow occurs
occurs (Fig.
yc 13–50).
(Fig. 13–50). The
The
of Vc yc that has a horizo
H. iscritical depth weir in terms
head
V1
c upstream
水頭稱為堰水頭
upstream head above
(weir thetoptop
head) 並用
surface H of ofthe
theweir
表示。為了得到一個用堰水weir iscalled
called thethe
weir head and
and
upstream
upstream
is weir
head
head above
above the
the top
top surface
surface of
of the
the weir
weir is
is called
called they weir
the weir head
head and
and upstream head a
is
is頭 H head
denoted
denoted by
表示的臨界深度
denoted
H,
by
we
byH.H.
H.
Towrite
To ycthe
Toobtain
obtain aenergy
的關係式，我們對忽略摩擦的流動寫出
obtain a
equation
arelation
relation
relation
forfor
for
between
thethe
the
critical
critical
critical
adepth
section
depth
depth
yupstream
cy c in
in
in
terms
terms
terms
ofof
of is denoted by H
weir head H, we write the energy equation between a section upstream andof
is denoted by H. To obtain a relation for the critical depth y in terms
Pw 寬頂堰
a
weirsection
head over
H, the
we weir
write for
the flow
energy with negligible
equation friction
between a as
section upstream
c
c and weir head H, we
weir head H, we write
在一個上游截面與在堰上面的一個截面之間的能量方程式 the energy equation between a section upstream and
Lw aweir
a section head
sectionover we
H,the
over write
weirforthe
theweir forflow energy
flow equation
with
with 2 negligible
V negligible
between
friction
friction a section
as
V 2c asas
upstream and a section over th
aa section
section over
over the
the weir
weir H for
for1flowflow with
with1 negligible
negligible friction
friction as Lw
L wL w P 1 5y 1P 1 (13–84)
LLw w
2g2212
V 21V c w
2g22c2
V 2cV
w
HH11 PwP1w 1 VV51 5
y y1
c c
1
P P1
w w1
1 VV c (13-84) FIGURE 13–50
圖 13-50　在一個寬頂堰上的流動。
(13–84)
(13–84)
-crested weir. HH11P Pww 1
12g2g2g1 5 5 yycc 1
1P Pww 12g2g2gc Flow over a broad-crested weir.
(13–84)
(13–84)
Cancelling Pw from both sides and2gsubstituting Vc 2g 5 !gyc give Cancelling Pw fr
-crested weir.
ested weir.
crested weir. Cancelling
Cancelling w from
PwPPfrom both
both =sides
Vsides and and substituting
substituting V5 !gy
!gy c give
-crested weir. 從兩邊消去
Cancelling 並代入 gy ，得到 V 21 VcV c 5
5 !gyc give
Cancelling Pwww from
P from both
bothc sides
sidesy cand
and 2substituting
5 substituting
aH 1
give
b Vcc 5 !gycc give (13–85)
2 23
c
2g2212
V 21V
yc y5 5 2
aH
2 aH
1 1 Vb1 b
V (13–85)
(13–85) Substituting into
yyccc 53 3 aH
aH 12g2g1bb (13–85)
(13-85) negligible frictio
5
Substituting into Eq. 13–83, the flow 1
33 rate 2g for this idealized flow case(13–85)
2g with
negligible
Substituting friction
Substituting intoEq.
into is13–83,
Eq. determined to
13–83,thetheflow berate
flow rateforforthis
thisidealized
idealizedflow
flowcase
casewith
with
Substituting
Substituting into
into Eq.
Eq. 13–83,
13–83, the
the flow
flow rate
rate for
for this
this idealized
idealized flow
flow case
case with
with
negligible
negligible friction
friction
代入式 (13-83) is isdetermined
determined to
中，對這個忽略摩擦的理想流動的情況，流率被決定為
# to
be be 2
V 1 3/2
negligible
negligible friction
friction isis determined
determined to
to 2 3/2
be
be This relation sho
V 5 b"ga b aH 1 b (13–86)
# # ideal 2 233/23/2 2g2213/23/2
V 21V parameters, but
V## ideal
V ideal 55 b"gab22 b3/2
b"ga aHaH
3/2 11 V Vb121 b3/2
3/2 (13–86)
(13–86) does not conside
V
V 5 3 3bb aH
b"ga
b"ga aH 12g2g bb (13-86)
(13–86)
ideal 5
This relation shows the functional dependence
ideal 33 1 of the flow rate on the(13–86)
2g
2g flow for by modifying
determined weir
parameters,
This
This relation but
relationshows
showsit theoverpredicts
thefunctional the
functional flow rate of
dependence
dependence byofthe
several
theflow
flow percent because
rateononthe
rate theflow it
flow
This
This
does relation
relation
not shows
shows
consider the the
the functional
functional
frictional dependence
dependence
effects. These of
of
effectsthe
the flow
flow
are rate
rate
typically on
on the
the flow
flow
accounted
parameters, butbutit itoverpredicts
overpredictsthetheflow
這個關係式顯示出流率與流動參數之間的函數相依關係，但是因為它沒有考慮到摩
parameters, flowrate
ratebybyseveral
severalpercent
percentbecause
becauseit it Broad-crested wei
parameters,
parameters,
for by but
modifying ititthe
but the overpredicts
overpredicts
theoretical the
the flow
flow
relation rate
rate
(Eq. by
by several
13–86)several
with percent
percent
an because
because
experimentally itit
does
does not
not consider
consider the frictional
frictional
擦效應而高估流率約幾個百分比。這個效應一般用一個實驗決定的堰流係數 effects.
effects. These
These effects
effects areare typically
typically accounted
accounted
does
does
forfor
byby
not
not
determined consider
consider
weirthe
modifying
modifying
the
the frictional
frictional
discharge
thetheoretical
effects.
effects.
coefficient
theoretical
These
These
C(Eq.
relation
relation
effects
as13–86)
(Eq.
wd 13–86)
are
effectswithare
with
typically
typically
an an accounted(weir
accounted
experimentally
experimentally where reasonabl
for by
by modifying
discharge
for coefficient)
modifying the
theCtheoretical
wd 來修正理論關係式
theoretical relation
relation (Eq. 13–86)
(13-86)
(Eq. 13–86)成為with
with an
an experimentally
experimentally weirs can be obt
determined
determined weirdischarge
weir discharge coefficient
coefficient
# CwdCwdasas 3/2 V 2 3/2
determined
determined weir
weir discharge
discharge coefficient
coefficient C
C wd as
2
as
wd b aH 1
1
Broad-crested weir: V5C b"ga b (13–87)
# # wd, broad 3/2
2 233/23/2 2g22123/23/2
V 21V 3/2
Broad-crested
寬頂堰： weir:
Broad-crested weir: ## 5
V V5 Cwd,
Cwd, b"ga
broad b"gab22 b aH
3/2 aH
1 1 V Vb1 b 3/2 (13–87)
(13–87)(13-87)
Broad-crested
Broad-crested weir:
weir: VV 5
5 C
C
broad
wd, broadb"ga3 3bb aH
b"ga aH 1
12g2g1bb (13–87)
(13–87) More accurate b
where reasonably accurate values of discharge
wd, broad 33 coefficients 2g for broad-crested
2g the literature (e
weirsreasonably
where
where can be obtained
reasonably from
accurate
accurate (Chow,
values
values 1959)
ofofdischarge
dischargecoefficients
coefficientsforforbroad-crested
broad-crested ally very low, an
where
where reasonably
reasonably accurate
其中寬頂堰的合理正確的堰流係數可以從下式得到
accurate values
values of
of discharge
discharge coefficients for
(Chow, 1959)
coefficients for broad-crested
broad-crested weirs. Then the
weirscan
weirs canbebeobtained
obtainedfrom
from(Chow,
(Chow,1959)1959)0.65
weirs
weirs can
can be
be obtained
obtained from
fromC(Chow,
(Chow, 1959)
1959) (13–88)
wd, broad 5 Broad-crested wei
"1 0.65
0.65
1 H/P
Cwd,
Cwd, 55
broad
broad
0.65
0.65 w (13–88)
(13–88)
C
Cwd, broad 5 "1
5"1 1 1 H/P
H/P (13–88)
(13–88)
More accurate but complicated relations
wd, broad
"1
"1 1 forH/P
1 Cwd,
w
H/P
w
w broad are also available in
w
the
Moreliterature
More accurate (e.g.,
accuratebut Ackers, 1978).
butcomplicated
complicated Also,forfor
relations
relations the Cupstream
Cwd, wd, velocity
areare
broad V1 is usu-
alsoavailable
also available inin
More
More
ally accurate
accurate
very low, but
but
and it complicated
complicated
can be relations
relations
disregarded. for
for
This C
C
is
broad are
especially
wd, broad are also
also
the available
available
case for highin
in
thetheliterature
literature(e.g.,
(e.g.,Ackers,
Ackers,1978).1978).Also,
Also,thetheupstream
upstreamvelocity
wd, broad velocityV1Vis 1 is usu-usu-
the
the
weirs.literature
literature
Then (e.g.,
(e.g., Ackers,
Ackers, 1978).
1978). Also,
Also, the
the upstream
upstream velocity
velocity VV is
is usu-
usu-
ally
ally very
very low,the
low, and flow
andit itcan rate
canbebeisdisregarded.
approximated
disregarded.This asis isespecially
This especiallythethecase
casefor1
1for highhigh
ally
ally very
very low,
low, and
and itit can
can be
be disregarded.
disregarded. This
This is
is especially
especially the
the case
case for
for high
high
weirs. Then the flow rate
weirs. Then the flow rate is approximatedis approximated
# as as 2 3/2 3/2 725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 766
weirs. Then
weirs. Then the the flow
weirflow rate
withrate is approximated
is1:approximated
V > Cwd, asas
Broad-crested low V broadb"ga b 3/2H (13–89)
# # 2 323/23/2 3/2
 parameters, but it the
does not consider overpredicts the flowThese
frictional effects. rate by several
effects percent because
are typically it
accounted
does
for bynot consider the
modifying the theoretical
frictional effects.
relationThese
(Eq. effects
13–86) are
withtypically accounted
an experimentally
for by modifying the theoretical relation
determined weir discharge coefficient Cwd as (Eq. 13–86) with an experimentally
determined weir discharge coefficient Cwd as
# 2 3/2 V 21 3/2
Broad-crested weir: V# 5 Cwd, broadb"ga2 b3/2 aH 1 V 21 b3/2 (13–87)
Broad-crested weir: V 5 Cwd, broadb"ga 3b aH 1 2gb (13–87)
3 2g
46 流體力學
where reasonably accurate values of discharge coefficients for broad-crested
where reasonably
weirs can accurate
be obtained fromvalues
(Chow,of 1959)
discharge coefficients for broad-crested
weirs can be obtained from (Chow, 1959)
0.65
Cwd, broad 5 0.65 (13–88)
(13-88)
Cwd, broad 5 "1 1 H/Pw (13–88)
767 "1 1 H/Pw
More accurate but complicated relations for Cwd, broad are also available in
CHAPTER 13
更正確但比較複雜的
More accurate(e.g., Cwd, broad 的關係式也可以從文獻中獲得
but complicated relations (如 Ackers, 1978)。同
ment for the use the literature Ackers, 1978). Also, for wd, broad are
the Cupstream also
velocityavailable in
V1 is usu-
w above the weir, the literature
時，上游速度 (e.g.,
V
ally very low, and Ackers, 1978). Also,
通常很小，可以被忽略。特別是在高堰中情況更是如此。因此流 the upstream velocity V
1 it can be disregarded. This is especially the case1 for high is usu-
weir is too long ally very
weirs.
率被近似為
low,
Then and
the it can
flow ratebeis disregarded.
approximatedThisas is especially the case for high
w over the weir to
may not be able
weirs. Then the flow rate is approximated as
# 2 3/2
proper length of Broad-crested weir with low V1: V# > Cwd, broadb"ga2 b3/2 H 3/2 (13–89)
r that is too long 具有低 V1 的寬頂堰：
Broad-crested weir with low V1: V > Cwd, broadb"ga 3b H 3/2 (13-89)
(13–89)
g on the value of 3
be known before
應該永遠記住使用式 (13-87) 到 (13-89) 的基本要求是堰之上面必須建立起臨界
流，這將對堰長度 Lw 加上一些限制。如果堰太長 (Lw > 12H)，壁面剪應力主宰並
el that forces the
. The type of the 造成堰上的流動變成是次臨界的；如果堰太短 (Lw < 2H)，液體可能無法加速至臨
al thin plate with
the cross section 界速度。根據觀察，寬邊堰的適當長度是 2H < Lw < 12H。注意，對一個流動太長
pening is referred
766 的堰，對另一個流動可能太短，要看堰水頭 H 的值而定。因此，必須先知道流率
7/2/13 7:00 PM
766 7/2/13 7:00 PM
approaches the 的範圍才能選擇一個堰。
supercritical flow
on is the steady
rsion of this ele- 銳緣堰
given below are
called a nappe, 一個銳緣堰 (sharp-crested weir) 是放置於渠道中的一個垂直平板，強迫液體流
the space under 過一個開口來量測流率。堰的形式特徵決定於開口的形狀。一個具有平直上緣的垂
rical relations for
直細平板被稱為矩形堰因為在其上方的流動截面是矩形的；一個具有三角形開口的
placed in a hori-
velocity upstream 堰則被稱為三角堰等等。
gh vertical cross
d as a head rela- 上游流動是次臨界的且在其接近堰時變成臨界的。液體持續加速並以像自由噴
s the sum of the 束的超臨界流排出。加速的原因是自由表面高度的穩定下降，並將高度水頭轉換
re y1  H  Pw.
liquid undergoes 成速度水頭。以下所給出的流率關係式是根據液體經過堰的自由溢水，稱為水舌
But the pressure
(nappe)，從堰排出所得到的。清空水舌之下的空間來確保其下的大氣壓力可能是
over the weir is
ernoulli equation 必要的。也可得到沉沒堰的經驗關係式。
ver the weir at a 考慮液體流過放置在一個水平渠道的銳緣堰的流動，如圖
h
H u2(h)
V1
水舌 13-51 所示。為了簡單起見，堰上游的流速在一個垂直截面 1
(13–90) 2
1 上被近似為幾乎是常數。此上游液體的總能量被表示為相對於
zed velocity dis- y Pw
x
渠道底面的水頭時即為比能量，這是流動深度與速度水頭的加
(13–91) (1) 堰 總，即 y 1 + V 12/2g，其中 y 1 = H + P w。堰上方的流動並不是一
(2)
weir as the liquid 維的。因為在通過堰上方時，液體的速度與方向都有很大的改
e flow separation FIGURE 13–51
圖 13-51　通過銳緣堰上方的流動。 變。但是水舌內的壓力是大氣的。
contraction effect Flow over a sharp-crested weir.
一個堰上方液體速度變化的簡單關係式的獲得是假設摩擦力可以忽略，並寫出
在上游流動中的一點 (點 1) 與堰上方 (距離上游液體高度的垂直距離 h) 的一點之間

7/2/13 7:00 PM
 of the weir is approximated as being nearly constant through vertical cross
section 1.
section 1. The
The total
total energy
energy of
of the
the upstream
upstream liquid
liquid expressed
expressed as as aa head
head rela-
rela-
tive to the channel bottom is the specific energy, which
tive to the channel bottom is the specific energy, which is the sum of theis the sum of the
2
flow depth
flow depth andand the
the velocity
velocity head.
head. That
That is,
is, yy11 1 2 where yy11 
2g, where
1 VV11//2g, H H PPww..
The flow
The flow over
over the
the weir
weir is
is not
not one-dimensional
one-dimensional since since the
the liquid
liquid undergoes
undergoes
large changes
large changes in in velocity
velocity and
and direction
direction over
over the
the weir.
weir. But
But thethe pressure
pressure
within the
within the nappe
nappe is
is atmospheric.
atmospheric. 第 13 章　明渠流 47
A simple
A simple relation
relation for
for the
the variation
variation ofof liquid
liquid velocity
velocity over
over the
the weir
weir isis
ob tained by assuming negligible friction and writing the Bernoulli
obtained by assuming negligible friction and writing the Bernoulli equation equation
between
between
的伯努利方程式， aa point
point in
in upstream
upstream flow
flow (point
(point 1)1) and
and aa point
point over
over the
the weir
weir at
at aa
distance h from the upstream liquid
distance h from the upstream liquid level as level as h
H
H (h) h
uu22(h)
2 2
VV211 uu222 V
H11 PPww 1
1 5 (H 1 P 2 h) 1 (13-90) V11
(13–90)
H 2g 5 (H 1 Pww 2 h) 1 2g
2g 2g (13–90) 22
11
Cancelling the
Cancelling the common
common terms
terms and
and solving
solving for
for uu22,, the
the idealized
idealized velocity
velocity dis-
dis- yy PPww
消去共同項並解出
tribution over the u2，堰上方理想化後的速度分佈是
the weir
weir is determined
determined to
to be
be
tribution over is xx

uu22 5 "2gh 1
5 "2gh 1 VV2121 (13–91)
(13-91)
(13–91) (1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
768
In reality,
In reality, the
the liquid
liquid surface
surface level
level drops
drops somewhat
somewhat over over the
the weir
weir asas the
the liquid
liquid
768
NNEL FLOW
事實上，當堰上的液體開始其自由溢水時
starts its free overfall (the drawdown effect (上方的拉下效應)，液體表面會下降一
at the top) and the
starts its free overfall (the drawdown effect at the top) and the flow separation flow separation FIGUR
FIGUR
868
NNEL FLOW at the top
top edge
edge ofof the
the weir
weir further
further narrows
narrows thethe nappe
nappe (the contraction
contraction effect
effect Flow over
over aa sharp-cres
sharp-cre
NEL FLOW
at
at the
些，並且在堰上緣的流動分離進一步窄化了水舌
the bottom). As a result, the flow height over the(the
(底部的收縮效應)。結果，堰上方
weir is considerably Flow
NNEL FLOW
at the bottom).
的流動高度遠小於
smaller AsH，當拉下與收縮效應為了簡單起見而被忽略時，流率的獲得是
than H.AsWhen a result, the flowand
the drawdown height over theeffects
contraction weir is are considerably
disregarded
atatthethebottom).
smaller bottom).
than H. Asa aresult,
When result,
the thetheflow
drawdown flowheight
height
and over
overthe
contraction theweir
weirisis
effects considerably
areconsiderably
disregarded
for simplicity, the
將流速與微分流動面積的乘積對整個流動面積作積分，
smaller than H. When flow
the rate is
drawdown obtained
and by integrating
contraction effectstheareproduct of the
disregarded
smaller
for than
simplicity, H. When
the flow the drawdown
rate is and
obtained contraction
by effects
integrating the are disregarded
product
flow
forfor velocity the
simplicity, and flow
the differential
rate flow area
bybyover the entire flow area,ofofthethe
flow simplicity,
velocity and thethe
flow rateisisobtained
differential obtained
flowHarea integrating
integrating
over the
the entire the product
flowproduct
area, of the
#
flow velocity and
flow velocity and the
##
the
V# 5 ##
differential
differential flow
u dA flow
2
area
5 Harea
c2
# V# 5 Ac u2 dAc2 5 H h50
over
"2gh
the
over1the
H "2gh 1 V 2 w dh
entire
V 2 entire
1
flow area,
w dh flow area, (13–92)
(13–92)
(13-92)

# #
where w is the width of#the flow area
# at distance h from the upstream free
V V55 Auc2udA
Ac Ac h50
2 dA
55 h50"2gh
c2 c2
1
"2gh11V 21Vw21 w
dhdh
(13–92)
(13–92)
where w is the width of the flow area at distance h from the upstream free
surface.
其中 w 是流動面積在離上游自由表面垂直距離
h50
h 處的寬度。
where wwisisthe
thewidth
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd
where
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd
surface.
767
767widthofofthe theflow
flowarea
areaatatdistance
distanceh hfrom
fromthe theupstream
upstreamfreefree
In 一般而言，w
surface. general, w is 是 a function of h. But for a rectangular
h 的函數。但對一個矩形堰，w weir, w  b, which
= b，是一個常數。因此積分
surface.
In general,Then
w is thea function of h.can
Butbefor a rectangular weir, wthe b, which
 flow
is
In constant.
general, w is a integration
function of h. But for performed
a rectangulareasily,
weir, and
w  b, whichrate
is In general, w is a function
可以被輕易地執行，使矩形堰上的流率在忽略摩擦力且忽略拉下與收縮效應的理想
constant. Then the integrationof h. But
can befor a rectangular
performed easily, weir,
and w 
the b,
flowwhich
rate
for
isis a rectangular
constant. Then theweir for idealized
integration can flow
be with negligible
performed easily, friction
and the and negli-
flow rate
for constant.
a Then
rectangular
流動情況下，可以被決定為
the
weir integration
for can
idealized be
flow performed
with easily,
negligible and the
friction flow
and rate
negli-
gible
forfor drawdownweir
a arectangular and contraction
forforidealized effects
flow is determined tofriction
be
gible rectangular
drawdown and weircontraction
idealized flowwith
effects iswith negligible
negligible
determined frictionand
to3/2be andnegli-
negli-
gible
gibledrawdown
drawdownand and# 2
contraction
contraction effects
effects is V 2 3/2
determined
is determined
1 V 2
to be
1 to be
idealV# 2 5 b"2g c aH 1 V b 3/2 2 a V b 3/2 d
2 2 (13–93)
# V# ideal 52 23 b"2g c aH 1V V22g213/2 22g213/2
1 1b aV1 1b
3/2 2 V 3/2 d (13-93)
(13–93)
Videal
V 5 5 3
b"2g c
b"2g aH
c aH
1 1 2g
b b 2 2a a 2g
b b d d (13–93)
(13–93)
When the weir height
ideal 3is large relative
3 to the weir
2g2g 2g2g head (Pw  H), the
When thevelocity
upstream weir height is large
V1 isislow relative
andrelative
the to the
upstream weir head
velocity head can
(Pwbe H), the
neglected.
When
When thethe
當堰高度遠大於堰水頭時
upstream weirweir height
height large
is large
(P >> relativetotothe weir
the weirhead
H)，上游速度很小使得上游速度水頭可以被忽 head(P(P  
 H),
H),the
the
Vvelocity VH.1 isThen,
low and w the upstream velocity head canw be neglected.
2 w
That is, velocity
upstream 1 / 2g V is low and the upstream velocity head can be neglected.
upstream
That
略，即 velocity
2
is,V2V1/2g
2 V
/2g<<H。因此， is low
1 Then,
1 H. and the upstream velocity head can be neglected.
That 1 /12g
Thatis,is,V V 21
/2g Then,V##
H.H.Then, 2
> 2 b"2gH 3/2 (13–94)
ideal, rec
# V# ideal, rec >2 23 b"2gH 3/2
(13–94)
V V > > 3
b"2gH
b"2gH3/23/2
(13–94)(13-94)
(13–94)
Therefore, the flow rate can be determined
ideal, rec
ideal, rec 33 from knowledge of two geometric
Therefore,
quantities:thethethe flow
crest rate
width canbbe determined
and the weirfrom from H,
head knowledge
which of isoftwo
thetwo geometric
vertical dis-
Therefore,
Therefore,
quantities: the
theflow
flow rate
crest rate can
width canbe
b determined
be determined
and the weir fromknowledge
head knowledge
H, which is ofthetwogeometric
geometric
vertical dis-
tance between
the the
因此，流率可以從兩個幾何量的知識來決定：頂面寬度
quantities: crest weir
width crest
b andandthethe upstream
weir head H,free surface.
which b 與堰水頭
is the H，這是堰頂面
vertical dis-
quantities:
tance between the crest width
the analysis
weir crest b and the
and the weir
the general head
upstreamform H, which
free of
surface. is the vertical dis-
tanceThis simplified
between the gives the flow-rate relation,
tance between
與上游自由表面之間的垂直距離。
This simplified theweir
weircrest
analysis andandthe
crestgives theupstream
the upstream
general free
freesurface.
form surface.
of theand flow-rate relation,
but
This it needs
simplifiedto be modified
analysis to
gives account
the for
general the
form frictional
of the flow-rate surface tension
relation,
butThis
it simplified
needs to be analysis
modified gives
這個簡化分析給出流率關係式的一般形式，但是它需要被修正來考慮到摩擦與 to the
account general
for theform of the
frictional flow-rate
and surface relation,
tension
effects,
but it needs which
to play
be a
modifiedsecondary
to role,
account as
for well
the as the
frictionaldrawdown
and and
surface contrac-
tension
but it
effects, needs
which to be modified
playthis
a secondary to account
role, for the
as well as frictional
the and
drawdown surface
and tension
contrac-
tion effects. Again is done by
表面張力效應，這些扮演著次要角色，也要考慮到拉下與收縮效應。再者，這是藉
effects, which play multiplying the ideal flow-rate relations by
effects,
tion which
effects. playathis
Again asecondary
secondary
is done role,
byrole, asaswell
wellasas
multiplying the
the thedrawdown
drawdown
ideal flow-rate and
andcontrac-
contrac-
relations by
an
tion experimentally
effects. determined weir discharge coefficient C . Then the flow
an effects.Again
Againthis
著將理想流率關係式乘以一個用實驗決定的排放係數
tion experimentally thisis isdone
determineddonebyweir
bymultiplying
multiplying
discharge the
theideal Cflow-rate
ideal
coefficient
wd relations by
做到的。因此銳緣矩形堰
wdflow-rate
Cwd. Then relations by
the flow
rate
anan for a
experimentallysharp-crested
determined rectangular
weir weir is
discharge expressed
coefficient as C . Then the flow
rate experimentally determined weir discharge
for a sharp-crested rectangular# weir is expressed as wd
的流率可以被表示為 coefficient C
wd . Then the flow
rate forfora asharp-crested rectangular weir 2
rate
Sharp-crested sharp-crested
rectangular rectangular
weir:rec V 5isC
# weir
wd, rec
isexpressed
expressed asas 3/2
2 b"2gH (13–95)
2 23 b"2gH
3/2
Sharp-crested rectangular weir: # V# rec 5 Cwd, rec (13–95)
Sharp-crested
銳緣矩形堰： rectangular
Sharp-crested weir:
rectangular weir: V rec
V rec55Cwd,
Cwd, 3 b"2gH
recrec b"2gH
3/23/2
(13–95)(13-95)
(13–95)
where, from Ref. 1 (Ackers, 1978), 33
where, from Ref. 1 (Ackers, 1978),
where,
where,from
fromRef.
Ref.1C1(Ackers,
(Ackers,1978),
1978), H H
wd, rec 5 0.598 1 0.0897 H   for   H # 2 (13–96)
Cwd, rec 5 0.598 1 0.0897 P
H Hw   for   P
H Hw # 2 (13–96)
Cwd,
C 550.598 110.0897
0.598 0.0897 w  for   P#
P  for   w # 22 (13–96)
(13–96)
This formula is applicable over a wide Prange
recrec
wd,
wPw
of upstream
PwPw Reynolds number
This formula
defined as Re isapplicable
V1H/. over over precise
More a wide range
but alsoof upstream
more complexReynolds number
correlations
This
Thisformula
formula
defined as isisapplicable
Re applicable
 V H/. More a precise
over wide
a widerange
range
but ofofupstream
also upstream
more Reynolds
Reynolds
complex number
number
correlations
are alsoasavailable
defined ReReV1in
1the literature. Note that Eq. 13–95 is valid for full-width
More
defined
are also as
available VH/.
in 1H/. Moreprecise
precisebut
butalso
alsomore
morecomplex
complex correlations
correlations
rectangular
are also weirs.
available in If the
the the literature.
literature.
Noteweir
width ofNote
the that
that isEq.
Eq.
13–95
less thanis is
13–95 thevalid for
channel
valid for
full-width
width so
full-width
are also available in the literature. Note that Eq. 13–95
rectangular weirs. If the width of the weir is less than the channel is valid for full-width
width so
 tance between the weir crest and the Videalupstream
5 b"2gfree c aH 1 b 2 a b d
surface. (13–93)
3 2g 2g
This simplified analysis
When the gives
weir the general
height is largeform of tothetheflow-rate
relative weir head relation,
(Pw  H), the
but it needs to be modified
upstream to account
velocity V1 is for the the
low and frictional
upstream and surface
velocity tension
head can be neglected.
2
That is,
effects, which play a secondaryV 1 / 2g  H. Then,
role, as well as the drawdown and contrac-
# 2
tion effects. Again this is done by multiplying V ideal,the
rec >
ideal flow-rate
b"2gH 3/2 relations by (13–94)
3
an experimentally determined weir discharge coefficient Cwd. Then the flow
Therefore, the flow rate can be determined from knowledge of two geometric
48 rate
流體 for力a 學
sharp-crested rectangular weir is expressed as
quantities: the crest width b and the weir head H, which is the vertical dis-
tance between the# weir crest and2the upstream 3/2
free surface.
Sharp-crested rectangular weir:
This V rec
simplified 5 Cwd,
analysis gives b"2gH
rec the general form (13–95)relation,
of the flow-rate
3
but it
其中，從 Ref. 1 (Ackers, 1978)， needs to be modified to account for the frictional and surface tension
where, from Ref. 1 (Ackers, 1978),
effects, which play a secondary role, as well as the drawdown and contrac-
tion effects. Again this is done by multiplying the ideal flow-rate relations by
H weir dischargeH
Cwd,an experimentally determined
rec 5 0.598 1 0.0897   for   # coefficient
2 Cwd.(13–96)
Then(13-96)
the flow
Pw
rate for a sharp-crested rectangular weir Pisw expressed as
# 2
This formula is applicable overrectangular
Sharp-crested a wide range weir: ofV rec upstream
5 Cwd, rec Reynolds
b"2gH 3/2 number (13–95)
此公式適用於範圍寬廣的雷諾數，定義為
defined as Re  V1H/. More precise but Re = V1H/n。更精確但也更複雜的相關式
also more complex 3
correlations
are where,
also available in the literature.from Ref. 1 (Ackers, 1978),
Note適用於全寬度的矩形堰。如果堰的寬度小於
that Eq. 13–95 is valid for full-width
也可以在文獻中找到。注意式 (13-95)
rectangular weirs. If the width of the weir is less
Cwd, rec 5 0.598 1 0.0897thanH   for  
the channel H
# 2width so (13–96)
渠道寬度使得流動被迫收縮，就應該包括一個修正的收縮係數來適當地考慮到這個 Pw Pw
h that the flow is forced to contract, an additional coefficient for contraction
w 影響。
correction should be This formula is applicable over a wide range of upstream Reynolds number
incorporated to properly account for this effect.
defined as Re  V1H/. More precise but also more complex correlations

上游自由表面 Another type of sharp-crested weir
are 另一種經常會用來作流量量測的銳緣堰是三角形堰
also available in thecommonly
literature. Noteusedthat
forEq.flow
13–95 measurement
is valid for(也稱為
full-width
is the triangular weir (also
rectangular
形堰)，示於圖
V that
called the
weirs. If theV-notch
13-52
width of theweir)weirshown
中。三角形堰的優點是即使對小流率也
in
is less than Fig. 13–52.
the channel width so
The h triangular weir has the
the flow is forced that
advantage to contract,
it an additional
maintains a coefficient
high weir for contraction
head H
w
correction should be incorporated
H，因為當堰水頭 to properly account for this effect.
H
even
 for small flow rates
維持一個高的堰水頭
because of the decreasing flow area H 減小時流動面積跟著
with decreasing
Another type of sharp-crested weir commonly used for flow measurement
H,
and thus 堰板 it can be used to triangular
measure weir a wide
減小，因此它可被用來正確的量測一個比較寬的流率範圍。
is the (alsorange
calledof theflow rates
V-notch accurately.
weir) shown in Fig. 13–52.
2 Pw From geometric consideration,
The triangular weirthe
has notch
從 幾 何 上 考 量 ， V 形 寬 度 可 以 被 表 示 為a w
the width
advantage can
that it be expressed
maintains high
= 2weir
(Hashead
− h )H
or V-notch) sharp-crested w  2(H  h) even
tan(/2), for small
where flow
 rates
is because
the of
V-notch the decreasing
angle. flow area
Substituting with decreasing
into H,
and thus it can be
tan(u/2)。其中 u 是
used V to形的角度。代入式
measure a wide range of flow rates
(13-92) 中並作積分，
accurately.
metry. The view is from Eq. 13–92 and performing the integration give the ideal flow rate for a
From geometric consideration, the notch width can be expressed as 769
FIGURE 13–52
13-52　一個三角形
ooking upstream.圖 triangular 形) 銳
(或 Vweir to be
會得到給三角形堰的理想流率為
A triangular (or V-notch) sharp-crested w  2(H  h) tan(/2), where  is the V-notch angle. Substituting into
CHAPTER 13
緣堰的幾何。視角是從下游看向上 CHA
weir plate geometry. The view is from Eq. 13–92
# and performing the integration give the ideal flow rate for a
游。 8 u
downstream looking upstream. triangular
V ideal, weir to betana b8"2gHu5/2
tri 5 # (13–97)
15 tri 52
V ideal, tana b "2gH 5/2 (13-97)
(13–97)
15 2
where we again neglected the upstream velocity head. The frictional and
other where we
dissipative againare
effects neglected the upstream
again accounted velocity head.
for conveniently The frictional and
by multiplying
其中我們再次忽略上游的速度水頭。摩擦與其它耗散效應也再一次將理想的流率乘
the ideal flow rate by a weir discharge coefficient. Then the flow ratebyfor
other dissipative effects are again accounted for conveniently multiplying
a
以一個堰排水係數來方便地加以考慮。因此一個三角形銳緣堰的流率變成
the ideal flow rate by a weir discharge coefficient. Then the flow rate for a
sharp-crested triangular weir becomes
768
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 768 sharp-crested triangular weir becomes 7/2/13 7:00 PM
7/2/13 7:00 PM
# 8 u
三角形銳緣堰：
Sharp-crested triangular weir: V 5 Cwd, tri# tana b8"2gHu5/2 (13-98)
(13–98)
Sharp-crested triangular weir: V 15 5 Cwd, tri2 tana b "2gH 5/2 (13–98)
15 2
where the values of Cwd, tri typically range between 0.58 and 0.62. Therefore,
其中 Cwd,
the fluid where thethe
tri 的值一般是介於
friction, values of C0.58
constriction
到typically
wd, tri range between
0.62 之間。因此流體摩擦、流動面積收縮與其
of flow area, and 0.58 and 0.62.
other dissipative Therefore,
effects
它耗散效應導致
cause the fluid
the flow rate friction, the constriction
V 形堰的流率相對於理想情況約減小了 of flow
through the V-notch to decrease by area, and about 40 percent effects
other
40%。在許多實際的情況 dissipative
compared cause the ideal
to 45°
the flow rate
case.through
For most the practical
V-notch to decrease
(H by0.2about 40 percent
(H > 0.2 m 且 < u < 120°)，堰的排水係數的值約 Ccases
wd, tri = 0.58。更精確的值在文
m and
45      120), the value of the weir discharge coefficient is about m and
compared to the ideal case. For most practical cases (H  0.2
獻中可以找到。
Cwd, tri 450.58. More 120), the
   precise valuesvalueare of the weir
available discharge
in the coefficient is about
literature.
Cwd, tri  0.58. More precise values are available in the literature.
例題 13-10　　流過凸起的次臨界流
EXAMPLE 13–10 Subcritical Flow over a Bump
EXAMPLE 13–10
在一個寬的水平明渠中的水流碰到在渠道底面的一個 Subcritical Flow over a Bump
15 cm 高的凸起物。如果在凸起之前的流動深
Water flowing
度是 0.80 m 且速度是 in a wide horizontal open channel
1.2 m/s，試決定凸起上的水面是否凹下了 encounters a 15-cm-high
(圖 13-53)。若是如此，凹下多少？
bump at Water flowingofinthe
the bottom a wide horizontal
channel. If the open channel
flow depth is encounters
0.80 m anda the 15-cm-high
velocity is 1.2 m/s before the bump, determine if the water surface m
bump at the
解答：在一個水平明渠中的水流遇到一個凸起。要決定凸起上的水面是否凹下。 bottom of the channel. If the flow depth is 0.80 is and the
velocity is 1.2 m/s before the bump, determine if the water surface is y1  0.80 m y2
depressed over
假設：1. 流動是穩定的。2. the bump (Fig. 13–53) and if so, by how
忽略摩擦效應，所以沒有機械能的耗散。3. much.
渠道足夠寬所以沒有邊際效 y1  0.80 m z
depressed over the bump (Fig. 13–53) and if so, by how much.
應。 SOLUTION Water flowing in a horizontal open channel encounters a bump.
It will beSOLUTION
解析：上游福勞數與臨界深度為 determined Water
if the flowing in a horizontal
water surface is depressedopenover
channel encounters a bump.
the bump.
It will1 be
Assumptions Thedetermined if the2water
flow is steady. surface
Frictional is depressed
effects over the
are negligible so bump.
that V1  1.2 m/s
V1  1.2 m/s
Assumptions
there is no dissipation1ofThe flow is steady.
mechanical 2 Frictional
energy. effectsisare
3 The channel negligible so that
sufficiently
therethe
wide so that is end
no dissipation of mechanical energy. 3 The channel is sufficiently
effects are negligible. y
wide so that the end
Analysis The upstream Froude number effects areand
negligible.
the critical depth are y
Analysis The upstream Froude number and the critical depth are
V1 1.2 m/s y1
Fr1 5 5 V1 1.2 m/s5 0.428 y1
Fr11 5 "(9.81
"gy 5 m2/s)(0.80 m) 5 0.428
"gy "(9.81 m2/s)(0.80 m)
 wd, tri Water flowing in a wide horizontal open channel encounters a 15-cm-high
EXAMPLE 13–10 bumpSubcritical
athorizontal
the bottom
Flow over
of channel
a BumpIf the flow depth is 0.80 m and769the
the channel.
Water flowing
EXAMPLE in a wide
13–10 Subcritical open
Flow over a encounters a 15-cm-high
Bump CHAPTER 13
Water at
bump flowing in velocity
a wide
the bottom of theis channel.
#
1.2 m/s
horizontal open
8
before
If channel
the the depth
flow bump,isdetermine
encounters a
0.80 if the
15-cm-high
m and the water surface is
y1  0.80 m y2
EXAMPLE
Water
bump flowing 13–10
at isthe
velocity in m/s
bottom
1.2 Subcritical
depressed
a wide
of
before over
Vthe
horizontal
the channel. 5 Flow
ideal, trithe bump
Iftana
open
bump, over
u
(Fig.
b "2gH
channel
the flow
determine a13–53)
Bump
5/2 and
encounters
depth ifaso,
is water
if the 0.80 by howthe
15-cm-high
m and
(13–97)
surface much.
is
15 2 y zb
bump at isthe bottom of the channel. Ifand
the y1  0.80 m
velocityflowing
depressed
Water 1.2
over m/s
inthea bump before
wide (Fig. the13–53)
horizontal bump,open ifflow
determine
channel so, bydepth
if
howtheis
encounters 0.80
much.water msurface
and the
a 15-cm-high is 2

velocity
depressed
where we
isthe1.2
over SOLUTION
again
m/sbump
the
neglected
before (Fig. theWaterbump,
13–53) flowing
the upstream
determine
and in
ifflow a
velocity horizontal
so, by
head. Theopen
ifhow
the water
much. channel
frictional and encounters ya1 bump.
surface is  0.80 m y2 zb  0.15 m
bump atother bottom
dissipative of the
effects channel.
are again If the
accounted for depth
convenientlyis 0.80
by m and
multiplying the zb  0.15 m
SOLUTION
depressed WaterItflowingwill be(Fig. determined
in a 13–53)
horizontal if the
open if water bysurface
so,channel is depressed
encounters over the bump.
a bump. y1  0.80 m y 2
velocity the is over
1.2 the
ideal m/s
flow bump
before
rate by a the
weir bump,
discharge anddetermine
coefficient. how
if
Thenthe much.
the water
flow surface
rate for a is 1.2 m/s
V1 z
SOLUTION
It will be WaterAssumptions
determined flowing
if theinwater a 1horizontal
The
surfaceflowis isdepressed
open steady.
channel 2 over
Frictional
encounters
the bump.effects
a bump.are negligibley so
第 13 thatm
章　明渠流
0.80 y2 49b  0.15 m
depressed over thethere
sharp-crested bump
triangular (Fig.dissipation
weir 13–53) and
becomes ifmechanical
so, by how energy.
much. 3 The channel is sufficiently 1
SOLUTION Water
It will be determined
Assumptions 1 Theflowing if is
flow isno
the inwater
a horizontal
steady. surface of
2 Frictionalopen
is channel
depressed
effects overencounters
are the bump.
negligible a so
bump.
that V1  1.2 m/s zb  0.15 m
wide so that the #
end effects 8 are unegligible. V1  1.2 m/s
It will
there be
Assumptions
is nodetermined
1 The
dissipation if
flow the
ofis
SOLUTION Water flowing in a horizontalwd,open
Sharp-crested triangular water
steady.
mechanical
weir: surface
V 2 is
Frictional
energy.
C depressed
3effects
tana The
b over
are
channel
"2gH the bump.
5/2 negligible
is so that
sufficiently y
15 channel encounters a bump.
5 tri (13–98)
Analysis The 2 depth arey V1  1.2 m/s
Assumptions
there
wide
It is
willso no
bethat 1 The
dissipation
the
determined end flow
effects
if the are upstream
ofismechanical
steady.
water 2 Frictional
negligible.
surface
Froude
energy.
is depressed
number
3effects areand
The channel
over
the sufficiently
negligible critical
the isbump. so that
there
wide so
Analysis where
is that
noThe the values
dissipation
the endflow of ofC
effects typically
mechanical
are number range
negligible.energy. between
V1 the3effects 0.58 and
The channel 0.62. Therefore,
is sufficiently y V1  1.2 m/s
Assumptions 1upstream
The Froude
iswd,steady.
tri and
2 Frictional critical depth
are m/sare
1.2negligible so that y1
wide so
Analysis the
that fluid
the friction,
end effects the constriction Fr
are number of
negligible.
5 flow area, 5 and other dissipative effects5 0.428
there noThe
is cause upstream
dissipation
the flow rateof
Froude
mechanical
Vthrough 1 and the3 critical
energy.
1.2 m/s The depth
channel are
is sufficiently y 1
Analysis Thethe upstream 1
Froude the
number "gythe
V-notch
and to "(9.81depth
decrease
critical by about
2
m /s)(0.8040
are percent
m) y1
wide so that Fr
end 5 effects
V#1 case. For most
compared to the ideal
1 5
are
1.22m/s negligible.
practical cases (H  0.2 m and
1 5 0.428 y 1
2
Analysis 45The  Fr 5 "gy
  upstream Froude "(9.81
5 number mweir
Vand
(bythe 2/s)(0.80
ym) 0.428 are
2 25depth
the critical
y1 y2 1
1)2m/sdischarge
1V 1 coefficient
2
V
1 120), 2 1 1/3
Vthe
1 value of 11.2
1/3 1/3 (0.8is m) (1.2 m/s)2
about 1/3
C# 5 a"gy
Fry1c 5
tri  0.58. 1b5 5 "(9.81
a m /s)(0.80
b 5 a m) 5bliterature. 5a
0.428 byy1 5 0.455 m 2
V# 2wd, 1/3 (by1More 1)V
V"gy 2 precise
gb 21/3
1 1
values
"(9.81
are
y 21V 21 gb1/3 2 2available in2gthe
1.2
m m/s (0.8 m)
/s)(0.80 m) (1.2 m/s)2 1/3 9.81 m/s2 2
2
1
yc 5 a V 22 b 1/3 5Fr a 1(by
51V21)2 b 1/35 a y 21V 21 b 1/3 5 a (0.8 m)2(1.2 5 0.428 2 b 1/3 5 0.455 m yy1
g m/s)
2 2
a gb# b 5 aThegbflow Fr 9.81 m/s 2
yc 5因為 (by "gy 2 b1/3
is
1 5 a"(9.81
subcritical 1/3m
y 21gV 21 bFlow
2
/s)(0.80
since
5 a(0.8 m) m/s)2 b1/3 5 0.455
21 and2 therefore m depth
the flow y 2 decreases凸起物上方的 zb
V 22EXAMPLE
gb 13–101V21)
Fr1/3< 1，流動是次臨界的，因此在凸起上的流動深度減小。
gb Subcritical over a m)Bump
9.81 (1.2
m/s
yThe a # 22isb 1/3
c 5 flow 5 aover the
subcritical b 1/3 5
2 bump. Fr ayThe 5 a specific
bupstream energy bis 5 0.455 m 凹下2 zb
gb
V Water
上游比能量為 (bygb
flowing V21since
1in a) wide horizontal
2g1 2and 1/3 therefore
1V 1 open channel (0.8 9.81
m) the (1.2flow
2 m/s
encounters
2 depth
m/s) 2 1/3 decreases
a 15-cm-high
y2
zb
The
yover
5 a
flow
the b
is
bump. 5 a
subcritical
The
2bump at the bottom
since
upstream b Fr
5 a
specific

of the channel.
1 b
andenergy
5
IfVthe
2 a
therefore
is the flow (1.2b
depth 5decreases
0.455
2
m/s)the m
c
gbbump. gb 2 g1y and 1 flow 9.81 depthm/s is 20.80 m and
zb
The
over flow
the is subcritical
The since
upstream
velocity is 1.2 m/s2 before Fr
E specific
 5
s1 the bump, 1energytherefore
5 is (0.80 the m) flow
1 depth decreases
5 0.873 m
over the bump.depressed The upstream
over
V1
the bump specific
(Fig.
1
13–53)
2gdetermine
energy
and
(1.2
ifis
so, by the
if the water surface 2is
m/s)2how much. 2(9.81 m/s ) y1  0.80 m y2
zb
Es2 E
The flow is E s1 5 y1 1 since
subcritical V1 2 5 Fr (0.80  1m) and1 therefore
(1.2 m/s) 22
5 0.873
flow m
depth decreases z b  0.15
Es2m Es1 Es
The 1flow 2g 2 depth over m)the 1 2(9.81
bump m/s )
is determined 0.873 from
over the bump. Es1 5
SOLUTION The y1Water
upstream
V2g 5 (0.80
flowing
1
specific
in a horizontal energy (1.2
open
2(9.81
ism/s)
channel
m/s
22 5
) encounters ma bump. Es2 Es1 Es FIG
The flow depth Es1 be
It will 5overy1 the
1 bump
determined 5 (0.80
2 if theiswater
m)surface
determined 1 is depressed
from 22 over 5 0.873the bump.m 2
V1 2 E Schematic
FIGURE
E and
13–53Eflow d
凸起上的流動深度如下決定
Assumptions 1 The V
2g1flow is steady. 2 Frictional 32(9.81
(1.2 m/s ) are negligible
m/s)
effects 2 so that V1  1.2 m/s 凸起物 s2 s1 s
The flow depth E 5overy the
1 bump 5 is
(0.80 determined
m) 1y 2 2 (E
from
2 s1 2 Dz5 b )y 2 1
0.873 m y 1 5 0 energy
FIGUREdiagram
Schematic andEs2flow depth-specific 13–53for Exa
theres1is no 1dissipation of mechanical energy. V 1 3m/s 2g
The2 channel is sufficiently Es1 Es
The flow depth over the32g bump (Es1is2 determined 2 2(9.81 from2 ) Schematic andforflow FIGURE 13–53
depth-specific
wide so that theyend 2 2effects areDz b)y 2 1 V 21 y 1 5 0
negligible. y energy diagram Example 13–10.
Substituting, 2 and2g
The flow depth Analysisover Thethe y 32 bump
upstream2 (EFroude s1is2determined b)y 2 1
number
Dz Vfrom
the 2
1 5 0 depth are
2 ycritical Schematic
energy diagram and for
flow depth-specific
Example
FIGURE 13–10.
13–53
3
y 2 2 (EVs11 2 Dzb)y 2 1.2 2 2g 1 2
1 m/s2 y 1 5 0
Substituting, (1.2 m/s) 2 energy diagram1 for Example
Schematic and flow depth-specific 13–10.
Fr1 5
y 32 2 5
(0.873 2 2 20.15
V
2g1 m)y 25 0.428
y1
(0.80 m)2 5 0 energy diagram次臨界流
Substituting, y 32 2 (E "gys1 12 Dz b)y 2(1.2
"(9.81 1
m /s)(0.80 y 2
5
2 m) 201 for Example 13–10.
代入， 3 m/s)
2g 1 2(9.81 m/s ) 2
Substituting, y 2 2V# (0.873 2 0.15 2 m)y
2
2 y1 22 2(0.80 m)
2
5 0 2
2 1/3
or (by V ) 1/3 2 2 1/3
V (1.2 m/s)
(0.8 m) (1.2 m/s) 2 2 1/3 y
5 22a 1 2(9.81 b 5 a m/s2 ) (0.80
2
yc y532 a2 (0.873
b 5 a2 0.15
1 1
bm)y
1 1 770
Substituting, gb2 gb2 (1.2 m/s)
g 2(9.81 2
9.81 m/s2
m)b 5500.455 m OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
or 3
y 2 2 (0.873 2 0.15 m)y 2 1 2 3 m/s ) (0.801m)
2 2
5 05 0
y 2 2 0.723y 0.0470
or The3 flow is subcritical since Fr 22 1 2(9.81 and m/s22)the 2flow depth
(1.2therefore
m/s) decreases zb
2 (0.873
y 2 the 30.15
2 0.723y
2y 2upstream m)yspecific 0.0470is 52 0(0.80 m) 5 0 2 Using an equat
over bump. The 2 12 1 energy
or 3 2 2(9.81 m/s ) to be 0.59 m,
或 y 2 2V 20.723y2 1 0.0470 5 20 physically impos
or (1.2 m/s)
Es1 5 yy13212 0.723y 2
1
5 (0.80 2 m)11 0.0470 5 02 5 0.873 m Es2 Es1 Es than the critica
2g 2(9.81 m/s )
y 3
2 0.723y 2
1 0.0470 5 0 only meaningful
The flow depth over 2the bump is determined 2 from FIGURE 13–53 the distance of
圖 13-53　例題 13-10 的示意圖與流
V 21 Schematic and flow depth-specific zb  y2  0.1
使用一個方程式求解器，此方程式的三個根被決定為
y 32 2 (Es1 2 Dzb)y 22 1 y 21 5 0 0.59 m、 動深度 – 比能量圖。
energy diagram for Example 13–10. fore, the water s
2g
0.36 m 與 – 0.22 m。
Substituting, Depression
　　我們捨棄負值解，因其為物理不可能的。我們也去除
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 769 (1.2 m/s)2 0.36 m 的解，因其小於臨界深度，只能發 Discussion Not
y 32 2 (0.873 2 0.15 m)y 22 1 (0.80 m)2 5 0 water surface is
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd生在超臨界流中，突起上的深度的唯一有意義的解是
769 2(9.81 m/s ) 2
y2 = 0.59 m。因此突起上的水面與渠道底面的 depressed
7/2/13 over
7:00 P
769 or the bump
7/2/13 heigh
b + y2 = 0.15 + 0.59 = 0.74 m，此值小於 y1 = 0.80 m。凸起上水面的凹下量為
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd距離是∆z 7:00 P
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 769 y 32 2 0.723y22 1 0.0470 5 0 ent than
7/2/130.06
7:00 Pm
analysis.
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 769 凹下量 = y1 − (y2 + ∆zb) = 0.80 m − (0.59 + 0.15) = 0.06 m 7/2/13 7:00 P

討論：注意雖然 y2 < y1，但並不一定指示水面是凹下的 (它有可能在凸起上是隆起的)。只有當 y1 −

EXAMPLE 13–1
y2 的差值大於凸起高度 ∆zb，凸起上的水面才是凹下的。同時，凹下的實際值可能不同於 0.06 m，
The flow rate of
因為此分析中忽略了摩擦效應。 sured with a 0.6
water depth ups
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 769 7/2/13 7:00 PM

例題 13-11　　用堰量測流率 b 5 m SOLUTION The

ped with a sharp
在一個 5 m 寬的水平明渠中的水流率要用一個等寬度、高度 0.60 y1  1.5 m determined.
V1 Assumptions 1
m 的銳緣矩形堰來量測。如果上游的水深為 1.5 m，試決定水的流 ble. 3 The chan
率 (圖 13-54)。 Pw  0.60 m Analysis The w

解答：一個具有銳緣矩形堰的水平明渠的上游水深被量測到，要
矩形銳緣堰 The discharge c
決定流率。
Cwd, rec 5
圖 13-54　例題 13-11 的示意圖。
FIGURE 13–54
Schematic for Example 13–11. The condition H
flow rate throug
#
Vr
 analysis.
analysis.

EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE13–11
13–11 Measuring
MeasuringFlow
FlowRate
RatebybyaaWeir
Weir
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
13–11
13–11 Measuring
MeasuringFlow
FlowRate
Ratebybya aWeir
Weir
The
Theflow
flowrate
rateofofwater
waterinina a5-m-wide
5-m-widehorizontal
horizontalopen openchannel
channelisisbeing beingmea- mea-
sured
The
Theflow
sured with
flow
with a a0.60-m-high
rate
rate waterin inasharp-crested
of0.60-m-high
ofwater a5-m-wide rectangular
5-m-widehorizontal
sharp-crested horizontal
rectangular openweir
open ofofequal
channel
channel
weir is iswidth.
equal being IfIfmea-
beingmea-
width. the
the
50 water
sured
sured
water
流體力學 depth
with
witha
depth upstream
0.60-m-high
a 0.60-m-high
upstream isis1.5
1.5 m,m,determine
sharp-crested
sharp-crested
determine the
rectangular
the flow
rectangularflowrate
weir
weir
rateof water
of
ofequal
equal
water (Fig.
width. 13–54).
width.
(Fig. If If
the
13–54). the
water
waterdepth
depth upstream
upstream is is
1.51.5 m,m,determine
determine thethe flow
flow
rate
rateof of
water
water (Fig.
(Fig.
13–54).
13–54).
b b5 5mm SOLUTION
SOLUTION The Thewater
waterdepth depthupstream
upstreamofofa ahorizontal
horizontalopenopenchannel
channelequip- equip-
5 m5 m
b b  SOLUTION
SOLUTION
ped
pedwith
witha asharp-crested
The
Thewater
waterdepth
sharp-crested rectangular
depth upstream weir
upstream
rectangular of of
weir is measured.
aisahorizontal The
horizontalopen
measured. open
The flow
channel rate
rateis
channel
flow totobe
equip-
isequip-be
m determined.
ped
pedwith
with a sharp-crested
determined. a sharp-crested rectangular
rectangular weir
weiris渠道夠寬可以忽略邊際效應。
is
measured.
measured. TheThe flow
flowraterateis is
to tobebe
假設：1. 流動是穩定的。2. 忽略上游的速度水頭。3.
m Assumptions
Assumptions 11The
determined.
determined. Theflow steady.22The
flowisissteady. Theupstream
upstreamvelocity
velocityheadheadisisnegligi-
negligi-
解析：堰水頭是
ble. 3
Assumptions
Assumptions
The 1 1
channel
TheThe is sufficiently
flow
flow is issteady. 2
steady. 2
ble. 3 The channel is sufficiently wide so that the end effectsare
wide so
The
The that the
upstream
upstream end effects
velocity
velocity head areisnegligible.
head isnegligi-
negligi-
negligible.
Analysis
ble. 33
ble. The
Analysis TheThe
channel
The weir
weirishead
channel is
head is
sufficiently
sufficiently wide
widesosothatthatthethe
end
end effects
effects areare negligible.
negligible.
0.60
0.60mm H =is y − Pw = 1.5 − 0.60 = 0.90 m
.60
0.60
mm Analysis
Analysis The Theweir
weirheadhead is is1
HH55y1y122PP w w551.5 1.5220.60 0.60550.90 0.90mm
堰的排水係數是 H H55y1 y2 2P P 5 51.51.52 20.60
0.605 5 0.90
0.90
mm
The
Thedischarge
dischargecoefficient coefficientof1ofthe w weir
the w
weirisis
TheThe discharge
discharge coefficient
coefficient of of the theweirweir
HHis is 0.90
0.90
CC wd, 5 0.598
recrec 5 0.598 1 0.08971 0.0897 H 550.598
HPwP 0.598110.0897 0.0897 0.90
0.90 550.733
0.733
wd, 0.60
0.60
4 Cwd, Cwd, 5
rec rec 5 0.598
0.598 1 1 0.0897
0.0897 5w 50.598
0.598 1 10.0897
0.0897 5 50.733
0.733
4
Example PwPw since 0.9/0.6 0.60 0.60 Then the water
Example13–11.
13–11. =
The
Thecondition
conditionH/P H/P
H/Pw w22isissatisfied
<
satisfied since 0.9/0.6 1.5. 1.5. Then the water
xample
Example
13–11.
13–11.因為 0.9/0.6 1.5，滿足條件
flow rate w 2。通過渠道的水流率變成
TheThe
flow ratethrough
condition
condition through H/P H/Pthe
w  channel
the
w 2 channel becomes
2is issatisfied
satisfied
becomes since
since0.9/0.6
0.9/0.6 1.5. 1.5.Then Thenthe thewater
water
flow
flowrate
rate through
through # # thethe channel
channel becomes
becomes
22 3/2
#VV # rec55CC
rec wd,
wd, 2323b"2gH
recrec b"2gH 3/2
3/23/2
Vrec Vrec55Cwd, Cwd, rec rec b"2gH b"2gH
3 232 22 3/2
55(0.733)
(0.733) 2 23(5(5m)"2(9.81
m)"2(9.81m/s m/s)(0.90
)(0.90m) m)3/2
(0.733)3(5
55(0.733) (5
m)"2(9.81
m)"2(9.81 m/s 2 2
m/s)(0.90
)(0.90
m)m)3/23/2

559.24 33 3
9.24mm/s3/s
3 3
559.24 9.24 mm /s /s
Discussion
Discussion The
討論：上游速度與上游速度水頭為 Theupstream
upstreamvelocity velocityand andthe theupstream
upstreamvelocity
velocityhead headare are
Discussion
Discussion # # The The upstream
upstream velocity
velocity andand thethe
upstream
upstream2 2 velocity
velocity head
head areare
#VV# 9.24
9.24mm/s/s
33 VV1 1 (1.23 (1.23m/s) m/s)2
2
VV1 155V V 55 9.24 9.24 m 3 3
m/s /s 551.23 1.23m/s  and  
m/s  and   V 2 255
V (1.23
(1.23m/s) 22 2 550.077
m/s) 0.077mm
V1V5 5 byby 15 1 5 (5(5m)(1.5
m)(1.5m) m) 5 51.231.23 m/s  and  
m/s  and   與 2g
12g1
5 5 2(9.81
2(9.81m/s m/s)25) 50.077
0.077 mm
1 2 2
byby (5(5 m)(1.5
m)(1.5 m)m) 2g2g 2(9.81 2(9.81 m/s m/s) )
This is 18.6 1 percent of the weir head, which
This is 8.6 percent of the weir head, which is significant. When the upstreamis significant. When the upstream
velocity
This
Thisis is8.6 head
8.6 percentisisconsidered,
percent of of
the the weir the
weir flow
head,
head, rate
ratebecomes
which
which is is 10.2
10.2m
significant.
significant. When /s,/s,which
When
33
the the is about
upstream
upstream
這是堰水頭的velocity head
8.6%，其影響是顯著的。當考慮上游速度水頭時，流率變成 considered, the flow becomes m which
10.2is771
mabout
3
/s，這比求得的
1010percent
velocity
velocity head
percent head higher
is is
higher than
thanthe
considered,
considered, the thevalue
theflow
value determined.
flow
rateratebecomes
becomes
determined. Therefore,
10.2
10.2
Therefore, itit/s,
m m/s,
3 3
iswhich
isgood
which
good ispractice
is
about
about
practice
CHAPTER 13
值高約 10%。因此考慮上游速度水頭是好的作法，除非堰高度
to10
10 toconsider
percent
percenthigher
consider thehigher
the upstream
thanthanthe
upstream velocity
the valuehead
value
velocity unless
unlessthe
determined.
determined.
head Pw height
weir
Therefore, 相對於堰水頭
Therefore,
the weir Pgood
it itis is
height is very
w good
P H 是非常大時。
large
practice
practice
w is very large
relative
to to
consider
consider
APPLICATION
relative totothe the weir
upstream
SPOTLIGHT
the weir head
upstreamhead H.
■velocity
velocity
Bridge
H. head
head
Scour unless
unless thetheweir
weirheight
height PwPisw is
very
verylarge
large
relative
relative to to thethe weirweir headhead H.H.
Guest Author: Peggy A.應用聚焦燈－橋梁挖蝕 Johnson,
Penn State University
Bridge
訪問作者：Peggyscour is the mostA.common cause of bridge failure in the United States
Johnson，賓州州立大學
(Wardhana and Hadipriono, 2003). Bridge scour is the erosion of a stream
橋梁挖蝕是美國橋梁損壞最常見的原因
or river (Wardhana
channel bed in the vicinity of a bridge, including erosion around and
the
bridge piers and abutments as well
Hadipriono, 2003)。橋梁挖蝕是溪流或河流中在一座橋梁附近 as the erosion and lowering of the entire
channel bed. Scour around bridge foundations has been a leading cause of
的河道的侵蝕，包括橋墩與橋座周圍的侵蝕與對整個河床的
bridge failure for the nearly 400,000 bridges over waterways in the United
70
770 States. A few recent examples of the damage that can be caused by high
侵蝕與降低。橋梁基礎附近的侵蝕已經是美國的水道中近乎 7/2/13
7/2/137:00 PM
7:00 PM
0770 flows in rivers at bridges illustrate the magnitude of the problem. During the 7/2/13
7/2/137:00
7:00
PMPM
400,000
1993 flood座橋梁損壞的主要因素。一些最近的損壞案例，可能
in the upper Mississippi and lower Missouri river basins, at least
22 of the 28 bridge failures were due to scour, at an estimated cost of more
是由在河流中橋梁附近的高流量所造成的，這說明了問題的嚴
than $8 million (Kamojjala et al., 1994). During the “Super Flood” in Ten-
重性。在
nessee 1993
in 2010 年發生在上密西西比與下密蘇里的河流盆地的
in which more than 30 counties were declared major disaster 圖 13-55　聖地牙哥附近的一座橋墩 FIGURE 13–55
洪水中，28
areas, flooding 座橋梁損壞中至少有 座是由於挖蝕，造成至少
22 scour
in Tennessee’s rivers caused and embankment erosion A scour hole developed around this
在河道中水流強大時所發展出來的
at 587 bridges and resulted in the closure of more than 50 bridges. In the bridge pier near San Diego during
800 萬美元的損害成本 (Kamojjala et al., 1994)。在 2010 年發生 挖蝕凹洞。
fall of 2011, Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee in the mid-Atlantic high flows in the river channel.
Photo by Peggy Johnson, Penn State,
在田納西州的“超級洪水”期間至少
and northeast U.S. caused flooding in rivers that30 個郡被發佈為主要災
resulted in numerous bridge Photo by Peggy Johnson, Penn State,
used by permission. used by permission.
failures and damage to bridges due to scour.
區，田納西河的洪水造成 587 座橋梁的挖蝕與堤岸侵蝕，並導
The mechanics of scour at bridge piers has been studied in laboratories
致多於
and computer50 座橋梁被關閉。在
models. The primary 2011 年的秋天，在中大西洋與美國東北部的颶風艾琳
mechanism is thought to be due to a (Irene) 與熱帶
“horseshoe” vortex that forms
風暴李 (Lee) 造成洪水氾濫，並由於挖蝕導致許多橋梁的損壞與受損。 during floods as an adverse pressure gradi-
ent caused by the pier drives a portion of the approach flow downward just
ahead 橋墩挖蝕的機制已經在實驗室中並用電腦模型加以研究。主要機制被認為是由於在洪水期間
of the pier (Arneson et al, 2012). The rate of erosion of the scour hole
is directly associated with the magnitude of the downflow, which is directly
橋墩所造成的“馬蹄形”渦旋造成的逆向壓力梯度驅動一部分的來流在橋墩之間向下流動所致
related to the velocity of the approaching river flow. The strong vortex lifts
the sediment out of the hole and deposits it downstream in the wake vor-
tex. The result is a deep hole upstream of the bridge pier that can cause the
bridge foundation to become unstable.
Protecting bridge piers over rivers and streams against the damaging flood-
waters remains a major challenge for states across the country. Flood flows in
FIGURE 13–56
channels have enormous capacity to move sediment and rock; thus, traditional
Scour that developed around the bridge
protection, such as riprap, is often not sufficient. There has been considerable
foundation during a 50 year flood in
research on the use of vanes and similar structures in the river channel to help
1996 caused this bridge to fail in
 flows in rivers at bridges illustrate the magnitude of the problem. During the
1993 flood in the upper Mississippi and lower Missouri river basins, at least
22 of the 28 bridge failures were due to scour, at an estimated cost of more
than $8 million (Kamojjala et al., 1994). During the “Super Flood” in Ten-
nessee in 2010 in which more than 30 counties were declared major disaster FIGURE 13–55
areas, flooding in Tennessee’s rivers caused scour and embankment erosion A scour hole developed around this
at 587 bridges and resulted in the closure of more than 50 bridges. In the bridge pier near San Diego during
fall of 2011, Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee in the mid-Atlantic high flows in the river channel.
第 13 章　明渠流
Photo by Peggy Johnson, Penn State,
51
and northeast U.S. caused flooding in rivers that resulted in numerous bridge
used by permission.
failures and damage to bridges due to scour.
The mechanics of scour at bridge piers has been studied in laboratories
and computer models. The primary mechanism is thought to be due to a
(Arneson
“horseshoe”etvortex
al., 2012)。挖蝕洞的侵蝕率直接與向下流的強度大
that forms during floods as an adverse pressure gradi-
ent caused by the pier drives a portion of the approach flow downward just
小有關，而這是與河川來流的速度直接有關的。強烈的渦旋將
ahead of the pier (Arneson et al, 2012). The rate of erosion of the scour hole
沉澱物從凹洞中舉起，並沉積在下游的尾流渦旋中。結果形成
is directly associated with the magnitude of the downflow, which is directly
related to the velocity of the approaching river flow. The strong vortex lifts
在橋墩上游很深的凹洞，可導致橋梁基礎變得不穩定。
the sediment out of the hole and deposits it downstream in the wake vor-
保護河川中的橋墩對抗洪水的損害仍然是全美各州主要的
tex. The result is a deep hole upstream of the bridge pier that can cause the
bridge foundation to become unstable.
挑戰。渠道中的洪水力量強大足以搬動沉積物與岩石；傳統的
Protecting bridge piers over rivers and streams against the damaging flood-
保護法，例如消波塊，通常並不足夠。有很多研究使用導葉
waters remains a major challenge for states across the country. Flood flows in
圖 13-56　賓州中部的一座橋梁。 FIGURE 13–56
channels have enormous capacity to move sediment and rock; thus, traditional
及類似的結構，在河流的流道中來幫助引導水流繞過橋墩與橋 Scour that developed
1996 年的一次 50 年洪水在橋的基礎 around the bridge
protection, such as riprap, is often not sufficient. There has been considerable
座，並提供平滑的轉向，使水流很順地流過橋的開口 (Johnson foundation during a 50 year flood in
research on the use of vanes and similar structures in the river channel to help 附近所造成的挖蝕。在一座新橋被
1996 caused this bridge to fail in
direct
et al., the flow around the bridge piers and abutments and provide a smoother
2010)。 設計期間，一座暫時的金屬橋被放
central PA. A temporary metal bridge
transition of the flow through the bridge opening (Johnson et al, 2010). 置在這個開口上。
was placed across the opening while a
參考文獻
References Photo bynew bridge
Peggy was being
Johnson, Penndesigned.
State,
Arneson, L. A.,L.L. A.,
W. Zevenbergen, P. F. Lagasse, P. E. P.
Clopper (2012). Hydraulic used by permission.
Photo by Peggy Johnson, Penn State,
Arneson, L. W. Zevenbergen, F. Lagasse, P. E. used by permission.
Engineering Circular 18, Evaluating Scour at Bridges. Federal Highway
Clopper (2012).
Administration ReportHydraulic Engineering
FHWA-HIF-12-003, HEC-18, Circular 18,D.C.
Washington, Evaluating Scour at Bridges. Federal Highway
Johnson, P. A., Sheeder, S. A., Newlin, J. T. (2010). Waterway transitions at US
Administration Report FHWA-HIF-12-003,
bridges. Water and Environment Journal, 24 (2010), 274–281.HEC-18, Washington, D.C.
Johnson, P. Gattu,
Kamojjala, S., A., Sheeder, S.A.A.,
N. P. Parola. C., Newlin,
Hagerty, D.J.J. T. (2010).
(1994), Waterway
“Analysis of 1993 transitions at US bridges. Water and
Upper Mississippi flood highway infrastructure damage,” in ASCE Proceedings
Environment
of Journal,Conference
the First International 24 (2010), 274–281.
of Water Resources Engineering,
San Antonio, TX, pp. 1061–1065.
Kamojjala, S., Gattu, N. P. Parola. A. C., Hagerty, D. J. (1994), “Analysis of 1993 Upper Mississippi flood
Wardhana, K., and Hadipriono, F. C., (2003). 17(3). ASCE Journal of Performance
highway
of infrastructure
Constructed damage,” in ASCE Proceedings of the First International Conference of Water
Facilities, 144–150.
Resources Engineering, San Antonio, TX, pp. 1061-1065.
Wardhana, K., and Hadipriono, F. C.,772 (2003). 17(3). ASCE Journal of Performance of Constructed 772
772
772 FLOW OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
OPEN-CHANNEL
Facilities, 144-150. OPEN-CHANNEL
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW FLOW
SUMMARY SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 771
Open-channel flow refers to the flow of liquids in channels Open-channel for film flowflow refers or to
7/2/13 7:00 the in
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flow flowa wideof liquid rec
Open-channel
Open-channel flow
flow refers
refers 總結
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the flow
flow of
of
open to the atmosphere or in partially filled conduits. The flow b  yc. liquids
liquids in
in open
channels
channels to thefor
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film
film flow
flow oror
orin partially
flow
flow in
in aafilled
wide
wide condrec
rec
open
open
in to
to the
a channel the atmosphere
atmosphere
is said to be or
oruniform
in
in partially
partially
if thefilled
filledflow conduits.
conduits.
depth (and The
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be uniform if the
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in
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channelvelocity)is
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明渠流指的是液體在一個對大氣開放的渠道中或在一個部分填滿的流道中的流動。如果流動
the said totoremains
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uniform ifif the
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Otherwise,
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深度 (或平均速度) 維持為常數，渠道中的流動就是均勻的；否則，流動就是非均勻的或變速的。
is
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nonuniform ordimensionless
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水力半徑定義為 Rh =defined
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defined as
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Froude
Froude number
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is
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cross-sectional area.
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The
The criteria
criteria
for
for
fo
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defined as as section
section for
section for
for trapezoidal
aa rectangular
rectangular
V channels channel
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V V Fr 5 5
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for trapezoidal
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Fr
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varied flow"gy
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gradually and
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smoothly
smoothly with
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as subcritical
subcritical
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Flow FrFr   1,
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critical
in critical
for
for 1, and
1，則是超臨界的。臨
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calculated by 1. Flow de
integrating
integrating
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and is S0 2 Sf
expresse
Fr
Fr 
flow
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and
and supercritical
supercritical
the critical depth for
for FrFrand
 1. 1. expressed
is Flow
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critical dy 5 SS00# 2
dy 2 SS2ff
#
flow
flow is is called
called the #
the critical
critical depth and
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is expressed
expressed as
as V 2 dx 5 5 1 V22 Fr1/3 22
V# # 2
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gAcc gb
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markedly channel over
over width
aa for
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relatively wide channels
short
short dista
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specific energy s,
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 1,1/3in in
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and the supercritical
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ba"2gythe 11 coefficie
discharge c
given given
velocity by by V . The R02/3 Svelocity Rh S 0and
1/2 2/3 1/2 flow 5 rate AcRin 52/3 uniform
1/2 2/3 flow 1/2 are where where b andb and a are a are thethe d
width width d
andd and thethe height height
1 of of th
given
given Vby
by 0 50 V h5 0   and  V   and  V h SA 0 cR h S 0 accounts
where accounts
forb the
and frictional
for
a arethe the frictional
effects.
width andeffects.
the height of t
OW given by n a a2/3n2/31/2 1/2 # n# a a n2/3 2/31/2 1/2 where
ing, ing, b and a are
respectively,
respectively, and the
and Cwidth and the height ofcoet
where and a are the dCis
width d is the the
and discharge
discharge
the height coeffiof
V V 5 5 aa
R R S S   and  V
  and  V與 # 5 5aaA R
# A R S S Aing,
ing, Ab broad-crested
respectively,
broad-crested
respectively, weir and
and is CC addrectangular
weir is isthe
is the a rectangular
discharge
discharge block blot
that
coef
coef
L FLOW where nwhere is the 0 0 isnthe
Vn00Manning
5 anR h
R2/3 Manning
2/3h
Scoefficient
0 1/20
1/2  and  V coefficientwhose # 5 5nvaluewhose
anA c
AccR h
c depends
2/3
R 2/3 hvalue
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S 1/2 0 depends
on accounts
on accounts
ing, forfor
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frictional
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iseffects.
the discharge coef
V 5 hh2/3S 001/2  and  V h S 0 izontal izontal
crest
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frictional which critical
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flow occu The
the roughness the roughness V0of5the nn Rchannelh Sthe
of 0   and  V
channel
surfaces, surfaces,
and 5 nnaA Rh2/3
cand h1 Sa m01/2
1/3
0 /s1  m1/3/s accountsAA for
broad-crested
accounts broad-crested
for
the
the
frictional
weir weir
frictional is aiseffects.rectangular
a rectangular
effects. block block th
where where n 1/3 isn is thethe n
Manning Manning coefficient
coefficient whose whose n value value depends
depends on head
on above
A
A head the
above
broad-crested top the
surface top
weir is
is surface
of a the
rectangular
acritical
rectangular weir
of the is blockTis
weir
called
block tt
其中 n 是曼寧係數，其值相依於渠道表面的粗糙度，而 (3.2808 where
where (3.2808
ft)nn is /s 
is ft)1.486
the
the
1/3
/s ft1.486
Manning
Manning
1/3
Ifft1/3
/s.coefficient
yn /s.
coefficient  If ,yanthe
whose
ycwhose =
 1flow m 1/3
, the
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ycvalue = (3.2808
is/sflow
uniform
depends
depends 1/3is1/3uniform
on
1/3
onft)izontal
/s A=broad-crested
izontal crest
1.486 crest
broad-crested
1/3
ftoverover
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which
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is a flow
rectangular flow occurs.occurs.
block t
the the
where roughness
roughness
n is thetheof of
the
Manning the channel channel surfaces,
coefficient surfaces, whose and and a
value a 1 m
1
depends m /s /s

1/3 on headhead,
 izontal
H.
izontal The
head, crestflow
H. The
cresttheover rate
over flow is
which
which expressed
rate is
critical
critical expressed
asflow
flow as
occurs.
occurs.
to the flow of liquids 若 yin = channels
y critical
for
，流動是均勻臨界流，且底面斜率 the
film
the critical
flow,
roughness
flow
roughness and
1/3 flow,
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flow
of and
bottom
the
the in the channel
a
channelSbottom
slope
wide
1/3 等於臨界斜率
1/3 equals
slope
surfaces,
Srectangular
surfaces,
0 S 0 the
and
andequals
S critical
a
channel
a
，表示為 
 the 1
1 critical
slope
m
m 1/3
with /s
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 slope head
izontal above
above
crest thetop
over top surface
which surface critical of ofthe the
flow weir weir is
occurs. is
call c
n c (3.2808
the(3.2808 roughnessft)ft)1/3 /s  /sof 1.486
the 1.486 ft ft1/3
channel 0/s. /s. Ifsurfaces,
yIf y  y ,ythe c, the cflow flow
is1isuniform
ismuniform
1/3 head aboveabove the# toptop surface
surface of of3/2 the
the weir weir is3/2ca ca
nerspartially flow Sbc  expressed
(3.2808 ycSfilm expressedas1/3
ft) /s  as1.4861.486 ft1/3 /s. If If nyynn n  cyycc,,and the aflow flow /s  head,
uniform head
head,
head H. H.
above# The
The the
flow
the flow rate
top rateis is
surface expressed 2 of
expressed the2asas
3/2V 2is
as
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to the filled
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liquidsThe in channels (3.2808
for
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critical
(3.2808
.c flow, ft)
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and/s or
and  flow
the1.486
the bottom ft
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bottom
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aslope
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If ySn0rectangular
Sequals
0 equals
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the
thethe the
flow channel
critical is uniform
critical
is with
slope
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head, H.
H. V The
5
The C flow
V
flow 5 rate
Cb"ga
rate is
is expressed
expressed b
b"ga aH b
1
as aH b 1
if the flow critical flow, andgnthe the bottom slopefor equals
SS00 equals
anc open thegn critical slope head, H. The wd, broad wd,
# # flow rate is expressed
broad
3 2 23/233/2as 2gV 21V2 213
filleddepth (andThe thusflow SThe best hydraulic
critical 2 cross section channel is
ycflow,
2 and
uniform
or in partially conduits. cb Sexpressed
c
critical expressed .gn
flow, yasc andas the yc bottom
bottom
slope
slope S0 equals
the critical
the critical
2
gnslope
2
slope
S S expressed
5 S 5   which
as   which simplifies
其可簡化成 simplifies
to  S to  S
5 5 V #
#V
5 5C C b"ga b"ga 2b b3/2 3/2
aHaH 1 1V V b2112
ains constant.
be uniform if theOtherwise,
flow depth flowthusthe Sone
the(and c with
c expressed
Scc The expressed a2the
best c4/3
Rgn maximum
2as
hydraulic
asy22ca2yR
2 4/3 cross hydraulic section radius, for an cor open equivalently,
a 2 c1/3channel
y 2 a22y 1/3 iswhere the where dischargeV
the #5 5 Cwd,wd,
discharge broad
coefficientbroad
coefficient
b"ga is 3223bb 3/2isaH aH 1 2g V2g b
or varied.
emains The hydraulic
constant. Otherwise, radiusthe isflowthe the oneone Swith 5with the h gn
gnthe minimum c
ycc maximum
h
wetted hydraulic perimeter radius, for5 or a5 gn
c gn
specified
gn222
equivalently,
c V
V 5 Cwd,
C wd, broad
wd, broadb"ga 3 b
broad b"ga 3 aH 1 2g
1 2g1bb
cS c 52gn 2y  which   which simplifies
simplifies to  S to  S c c gn 3 2g
ermdimensionless Froude number is iscross-sectional SScc with5a gn R
athe4/3
2
hR
area. yhc   which
4/3  which
The simplifies
simplifies to  S
to  S 5a yagn 2 1/3
2 1/3
y1/3 wherewhere thethe discharge
discharge coefficient
coefficient is is
or varied. The hydraulic
這是薄層流動或在一個寬的矩形渠道radius the one 5
Sc 5 aa222R R 4/3
h4/3   which
4/3 >> ycriteria
bminimum c 中的流動。 wetted
simplifies
for perimeter
best hydraulic
to  Scc for
c 5 cross
5 aaa222cyyspecified
1/3
c
c1/3 where the
where the discharge
discharge coefficient coefficient is is
The dimensionless Froude number issection for
cross-sectional a rectangular channel
a Rharea. The criteria for best hydraulic
h is y  b/2. The best cross
a y c cross
c where the discharge coefficient is
最好的水力截面是具有最大水力半徑的明渠，或是對於一個給定的截面積，有最小溼邊周長
section for trapezoidal channels is half of a hexagon.
V V section for a rectangular channel is y  b/2. The best cross
5 的渠道。矩形渠道的最好水力截面的準則是 Insectiongradually varied flowchannels
for trapezoidal = b/2。梯形渠道的最好截面是六角形的一半。
y(GVF), isthe half flow of adepth hexagon. changes
"gL cV "gy V gradually and smoothly with downstream distance. The surface
5 5 In gradually varied flow (GVF), the flow depth
在漸變流中 (GVF)，流動深度隨著往下游的距離緩慢而平滑地改變。表面形狀 changes y(x) 是藉著積分
"gL c for"gy
subcritical Fr  1, critical for profile y(x) is calculated
gradually and smoothly with downstream distance. The surfaceby integrating the GVF equation,
for Fr  1. Flow GVF
depth 方程式來計算的：
in critical
critical for profile y(x) is calculated
as subcritical for Fr  1, dy bySintegrating 0 2 Sf the GVF equation,
cal forand
depth Fr isexpressed
1.# Flow depthas in critical 5
dx dy 1 2SFr 0 2 Sf
2
cal depth and is V 2expressed
1/3 as 725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 5
or  y c 5 a 2 b# 2 1/3 In rapidly 772
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd varied 772 flow dx (RVF),1 2 theFrflow 2 depth changes
gb V markedly over a relatively short distance in the flow direc-
  or  y 5 a 2 b 在急變流中 In
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd rapidly 772772 varied flow (RVF), the flow depth changes
dth for widec channels. gb (RVF)，流動深度在流動方向的一個相當短的距離有很顯著的改變。任何從超臨界
tion.markedly Any change
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd over
772 from supercritical to subcritical flow
772 a relatively short distance in the flow direc-
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 772
urface disturbance
width for wide channels. travels through occurs
到次臨界的流動的改變是通過一個水躍發生的，這是一個高度耗散的過程。水躍過程中的深度比
tion. through
Any a
change hydraulic from jump, which
supercritical is ato highlysubcritical dissipa- flow
wave speed c ,
a surface disturbance which is expressed
y2/y1travels through tive process.
occurs The
through depth a ratio
hydraulic y 2 /yjump,
1 , head which loss, and
is a energy
highly dis-
dissipa-
0 、水頭損失與能量耗散比可以被表示為
mechanical
he wave speed energy c0, of a liquid
which in a sipation
is expressed tive process. ratio during The hydraulicdepth ratiojump y2/y1are , head expressedloss, and as energy dis-
of heads asenergy of a liquid in a sipation ratio during hydraulic
msmechanical
al y2 jump are expressed as
5 0.5 A21 1 "1 1 8Fr21 B
n terms of headsV 2
as y 1 y 2
zb 1 y 1 5 0.5 A21 V 12 "1 2 8Fr1 B
1 2
2g V 2 y1 1 2 V2
5 zb 1 y 1 hL 5 y1 2 y2 1
ead, P/g  y is 2gthe pressure head, 2gV 21 2 V 22
hL 5 y1 2 y2 1
head.
n head,The sumofy is
P/g thethe
pressure
pressureand head, y1Fr21 2g y 21
e specific
ity head. The energysumEof s, the pressure and
5 y 1 2 y 2 1 a1 2 b
2 y1Fr21 y 22 y 21
d the specific
V 2
energy Es, 5 y1 2 y 2 1 a1 2 2 b
5y1 hL hL 2 y2
2g V 2
Dissipation ratio 5 5
Es 5 y 1 Es1 hL y1 1 V 1 /2g 2 hL
s equation is2gAc1V1  Ac2V2. The Dissipation ratio 5 5
ed asequation is A V  A V . The
mass Es1hL y1 1 V 21 /2g
c1 1 c2 2 5
ressed as V 22 y1(1 1 Frh21L/2)
S0L 5 y2 1 12 hL 5
2g V 2 An obstruction that allows the liquidy1(1to1flow Fr21 /2) over it is called
1 S0L 5 y2 1 1 hL
nd S0  tan  is2gthe bottom slope a weir,Anand an obstruction
obstruction that allows the liquid to flow with an adjustable opening over itatisthe called
slope is defined as S
ss and S  tan  isf the bottom  h L /L. slope a weir, and an obstruction with an adjustable is
bottom that allows the liquid to flow underneath it called an
opening at the
 V #2 V # 2 1/3 Intion. (RVF),
5 # 22   or  y
ey channel V width for c 5wide a # 2channels.
b
2 V1/3
rapidly
Any varied change flowdx
from 2 Frthe
1supercritical 2 flowtodepth changesflow
subcritical
gA
V
5   or  y 5 gb
V a b markedlyIn rapidly
over a varied
relatively flow short (RVF),distance the inflow the depthdirec-
flow changes
travels through Inoccurs flow (RVF), the flow isdepth changes
c rapidly varied
c
5at which 2
  or  y
gAc a surface c
a 2 gb
c 5disturbance b 2
markedly throughover aa relatively
hydraulic jump,
short which
distance ina the
highlyflow dissipa-
direc-
annel 2
gAc width for wide channels. gb tion.tiveAny
markedly change
over
process. a The from
relatively
depth supercritical
short
ratio y distance
/y , headtoinloss,
subcritical
the flow
and flow
direc-
energy dis-
e pth y
channel is the
widthwave for speed
wide c , which
channels.
0 is expressed tion.
occurs Any
through change
a during
hydraulic from supercritical
jump, which
2 1 to subcritical
is aexpressed
highly dissipa- flow
which
annel a surface
width for disturbance
wide channels. travels through tion. Any
sipation change
ratio from supercritical
hydraulic jump to
are subcritical as flow
.atThewhich totala mechanical
surface energy of
disturbance a liquid in ativeoccurs through a hydraulic y /yjump, which is a highly dissipa-
whichy is the
a in wave
surface speed
disturbancec0, which istravels
travels expressed through
through occurs
process.
through Thea depthhydraulic ratiojump, , head
y22 y1 2which
loss, a and
is loss,highly energydissipa- dis-
pressed
pth y is thetermswave ofspeed
heads cas, which is expressed tive
sipation process.
ratio duringThe depth
hydraulic ratio jump /y 1 ,
are headexpressed and as energy dis-
2 1 jump are expressed as1 B
A21 "1 2
hey is total mechanical
the wave speed c0, which energy 0 of a liquid in a
is expressed tive process. The depth ratio y /y
5 , 0.5
head loss,
1 and energy
1 8Fr dis-
sipation ratio during hydraulic
y2 y1 jump are expressed
2
.sedThein total mechanical Venergy of a liquid in a
he totalterms
H 5 of
mechanicalzb 1 heads 1as of a liquid in a sipation ratio during hydraulic
y energy 5 y2 0.5 A21 1 "1V121 2
as
8FrV21 22B 2 第 13 章　明渠流 53
pressed in terms of heads 2 2g
as y
sed in terms of heads V as 2 21 hL 5 0.5 y1 2 A21 y2 1 1 "1 1 28Fr1 B
H 5 zbhead,
e elevation 1y1 P/g2 V y is the pressure head, 5 0.5 A21 1 "1
y V 21 21V8Fr 2g 2 1B
H 5 zb 1 y V 2g1 y 1 2
he velocity
H 5 zb 1 head.y 1The sum 2g of the pressure and h1L 5 y1 2 y2 1 2 yV 21Fr2 22 V 2
2
y 21
evation head, P/g is the pressure
2gy energy head, h 5 y 2 y V1 2g
2 1 V 1
s is called the specific E , h 5 L 5 y1 2 y2 1
y 2 y 1
1
2g
2
a1 2 b
evelocity
elevation head, P/g ofy is thethe
s pressure head, 1 2
22
2
y 21 y 22
L 1 2
evation head.
head, The
P/g sum y pressure
2is the pressure head,
and y1Fr2g
thecalledvelocity
the head. The V sumEof, the pressure and 5 y1 2 y 2 1
1
y a1 2
Fr 2 2 b y 1
velocity Especific
head. s 5The y 1sum energy of the s pressure and
5 yh1L2 y2 y1 Fr21h1L 1 a1 y2
12 b
s is called the specific 2g energy E , Dissipation ratio 12
called the specific V 2energy E ,
s
5 y5 1 2 y2 1
5 a1
22 2 2 b y 22
tion ofEsmass 5y1 equation
s
V 2 is Ac1V1  Ac2V2. The hL Es1 y1h21 V 1 /2g y 2
Es 5 y V 2g12 Dissipation ratio 5 5h
L
h
on is expressed
Es 5 y 1as 2g Dissipation ratio Eh5
L
y5 h1 L hV 2 L
/2g2
of mass equation 2g is A V  A V . The Dissipation 耗散比 ratio 5 5 L
s1
E
5 1 yFr
1 L 1
2 V 1 /2g
1 1
c1 21 c2 2
tion
s of V 21massasequation isV A
of
expressed 2 c1V1  Ac2V2. The Es1 y1s1(1 hyL 1 1 V121/2) /2g
y 1 mass
on1 is2 expressed 1 equation
S L
0 as 5 y is
2 1 A V
c1 1 1  h A
L c2 2V . The 5 h2L
2g 2 2g An obstruction that allowsy5 the liquid
hLFr1 /2) to flow over it is called
s expressed
V1 2 as V2 2 1(1 1
1e head 2 1
Vloss
1 S0Land 5 yS20 1  tan 2 1
V2 ishL the bottom slope a weir, and an obstruction 5 withy1an (1 1 Fr21 /2) opening at the
adjustable
2
y1 V2g
11 1 S0L 5 y2 V 2g
12 1 hL An obstruction that allows y (1
the liquid
1 1 Fr /2)
tounderneath
flow over itit isis called
1
1The friction 2g S0L slope
1 5 y2 1 is defined 2g has Sf  hL/L.
1 bottom
Anand that allows
obstruction thattheallows
liquid to flow
the liquid to flow over itatcalled
isthecalledan
ad2g
epth loss
in and S0 
uniform flowtanis 2g is theL the
 called bottom normal slopedepth a weir,
An obstruction
underflow angate.
obstruction
that
The allows
flow with
the
rate an
liquid
throughadjustable
to flow
a opening
over
sluice gateit isis called
given by
e friction
head loss and S 
is 0defined tan  is the bottom slope a weir,
 一個允許液體流過它的障礙物，稱為一個堰，而一個障礙物其底部具有可調整的開口來允許 and an obstruction with an adjustable opening at the
ad loss slope
and 0  tan
Sslope isasthe Sf the
bottom L/L. slope
huniform-flow abottom that allows
andthat an allows the liquid
obstruction to flow
# with an flow underneathopening
adjustable it is called an
verage flow velocity is weir, is atcalled
the
The iscalled called
defined asnormal
in friction
uniform flow is the Sf  L/L.
hdepth
液體從其底端流過的，稱為底流閘門。通過水閘門的流率被給定如下： bottom
underflow gate. The flow therateV liquid
5 C
throughtoba"2gy a underneath
sluice gate is itgiven by an
friction
he
epth velocity
in slope
uniform andisflowdefined
flow is rate asinSfuniform
called the L/L. flow
 hnormal arebottom
depth that allows
underflow gate. the
The liquid
flow to flow
rate
d
throughunderneath
a
1
sluice itgate
is called
is given an by
gein flow
uniform velocity
flow is called the
is called the normal
uniform-flow depth underflow # rate through a sluice gate is given by
verage flow velocity is in called the uniform-flow b andThe
where gate. a are flowVthe 5width
# Cd ba"2gy and the height of the gate open-
velocity
ge and flow rate uniform flow are # 1
heaflowvelocity velocityand is called
flow #rate the
ain uniform-flow
uniform flow are ing, respectively, and
V 5
VC5
Cd isCthe
d ba"2gy
ba"2gy discharge 1 coefficient, which
5velocity R2/3 1/2
h S 0and   and  V
flow rate in 5 uniformAcR 2/3h Sflow
1/2
0 are where b and for
accounts a are the the width dand
frictional the height
effects. 1 of the gate open-
n # n ing,where b and a are the
respectively, width discharge
and the height of the gate open-
R 2/3 1/2
S   and  V #
a 其中
A R 2/3 1/2b 與 a 是閘門開口的寬度與高度，而
S where ing, and a areand
Ab respectively,
broad-crested theand C d is
width
weir Cdisthe
C
是排水係數，被用來考慮摩擦效應。
and
a rectangular
is the heightcoefficient,
thedischarge of
blockthe gate has
that
coefficient,
which
open- a hor-
which
a
e hManning 02/3 1/2 coefficient whose 5 a h value depends oning, accounts forcrest
the frictional Cd iseffects.
0 d
5 2/3R1/2 h S 0   and  V a5 A
# n c 2/3 R 2/3 S 1/2 respectively,
izontal
h一個寬頂堰是一個矩形塊，其有一個水平的頂面讓臨界流可以在其上發生。其上游高於堰的
accounts for the andfrictional
over which the discharge
critical
effects. flow occurs.coefficient, The which upstream
Rhof n Sthe channel surfaces, and
0   and  V 5 AcR n h cSa1/2  01 m1/3/s accounts Ahead
broad-crested
for the weir
frictional is a rectangular
effects. block that has athe hor-
anning coefficient
1/3 whose n value 0
depends
頂面的水頭高度，稱為堰水頭，H。流率被表示為 on above
Acrest
broad-crested the top surface
weir of
is a rectangular the weir is
block called
that has a weir hor-
se  1.486 ftcoefficient
Manning /s. If yn  whoseyc, the flowdepends
value is uniformon izontal
Ahead,
broad-crested over which
weir critical
is aisrectangular flow occurs.
block The
that The upstream
has aupstream
hor-
thethe
anning channel
coefficientsurfaces, whose and a the
value depends
1/3
m /s1/3
1 critical 
on izontal The over
H.crest flow rate
which expressed
critical flow as occurs.
and bottom
of theftchannel slope S equals slope head above the top surface of the weir is called the weir
If ynsurfaces, , theand a is  11/3m /s izontal crest over
# thewhich critical flow occurs. The upstream
1/3 0
as 1.486
the channel /s.1/3surfaces, ycand flow
athe flow 1 muniform /s  head, head above topissurface of the
2 as 3/2 weir isV called
2 3/2 the weir
sthe 1.486
 bottom ft /s. If y  y , is uniform head H.
aboveThe flow
theV5 top ratesurface
Cwd,rate expressed
of
b"ga the weir
b aH is called 1
b the weir
1/3 slope S0 equals n c the critical slope
head, H. The flow broadis expressed as 1
nand1.486
2 ft /s. If y  y
yc the bottom slope S0 equals the critical
n c , the flow is uniform2
gn slopehead, H. The# flow rate is expressed 3 as 2 2g
the   which
bottom slope S0 equals the critical 2 3/2 V1 2 3/2
simplifies to  S c 5 2 slope # Cwd, broadb"ga b 3/22isaH CH
2 b 3/2
asR4/3 1/3 where V 5discharge
the coefficient
3/2 1 V 1 3/2 CH
2a y c # V 5 C b"ga 3
2 b aH V2g
1 b
h
其中排水係數是 gn wd, broad 1
2
yc
n  which simplifies to  Sc 5 2 1/3 gn2 V 5 Cwd, broadb"ga b 3 aH 1 b2g CHC
  which simplifies to  Sc a5 y c2 2 1/3
gn where the discharge coefficient3is 0.65 2g For a sharp-crested triangular weir, th
4/3
  which
R simplifies to  Sc 5 2 1/3 ay where the discharge Cwd, coefficient is 0.65 For a sharp-crested triangular weir, the
h
a yc c where the discharge coefficient broad 5
C wd, broad 5is "10.65 0.65
1 H/P Fora asharp-crested
For # triangular
sharp-crested triangular 8 weir, weir, th
uthe
CC wd,wd,broadbroad55 "1 1 H/Pww VV# 5 5C Cwd, tri 8 tana tanau bb " "
The flow
The flow rate rate for for aa sharp-crested
sharp-crested
"1 "111H/P H/Prectangular
rectangular
ww
weir is
weir is # # wd, tri8 158
15 u22u
一個銳緣矩形堰的流率被表示為 expressed as as V V55CC tri tana tana b b"
expressed
TheThe flowflow rate rate for for a a sharp-crested
sharp-crested rectangular rectangular weir weir isis where where the the values
values of ofwd,wd,
Ctriwd, 
C 15 15 22
typically
tri typically
#V# 5 C
wd,  tri
expressed
expressedasas 2
2 and 0.62.
wd, rec b"2gH3/2
3/2 and
where
where0.62.
thethevalues
valuesofofCC tri tritypically
typicall
V
# rec# 5 Cwd, rec2332b"2gH3/23/2
rec
Open-channel analysis analysis wd, wd, 
is common
common
and Open-channel
and 0.62.
0.62. is
where
where V rec
V rec55CC recrec b"2gHb"2gH of sewer
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rec H PH w HP H
w Some
Someopen-channel
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flowsare are(CFD).
analyze
analy
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  for 當 w ##2 2 7/2/13 7:01 PM
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w 7/2/13 7:01 PM

一個銳緣三角形堰的流率被表示為
0.65 For a sharp-crested
REFERENCES ANDtriangular weir, the
SUGGESTED flow rate is given as
READING
Cwd, broad 5 REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING
"1 1 H/Pw REFERENCES
REFERENCES # ANDSUGGESTED
AND Cwd,SUGGESTED tana bREADING
8 u READING
1. P. Ackers et V
al. 5Weirs and
tri Flumes "2gH
for
5/2
Flow Measurement.
Measurement. 6. F.
F. M.
M. Henderson.
Henderson. OpenOpen Channel
Channel F F
te for a sharp-crested rectangular weir is 1. P. Ackers et al. Weirs and 15Flumes2 for Flow 6.
New York: Wiley, 1978. Macmillan, 1966.
1.P.New
1.where York:
P.Ackers
Ackers
the et Wiley,
et
values of1978.
al.al.Weirs
Weirs Cand
andFlumes
Flumesfor forFlow
FlowMeasurement.
Measurement. 6.6.F.Macmillan, 1966.Open
F.M.M.Henderson.
Henderson. OpenChannel
ChannelF
wd,  tri typically range between 0.58
# 2 2.New
其中 Cwd, tri 的值一般介於
2. B.
B.NewA.
0.58
A. Bakhmeteff.
York:與Wiley,
York: 0.62
Wiley,
Bakhmeteff. 之間。 Hydraulics
1978.
1978.
Hydraulics of Open
of Open Channels.
Channels. 7. C. C. Mei.
Macmillan,
Macmillan, The
1966. Applied
1966. Dynamics
and 0.62. 7. C. C. Mei. The Applied Dynamics
V rec 5 Cwd, rec b"2gH 3/2 明渠流分析一般被用來設計衛生下水道系統、灌溉系統、疏洪道與水壩。一些明渠流在第
New York:
New York: McGraw-Hill,
McGraw-Hill, 1932. 1932. Waves. NewNew15 York: Wiley,
Wiley, 1983.
1983.
3 2.2.B. B.A.A.Bakhmeteff.
Bakhmeteff.
Open-channel Hydraulics
Hydraulics
analysis ofofOpen
is commonly OpenChannels.
Channels.
used in the design Waves.
7.7.C.C.C.C.Mei. York:
Mei.The
TheApplied
AppliedDynamics
Dynamic
章中用計算流體力學3. 3.
of M.
NewNew
sewer
(CFD)
M. H.
H. Chaudhry.
York:
York:
systems,
來作分析。
Chaudhry. Open Channel
McGraw-Hill,
McGraw-Hill,
irrigation
Open Channel
1932.
1932. Flow.
systems,
Flow. Upper Saddle
floodways,
Upper Saddle
and dams. 8.Waves.
U. S. Bureau
Waves. Bureau
New
New of Reclamation.
York: Reclamation.
York:Wiley,
Wiley,1983.“Re
1983.
8. U. S. of “Re
H H Some River,
River, NJ:
NJ: Prentice
open-channel
Prentice Hall,
flows
Hall, 1993.
are analyzed
1993. Flow. in Chap. 15 using Stilling Basins, Energy Dissipater
3.3.M. M.H.H.Chaudhry.
Chaudhry. Open
Open Channel
Channel Flow.Upper
UpperSaddle
Saddle Stilling
8.8.U. Basins,
U.S.S.Bureau
Bureau Energy Dissipater
ofofReclamation.
Reclamation.“Res
“R
c 5 0.598 1 0.0897   for  # 2 computational
4. V.
River,T. Chow.
River, Chow.
NJ: fluid dynamics
Open
NJ:Prentice
Prentice Channel
Hall,
Hall,1993. (CFD).
Hydraulics.
1993. New York:
York: Appurtenances,” Hydraulic
Hydraulic Lab
Lab RR
Pw Pw 4. V. T. Open Channel Hydraulics. New Appurtenances,”
Stilling
StillingBasins,
Basins,Energy
EnergyDissipaters
Dissipate
McGraw-Hill, 1959. June
June 1, 1955.
1, 1955. Hydraulic
McGraw-Hill,
4.4.V. V.T.T.Chow.
Chow.Open 1959.
Open Channel Hydraulics.New
ChannelHydraulics. New York:
York: Appurtenances,”
Appurtenances,” HydraulicLab
LabReR
5. R. H. French.
McGraw-Hill,
McGraw-Hill, Open
1959.
1959. Channel Hydraulics.
5. R. H. French. Open Channel Hydraulics. New York: New York: June
June1, 1,
1955.
1955.
McGraw-Hill, 1985.
McGraw-Hill, 1985.
5.5.R. R.H.H.French.
French.Open OpenChannel Hydraulics.New
ChannelHydraulics. New York:
York:
S AND SUGGESTED READING McGraw-Hill,
McGraw-Hill,1985. 1985.

al. Weirs and Flumes for Flow Measurement. PROBLEMS

PROBLEMS *
*
6. F. M. Henderson. Open Channel Flow. New York:
Wiley, 1978. Macmillan,
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS ** 1966.
meteff. Hydraulics of Open Channels. Classification, Froude
7. C. C. Mei.Froude Number,
The Applied and Wave
DynamicsWave Speed
of Ocean Surface 13–5C How
13–5C How does
does uniform
uniform flow
flow dd
Classification, Number, and Speed
McGraw-Hill, 1932. Waves. New York: Wiley, 1983. flow
flow in open
in open channels? In what kind
13–1C
Classification,
Classification,
13–1C Froude
How does
How Froude
does the Number,
the Number,change
pressure
pressure and
andWave
changeWave Speed
along
along Speed
the free
the free surface
surface 13–5C
13–5C Howchannels?
How does In what
doesuniform
uniformflowkind
flow d
flow observed?
 54 流體力學

參考資料和建議讀物
1. P. Ackers et al. Weirs and Flumes for Flow
Measurement. New York: Wiley, 1978.
2. B. A. Bakhmeteff. Hydraulics of Open Channels.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1932.
3. M. H. Chaudhry. Open Channel Flow. Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993.
4. V. T. Chow. Open Channel Hydraulics. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1959.
5. R. H. French. Open Channel Hydraulics. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1985.
6. F. M. Henderson. Open Channel Flow. New York:
Macmillan, 1966.
7. C. C. Mei. The Applied Dynamics of Ocean
Surface Waves. New York: Wiley, 1983.
8. U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. “Research Studies
on Stilling Basins, Energy Dissipaters, and
Associated Appurtenances,” Hydraulic Lab Report
Hyd.-399, June 1, 1955.

習題
有“C”題目是觀念題，學生應儘量作答。 的平均流速，它是如何決定的？

分類、福勞數與波速 13-9C 什麼是福勞數？它是如何定義的？它的物

理意義是什麼？
13-1C 在一個明渠流中沿著自由表面壓力是如何
13-10 海中地震中的一個強震啟動了一個單一
變化的？
波浪。取平均水深為 2 km 與海水密度為
13-2C 考慮在一個明渠中的穩定完全發展流，其
1,030 kg/m3，試決定這個波的傳播速度。
截面是矩形的，底面有 5° 的常數斜率。
13-11 考慮水在一個寬渠道中的流動。試決定在
其自由表面的斜率是否也是 5°？解釋
之。 流動中一個小擾動的傳播速度，如果流動
深度是 (a) 25 cm 與 (b) 80 cm。如果流體
13-3C 什麼造成一個明渠中的流動是變速的 (或
是油，你的答案是什麼？
非均勻的)？急變流與漸變流是如何區別
13-12 水在 15°C 以 1.5 m/s 的平均速度均勻地在
的？
一個 2 m 寬的矩形渠道中流動。如果水深
13-4C 什麼是一個明渠中流動的驅動力？明渠中
是 24 cm，試決定流動是次臨界的或是超
的流率是如何建立的？
臨界的。(Answer: 次臨界)
13-5C 在明渠中均勻流與非均勻流是如何區別
13-13 下大雨後，水在混凝土表面上以平均速度
的？在哪一種渠道中均勻流會被觀察到？
1.3 m/s 流動。若水深是 2 cm，試決定流
13-6C 已知平均流速與流動速度，解釋你如何決
動是次臨界的或超臨界的。
定明渠中的流動是平靜的、臨界的或迅速
13-14 水在 20°C 以 1.5 m/s 的平均速度在一個寬
的。
的矩形渠道中流動。如果水深是 0.16 m，
13-7C 一個明渠中的流動被觀察到經歷一個水
試決定 (a) 此流動是層流還是紊流，及
躍。這個水躍上游的流動是否必定是超臨
(b) 此流動是次臨界的或超臨界的。
界的？這個水躍下游的流動是否必定是次
13-15 水在 10°C 以 2.5 m/s 的平均速度在一個半
臨界的？
滿的 3 m 直徑的圓形渠道中流動。試決定
13-8C 什麼是明渠流中的臨界深度？對一個已知
 13–12 Water at 15C is flowing uniformly in a 2-m-wide 13–22C How is the total mechanical energy of a fluid dur-
rectangular channel at an average velocity of 1.5 m/s. If the ing steady one-dimensional flow through a wide rectangular
water depth is 24 cm, determine whether the flow is subcriti- channel expressed in terms of heads? How is it related to the
cal or supercritical. Answer: subcritical specific energy of the fluid?
13–13 After heavy rain, water flows on a concrete surface 13–23C Express the one-dimensional energy equation
at an average velocity of 1.3 m/s. If the water depth is 2 cm, for open-channel flow between an upstream section 1 and
determine whether the flow is subcritical or supercritical. downstream section 2, and explain how the head loss can be
determined.
13–14 Water at 20C is flowing uniformly in a wide rectan- 第 13 章　明渠流 55
gular channel at an average velocity of 1.5 m/s. If the water 13–24C For a given flow rate through an open channel, the
depth is 0.16 m, determine (a) whether the flow is lami- variation of specific energy with flow depth is studied. One
nar or turbulent and (b) whether the flow is subcritical or person claims that the specific energy of the fluid will be
supercritical.
水力半徑、雷諾數與流動狀態 (層流或紊 minimum流動深度的關係。一個人宣稱流體的比能
when the flow is critical, but another person claims
that the specific energy will be minimum when the flow is
13–15 Water at 10C flows in a 3-m-diameter circular chan-
流)。 量當流動是臨界時會是最小的，但另一個
subcritical. What is your opinion?
nel half-full at an average velocity of 2.5 m/s. Determine the
hydraulic radius, 13–25C 人宣稱當流動是次臨界時，比能量才是最
Consider steady supercritical flow of water through
13-16 對 2 mthe Reynolds number, and the13-15。
直徑的渠道，重做習題 flow regime
(laminar or turbulent). an open rectangular channel at a constant flow rate. Someone
小的。你的意見是什麼呢？
claims that the larger is the flow depth, the larger the specific
13-17 Repeat
13–16 水在 Prob. 以 2for
20°C13–15 m/s 的平均速度在一個部
a channel diameter of 2 m.
energy of water. Do you agree? Explain.
13–17 Water分填滿的 m 直徑圓形渠道中流動。如果
at 20C3flows in a partially full 3-m-diameter 13-25C 考慮水的穩定的超臨界流以等流率通過一
13–26C During steady and uniform flow through an open
circular channel at an average velocity of 2 m/s. If the maxi- channel of個矩形明渠，一個人宣稱水的流動深度越
rectangular cross section, a person claims that the
mum water 最大的水深是
depth is 0.75 m,0.75 m，試決定水力半徑、
determine the hydraulic radius, specific energy of the fluid remains constant. A second per-
the Reynolds number, and the flow regime.
雷諾數與流動狀態。 大，比能量越大。你同意嗎？解釋之。
son claims that the specific energy decreases along the flow
because of
13-26C the frictional effects and thus head loss. With
在通過一個矩形截面的明渠的穩定且均勻
which person do you agree? Explain.
R  1.5 m 13–27C 的流動中，一個人宣稱流體的比能量維持
How is the friction slope defined? Under what con-
ditions is 為常數。第二個人宣稱由於摩擦效應所造
it equal to the bottom slope of an open channel?
13–28 Water at 15C flows at a depth of 0.4 m with
成的水頭損失，比能量沿流動方向減小。
an average velocity of 6 m/s in a rectangular
0.75 m channel. 你會同意哪一人的說明呢？解釋之。
Determine (a) the critical depth, (b) the alternate
depth, and (c) the minimum specific energy.
13-27C 摩擦斜率是如何定義的？在什麼條件下，
13–29 Water at 10C flows in a 6-m-wide rectangular chan-
FIGURE
圖 P13–17
P13-17　 它會等於明渠的底面斜率？
nel at a depth of 0.55 m and a flow rate of 12 m3/s. Determine
(a) the critical depth, (b) whether the flow is subcritical
Specific Energy and the Energy Equation 13-28 水在 15°C
or supercritical, and 以(c)6 the 的平均速度在一個水
m/s alternate depth. Answers:
比能量與能量方程式
13–18C Consider steady flow of water through two identi- (a) 0.742 m, (b) supercritical, (c) 1.03 m
cal open rectangular channels at identical flow rates. If the 深 0.4 m 的矩形渠道中流動。試決定 (a)
13-18C 考慮水以相同的流率在兩個相同的矩形明 13–30 Water at 18C flows at a depth of 42 cm with an
flow in one channel is subcritical and in the other supercriti- 臨界深度，(b)
average velocity of 6 m/s 替代深度，與 (c) 最小比
in a wide rectangular channel.
cal, can the specific energies of the water in these two chan-
渠中的穩定流動。如果在一個渠道中的流 Determine能量。
(a) the Froude number, (b) the critical depth,
nels be identical? Explain. and (c) whether the flow is subcritical or supercritical. What
動是次臨界的，而在另一個渠道中的是超
13–19C How is the specific energy of a fluid flowing in an would your
13-29 水在response
10°Cbe以 if the m3/sdepth
12 flow were 6 cm? 6 m
的流率在一個
臨界的。水在這兩個渠道中的比能量可以
open channel defined in terms of heads? 13–31 Repeat Prob. 13–30 for an average velocity of 3 m/s.
寬的矩形渠道中流動，其深度為 0.55 m。
13–20C 是相同的嗎？解釋之。
Consider steady flow of a liquid through a wide 13–32 Water flows steadily in a 1.4-m-wide rectangular
rectangular channel. It is claimed that the energy line of flow channel at試求 (a)of 臨界深度，(b)
a rate 流動是次臨界或
0.7 m3/s. If the flow depth is 0.40 m,
13-19C
is parallel在一個明渠中流動的流體的比能量是如何
to the channel bottom when the frictional losses determine the flow velocity and if the flow is subcritical or
are negligible. Do you agree? 超臨界的，與 (c) 替代深度。(Answer: (a)
supercritical. Also determine the alternate flow depth if the
用水頭定義的？
13–21C Consider steady one-dimensional flow through character 0.742
of flowm, (b)to超臨界的,
were change. (c) 1.03 m)
a13-20C
wide rectangular channel. Someone claims that the total
考慮液體在一個寬矩形渠道中的穩定流 13–33 Water at 20C flows at a depth of 0.4 m with an
mechanical energy of the fluid at the free surface of a cross 13-30 水在 18°C
average velocity 以in6am/s
of 4 m/s 的平均速度在一個寬
rectangular channel. Determine
動。當摩擦損失被忽略時，流動的能量線
矩形渠道中流動，水深 42 cm。試求 (a)
被宣稱是平行於渠道底面的。你同意嗎？
福勞數，(b) 臨界深度，與 (c) 流動是次
13-21C 考慮在一個寬的矩形渠道中的穩定一維流 臨界或超臨界的。若流動深度是 6 cm，
動。有人宣稱在一個截面的自由表面上的 你的回答會是什麼呢？
流體總機械能等於流體在相同截面的渠道 13-31 對一個 3m/s 的平均速度，重做習題 13-
底面上的總能量。你同意嗎？解釋之。
30。
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 774 7/2/13 7:01 PM
13-22C 流體在一個寬矩形渠道中的穩定一維流動
13-32 水以流率 0.7 m3/s 穩定地在一個 1.4 m 寬
中，其總機械能是如何用水頭表示的？它
的矩形渠道中流動。如果流動深度是 0.40
與流體的比能量是如何相關的？
m，試決定流速，並決定流動是次臨界或
13-23C 在明渠流中將一維的能量方程式在上游截 超臨界的。同時若流動的特性要做改變，
面 1 與下游截面 2 之間表示出來，並解釋 決定其替代深度。
如何決定水頭損失。 13-33 水在 20°C 以 4 m/s 的平均速度及 0.4 m 的
13-24C 對一個已知流率的明渠，研究其比能量與 深度在一個矩形渠道中流動。試決定水的
 56 流體力學

比能量及流動是次臨界或超臨界的。 長導致曼寧係數倍增 (n = 0.030)，但流動

13-34 3
水以 60 m /s 的流率在一個半滿的六角形 截面積維持為常數，則流率會 (a) 倍增，
渠道中流動，其底部寬為 2 m。試決定 (b) 減小為 1/ 2 ，(c) 維持不變，(d) 減小
(a) 平均速度與 (b) 流動是次臨界或超臨 一半，或 (e) 減小為 1/21/3。
界的。 13-46 水在一個半滿的 2 m 直徑的圓形渠道中均
13-35 3
對一個 30 m /s 的流率，重做習題 13- 勻地流動，渠道在坡度為 1.5 m/km 的地
34。 表上。如果渠道是由精製混凝土建造的，
試決定水的流率。
13-36 水以 2.8 m/s 的平均速度在一個半滿的 50
cm 直徑的鋼製渠道中流動。試決定體積 13-47 水均勻地在一個精製混凝土建造的梯形截
流率與流動是次臨界或超臨界的。 面的渠道中流動，渠道底面寬度 0.8 m，
775 775
梯形角度 50°，而底面角度為 CHAPTER 13 0.4°。若量 CHAPTER 13
13-37 水以 5 m/s 的平均速度在一個 2 m 寬的矩
0.8 m, trapezoid測到的流動深度為
775 0.8 0.52
m, trapezoid m，試決定水經過
angle
angleofof50,
0.4.and
If a bottom angle of 0.4.
the specific形渠道中流動。若流動是臨界的，試決定
energy
the of theenergy
specific water and of whether
the water the andflow whether
is sub- the is sub- angle
flowCHAPTER 13
of 50, and a bottom
critical or supercritical. the flow depth
渠道的流率。 is measuredthe to
flow be 0.52
depth m,
is determine
measured thetoflow
be 0.52 m, determine the flo
critical or supercritical.
水的流率。(Answer: 3
f the water and whether
13–34 Water the flow
flowsishalf-full
sub- 0.825.5
through m, m /s)
trapezoid
a hexagonal angleofof 50,
channel
rateandof water
a bottomthroughangle the
ratechannel.
of
of 0.4.
waterIfthrough the channel.
bottom
13–34 Water flows3/s.half-full
width 2 m at a rate of 60 mthe flow depth
Determine
through a hexagonal
is measured
(a) 3the average to bechannel
0.52 m,ofdetermine the flow
al. 均勻流與最好的水力截面
velocity andbottom
(b) whether width the 2flow
m at a rate
israte of of
subcritical water60
and m /s. Determine
through
supercritical. the channel.(a) the average
half-full through a hexagonal velocitychannel and of (b) whether the flow is subcritical and supercritical.
13-38CRepeat
13–35 一個明渠中的流動什麼時候被稱為均勻
Prob. 13–34 for a flow rate of 30 m3/s. y  0.52 m
rate of 60 m3/s. Determine (a) 13–35 the average
Repeat throughProb. 13–34 for a flow steel rate of 30 m3/s.
13–36 Water flows half-full a 50-cm-diameter y  0.52 m
er the flow is subcritical and的？在什麼條件下明渠中的流動會維持是
supercritical.   50°
channel at an average velocity
13–36 Water of 2.8 m/s.
flows Determine
half-full through the volume
a 50-cm-diameter steel
13–34 for a flowflowrate 均勻的？
rateofand
30 m3/s. attheanflow
whether is subcritical or supercritical. y  0.52 m volume   50°
channel average velocity of 2.8 m/s. Determine the b  0.8 m
13–37
half-full through 13-39C Water
a 50-cm-diameter flows
flow rate and
哪一個對一個明渠是較好的水力截面：有 through a 2-m-wide rectangular
steelwhether the flow is subcritical or supercritical. chan-
nelDetermine
with an average velocity of 5 m/s. If the flow is critical, FIGURE  50°
P13–47 b  0.8 m
velocity of 2.8 m/s. the volume 圖 P13-47　
determine the 13–37
較小的或較大的水力半徑？
flow rate Water flowsAnswer:
of water. through 25.5am2-m-wide
3
/s rectangular chan-
the flow is subcritical or supercritical.
nel with an average velocity of 5 m/s. If thebflow 13–48
 0.8 is A 1-m-diameter semicircular
m critical, FIGURE
channel P13–47
made of unfin-
13-40C
Uniform 哪一個對一個明渠是最好的水力截面：
Flow and Best Hydraulic Cross Sections 13-48
ished 一個is1 to
concrete 直徑的半圓形渠道由粗製混凝土
m transport water to a distance of 1.5 km
through a 2-m-wide rectangular determine chan-
the flow rate of water. Answer: 25.5 m /s 3
uniformly.做成，要用來均勻地輸送水經過
If the flow 13–48 rate is to A reach 4 m3/s when1.5
1-m-diameter thekm。
chan-
semicircular channel made of unfi
13–38C
velocity of 5 m/s. If the flow (a) 圓形，(b)
When flow in an open FIGURE
channel said P13–47
is critical,矩形，(c) 梯形，或 (d) 三角 nel is full, determine the minimum elevation difference
is the to be
across
uniform?
te of water. Answer: 25.5Under
Uniform
m 3
/s whatFlow conditions
and will Hydraulic
Best the flow in Cross an openSections
the channel.
ished
如果渠道滿水時的流率要達到 4 m /s，試 concrete is to transport
3 water to a distance of 1.5 k
channel remain 形？uniform? 13–48 A 1-m-diameter semicircular channel made of unfin-
uniformly. If the flow rate is to reach 4 m3/s when the cha
13–38C When is the flow in an open channel 13–49 said 求經過渠道的最小高度差。
to be uniform flow in open channels, the flow
est Hydraulic Cross13–39C
13-41CSections
Which is a better hydraulic
一個有最好的水力截面的矩形明渠的流體 ished concrete
cross section is to fortransport
an waterDuring to a distance nel is of full,
1.5 determine
km the minimum elevation difference acro
uniform? Under what conditions will the flow in
velocity an andopen the flow rate can be determined from # the
open channel: one with a small oruniformly. a large hydraulic If theradius?flow rate isManning 4 m3/s expressed
to reachequations
13-49 when
在明渠的均勻流中，流速與流率的決定可 theaschan-
the channel.
he flow in an open channel channelsaid remain
高度是其渠道寬度的 to be uniform? (a) 一半，(b) 2 倍， V0  (a/n)Rh S 0 and V 
2/3 1/2
13–40C Which is the best hydraulic nel is full, crossdetermine
section forthe an minimum(a/n)AcRelevation
2/3 1/2
h S 0 . What is
difference
13–49
the value across
and dimension
at conditions willopen thechannel:
flow in
13–39C
(c) 相等，或 an
(a) circular,open
Which(d)
(b) 1/3。isthea channel.
rectangular, better (c) hydraulic
trapezoidal, cross or section 以從曼寧方程式表示為
for
During
anequations in SI units? Also, = (a/n)of Rflow
V0uniform the
2/3con-
h S0
in open channels, the flo
1/2
rm? stant a in these velocity and the explain
flow how
rate the
can be determined from # th
(d) triangular? open channel: one with a small or a large hydraulic radius? ⋅
13-42C b 13–49 During uniform Manning
flow in 與
open = (a/n)
V channels,
coefficient n can R h2/3
A cbe
the
1/2
Sflow
0 。在這些方程式中
determined when the friction
a better hydraulic 13–41Ccross The一個底寬度
section forWhich
best hydraulic 的梯形渠道有最好的水力截
an cross section for a rectangular factor f isfor known. Manning equations expressed as V0  (a/n)Rh2/3S 01/2 and V
13–40C isvelocity
the bestand hydraulic
the flow crossrate section
can be 常數 ana 用 (a/n)A
determined from 2/3the
SI 單位表示的值和因次是什麼 1/2
open hydraulic
th a small or a large channel is one
面，其流動截面的邊長是radius?whose fluid height is (a) (a) half,
b，(b) (b) twice,
b/2，(c) 13–50 cRh # S 0 . What is the value and dimension of the co
Show orthat for uniform critical flow, the general
(c) equal to,open or (d)channel:
one-third(a) the circular,
Manning
channel (b)
width. rectangular,
equations expressed trapezoidal,
as V0  (a/n)R
呢？同時，當摩擦因子
2/3 1/2
h S
stant
0 and
a in V these
 equations in2 SI units? Also, explain how th
f 已知時，解釋曼
he best hydraulic cross (c) section
(d )2b，或 for (d)
triangular? an 3 b。 2/3 1/2 gn2yc gn
13–42C The best hydraulic cross section (a/n)A R S . What
c h for 0a trapezoidal is the value
critical and
slope dimension
relation S of
Manning
5 the con-
coefficient
reduces to Sc n5 can befordetermined when the frictio
cular, (b) rectangular, (c) trapezoidal,
13–41C Theor best hydraulic
stant a in cross
these section
equations for
in a
SI 寧係數
rectangular
units? Also, n 是如何決定的。
c
explain
factor a 2 4/3
R
how
f is
h the
known. a 2 1/3
yc
channel of base width b is one for
13-43C 在一個明渠的均勻流中，有人宣稱水頭損 film flow with b  yc. which the length of the side
edge of the open channel
flow section is b,
is (a) one whose
b/2, (c) fluid
Manning
(b) or height
coefficient
2b, (d)  !3b. nis can
(a) half,
be
13-50 (b) 證明均勻的臨界流，對
twice, when the friction b >> yc 的薄層流
determined
失可以將底面斜率乘以渠道長度來簡單的 13–50 Show that for uniform critical flow, the gener
ydraulic cross section
13–43CforDuring a rectangular
(c) equaluniform to, or flow(d)infactor
one-third
an open the channel
f ischannel,
known. someone width.13–51 A trapezoidal channel with a bottom width of 62 m,
whose fluid height is (a) free surface width of 12 m, and flow depth of 2.2 m yc
gndis- gn2
claims thathalf,
the head (b) twice,
決定。這件事可以這樣簡單嗎？解釋之。loss canbest
be determined bycrosssimply multi- 動，一般的臨界斜率關係式 critical slope
13–42C The hydraulic
13–50 Show thatsection forcharges
for uniform a trapezoidal
critical
water at flow,
a rate the
of 120 m3/s.relation
general Sc 5 of2 the
If the surfaces 4/3
reduces to Sc 5 2 1/3 for
ne-third the channel
plying width.
the bottom slope by the channel length. Can it be this a Rh a yc
13-44CExplain.
simple?
channel of base width b is one for which the length
考慮經過一個寬矩形渠道的均勻流。如果 gn 2 of the
yc are side
channel lined with asphalt gn 2 (n  0.016), determine the
criticalis slope 化簡成 film flow 。 with b   y .
ydraulic cross section foredge a trapezoidal
of the flow section (a) b,relation
(b) b/2, S(c) c 5 2b,aelevation reduces
Rh (d)  !3b.
2or4/3
drop oftotheScchannel
5 2 per
a y 1/3
for
km. Answer: 5.61 c m
13–44C Consider
b is one for which 底面斜率增加，流動深度會
the length of the uniform flow through a wide
side (a) 增加，(b)
rectangular 13–5112c mA trapezoidal channel with a bottom width of 6 m
channel. If 13–43C
the bottom slope During uniform
film flow
is increased, flow
the with
flow inbdepth
anopen yc. channel,
will 13-51someone 一個梯形渠道，底面寬度
on is (a) b, (b) b/2, (c) 2b,減小，或
(a) increase, or
(b)(d)  !3b.
decrease, (c) or維持常數。 free surface width6ofm，自由表 12 m, and flow depth of 2.2 m di
claims that the (c)
head remain
loss constant.
can be
13–51 A trapezoidal channel determined by simply
with multi-
a bottom12width of water
6 m, at a 2.2
面寬度 charges
m，且流動深度 of 120 m3/s. If the surfaces of th
ratem，以流
form flow in an 13–45
open
13-45channel, plyingsomeone
Consider the bottom
uniform
考慮均勻流通過內部鋪磚塊的明渠，其曼 flow slopethrough by the
an channel
open channellength. Can it be this
free surface width of 12 m, and flow depth 3of 2.22.2m
channel mare dis-lined with asphalt (n  0.016), determine th
oss can be determined
lined with by bricks
simply
simple? withmulti-
Explain.
a Manning coefficient of n  0.015. 3 率 120 m /s 排水。若渠道的表面鋪設瀝
If the 寧係數
Manning
n = charges
0.015。若由於藻類在表面生 water at a rate of 120 m /s. If the surfaces
elevation of the of the channel per km. Answer: 5.61 m
drop
pe by the channel length. Cancoefficient
13–44C thisdoublesuniform
it be Consider (n  0.030) as a result of
flow through a wide rectangular
channel
some algae growth on surfaces while the flow cross section are lined with asphalt (n  0.016), determine the
channel. If the bottom elevationslope is
drop increased,
of the the
channel flowper depth
km. will
Answer: 5.61 m 12 m
remains constant, the flow rate will (a) double, (b) decrease 6m
niform flow through a wide
by a factor of rectangular
(a) increase,
!2, (c) remain (b) decrease,
unchanged, or (d)(c) decrease
remain constant. by
m slope is increased, the(e)flow depth will 1/3 12 m FIGURE P13–51
half, or decrease by a factor of 2 .
13–45 Consider uniform flow through an open channel
ease, or (c) remain constant.
13–46 Water flows uniformly half-full in a 2-m-diameter 13–52 Reconsider Prob. 13–51. If the maximum 2.2 m
flow
lined with bricks with a Manning coefficient of n  0.015.
iform flow through circularanchannel
open that is
channel laid on a grade of 1.5 m/km. If the height the channel can accommodate is 3.2 m, determine the
If the Manning coefficient doubles (n  0.030) as a result of
channel is made of finished concrete, determine the flow rate maximum
2.2 m flow rate through the channel.
h a Manning coefficient of n  0.015.
of the water.some algae growth on surfaces while the flow13–53 cross section
Consider water flow through two identical channels
cient doubles (n  0.030)remains as a result of
constant, the flow rate will (a) double, (b) decrease
 Manning equations expressed as V0  (a/n)Rh2/3S 01/2 and V 
ulic cross section for an (a/n)AcRh2/3S 01/2. What is the value and dimension of the con-
ngular, (c) trapezoidal, or 4m 4m
stant a in these equations in SI units? Also, explain how the
Manning coefficient n can be determined when the friction FIGURE P13–53
section for a rectangular factor f is known.
ight is (a) half, (b) twice, 13–54 A cast iron V-shaped water channel shown in
13–50 Show that for uniform critical flow, the general Fig. P13–54 has a bottom slope of 0.5. For a flow depth of 13–59 Water
annel width.
gn2yc gn2 0.75 m at the center, determine the discharge rate in uniform uniform flow in
section for a trapezoidal critical slope relation Sc 5 2 4/3 reduces to Sc 5 2 1/3 for lined. The botto
a Rh a yc flow. Answer: 1.03 m3/s 第 13 章　明渠流
hich the length of the side 57 of the best cro
film flow with b  yc.
b/2, (c) 2b, or (d)  !3b. circular of diam
13–51 A trapezoidal channel with a bottom width of 6 m, (c) trapezoidal
n open channel, someone
free surface width of 12 m, and flow depth of 2.2 m dis-
ermined by simply multi- 青 (nat=a 0.016)，試決定每 渠道的高度
km surfaces 流動深度不能超過 1.2 m，試決定需要的
0.75 m 13–60 C
charges water rate of 120 m3/s. If the of the
nnel length. Can it be this 20° 20° a
channel are lined with asphalt (n  0.016), determine the
降。(Answer: 5.61 m) 高度差。(Answer: 3.90 m) bottom slope o
elevation drop of the channel per km. Answer: 5.61 m
hrough a wide rectangular FIGURE P13–54 y/b from 0.1 to
12 m 13-56 一個有 0.0025 的常數斜率的排水系統要 firm that the b
eased, the flow depth will
main constant. 13–55 A用精製混凝土製成的三個圓形渠道建造而
clean-earth trapezoidal channel with a bottom depth-to-width
width of 1.8 m and a side surface slope of 1:1 is to drain
hrough an open channel 成。其中兩個渠道的直徑為 1.8 of
m，並且 13–61 A recta
water uniformly at a rate of 8 m3/s to a distance 1 km. If
coefficient of n  0.015. 2.2 m is to be built t
the flow depth is not to exceed 1.2 m, determine the required
(n  0.030) as a result of 其排水都進入第三個渠道中。如果所用渠
elevation drop. Answer: 3.90 m
mine the best d
ile the flow cross section (a) unfinished c
13–56 A道在運作時都是半滿的，並且交接位置的
water draining system with a constant slope of 4.93 m  2.47
l (a) double, (b) decrease 6m 0.0025 is 損失可以忽略，試決定第三個渠道的直
to be built of three circular channels made of fin-
changed, (d) decrease by 13–62 Repeat
ished concrete. Two of the channels have a diameter of 1.8 m
21/3. FIGURE
圖 P13–51
P13-51　 and drain 徑。(Answer: 2.33 m)If all channels are to run
into the third channel. 13–63 A trap
lf-full in a 2-m-diameter 13–52 Reconsider Prob. 13–51. If the maximum flow half-full and the losses at the junction are negligible, deter- has a bottom sl
height 13-57the diameter
mine 水 在 一of個the 渠third
道中 流 動 ，Answer:
channel. 其底面 斜m率 是
2.33 face slope of 1:
grade of 1.5 m/km. If the 13-52 the重新考慮習題
channel can accommodate is 3.2 m, determine the
13-51。若渠道可以容許的
e, determine the flow rate maximum flow rate through the channel. 0.002，截面如圖 P13-57 所示。不同次區 25 m3/s, determ
13–57 Water flows in a channel whose bottom slope is
最大流動高度是 3.2 m，試決定通過渠道
13–53 Consider water flow through two identical channels 0.002 and whose cross section is as shown in Fig. P13–57.
域的截面尺寸與表面的曼寧係數也在圖上
The dimensions and the Manning coefficients for the surfaces
ly in a finished-concrete 的最大流率。
with square flow sections of 4 m  4 m. Now the two channels
n with a bottom width of are combined, forming a 8-m-wide channel. The flow rate of different給出。試決定通過渠道的流率與渠道的等
subsections are also given on the figure. Determine
13-53 考慮水流過兩個相同的矩形截面 4 m×4 the flow rate through the channel and the effective Manning
coefficient效曼寧係數。
for the channel. 45°
m 的渠道。現在結合兩個渠道，形成一
個 8 m 776
寬的渠道。流率被調整成流動深度
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
6m 10 m

is adjusted維持為
so that 4them。試決定結合兩個渠道後，流
flow depth remains constant at 4 m. 13–58
2m
1
A 2-m-internal-diameter 2
circular steel storm drain FIGURE P13–
Determine率增加的百分比。
the percent
776 increase in flow rate as a result of to discharge water uniformly at a rate of 12 m3/s
(n  0.012) is混凝土渠道
combiningOPEN-CHANNEL
the channels. FLOW to a distance of 1 km. If the maximum depth is to be 1.5 m, 13–64 Repeat
疏灌木
determine  0.014 elevation drop.
n 1required
A the
1.5 m channel with n
is adjusted so that the flow depth remains constant at 4 m. 13–58 2-m-internal-diameter circular steel nstorm drain
 0.050 2
Determine the percent increase in flow rate as a result of
7/2/13 (n
7:01 PM  0.012) is to discharge water uniformly at a rate of 12 m3/s Gradually and
combining the channels. to a distance of 21mkm. If the maximum depth is to be 1.5 m,
determine the required elevation drop. 13–65C How
4m 4m FIGURE
圖 P13–57
P13-57　 rapidly varied f
R1m
1.5 m
776 13-58 一個 2 m 內部直徑的圓形鋼製暴雨排水道
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
4 4mm 4 4mm 3
is adjusted so that the flow depth remains constant at 4 m.
=0.012) 要用來以流率
13–58 A(n2-m-internal-diameter circular1.512
R1m
steel /s 均勻的
m storm drain
m
3
Determine the 圖 percent
FIGURE
P13-53　 increase
P13–53 in flow rate as a result of (n  0.012) is
排水經過 to discharge
1 kmwater uniformly
的距離。最大水流深度是 at a rate of 12 m /s
combining the channels. to a distance of 1FIGURE km. If P13–58
the maximum depth is to be 1.5 m,
13–54 A cast iron 4 m V-shaped water 4 m channel shown in
determine 1.5 m，試決定需要的高度降。
the required elevation drop.
13-54
Fig. P13–54 一個鑄鐵的
has a bottomVslope 形水流渠道，示於圖
of 0.5. For a flow depth P13-of 13–59 Water is to be transported at a rate of 10 m3/s in
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 776
FIGURE P13–53
0.75 m at the center, determine the discharge rate in uniform uniform flow in an open channel whose surfaces are asphalt
flow. 54，具有
Answer: 1.03 m3/s 0.5° 的底面斜率。當中心的流 lined. The bottom FIGURE
slope is P13–58
0.0015. Determine the dimensions
13–54 A cast iron V-shaped water channel shown in
動深度為 0.75slope m，試決定均勻流的排水 of the best
13–59 Watercross is section
to be if the shape
transported at of the channel
a rate of 10 mis 3 (a)
/s in
Fig. P13–54 has a4 m bottom of 0.5.
4m For a flow depth of
circular of diameter D, (b) rectangular
uniform flow in an open channel whose surfaces are asphalt
R  1 m of bottom width b, and
0.75 m at the center, determine the3 discharge rate in uniform
率。(Answer: 1.03 m /s) (c) trapThe
lined. ezoidal
bottom of bottom
slope iswidth b. Determine
0.0015. 1.5 m the dimensions
flow. Answer: 1.03 m3/s
0.75 m 13–60
of the best cross Consider
section uniform
if the flow
shapein of an the
asphalt-lined
channel isrect- (a)
4 m20° 20°4 m circular of diameter angularD,channel with a flow
(b) rectangular area ofwidth
of bottom 2 m2 b,and anda
bottom
(c) trapeslope
zoidalofof0.0003.
bottom By widthvarying
b. the depth-to-width ratio
FIGURE P13–53
FIGURE P13–54 y/b
13–60 from 0.1 to 2.0,
Consider calculate
uniform flow inthe
and plot anflow rate, and rect-
asphalt-lined con-
0.75 m
firm that the best FIGURE
圖 P13-58　
flow P13–58
cross with
section occurs
13–54 A cast iron V-shaped
20° water
20° channel shown in angular channel a flow areawhen of 2 m the2 flow
and a
13–55 A clean-earth trapezoidal channel with a bottom depth-to-width
Fig. P13–54 13–59
bottom Waterslope of isratio
to beis 0.5.
0.0003. transported
By varyingatthe rate of 10 m3/sratio
a depth-to-width in
width of 1.8has m aandbottom
a side slope of 0.5.
surface slopeForofa 1:1
flowisdepth of
to drain 13-59 3
0.75 m at the center, determine the discharge rate in uniform uniform
13–61
y/b from A水要在一個明渠中以均勻的流率
flow
0.1 in
to an
rectangular
2.0, open channel
channel
calculate and whose
with a
plot the surfaces
bottomflowslope 10
are
rate,ofand mcon-
asphalt
0.0004 /s
water uniformly圖 FIGURE
at P13-54　
a rate P13–54
of 8 m 3
/s to a distance of 1 km. If
flow. Answer: 1.03 m3/s lined.
is
firm The
to that bottom
be built
the best slope
flowiscross
to transport 0.0015.
water atDetermine
sectiona rate
occursof the20
whendimensions
m 3
/s.
theDeter-
flow
the flow
13–55 Adepth is not to exceed
clean-earth trapezoidal1.2 m, determine
channel withthea required
bottom 被輸送，渠道表面鋪設瀝青，底面斜率
ofdepth-to-width
the thebestbest
cross section
mine dimensions
ratio is 0.5.ifofthe
the shape
channel ofiftheit ischannel
to be made is (a)of
elevation drop. Answer: 3.90 m
13-55of 1.8
width m and a side surface slope of 1:1 is to drain
一個乾淨泥土的梯形渠道，其底面寬 1.8 circular
13–61 A0.0015。試決定最好截面的尺寸：若渠道
of diameter
(a) unfinished concrete
rectangular
D, (b) andrectangular
channel (b) with
finished of bottom
concrete.
a bottom
width b, and
slopeAnswer:
of 0.0004 (a)
13–56 A water atdraining
water uniformly a rate ofsystem
8 m3/swith a constant
to a distance of slope
1 km. ofIf (c) trapmezoidal
4.93  2.47ofm,bottom (b) 4.66 width
m b.2.33 m 3
m 且邊牆坡度為 1:1，要用來以流率 8 is to be built to transport
的形狀是 (a) 直徑 D 的圓形，(b) 底部寬 water at a rate of 20 m /s. Deter- b
0.0025
the flowisdepth
to be isbuilt
not toof exceed
three circular
1.2 channels made
m, determine of fin-
the required
0.75 m 13–60
13–62
mine theRepeat bestConsider uniform
Prob. 13–61
dimensions forflow
of the a flowin an
channel if asphalt-lined
rate itofis17
to mbe3/s.
made rect-of
ished concrete.
elevation 3 Two
drop. of
Answer:
m /s 均勻地排水經過 the
3.90channels
m have a diameter of 1.8 m
20°1 km 的距離。如果 (a) unfinished的矩形，與 angular
concrete (c) 底部寬
channel
and with
(b) b 的梯形。
a flow
finished area of 2 m 2
and (a) a
ofconcrete.
20° Answer:
and drain 13–63 A trapezoidal channel made unfinished concrete
13–56 A into
waterthedraining
third channel.
system Ifwith all achannels
constantareslopeto run
of bottom slope
4.93ambottom 2.47 ofslope
0.0003.
m, (b) 4.66 Bybase
mvarying
2.33 the
 width mof depth-to-width ratio
half-full has of 1, 5 m, and a side sur-
0.0025 isand to bethebuilt
lossesof at the circular
three junctionchannels
are negligible,
made of deter-
fin- y/b from 0.1ofto1:1,2.0,ascalculate and plot the flow rate, and con-
mine FIGURE P13–54 13–62
face slopeRepeat Prob. shown
13–61infor Fig. P13–63.
a flow rate Forof 17 a flow
m3/s.rate of
ished the diameter
concrete. Twoofofthethethird channel.
channels have Answer:
a diameter2.33 m
of 1.8 m firm that
3 the best flow cross section occurs when the flow
13–55 AWater
clean-earth 25 m /s, determine
13–63 A trapezoidal the normal depth h.
channel made of unfinished concrete
13–57
and drain into flows
the third intrapezoidal
a channelIfchannel
channel. whose with aareslope
bottom
all channels bottom is
to run depth-to-width ratio is 0.5.
width
0.002 of
and1.8
half-full and mtheand
whose a side
cross
losses surface
section
at the is asslope
junction areofnegligible,
shown 1:1Fig.
in is toP13–57.
drain
deter- has a bottom slope of 1, base width of 5 m, and a side sur-
3 13–61 A rectangular channel with a bottom slope of 0.0004
water
The uniformly
minedimensions
the diameter at
andaofthe
rate of
theManning 8m
third /scoefficients
channel.to a distance for of
Answer: the1surfaces
2.33 km.
m If face slope of 1:1, as shown in Fig. P13–63. For a flow rate of
is to be built to transport water at a rate of 20 m3/s. Deter-
the
of flow depth
different is not to exceed
subsections are also 1.2
given m, ondetermine
the theDetermine
figure. required 25 m3/s, determine the normal depth h.
13–57 Water flows in a channel whose bottom slope is mine the best dimensions of the channel if it is to be made of
elevation
the flow drop.through
andrate
whose crossthesection channel is and the effective
in Fig. Manning
Answer: 3.90 m
0.002 as shown P13–57. (a) unfinished concrete and h (b) finished concrete. Answer: (a)
coefficient
13–56
The dimensionsfor the
A water andchannel.
draining system coefficients
the Manning with a constant for theslope of
surfaces 45° 45°
4.93 m  2.47 m, (b) 4.66 m  2.33 m
 as a result of (n  0.012) is to discharge water uniformly at a rate of 12 m3/s
to a distance of 1 km. If the maximum depth is to be 1.5 m,
determine the required elevation drop.

R1m
1.5 m
58 流體力學

13-60 考慮一個表面鋪有瀝青的矩形渠道中的
FIGURE P13–58 13-69C 次臨界流是否可能經歷一個水躍？解釋
nel shown in 2
13–59 Water均勻流。其流動面積
is to be transported at2a m rate 且底面斜率
of 10 m3/s in 之。
a flow depth of
rate in uniform uniform flow in an open channel whose surfaces
0.0003，藉著變動深寬比 y/b 從 are0.1
asphalt
到 13-70C 為什麼水躍有時候會被用來消耗機械能？
lined. The bottom slope is 0.0015. Determine the dimensions
of the best2.0，試計算並畫出流率，並證實最好的
cross section if the shape of the channel is (a) 水躍的能量耗散比是如何定義的？
circular of diameter
流動截面發生在深寬比為D, (b) rectangular of bottom
0.5 時。 width b, and
(c) trapezoidal of bottom width b. 13-71C 考慮水穩定地在一個矩形截面的水平渠道
13-61
13–60 一個矩形渠道，其底面斜率 0.0004 要建
Consider uniform flow in an asphalt-lined rect- 中的流動。如果流動是次臨界的，在流動
2
angular channel
造來以流率 20 mwith
3 a flow area of 2 m and a
/s 輸送水。試決定渠道
bottom slope of 0.0003. By varying the depth-to-width ratio 方向的流動深度會 (a) 增加，(b) 維持常
的最好的尺寸：若渠道要由
y/b from 0.1 to 2.0, calculate and plot the flow(a) 粗製混凝
rate, and con- 數，或 (c) 減小。
firm that the best flow cross section occurs when the flow
with a bottom 土與 (b) 精製混凝土建造而成。(Answer:
depth-to-width ratio is 0.5. 13-72C 考慮水穩定在一個下坡的矩形截面的渠道
1:1 is to drain
13–61 A(a) 4.93 m×2.47
rectangular channelm, (b)a 4.66
with m×2.33
bottom m)
slope of 0.0004 中流動。如果流動是次臨界的並且流動深
nce of 1 km. If 3
is to be built to transport water at a rate of 20 m /s. Deter-
ne the required 13-62the best
mine 對一個 17 mof3 /s
dimensions the的流率，重做習題
channel if it is to be made13-of 度大於正常深度 (y > y n)，則在流動方向
(a) unfinished
61。 concrete and (b) finished concrete. Answer: (a)
nstant slope of 的流動深度會 (a) 增加，(b) 維持常數，
4.93 m  2.47 m, (b) 4.66 m  2.33 m
s made of fin- 13-63 Repeat
一個由粗製混凝土製成的渠道，底面斜 或 (c) 減小。
13–62 Prob. 13–61 for a flow rate of 17 m3/s.
meter of 1.8 m
nels are to run 13–63 A率為 1°，底面寬度
trapezoidal 5 m，且有
channel made 1:1 的斜率
of unfinished concrete 13-73C 考慮水穩定在一個水平的矩形截面的渠道
gligible, deter- has a bottom slope of 1, base width of 5 m, and a side sur-
的邊牆，如圖 P13-63 所示。若流率為 25 中流動。如果流動是超臨界的，則在流動
er: 2.33 m face slope of 1:1, as shown in Fig. P13–63. For a flow rate of
ottom slope is m3/s，試決定正常深度
25 m3/s, determine the normal depth h.h。 方向的流動深度會 (a) 增加，(b) 維持常
n Fig. P13–57.
數，或 (c) 減小。
for the surfaces
ure. Determine 13-74C 考慮水穩定地在一個下坡的矩形截面的渠
ective Manning h
45° 45° 道中流動。如果流動是次臨界的且流動深
m 度小於正常深度 (y < y n)，則在流動方向
5m
的流動深度會 (a) 增加，(b) 維持常數，
FIGURE P13–63
圖 P13-63　 或 (c) 減小。
13–64 Repeat Prob. 13–63 for a weedy excavated earth 13-75 水在一個 90° 的 V 形鑄鐵渠道中以流率 3
13-64 對 n=0.030 的長草土渠道，重做習題 13-
n 2  0.050 channel with n  0.030.
63。 m3/s 流動，底面斜率是 0.002。試決定此
Gradually and Rapidly Varied Flows and Hydraulic Jump
13–65C How does gradually varied flow (GVF) differ from
流動的渠道斜率應該被分類為溫和的、臨
漸變流、急變流與水躍
rapidly varied flow (RVF)? 界的或陡峭的。(Answer: 溫和的)
13-65C 漸變流與急變流是如何不同的？
13-76 考慮水在一個斜率 0.4° 的鋪磚寬渠道中
13-66C 非均勻流或變速流是如何與均勻流不同 的均勻流。若渠道被分類為陡峭的，決定
的？ 其流動深度的範圍。
13-67C 有人宣稱與表面壁剪力有關的摩擦損失在 13-77 考慮水在一個 3.5 m 寬，底面斜率 0.5° 的
分析急變流時可以忽略，但在分析漸變流 7/2/13 7:01 PM 粗製混凝土矩形渠道中流動。如果流率
時應該考慮。你同意這個聲明嗎？為你的 是 8.5 m3/s，試決定此渠道的斜率是溫和
答案辯護。 的、臨界的或陡峭的。同時，若流動深
13-68C 考慮水穩定地在一個上坡的矩形截面的渠 度為 0.9 m，分類當流動發展時的表面形
道中流動。如果流動是超臨界的，在流動 狀。
方向的流動深度會 (a) 增加，(b) 維持常 13-78 水均勻地在一個精製混凝土表面的矩形
數，或 (c) 減小。 渠道中流動。渠道寬度 3 m，流動深度
 第 13 章　明渠流 59

1.2 m，與底面斜率 0.002，試決定對此流 其次，一個水壩被建置 (在 x = 0)，為的

動，渠道應該被分類為溫和的、臨界的或 是在上游圍出一個水庫。這升高了上游的
陡峭的。 777 水面形狀，並創造出一個“背水”線 (圖
CHAPTER 13
777 P13-82)。恰在水壩上游的新的水深是 2.5
r varied flow differ from CHAPTER 13

r varied flow differ from m。試決定在水壩上游的水庫可以延伸

ctional losses associated 多遠。你可以考慮水庫的邊界是當水深
neglected in the analysis
ctional losses associated 與原來均勻的水深在 5% 以內的範圍。
e considered in the analy-
neglected in the analysis y  1.2 m
ou agree with this claim?
e considered in the analy-
y  1.2 m
(Answer:778
3500 m)
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
ou agree with this claim?
water in an upward-sloped 之前
. If the flow is supercriti-
water in an upward-sloped b3m where the max
e, (b) remain constant, or
. If the flow is supercriti- b3m
yn the crest of th
e, (b) remain constant, or FIGURE
圖 P13-78　 P13–78 and plot the c
tical flow to undergo a FIGURE P13–78 the normal dep
13-79
13–79 水從一個水閘門排入一個 8 m 寬的水平矩
Water discharging into an 8-m-wide rectangular over the range
itical flow to undergo a behavior of t
ump sometimes used to horizontal channel from a sluice gate is observed
形渠道中，並被觀察到經歷一個水躍。水
13–79 Water discharging into an 8-m-wide rectangular scheme presen
is the energy dissipation to have undergone a hydraulic jump. The flow depth and
ump sometimes used to horizontal channel from a sluice gate is observed
躍之前的流動深度與流速分別是
velocity before 1.2 m 與
the jump are 1.2 m and 9 m/s, respectively. 之後 13–86
is the energy dissipation to have undergone a hydraulic jump. The flow depth and
Determine (a) the flow depth and the Froude number after
f water in a horizontal 9 m/s。試求
velocity before are 水躍之後的流動深度與福
the jump (a) 1.2 m and 9 m/s, respectively.
the jump, (b) the head loss and the dissipation ratio, and (c) the and a Manning
n. If the flow is subcriti- Determine (a) the flow depth and the Froude number after
勞數，(b) 水頭損失與耗散比，及 prised of a 10
(c) 水
and the dissipation ratio, and(c)
f water in a horizontal mechanical energy dissipated by the hydraulic jump. yn
e, (b) remain constant, or the jump, (b) the head loss the
n. If the flow is subcriti- lowed by a 1
mechanical energy dissipated by the hydraulic jump.
躍所消散的機械能。
e, (b) remain constant, or (a) Calculate
f water in a downward- channel segme
V1  9 m/s V2 calculate and
ss section. If the flow is y2
f water in a downward- 200 m extent
greater than the normal V1  9 m/sy 1  1.2 m V2
ss section. If the flow is y2 segments (M1
l (a) increase, (b) remain x0
greater than the normal y 1  1.2 m
direction.
l (a) increase, (b) remain (1) (2)
fdirection.
water in a horizontal y0
. If the flow is supercriti- (1)P13–79
FIGURE (2) FIGURE
圖 P13–82
P13-82　
f water in a horizontal
e, (b) remain constant, or FIGURE P13–79
. If the flow is supercriti- 圖 P13-79　
e, (b) remain constant, or 13–80 Consider the flow of water in a 10-m-wide channel 13–83 Water
13-83 水以流動深度flowing in a56
wide
cmhorizontal
在一個寬的矩形渠道 channel at a flow
at a rate of 70 m3/s and a flow depth of 0.50 m. The water depth of 56 cm and an average velocity of 9 m/s undergoes a x0
f water in a downward- 13–80 Consider the flow of water in a 10-m-wide channel
ss section. If the flow is 13-80
now 考慮水在一個
undergoes a hydraulic10 m 寬的渠道中以流率
jump, and the flow depth after 70 hydraulic中以 m/s 的平均速度流動，並經歷一個
jump.9Determine the head loss associated with the
f water in a downward- at a rate of 70 m3/s and a flow depth of 0.50 m. The water hydraulic水躍。試求與此水躍相關的水頭損失。
jump.
ss than the normal depth the jump is 3measured to be 4 m. Determine the mechanical
ss section. If the flow is m /s 流動，流動深度為
now undergoes a hydraulic jump, and the
power wasted during this jump. Answer: 4.35 MW
0.50 m。現在水
flow depth after
increase, (b) remain con- the jump is measured to be 4 m. Determine the mechanical 13–84 During a hydraulic jump in a wide channel, the flow
ss than the normal depth 經歷一個水躍，且水躍後的流動深度經量 13-84 在一個寬渠道的一個水躍中，水流深度從
ection. 13–81 The
power wasted flow depth
during thisand velocity
jump. of water
Answer: after undergo-
4.35 MW depth increases from 0.6 to 3 m. Determine the velocities and
increase, (b) remain con-
ing a hydraulic
測為 jump are measured to be 1.1 m and 1.75 m/s, Froude numbers
0.6 增加至 before3and after the jump, and the energy
m。試決定水躍之前與之後
V-shaped
ection. cast iron channel 13–81 The flow4 depth
m。試決定這個水躍所浪費的機械
and velocity of water after undergo- FIGURE P13–8
te of 3 m3/s. Determine if respectively. Determine the flow depth and velocity before dissipation ratio.
ing a hydraulic jump are measured to be 1.1 m and 1.75 m/s,
V-shaped cast iron channel
classified 3as mild, critical, the jump, 能。(Answer:
and the fraction of 4.35 MW) energy dissipated.
mechanical 13–85 的速度和福勞數，以及能量耗散比。
Consider gradually varied flow over a bump in
te of 3 m /s. Determine if respectively. Determine the flow depth and velocity before
13–82 Consider uniform flow ofenergy
waterdissipated.
in a wide a wide channel, as shown in Fig. P13–85. The 13–87
classified as mild, critical, the jump, and the fraction
13-81 水在經過一個水躍以後的流動深度與速度 of mechanical 13-85 考慮漸變流通過在一個寬渠道的突起，如
ow in a wide brick chan- rectangular channel with a per-unit-width initial flow velocity is 0.75 m/s, the initial flow depth is 1 m,
13–82 Consider uniform flow of water in a wide
range of flow depth for flow rate 經量測分別為
of 1.5 m3/sm and1.1 m 與 1.75
a Manning m/s。試求水
coefficient
rectangular channel with a per-unit-width
of 0.03. the Manning圖 P13-85
parameter所示。起始速度是 0.75
is 0.02, and the elevation m/s，
of the chan- 13–88 W
ow in a wide brick chan- The slope of the channel is 0.0005. (a) Calculate the normal nel bottom is prescribed to be d
eing steep. 3
of 1.5 m /sm and a Manning coefficient of 0.03.
flow rate 躍之前的流動深度與速度，及消耗的機械 起始水流深度是 1 m，曼寧參數是 0.02，
range of flow depth for and critical depths of the flow and determine if the uniform with the ideal
er through
eing steep. a 3.5-m-wide The slope of the channel is 0.0005. (a) Calculate the normal
flow is subcritical
能的比例。 or supercritical. (b) Next, a dam is 而渠道底面的高度被描述為 help locate the
nnel with a bottom slope and critical depths of the flow and determine if the uniform
er through a 3.5-m-wide installed (at x  0) in order to impound a reservoir of water Consider a jum
determine if the slope of flow is subcritical or supercritical. (b) Next, a dam is
nnel with a bottom slope 13-82 考慮水在一個寬矩形渠道中的均勻流動，
upstream. This raises the water surface profile upstream,
installed (at x  0) in order to impound a reservoir of water zb = Δzb exp[−0.001(x − 100)2] laboratory flum
ep. Also, for a flow depth creating a “backwater” curve (Fig. P13–82). The new water
determine if the slope of upstream. This raises the water surface m 3/s ⋅upstream,
profile
e while the flow develops.
ep. Also, for a flow depth depth just其每單位寬度的流率為
upstream of the dam is 2.5 m.1.5 Determine 且曼
mhow far
creating a “backwater” curve (Fig. P13–82). The new water y1 其中最大的凸起高度
1m Δzb 等於 0.15 m，而
e rectangular channel
while the flow with
develops. upstream 寧係數為
of the dam the “reservoir” extends. You0.0005。
0.03，渠道的斜率為 may con-
depth just upstream of the dam is 2.5 m. Determine how far
nel width is 3 m, the flow sider the reservoir boundary to be the point at which the
upstream (a)
of the dam the “reservoir” extends. You may con- 凸起的頂點位於 x = 100 處。(a) 計算並畫
rectangular channel with
is 0.002. Determine if the water depth is計算此流動的正常與臨界深度，並且
within 5% of the original uniform water
nel width is 3 m, the flow sider the reservoir boundary to be the point at which the 出此流動的臨界深度及 (在其存在的地方)
ritical, or steep for this flow. depth. Answer: 3500 m
決定此流動是次臨界的或超臨界的。(b)
is 0.002. Determine if the water depth is within 5% of the original uniform water
ritical, or steep for this flow. depth. Answer: 3500 m
x0
y0  0.01 m
x0
100 m

FIGURE P13–85 FIGURE P13–

7/2/13 7:01 PM
 behavior of the free surface in light of the classification
scheme
y presented in Table 13–3.
FIGURE P13–82 0
13–86 Consider a wide rectangular water channel
with a per-unit-width flow rate of 5 m3/sm
13–83 Water flowing in a wide horizontal channel at a flow and a Manning coefficient of n  0.02. The channel is com-
depth of 56 cm yand an average velocity of 9 m/s undergoes a x0
n
prised of a 100 m length having a slope of S01  0.01 fol-
hydraulic jump. Determine the head loss associated with the lowed by a 100 m length having a slope of S02  0.02.
hydraulic jump. (a) Calculate the normal and critical depths for the two
60 During a 流
13–84 hydraulic
體 力 jump
學 in a wide channel, the flow channel segments. (b) Given an initial water depth of 1.25 m,
depth increases from 0.6 to 3 m. Determine the velocities and calculate and graph the water surface profile over the full
Froude numbers before and after the jump, and the energy 200 m extent of the channel. Also classify the two channel
dissipation ratio. x0 FIGURE P13–86
segments (M1, A2, etc.).
13–85 流動的正常深度，(b) 在範圍
Consider gradually varied 0 ≤ ax ≤
flow over 200
bump in 發生位置。考慮在一個寬的 (Rh ≈ y) 水平
a wide GVF
channel, as shown in Fig. P13–85.13-3The 13–87 Repeat Problem 13–86 for the case of an initial
m，積分 方程式，並根據對表 y0 (S0 =water
0) 實驗室引水槽
depth of 0.75 m (其長度
instead of 31.25
m，曼寧
initial flow FIGURE
velocity P13–82
is 0.75 m/s, the initial flow depth is 1 m, m.
the Manning分類方法的了解，對觀察到的自由表面的
parameter is 0.02, and the elevation of the chan- 13–88 係數While
0.009) 中所創造的一個水躍。在領
the GVF equation cannot be used to pre-
13–83
nel bottom is prescribed
Water flowing intoa wide
be horizontal channel at a flow dict a hydraulic jump directly, it can be coupled
行為加以評論。 0 頭閘門下
x = 0 處有一個起始深度 0.01 m
depth of 56 cm and an average velocity of 9 m/s undergoes a x  the
with ideal hydraulic jump depth ratio equation in order to
hydraulic jump. Determine the head loss associated with the help locate the position at which a jump willx =
的超臨界流。在尾端閘門 3 min 處，則
occur a channel.
hydraulic jump. Consider a jump created in a wide (Rh  y) horizontal (S0  0)
13–84 During a hydraulic jump in a wide channel, the flow laboratory導致出口水深度為
flume having a length 0.08ofm。每單位寬度的
3 m and a Manning
depth increases from 0.6 to 3 m. Determine the velocities and 流率為 0.025 m3/s ⋅ m。(a) 計算此流動的
Froude ynumbers before and after the jump, and the energy
11m 臨界深度，並證明起始與最後的流動分別
dissipation ratio. FIGURE P13–86
13–85 Consider gradually varied flow over a bump in 是超臨界與次臨界的。(b) 決定水躍的位
a wide channel, as shown in Fig. P13–85. The 13–87 Repeat Problem 13–86 for the case of an initial
置。提示：積分 GVF
Jump
water depth of 0.75 m instead = 0m.到一個
方程式ofx1.25
initial flow velocity is 0.75 m/s, the initial flow depth is 1 m,
the Manning parameter is 0.02, and the elevation of the chan- 13–88 水躍的“猜測”位置，應用水躍的深度比
While the GVF equation cannot be used to pre-
x0 y  0.08 m
nel bottom is prescribed to be m dict a hydraulic jump
y0  0.01 方程式，再積分 GVFdirectly, it canf be coupled
方程式使用此新的
with the ideal hydraulic jump depth ratio equation in order to
zb  zb exp[0.001(x100)2] help locate起始條件從水躍位置到
x the x =occur
 0position at which a jump will 3 m。如果你 x3
in a channel.
where the maximum bump 100 m height z is equal to 0.15 m and Consider a jump created in a wide (Rh  y) horizontal (S0  0)
laboratory沒有得到期望的溢流深度，重試一個新的
b
the crest of the bump is located at x  100 m. (a) Calculate flume having a length of 3 m and a Manning
FIGURE
圖the P13–85
P13-85　 FIGURE P13–88
and plot critical depth of the flow and (where it exists) 水躍位置。(Answer: 1.80 m)
the normal coefficient
coefficient of
of 0.009.
0.009. The
The supercritical
supercritical flow
flow under
under the
the head
head gate
gate value.
value. (a)
(a) Calcula
Calcul
y1  depth
1 m of the flow. (b) Integrate the GVF equation
13-86
over 考 慮0 一
the range 個 x 寬 的m,
200 矩and形水 渠道，
comment on 其
the 每 單 位has
observedhas an initial depth of 0.01 m at x  0. The tailgate results in
an initial depth of 0.01 m at x  0. The tailgate results in an
an for
for the two
the two distin
distin
behavior of the free surface in 3light of the classificationoverflow
overflow depth
depth3 of
of 0.08
0.08 m
m at  33 m.
at xx  m. The
The per-unit-width
per-unit-width flow
flow ually
ually varied
varied flow
flow
寬度的流率為 5 m /s ⋅ m 而曼寧係數為
scheme presented in Table 13–3. rate is 0.025 m 3/sm. (a) Calculate the critical depth of the flow
rate is 0.025 m /sm. (a) Calculate the critical depth of the flow Plot
Plot your
your solutio
soluti
n =Consider Jump
水躍final flows are supercritical and
13–86 0.02。這個渠道的前 100 m
a wide rectangular 長有一個
water and
channel
and verify
verify that
that the
the initial
initial and
and final flows are supercritical and behavior
behavior ofof the
the w
w
S01x =with a per-unit-width flow rate of 5 m3/sm
00.01 的斜率，後 100 m 長則有一個 subcritical,
subcritical, respectively.
respectively. (b)(b) Determine
Determine the the yflocation
location of the
 0.08 m of the
and a Manning coefficient of n  0.02. The channel is com- hydraulic jump.
y0  0.01 m Hint: integrate the GVF equation from x  0 to
prised of Sa 02 100=778
0.02
m 的斜率。(a)
length having a slope計算這兩個渠道 hydraulic jump. Hint: integrate the GVF equation from x  0 to
of S01  0.01 fol-
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd a “guessed” location of
of the
the jump,
jump, apply
apply thethe jump
jump depth-ratio 7/2/13 7:01 PM
lowed by a 100 m length having a slope of S02  0.02.a “guessed” xlocation 0 depth-ratio
x3
段的正常與臨界深度。(b) 若起始水深為 equation, and integrate the GVF equation
(a) Calculate the normal and critical depths for the twoequation, and integrate the GVF equation using this new initial
100 m using this new initial
channel segments.
1.25 P13–85 (b) Given an initial water depth
m，計算並畫出渠道整個 200ofm1.25
長度 condition
m,
condition from
from the
the jump
jump location
location toto xx  33 m.
m. If If you
you do
do not
not yyn1
FIGURE obtain圖FIGURE
P13-88　
the P13–88
desired overflow depth, try a new jump loca- n1
calculate and graph the water surface profile over the full obtain the desired overflow depth, try a new jump loca-
200 m extent範圍內的水面形狀，並分類這兩個渠道段
of the channel. Also classify the two channel tion. Answer:
Answer: 1.80
tion. 13-89 1.80 mm
segments (M1、A2
(M1, A2, etc.).等)。 考慮漸變流方程式：
13–89
13–89 Consider
Consider thethe gradually
gradually varied
varied flow
flow equation,
equation, 00 xx
dy S 2 S
y0 dy 5 S00 2 Sff
dx 5 1 2 Fr 22
dx 1 2 Fr FIGURE
FIGURE P13–9
P13–9
annel at a flow For
x0
m/s undergoes a725-786_cengel_ch13.indd For the
the case
case of aa wide
wide rectangular
rectangular channel,
對一個寬矩形渠道的情況，證明此方程式
of channel, show
show that
that this
this can
can
778
be reduced to the
the following form, which explicitly shows the
following
be reduced to可以簡化成以下的形式，其可明顯地展示 form, which explicitly shows 7/2/13
the
7:01 PM
ciated with the
importance
importance of the
the relationship between y, yyn,, and yyc:: Flow
ofy、y relationship between
n 與 yc 之間關係的重要性：
y, n and c Flow Control
Control and
and
annel, the flow 13–92C
13–92C What i
What
e velocities and 10/3
and the energy dy 5 SS00[1
dy [1 22 ((yynn/y)
/y)10/3]] the
the sharp-crested
sharp-crested
5 11 2 3
FIGURE P13–86
圖 P13-86　 dx
dx 2 ((yycc /y)
/y)3 13–93C
13–93C What What ii
over a bump in crested
crested weir use
weir use
13–87
13-87 Repeat Problem 13–86
對一個起始水深 0.75 for the case of1.25
m (而不是 an initial
m)13–90 Consider
g. P13–85. The 13–90
water depth of 0.75 m instead of 1.25 m. 13-90 Consider gradually
考慮水在一個 gradually varied
varied flow
6 m 寬的矩形渠道中的漸 flow ofof water
water inin channel?
channel?
w depth is 1 m,
的情況，重做習題 13-86。 a
a 6-m
6-m wide
wide rectangular
rectangular channel with
3 channel with a flow
a flow
on of the chan- 13–88 While the GVF equation cannot be used to pre- 變流，其流率為
3 8.5 m /s，曼寧係數為 13–94C
13–94C For For sluslu
rate
rate of
of 8.5
8.5 mm3/s/s and
and aa Manning
Manning coefficient
coefficient of of 0.008.
0.008. TheThe
13-88 雖然 dictGVF
a hydraulic jump directly, it can be coupled
方程式不能直接用來預測水 slope of the channel
0.008。渠道的斜率是is 0.01, and at the
0.01，且在location x =xx 0的0, the Cd defined? Wha
C d defined? Wha
slope of the channel is 0.01, and at the location  0, the with
with the ideal hydraulic jump depth ratio equation in order to
mean flow speed is measured to be 1.6 m/s. Determine the with free
free outflow
outflow
help locate躍，但它可以和理想的水躍深度比方程式
the position at which a jump will occur in a channel.mean flow speed is measured to be 1.6 m/s.
位置，量測到的平均流速是 1.6Determine
m/s。決 the frictionless
classification of frictionless flow
flow
jump created in a wide (Rh  y) horizontal (S0  0)
Consider a結合，目的是幫助定位水躍在渠道中的 of the
the water
water surface
classification定水面形狀的類別，並且藉由數值積分 surface profile,
profile, and,
and, by
by integrating
integrating
laboratory flume having a length of 3 m and a Manning the
the GVF equation numerically, calculate the flow depth
GVF equation numerically, calculate the flow depth yy at
at 13–95C Consid
13–95C Consid
(a) x  150 m, (b) 300 m, and (c)
(a) x  150 m, (b) 300 m, and (c) 600 m. 600 m. height
height zz in
in aa ho
h
the flow depth
the flow depth
as
as the
the fluid
fluid flow
flow
yy subcritical.
subcritical.
Jump yy0 13–96C
13–96C Consid
Consid
0
subcritical
subcritical flow
flow ii
yf  0.08 m
y0  0.01 m
the
the flow depth de
flow depth de
V  1.6
V00  1.6 m/s
m/s increased.
increased. What
What
x0 x3
 importance of the relationship between y, yn, and yc: Flow Control and Measurement in Channels
13–92C What is a sharp-crested weir? On what basis are
dy S0 [1 2 ( yn /y)10/3] the sharp-crested weirs classified?
5
dx 1 2 ( yc /y)3 13–93C What is the basic principle of operation of a broad-
crested weir used to measure flow rate through an open
13–90 Consider gradually varied flow of water in channel?
a 6-m wide rectangular channel with a flow
13–94C For sluice gates, how is the discharge coefficient
rate of 8.5 m3/s and a Manning coefficient of 0.008. The
slope of the channel is 0.01, and at the location x  0, the
Cd defined? What are typical 13 章　明渠流
第values of Cd for sluice61
gates
with free outflow? What is the value of Cd for the idealized
mean flow speed is measured to be 1.6 m/s. Determine the
frictionless flow through the gate?
classification of the water surface profile, and, by integrating
the GVF equation numerically, calculate the flow depth y at 13–95C Consider steady frictionless flow over a bump of
GVF 方程式，計算流動深度在 (a) x = 150
(a) x  150 m, (b) 300 m, and (c) 600 m.
13-95C in a horizontal channelbof的水平渠道中的穩
height z考慮在一個等寬度 constant width b. Will
m，(b) 300 m，與 (c) 600 m。 the flow定無摩擦的流動，通過一個高度
depth y increase, decrease, or remainΔzconstant
的凸
as the fluid flows over the bump? Assume the flow to be
起。當流體流過凸起時，流動深度將會增
subcritical.
y
y0 13–96C 加、減小或維持著常數？假設流動是次臨
Consider the flow of a liquid over a bump during
subcritical flow in an open channel. The specific energy and
界的。
the flow depth decrease over the bump as the bump height is
V0  1.6 m/s increased.考慮在一個明渠中液體流過一個凸起的次
What will the character of flow be when the spe-
13-96C
cific energy reaches its minimum value? Will the flow become
x 臨界流。當凸起高度增加時，凸起上的比
0 supercritical if the bump height is increased even further?
S0  0.01 13–97C 能量與流動深度減小。當比能量達到其最
Draw a flow depth-specific energy diagram for
flow through underwater gates, and indicate the flow through
FIGURE
圖 P13–90
P13-90　 the gate 小值時，流動的特性會是什麼？若凸起高
for cases of (a) frictionless gate, (b) sluice gate
with free度再被增加時，流動是否會變成超臨界
outflow, and (c) sluice gate with drowned outflow
13–91 Consider gradually varied flow of water in a
(including the hydraulic jump back to subcritical flow).
13-91 考慮水在一個寬矩形灌溉渠道中的漸變
wide rectangular irrigation channel with a per- 的？
unit-width flow rate of 5m3/sm, a slope of 0.01, and a Man- 13–98 Consider uniform water flow in a wide rectangular
流，其每單位寬度的流率為
ning coefficient of 0.02. The flow is initially5 mat3/s ⋅ m，
uniform 13-97C
channel with a depth of 2 m made of unfinished concrete laid
為流過底流閘門的水流畫一個流動深度—
depth. At 斜率為
a given 0.01，而曼寧係數為
location, x  0, the flow0.02。流動起
enters a 200m on a slope of 0.0022. Determine the flow rate of water per m
length of channel where lack of maintenance has resulted in width of 比能量圖，並指示通過閘門的流動。考慮
channel. Now water flows over a 15-cm-high bump.
a channel始時是在均勻的深度。在一個給定的位
roughnness of 0.03. Following this stretch of If the water surface over the
以下情形：(a) bump remains flat有自由出
無摩擦閘門，(b) (no rise or
channel, the
置，x roughness returns to the initial
= 0，流動進入一個 200 (maintained)
m 長的渠 drop), determine the change in discharge rate of water per
口的水閘門，與 (c) 有沉沒出口的水閘門
道，由於缺少維護，導致渠道的粗糙度變 (包括水躍變成次臨界流)。
成 0.03，經過這段渠道以後，粗糙度回
779
CHAPTER 13 13-98 考慮在一個寬的矩形渠道中的均勻水流，
復成起始的 (有維護) 值。(a) 為這兩個不
l flow under the head gate value. (a) Calculate the normal and critical depths of the flow 其深度為 2 m，是由粗製混凝土製成，其
0. The tailgate results in an for the two同的流段，計算流動的正常與臨界深度。
distinct segments. (b) Numerically solve the grad-
m. The per-unit-width flow ually varied flow equation over the range 0  x  400 m. 底面斜率為 0.0022。試決定每 m 渠道寬
(b) 用數值方法求解漸變流方程式，範圍
e critical depth of the flow Plot your solution (i.e., y vs. x) and comment about the 度的水流率。現在水流過一個 15 cm 高的
0≤
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 779
flows are supercritical and behavior of ≤ 400surface.
thex water m。將你的結果畫圖 (即，y 相 7/2/13 7:01 PM

mine the location of the 凸起。如果在凸起上的水面維持平的 (沒

VF equation from x  0 to 對 x) 並評論水面的行為。
有上升或下降)，試決定每米渠道寬度的
pply the jump depth-ratio
ation using this new initial 排水率變化。(提示：探討凸起上平直的
o x  3 m. If you do not yn1
, try a new jump loca- 粗糙 光滑 水面物理上是否可能。)
780
平面 平面 OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
13-99 在一個寬渠道中流動的水流遭遇到在渠道
meter width of the channel. (Hint: Investigate if a flat surface not to exceed
ed flow equation, 0 over the bump is physically
x 200 m 200 m 底部的一個 22 possible.)
cm 高的凸起。如果在凸起 the weir.
Sf 13–99 Water flowing in a wide
之前的水流深度是 1.2 mchannel
且速度是 encounters
2.5 m/s，a 13–103 The
Fr 2 FIGURE P13–91 22-cm-high bump at the bottom of the channel. If the flow channel is bein
圖 P13-91　 決定凸起上的流動是否阻塞了，並討論
depth is 1.2 m and the velocity is 2.5 m/s before the bump, rectangular we
hannel, show that this can determine if the flow is choked over the bump, and discuss. depth upstream
which explicitly shows the 之。
een y, yn, and yc:
渠道中的流動控制與量測 Answer: 66.8 m
Flow Control and Measurement in Channels
凸起上方的
13-92C 什麼是銳緣堰？在什麼基礎上銳緣堰被分
13–92C What is a sharp-crested weir? On what basis are 凹面
10/3
/y) ] the sharp-crested weirs classified?
類？
/y)3 13–93C What is the basic principle of operation of a broad-
13-93Cweir
crested 寬頂堰被用來量測經過一個明渠的流率的
used to measure flow rate through an open y1  1.2 m y2 V1
varied flow of water in channel? zb  0.22 m
ular channel with a flow 操作的基本原理是什麼？
13–94C For sluice gates, how is the discharge coefficient
coefficient of 0.008. The 13-94C
C d defined? What are typical values of CC
對一個水閘門，排水係數 是如何定義
d dfor sluice gates
at the location x  0, the V1  2.5 m/s 凸起物
with free outflow? What is the value of Cd for the idealized
e 1.6 m/s. Determine the 的？水閘門自由排水的 Cd 的典型值是什
frictionless flow through the gate?
rofile, and, by integrating 圖 P13-99　
FIGURE P13–99
culate the flow depth y at 13–95C 麼？什麼是通過此閘門的理想化的無摩擦
Consider steady frictionless flow over a bump of
00 m. height z 流動的
in a horizontal
Cd 的值？ channel of constant width b. Will
FIG
the flow depth y increase, decrease, or remain constant 13–100 Consider the uniform flow of water in a wide chan-
as the fluid flows over the bump? Assume the flow to be nel with a velocity of 8 m/s and flow depth of 0.8 m. Now
subcritical. water flows over a 30-cm-high bump. Determine the change
13–96C Consider the flow of a liquid over a bump during (increase or decrease) in the water surface level over the 13–104 Repe
subcritical flow in an open channel. The specific energy and bump. Also determine if the flow over the bump is sub- or of 1.6 m.
the flow depth decrease over the bump as the bump height is supercritical. 13–105 Wate
increased. What will the character of flow be when the spe- 13–101 Water is released from a 12-m-deep reservoir into a gular weir. The
cific energy reaches its minimum value? Will the flow become 6-m-wide open channel through a sluice gate with a 1-m-high water is discha
supercritical if the bump height is increased even further? opening at the channel bottom. If the flow depth downstream channel of equ
 determine if the flow is choked over the bump, and discuss. depth upstream is 3.4 m, determine the flow rate of water.
Answer: 66.8 m3/s

y1 3.4 m
y1  1.2 m y2 V1
62 流體力學 zb  0.22 m

Pw 1.3 m
V1  2.5 m/s
13-100 考慮水在一個寬渠道中的均勻流動，其速 13-105 水流過一個 2 m 高的銳緣矩形堰。堰上游
Sharp-crested
FIGURE
度為 P13–99
8 m/s，流動深度為 0.8 m。現在水流 的水流深度是 3rectangular
m，且從堰所排出的水流weir

過一個 30 cm 高的凸起。決定凸起上面水 進一個相同寬度的粗製混凝土渠道中，並

FIGURE P13–103
13–100 Consider the uniform flow of water in a wide chan-
nel with a面高度的變化
velocity of 8 m/s(增加或減小)，同時決定凸
and flow depth of 0.8 m. Now 且在其中建立均勻流條件。如果在下游的
water flows over a 30-cm-high bump. Determine the change
起上的流動是次臨界的或超臨界的。 流動中沒有水躍發生，試決定下坡渠道的
(increase or decrease) in the water surface level over the 13–104 Repeat Prob. 13–103 for the case of a weir height
13-101Also
bump. 水從一個
determine12 m 深的水庫進入釋出進入一
if the flow over the bump is sub- or of 1.6 m.最大斜率。
supercritical. 13–105 水要從一個
Water flows over
個 6 m 寬的明渠中，流動經過一個水閘門 13-106 8 ma深的湖泊經過一個底部有
2-m-high sharp-crested rectan-
13–101 Water is released from a 12-m-deep reservoir into a gular weir. The flow depth upstream of the weir is 3 m, and
6-m-wide 在渠道底部的一個 m 高的開口。如果閘
open channel through a1sluice gate with a 1-m-high 5 m 寬，但
water is discharged from0.6
the m
weir高的開口的水閘門排水
into an unfinished-concrete
opening at門下游的流動深度經量測到為
the channel bottom. If the flow depth3downstream channel of equal width where uniform-flow conditions are
m，試決 進入一個渠道。如果閘門下游的水流深度
established. If no hydraulic jump is to occur in the down-
from the gate is measured to be 3 m, determine the rate of
定經過閘門的排水率。
discharge through the gate. stream flow,
經量測為 determine the maximum slope of the down-
4 m，試決定經過此閘門的排水
stream channel.
率。
水閘門 13–106 Water is to be discharged from an 8-m-deep lake
into a channel
13-107 through a sluice gate with a 5-m  wide and
考慮水流通過一個寬渠道，流動深度為
0.6-m-high opening at the bottom. If the flow depth down-
2.5 the
stream from m。現在水流過一個具有
gate is measured to be 4 m, 0.3 m 高開
determine the
rate of discharge through the gate.
口的水閘門，並且其自由地向外排出的水
y1 12 m 13–107 Consider water flow through a wide channel at
流隨後經歷一個水躍。忽略任何與水閘門
a flow depth of 2.5 m. Now water flows through a sluice
gate with本身有關的損失，試求水躍前後的流動深
a 0.3-m-high opening, and the freely discharged
y2 3m outflow subsequently undergoes a hydraulic jump. Disre-
a 1m
度與流速，以及在水躍中耗散的機械能的
garding any losses associated with the sluice gate itself,
determine the flow depth and velocities before and after
比例。
the jump, and the fraction of mechanical energy dissipated
FIGURE P13–101
圖 P13-101　 during the
13-108 jump.
水流過一個 5 m 寬的渠道的流率要用一個
13–108 The flow rate of water flowing in a 5-m-wide
channel is高於渠道底部
to be measured0.5 m 的銳緣三角形堰來量
with a sharp-crested triangular
13-102 一個全寬度的銳緣堰要被用來量測在一個
13–102 A full-width sharp-crested weir is to be used to weir 0.5 測，其缺口角度為
m above the channel bottom with a notch angle
80°。如果堰上游的流
measure the 寬的矩形渠道中的水流率。通過此渠
2 mflow rate of water in a 2-m-wide rectangular of 80. If the flow depth upstream from the weir is 1.5 m,
channel. The maximum flow rate through the channel determine動深度是
the flow rate1.5ofm，試決定水流通過渠道的
water through the channel. Take
is 5  m3/s,道的最大流率是 m3/s，且在堰上游的流
and the flow depth5 upstream from the weir is the weir discharge coefficient to be 0.60.0.60。
Answer: 1.19 m3/s
流率，取堰的排水係數為
f a flat surface 動深度不能超過
not to exceed 1.5the
1.5 m. Determine m。試決定堰的合適
appropriate height of
the weir. (Answer: 1.19 m3/s)
高度。
encounters a 13–103 The flow rate of water in a 10-m-wide horizontal 上游自由 flows over a 15-cm-high
el. If the flow 13-103is 在一個
channel 10 m 寬的水平渠道中的水流率要
being measured using a 1.3-m-high sharp-crested 表面 exactly critical (Fr  1), d
ore the bump, rectangular使用一個跨過渠道的
weir that spans across the 1.3
channel. If the water depth over the bump per m
m 高的銳緣矩
and discuss. depth upstream is 3.4 m, determine the flow rate of water.
13–114 Consider water f
形堰來量測。如果上游的水流深度是
Answer: 66.8 m3/s 3.4 long broad-crested weir. If
1m 80°
3
m，試求水流率。(Answer: 66.8 m /s) weir is measured to be 0
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 780 堰板 meter
7/2/13 7:01width
PM of channel and
0.5 m
13–115 The flow rate o
y1 3.4 m 5m the paper) channel is con
V1 depths are measured to
FIGURE P13–108
圖 P13-108　 downstream from the gat
Pw 1.3 m rate and the Froude numb
13–109 若上游的流動深度為
13-109 Repeat Prob. 13–108 for an upstream
0.90 flow depth
m，重做習題 Sluic
of 0.90 m.
銳緣矩形堰
Sharp-crested 13–110 13-108。
A sharp-crested triangular weir with a notch angle
rectangular weir
of 100 is used to measure the discharge rate of water from a
圖 P13-103　
13-110 一個銳緣三角形堰的缺口角度為 100° 要
large lake into a spillway. If a weir with half the notch angle
FIGURE P13–103 (  50)被用來量測從一個大湖進入一個洩洪道的
is used instead, determine the percent reduction
n a wide chan-
in the flow rate. Assume the water depth in the lake and the y1 0.90 m
of 0.8 m. Now 13-104 對一個 1.6 m 高的堰的情況，重做習題 排水率。如果改用一個只有一半缺口角度
ine the change weir discharge coefficient remain unchanged.
level over the
13-103。
13–104 Repeat Prob. 13–103 for the case of a weir height 13–111 A 0.80-m-high broad-crested weir is used to mea-
ump is sub- or of 1.6 m. sure the flow rate of water in a 5-m-wide rectangular chan-
13–105 Water flows over a 2-m-high sharp-crested rectan- nel. The flow depth well upstream from the weir is 1.8 m.
eservoir into a gular weir. The flow depth upstream of the weir is 3 m, and Determine the flow rate through the channel and the mini-
ith a 1-m-high water is discharged from the weir into an unfinished-concrete mum flow depth above the weir. FIGURE P13–1
th downstream channel of equal width where uniform-flow conditions are
ine the rate of established. If no hydraulic jump is to occur in the down- Review Problems
stream flow, determine the maximum slope of the down- 13–116 Water flows in
stream channel. 4 m/s. Determine if the fl
 depth over the bump per m width. Answers: 781 20.3 m3/s, 3.48 m
CHAPTER 13
13–114 Consider water flow over a 0.80-m-high sufficiently
1m 80°
flows over a 15-cm-high
long broad-crested weir. Ifbump. If the flow
the minimum flowover the above
depth bump the is
exactly
weir iscritical
measured (Fr to 1),
be determine the flow rate
0.50 m, determine the and
flowthe rateflow
per
depth
meterover theofbump
width per and
channel m width.
the flowAnswers:
depth781 upstream
20.3 m3/s, of3.48
the weir.
m
0.5 m CHAPTER 13
13–114 Consider water flow over a 0.80-m-high
13–115 The flow rate of water through a 8-m-wide (into sufficiently
1m 80°
long
flows
the broad-crested
over channel
paper) weir.
a 15-cm-high If bump.
the minimum
is controlled If
bythe flow over
flow
a sluice depththe
gate. Ifabove
bump
the theis
flow
5m
weir
depthsis measured
exactly critical
are (Frtobe1),
measured to0.50 m,
determine
be 第 determine
0.9 13and flowthe
the 0.25 mrateflow
and rate
upstream per
the flow
and
meter 章　明渠流 3 the63
depthwidth
downstream offrom
over the channel
bumptheperandmthe
gates, flow depth
width. Answers:
respectively, upstream
20.3 mof
determine /s, the weir.
3.48 m
flow
FIGURE
0.5 m P13–108
13–114
rate
13–115and theConsider
The flow water
Froude offlow
number
rate overthrough
downstream
water a 0.80-m-high
from sufficiently
the gate.
a 8-m-wide (into
13–109 Repeat Prob.
1 m 13–108
80° for an upstream flow depth
long
the broad-crested
paper) channel is weir. If the minimum
controlled by a sluice flowgate.
depth If above
the flow the
5m Sluice gatem, determine the flow rate per
of 0.90 m.(u = 50°) 的堰來代替，試決定流率減小的 weir isare
depths measured
measured to be
to
0.25 m，試決定閘門下游的流率與福勞 0.50
be 0.9 and 0.25 m upstream and
FIGURE P13–108 meter width from
downstream of channel and the
the gates, flow depth upstream
respectively, determineofthe theflow
weir.
13–110 A sharp-crested 0.5 m triangular weir with a notch angle
百分比。假設湖中的水深與堰的排水係數 rate and 數。
the Froude number downstream from the gate.
of 100 is used to measure the discharge rate of water from a 13–115 The flow rate of water through a 8-m-wide (into
13–109
large lakeRepeat
維持不變。 Prob. 13–108
into a spillway. If a5 mfor an
weir withupstream
half the flow
notchdepth
angle the paper) channel isSluice controlled by a sluice gate. If the flow
水閘門 gate
of(0.90 m. is used instead, determine the percent reduction
 50) depths are measured to be 0.9 and 0.25 m upstream and
13-111
in the flow
13–110 A一個 rate. 0.80
Assume
FIGURE
sharp-crested 高的寬頂堰要被用來量測水
m P13–108
the water depth
triangular in the
weir with lake and
a notch the
angle downstream from y1 0.90
the mgates, respectively, determine the flow
ofweir
100discharge
is used coefficient
to measure remain
the unchanged.
discharge rate of water from a rate and the Froude number downstream from the gate.
在一個 5 m 寬的矩形渠道中的流率。在堰
13–109
large lake Repeat
into a Prob.
spillway. 13–108
If a for
weir an
with upstream
half
13–111 A 0.80-m-high broad-crested weir is used to mea- the flow
notch depth
angle
足夠上游處的流動深度是 1.80 m。試決 Sluice gate
(of 
0.90
sure the m.
50) is used
flow rate ofinstead,
water determine
in a 5-m-widethe percent reduction
rectangular chan-
y1 0.90 m y2 0.25 m
innel.
the
13–110 flow rate. Assume
定通過渠道的流率及堰上方的最小流動深
A sharp-crested
The flow the water
depth well triangular depth
upstream from in
weir withthe lake isand
a notch
the weir the
angle
1.8 m.
weir discharge
of 100
Determine thecoefficient
is used flow rate remain
to measure unchanged.
the discharge
through rate ofand
the channel water
thefrom
mini-a
large lake 度。
mum
13–111 flowAinto
depth a spillway.
above the
0.80-m-high Ifweir.
a weir with
broad-crested halfisthe
weir notch
used angle
to mea- FIGURE P13–115
(  50) is used instead, determine the percent
sure the flow rate of water in a 5-m-wide rectangular chan- reduction y 0.25 m
in the
nel. Theflow
flowrate.
depthAssume the water from
well upstream depth the
in the
排水 weirlake and m.
is 1.8 the Review Problems y1 0.90 m 2

weir discharge coefficient remain unchanged.

Determine the flow rate through the channel and the mini- 13–116 Water flows in a canal at an average velocity of
mum
13–111flow A depth above
m thebroad-crested
0.80-m-high weir. weir is used to mea- 4 m/s. Determine
FIGURE if the flow is subcritical or supercritical for
P13–115
1.8 圖 P13-115　
sure the flow rate of water in a 5-m-wide rectangular chan- flow depths of (a) 0.2 m, (b) 2 m, and (c) 1.63 m.
y2 0.25 m
nel. The flow depth well upstream 0.80 m 寬頂堰the weir is 1.8 m.
from Review
13–117 Problems
A trapezoidal channel with a bottom width of 4 m
Determine the flow rate through the channel and the mini- 複習題
13–116
and a sideWater slopeflowsof 45indischarges
a canal atwater an average
at a ratevelocity
of 18 m3of /s.
mum flow depth 1.8above the weir. 4 m/s. Determine
If the flow depth if the
0.6 flow
isP13–115 is subcritical
m, determine if theorflowsupercritical
is subcritical for
m FIGURE
FIGURE
圖 P13–111
P13-111　
13-116
flow depths水流以平均速度
or supercritical. of (a) 0.2 m, (b) 2 m, 4 m/s
and (c) 在一條運河中流
1.63 m.
0.80 m Review Problems
13–117
13–118 A trapezoidal
A channel
5-m-wide with
rectangular a bottom
channel width of 4withm
動。對流動深度：(a) 0.2 m，(b) 2linedm，與
13–112
13-112 Repeat Prob. 13–111 for 13–116
and a side Water flows
slopefinished
of inconcrete
a canaliswater
45 discharges attoanbe ataverage
a rate ofvelocity18
to m 3 of
/s.
對上游流動深度 1.4anm，重做習題
upstream flow depth
13- (c)
designed trans-
of 1.4 m. 1.8 m
4 m/s.
Ifport
the water
flow to 1.63
Determine
depth a distancem，決定流動是次臨界或超臨界
isif0.6
them,flow 1 iskm
ofdeterminesubcritical
at aif rate or
of supercritical
the flow 12ismsubcritical
3
/s. Using for
111。
FIGURE P13–111 orflow
EES depths
supercritical.
(or 的？ of (a)software,
other) 0.2 m, (b)investigate
2 m, and (c) the1.63effectm. of bottom
13–113 Consider uniform water flow in a wide channel made
0.80 m slope
13–117on Aflow
13–118 A depth
5-m-wide
trapezoidal (and thuswithon a the
rectangular
channel required
channel
bottom linedchannel
width ofwith4m
of unfinished
13-113 concrete laid on a slope of 0.0022. Now water
考慮在一個粗製混凝土製造的寬渠道的均
13–112 Repeat Prob. 13–111 for an upstream flow depth 13-117
height).
and a side Let thefinished
一個梯形渠道，底面寬度
slope bottom angle vary
of 45 concrete
discharges from
is water
to be at40.5a torate10
m，邊牆斜率
designed oftoin incre-
18trans-
m3/s.
of 1.4 m. 勻水流，其斜率為 0.0022。現在水流過 ments
port water
If the of 0.5.
flow todepth Tabulate
a distance
is 0.6 m,ofand1 kmplotatthe
determine a if flow
rate depth
theofflow12 m isagainst
3
/s. Using
subcritical the
bottom
EES
為
(orangle,
45°，以
other)and discuss
software,
18the m3results.
/s 的流率排水。若流動
investigate the effect of bottom
FIGURE P13–111 or supercritical.
13–113 Consider
一個 15uniform water flow in a wide channel made
cm 高的凸起。若凸起上方的流動
y1 laid on ya2 slope of 0.0022. Now water slope
13–119
13–118 on 深度為flow Repeat
A 0.6 (and
depth m，試決定流動是次臨界或超
Prob.
5-m-wide thus
13–118 on for
rectangular the achannel
required
trapezoidal linedchannel
chan-
with
of unfinished concrete
正好是臨界的
13–112 Repeat (Fr=1)，試決定凸起上方每
Prob. 13–111 for zan upstream flow depth height). Let the nel bottomthat angle
finished has a vary
concrete baseisfrom
width
to be0.5of to
5  10
m and
designed intoincre-
atrans-
side
b 15 cm
ments 臨界的？
ofangle
0.5.
of 1.4 m. surface
port water aTabulate
to of 45.
distance and
of 1plotkm theat aflowrate depth
of 12 against
m3/s. Using the
m 寬度的流率與流動深度。(Answer: 20.3 bottom
EES (or angle,
other) and software,
discuss theinvestigate
results. the effect of bottom
13–113 Consider uniform water flow in a wide channel made 13-118
13–120 一個
A 5 m 寬的矩形渠道以精製混凝土鋪
trapezoidal channel with brick lining has a bottom
m3/s,
of unfinished 3.48
y1 m)
concrete laid ony2 a slope of 0.0022. Now water
slope ofon0.001
13–119
slope flowRepeat
anddepth (and
Prob.
a base thus
13–118
width of 4onfor
m,the required
a trapezoidal
and the side surfaceschannel
3chan-
0.0022
 cm height).
are angled 面，要設計來輸送水流，流率為
Let 25thenel bottom
from that angle
the has varywidth
a base
horizontal, asfrom
shown 0.55 
of intom 12
10
Fig.and m /s，
ina incre-
P13–120. side
zb 15
ments
surface of 0.5.
angle
If the normal傳輸距離 of Tabulate
45.
depth is measuredand
1 km。使用 plot the
to be 1.5 flow
EES depth
m, estimate
(或其它) against
the flow軟the
FIGURE P13–113 bottom
rate of angle,through
water and discuss
the the results.
channel. Answer: 22.5 m 3
/s
13–120 A trapezoidal channel with brick lining has a bottom
13–119
slope
體，探討底面斜率對流動深度
of 0.001 and Repeat
a baseProb.
width 13–118
of 4 m,forand a trapezoidal(因此對
the side surfaces chan-
y1 y2
0.0022
zb 15 cm are angled需要的渠道高度)
25 from nel the
thathorizontal,
has a base aswidth
shownofin5 Fig.
的影響。令底面角度從 m and P13–120.a side
Ifsurface angledepth
the normal of 45. is measured to be 1.5 m, estimate the flow
FIGURE P13–113 rate of water0.5° 變化到 10°，增量為 0.5°。將流動深
13–120 A through
trapezoidal the channel
channel. Answer:
with brick22.5 lining m3has
/s a bottom
凸起物 度對應底面角度列表與作圖，並討論結
slope of 0.001 and a base width of 4 m, and the side surfaces
斜率  0.0022 are angled 25 from the horizontal, as shown in Fig. P13–120.
果。
If the normal depth is measured to be 1.5 m, estimate the flow
FIGURE
圖 P13–113
P13-113　 rate of water
13-119 對一個底面寬度 through the channel. Answer: 22.5 m3/s
5 m 與邊牆角度 45° 的梯
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 781 形渠道，重做習題 13-118。 7/2/13 7:01 PM
13-114 考慮水流過一個 0.80 m 高，足夠長的寬
頂堰。如果堰上方量測到的最小流動深度 13-120 一個以磚塊鋪面的梯形渠道，底面斜率為
是 0.50 m，試決定每 m 渠道寬度的流率 0.001，底面寬度 4 m，而邊牆與水平面的
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 781 7/2/13 7:01 PM

與堰上游的流動深度。 角度是 25°，如圖 P13-120 所示。若量測

到的正常深度是 1.5 m，試估計水經過此
13-115 水流通過一個 8 m 寬 (進入紙面方向) 的
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 781 渠道的流率。(Answer: 22.5 m3/s) 7/2/13 7:01 PM
渠道的流率被一個水閘門控制。若閘門上
游與下游量測到的流動深度分別是 0.9 與
 flow rate, and calculate its numerical value for the ideal case 13–130 A rectangular channel with unfinished concrete
in which the flow velocity is given by Torricelli’s equation surfaces is to be built to discharge water uniformly at a rate of
V 5 !2g(H 2 y). Answer: 0.123 m3/s 6 m3/s. For the case of best cross section, determine
the bottom width of the channel if the available vertical
b  0.4 m drop is (a) 1 and (b) 2 m per km. Answers: (a) 2.65 m,
(b) 2.32 m
64 y  cx2 流體力學
H  0.5 m
13–131 Repeat Prob. 13–130 for the case of a trapezoidal
y 782 channel of best cross section.
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
x 13–132 In practice, the V-notch is commonly used to
13–126 式，並對理想的情況，其速度由托利切利
Water flows in a channel whose bottom slope is
0.5 and whose cross measure section flowis asrate in open
shown in Fig.channels.
P13–126.Using the
782 1.5 m idealized
The dimensions Torricelli’s
(Torricellis) and the方程式 equation V 5 !2g(H
Manning coefficients for the 2 y) for 給 velocity,
sur-
25˚OPEN-CHANNEL
782 FLOW 25˚ faces of different
develop 出，計算其數值。(Answer: subsections
a relation for the flow rate 0.123 are also given on
through the 3 figure.
the V-notch in
OPEN-CHANNEL
782 FLOW Determine theWater
flow rate through the channel and bottom
m /s)
the effective
terms of
13–126 the angle flows
. Also,in a show
channel the variation
whose of the
slopeflow
is rate
FIGURE P13–125FLOW4 m
OPEN-CHANNEL Manning
13-126
13–126
0.5 and coefficient
Water
水在一個底面斜率
whose flows forintheasection
cross channel.
channel 0.5°
is aswhose
的渠道中流動，
shown bottom
in Fig. slope is
P13–126.
1.5 m 13–126
0.5Theand dimensions
whose flows
Water crossand section
in is as shown
athechannel
Manning whose in Fig. P13–126.
bottom
coefficients slope
for theis sur-
FIGURE
圖 P13-120　 P13–120 其截面如圖 P13-126 所示。截面尺寸與不
25˚ 1.5 m 25˚ Thefaces
0.5 dimensions
and whose
of different
6mand
cross the
section Manning
subsections is as coefficients
shown
are also in Fig.
given
10 m for the
thesur-
P13–126.
on figure.
25˚ 1.5 m 25˚ faces
The of 同次截面的表面的曼寧係數也同樣在圖上
Determinedifferent
dimensions theand subsections
flow therateManning are also
through given onfor
coefficients
the channel and thethe
thefigure.
sur-
effective
782
13-121 OPEN-CHANNEL
13–121 水流過一個
25˚ flows through
Water FLOW 4寬的矩形渠道，其曼寧
2.2 ma 2.2-m-widem 25˚
rectangular chan- Determine
faces thecoefficient
of different
Manning flowsubsections
rate through
for theare thealso
channel
channel. givenand on thetheeffective
figure.
nel with a Manning coefficient4of m n  0.012. If the water is 0.9 m 1m
Manning
Determine 給出，試決定通過此渠道的流率與渠道的
coefficient
the flow rate for through
the channel. the channel and the effective
FIGURE 係數為 P13–120 n = 0.012。若水是 m channel is 0.9 m 深且渠道 13–126 Water flows
Manning coefficient forinthea channel.
channel whose bottom slope is
deep and the bottom slope of4the 0.6, determine the 等效曼寧係數。
FIGURE
rate P13–120
的底面斜率是 0.6°。試求此渠道在均勻流
of discharge of the channel in uniform flow. 0.5 and whose n 
cross 6m
0.022
section is as shown in Fig. 10 m P13–126.
FIGURE 1 m dimensions1 6and
782 P13–120 1.5 m The m the Manning coefficients 10 m for n 2 the0.075 sur-
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 7/2/13 7:01 PM
13–122
13–121 A25˚rectangular
時的排水率。Water flowschannel
throughwith a bottom25˚
a 2.2-m-wide width of 7 m
rectangular chan- faces of different6 msubsections are also given 10 mon the figure.
13–121
discharges Water
water flows
at athrough
rate of a45 2.2-m-wide
3 rectangular the chan- 1 m
nel with a Manning coefficient ofmn  /s.0.012.
DetermineIf the water flow
is 0.9 m Determine the flow rate through the channel and the effective
1m
13–121
nel with
depth
13-122
deep aand
below Manning
Water which
theflows
一個底面寬度 coefficient
thethrough
bottom flow
slope47isof
m nthe 0.012.
channelIfrectangular
supercritical.
aofm
2.2-m-wide

的矩形渠道以流率 the water
Answer:
is 0.6, ischan-
1.620.9m
determine 45m the Manning coefficient for the channel.
1FIGURE
m P13–126
deep
nel withand
rate the 3bottom
aofManning
discharge slope
of theof
coefficient the
of nchannel
channel 0.012.
 in isIf0.6,
uniform determine
theflow.
water is 0.9them n 1  0.022
13–123 /s 排水，試決定超臨界流動的最高流
mbottom
Consider a channel
1-m-internal-diameter water channel 1 m
FIGURE
rate
deep of
13–122 P13–120
anddischarge
the of the
slope
A rectangular the in
of channel uniform
channelwithisThe flow.
a0.6, determine
bottom the n 1  0.022
乾淨土渠道 n 2  0.075
made
rate of of finished
discharge ofconcrete
the (n in0.012).
channel uniform flow.channelwidthslopeofis7 m 1 m n 6 m
0.022 10 m 2  0.075
n灌木叢
13–122 
For動深度。(Answer: 1.62
A rectangular
discharges water channel
at of
a 0.32
rate m of with am)
mbottom
3 width of 7 m 13–127 Consider two identical channels, one rectangular of
at45the /s. Determine
determinethetheflow 1 m
1
0.002. a flow depth center, n  0.075
13–122
discharges water
Abelow at a rate
rectangular channelof 45 with m3a/s.bottom
Determine width the m m bottom width b and one circular of diameter D, 2with identi-
flow
ofchan-
37
flowdepth
13–121 rate Water
of water which
flowsthroughthe
through flow
the is supercritical.
achannel.
2.2-m-wide Answer:
rectangular
Answer:
3 (n = 0.012) 0.258 m 1.62
/s FIGURE P13–126
13-123
depth below
discharges 考慮一個由精製混凝土
which the
water atcoefficientflow is
a rate ofof45 supercritical. 製成的
n m0.012./s. Determine the flow 1cal
m flow rates, bottom slopes, and surface linings. If the flow
Answer: 1.62 m
nel with a Manning If the water is 0.9 m FIGUREinP13–126
depth13–123
below Consider
which the a 1-m-internal-diameter
flow is supercritical. Answer: water
1.62 m channel height the rectangular channel is also b and the circular
deep
13–123and the水流渠道，內部直徑
made Considerbottom slope
of finishedaconcrete of the channel
1-m-internal-diameter 1 m，斜率
is
(n  0.012). The 0.6, water 0.002。
determinechannel
channel the
slope is 圖 FIGURE
P13-126　
channel P13–126
is flowing half-full, determine the relation between
rate of discharge 13–127 nConsider
1  0.022 two identical channels, one rectangular of
13–123
made of
0.002. For a of
finished
Consider flow
若中心線的水流深度是
the
concretechannel
a depth (nof in0.012).
uniform
1-m-internal-diameter
0.32 m at0.32 flow.
The
the channel
center,
m，試求經過 slope is the 1b mand D.
water determine
channel
13–127
bottom Consider
width b two
andidentical
one circular channels, one rectangular
of diameter  0.075
n 2D, of
with identi-
13–122
0.002.
made ofFor
flow A arectangular
finished
rate flow concrete
of water channel
depththrough
of (n
0.32the with
m at
0.012). a bottom
the
channel. center,
The width
channel
Answer: of 7 the
determine
slope
0.258 m
mis /s 13-127 考慮兩個的渠道，其中一個是底面寬為
3
b flow
discharges 此渠道的水流率。(Answer: 3 0.258 m 3
the/s) 13–127
bottom
13–128
cal width
flowConsider
Considerb
rates,and two one
water
bottom circular
identical
flow
slopes, of
through
and diameter
channels, a one D,
V-shaped
surface with
rectangular
linings. Ifidenti-
channel.theof
0.002. Forof
flow rate awater
flow atthrough
waterdepth a rate ofR 
the
of 0.32 45
m0.5atm
channel.
mthe/s. center,
Determine
Answer: determine
0.258 mflow
3
/sthe
cal
bottom flow
Determine
height rates,
width thebthe
in bottom
and
angle  slopes,
one thecircular
rectangular andofsurface
channel
channel diameter
makes linings.
from
isDalso D,
btheandIfhorizontal
with the flow
identi-
the circular
depth below
flow rate whichthrough
of water the flowthe is channel.
supercritical. Answer: Answer:
0.2581.62 m3/sm 的矩形，另一個是直徑 的圓形，兩者
height
FIGURE
cal
for flow
whichinrates,
channel theisflow
P13–126 rectangular
bottom
flowing slopes,
is most channel is also linings.
and determine
efficient.
half-full, surface b theandrelation
the
If the circular
flow
between
13–123 Consider a 1-m-internal-diameter 0.32 m water channel channel
height in is有相同的流率、底面斜率與表面鋪面。
b and D.flowing
the rectangular half-full,
channeldetermine
is alsothe b andrelation
the between
circular
made of finished concrete (n  0.012). The channel slope is b and D.is flowing half-full, determine the relation between
channel
13–127 13–128 若矩形渠道的流動深度也是
Consider water flow through b，而圓形渠
two identical channels, one rectangularchannel.
a V-shaped
0.002. For a flow depth of 0.32
R  0.5 m
m at the center, determine the and D. Consider
b13–128 Consider water flow through a V-shaped channel.
of
R  0.5 m bottom Determine
width b the
and angle the channel
one circular makes
of diameter from
D, withthe horizontal
identi-
flow rate of waterFIGURE throughP13–123
theR  channel. Answer: 0.258 m3/s 13–128
Determine
for which道則是半滿的，試決定
thethe
Consider angle water
flow the
slopes, channel
flow
is most makes
through
efficient. b 與 y
from
a linings.D
V-shaped 之間的關
theIfhorizontal
channel.
0.5 m cal flow rates, bottom and surface
 the flow
13–124 Reconsider Prob. 13–123.
0.32 m
By varying the for which
Determine
height in the rectangular
係。
the flow
angleis most efficient.
the channel
channel makes
is also from
b and thethehorizontal
circular
0.32 m for whichis the flow ishalf-full,
most efficient.
flow depth-to-radius ratio y/R from 0.1 to 1.9 channel flowing determine the relation between
while holding the flow area constant and evaluating the flow
0.32 m
b13-128
and D. 考慮水在一個 FIGURE P13–128 V 形渠道中流動。決定當
FIGURE P13–123
rate, show that the best cross section for flow through a circu- y
圖FIGURE
P13-123　 P13–123
R  0.5 m 13–128
13–129 Consider 流動是最有效率時，渠道面與水平面之間
The flowwater rate of flow
waterthrough a V-shaped
in a 6-m-wide y channel.
rectangular
lar channel
13–124 occurs when
Reconsider the channel is half-full. Tabulate and
Prob. 13–123. By varying the Determine the angle  the channel makes from the horizontal
FIGURE P13–123 channel is to be measured using a 
1.1-m-high y sharp-crested
plot your results.
13–124 Reconsider Prob. 13–123.
flow depth-to-radius ratioBy y/R varying
from 0.1the to 1.9 for which 的夾角。 the flow is most  efficient.
13-124 重新考慮習題 13-123。當維持流動面積 1.9flow rectangular weir thatFIGURE spans across the channel. If the head
P13–128
13–124while holding flow
Reconsider
the depth-to-radius
flow Prob.
area ratio
13–123.
constant y/R
0.32and from
mByevaluating0.1 tothe
varying the
13–125 Consider the flow of water through a parabolic
while holding the
flowflow areacross
depth-to-radiusconstant andfor
ratio evaluating 0.1theto flow
fromthrough
above the weir FIGURE
crest is P13–128
0.60 m upstream from the weir, deter-
rate, show that the
為常數時，藉著改變流動深度對半徑的比 best section y/R flow a1.9
circu-
notch
rate,lar
while shown
show in
thatthe
holding the Fig. P13–125.
bestwhen
flow crossconstant
area sectionDevelop
for
andflow a relation
throughthe for
a circu-the mine the
13–129 flow The FIGURE
rate of
flow P13–128
water.
rate of water in a 6-m-wide rectangular
channel occurs the channel isevaluating
half-full. flow and
Tabulate
flowchannel
lar
rate, rate, 值
show and calculate
y/R
occurs
that the 從
FIGURE
when
best 0.1 its
the到numerical
P13–123
cross channel
section isvalue
1.9 來評估流率。證明對
for flowfor
half-full. the ideal
Tabulate
through case
a circu-and 13–129
13–130
channel ATheisrectangular
flow
to berate of
measured water
channel in
usingwith aa 6-m-wide
unfinished
1.1-m-high rectangular
concrete
sharp-crested
plot your results. y
in channel
plot
lar which the
your results.flowwhen
occurs velocity is givenisby
the channel Torricelli’s
half-full. Tabulateequation
and 13–129
channel
surfaces is
rectangularThe
is to bebeweir
flow measured
builtrate usingacross
ofspans
water
todischarge
that awater
in 1.1-m-high
a 6-m-wide
uniformly
the sharp-crested
channel.rectangular
at aIfrate
theofhead
13–124
plot !2g(H
V 513–125
your
通過圓形渠道的流動，最好的截面是當渠
2 Reconsider
y). Answer:
Consider
results. the Prob.
0.123
flow of 13–123.
m3/swater By varying
through the
a parabolic rectangular
channel 3 is toweir
6 mabove /s. For the be weir that
themeasured
case
crest spans across
using
isof0.60 the channel.
bestma upstream
1.1-m-high
cross section,
from If the
sharp-crested
determine
the weir,head deter-
13–125
notch Consider flowindepth-to-radius
the
道是半滿時。將你的結果列表並作圖。
shown Fig.flow of water
P13–125. ratio
Developy/R from
through a 0.1
a relation to 1.9
parabolic above
for the rectangular
the mine thethe
bottom weir
weir
width
flowcrest
thatofisspans
rate 0.60
the
of m upstream
across
channel
water. the
if the from
channel. theIfweir,
available deter-
thevertical
head
while holding the flow b area0.4 mconstant andthrough
evaluating theforflow FIGURE
圖 P13-128　 P13–128
13–125
notchflow Consider
shown
rate, in Fig.
and the flow
P13–125.
calculate itsofnumerical
water
Develop a the
a relation
value for parabolic
ideal mine
thecase above the
drop13–130
is (a) flow
weir 1Arate
crest
and of(b)
iswater.
0.60
2 mmchannelupstream
per km. with from
Answers: the weir,
(a) 2.65 deter- m,
rate, show that the best cross section for flow through a circu- rectangular unfinished concrete
13-125
notch
flow shown
rate, 考慮水流通過一個拋物線形缺口，如圖
and in Fig.
calculate P13–125.
its Develop
numerical value a relation
for
in which the flow velocity is given by Torricelli’s equation 13–130 the for
ideal the
case mine
(b) the
2.32
surfaces
flow
m A rate of
rectangular
is to be
water.
built channel with unfinished concrete
lar 13–129
13-129 The flow6rate of water in a 6-m-wide rectangular of
to discharge water uniformly at a rate
in channel
flow Vrate,
which occurs
and
the
5 !2g(H flow when
calculate
2y velocity
y).cx
thenumerical
2its channel
is given isby
0.123value
half-full.
for theTabulate
Torricelli’s ideal and
case
equation 13–130
surfaces 3is在一個torectangular
be built 寬的矩形渠道中的水流率要用
mtocase
discharge
plot P13-125 Answer:
所示。為流率推導出一個關係 m3/s 13–131
channel6 m is A Repeat
/s.
to For
be Prob.
the
measured channel
13–130 of for
using awater
with
best uniformly
unfinished
thecross
case
1.1-m-high of atconcrete
a rate
a trapezoidal
section, of
determine
sharp-crested
in 5your
V which results.
!2g(H
the flow
2 y).velocity
Answer:y is given
0.123 m3/s
 0.5 m
by HTorricelli’s equation 6 m
surfaces
channel3
the /s. is
of For
to
bottom be
一個跨過渠道，高度為
best the
built
cross
widthcase
to of
discharge
section.
of the best cross
water
channel section,
uniformly
1.1if m
the 的銳緣矩形 determine
at a
available rate of
vertical
rectangular weir that spans across the channel. If the head
V 5 !2g(H 2 y). Answer: 0.4 m m3/s
b 0.123 6themdrop
3bottom width of the channel if the available vertical
/s.
13–125 Consider the b flow 0.4 m ofx water through a parabolic above
13–132 the For is
weir (a)the
crest case
In1 practice,
and (b)
is 0.60 of m2best
the m percross
upstream
V-notch km. section,
from Answers: determine
the weir,
is commonly (a)deter-
used 2.65 m,
to
drop
the (b) is
bottom 2.32堰來量測。如果堰上游的水頭高於堰頂面
(a) 1
width
m and (b)
of the2 m per
channel km. if the available
Answers: (a) vertical
2.65 m,
notch shown in Fig.b  P13–125.
0.4 m Develop a relation for the mine the flow rate of water.
measure flow rate in open channels. Using the
y  cx2 drop
(b) 2.32is (a) m 1 and (b) 2 m per km. Answers: (a) 2.65 m,
0.60 m，試決定其水流率。
flow rate, and calculate 2its numerical value for the ideal case 13–131
idealized
13–130 Repeat
Torricelli’s Prob.
equation 13–130
V 5with for the
!2g(H case
2 y) of avelocity,
trapezoidal
forconcrete
y  cx yis given by Torricelli’s H  0.5 m (b) 2.32 mA
13–131
rectangular
Repeat Prob.
channel
13–130 for the
unfinished
case of a trapezoidal
in which the flow velocity H  0.5 m equation channel
surfaces
develop isa to of best
be builtfor
relation cross section.
to discharge
the flow rate waterthrough
uniformly the at a rate ofin
V-notch
y  cx2 y 13-130 一個有粗製混凝土表面的矩形渠道要被建
V 5 !2g(H 2 y). Answer: 0.123 m3/s H  0.5 m 613–131
channel
terms 3
/s.of of
m13–132 For
the
bestthecross
Repeat angleProb. case section.
InAlso,
. 13–130
of show
practice,
for
bestthe the
cross
the case ofofathe
section,
variation
V-notch is
trapezoidal
determine
commonly flow rateused to
FIGURE P13–125 y x channel of best cross section.
3
x the bottom
13–132 造來以 width 6of m
In practice,the
measure /s 的流率均勻的排水。在最好
channel
the
flow V-notch
rate if inthe is
open available
commonly
channels. vertical
used
Using to the
b  0.4 m drop is (a) 1 Torricelli’s
and (b) 2flow mtheper km.
x 13–132idealized In practice,
measure V-notch
rate
equation in
V open
5 Answers:
is
!2g(Hcommonly
channels.2 (a)y)Using
2.65
for m,
usedvelocity,
to
the
(b) 2.32 m的截面的情形下，決定渠道的底面寬度：
measure flowthe rate !2g(H
in open
idealized
develop Torricelli’s
a relation equation
for Vflow
5 rate channels.
2 y) for
through Using
the the in
velocity,
V-notch
y  cx2 idealized
develop 若每
aTorricelli’s
relationkm 可用的垂直落差為
equation
for the flowVshow
5rate!2g(H through 2(a) y)
the1 m，(b)
for velocity,
V-notch 2inrate
13–131 terms Repeat
of the Prob.
angle 13–130
. Also, for thethe case of
variation a trapezoidal
of the flow
FIGURE
圖 y P13–125
P13-125　 H  0.5 m
develop
terms ofof
channel athe relation
best angle
cross forsection.
. the flow
Also, show rate through the
the variation of theV-notch
flow rate in
FIGURE P13–125
terms of the angle . Also, show the variation of the flow rate
FIGURE P13–125x 13–132 In practice, the V-notch is commonly used to
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 782 measure flow rate in open channels. Using the 7/2/13 7:01 PM

idealized Torricelli’s equation V 5 !2g(H 2 y) for velocity,

develop a relation for the flow rate through the V-notch in
terms of the angle . Also, show the variation of the flow rate
FIGURE P13–125
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 782 7/2/13 7:01 PM
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 782 7/2/13 7:01 PM
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd 782 7/2/13 7:01 PM
 1 2
the jump, respectively, as depth, and Frou
13–129 The flow rate of water in a 6-m-wide rectangular Fr1/Fr2 5 "(y2 /y1)3.
channel is to be measured using a 1.1-m-high sharp-crested
rectangular weir that spans across the channel. If the head 13–135 A sluice gate with free outflow is used to control the
above the weir crest is 0.60 m upstream from the weir, deter- discharge rate of water through a channel. Determine the flow
rate per unit width when the gate is raised to yield a gap of
mine the flow rate of water.
50 cm and the upstream flow depth is measured to be 2.8 m. V1 1.25
13–130 A rectangular channel with unfinished concrete Also determine the flow depth第 and13
the章　明渠流
velocity downstream.
65
surfaces is to be built to discharge water uniformly at a rate of 13–136 Water flowing in a wide channel at a flow depth of
6 m3/s. For the case of best cross section, determine 45 cm and an average velocity of 8 m/s undergoes a hydraulic FIGURE P
the bottom width of the channel if the available vertical jump. Determine the fraction of the mechanical energy of the
drop is (a) 1 and (b) 2 m per m。(Answer: (a) 2.65
km. Answers: (a) m, (b) m,
2.65 2.32 m) 如圖 during
fluid dissipated this 所示。水在接近閘門時的速
P13-137 jump. Answer: 36.9 percent
(b) 2.32 m 13–137 度是 Water 1.25
flowing through a sluice gate undergoes
m/s，而在水躍之後則是 4 m/s。a 13–142 Reco
13-131 對有最好的截面的梯形渠道的情況，重做
hydraulic jump, as shown in Fig. P13–137. The velocity of height for whic
13–131 Repeat Prob. 13–130習題 for 13-130。
the case of a trapezoidal the water 試決定通過閘門的水流的每單位寬度的流
is 1.25 m/s before reaching the gate and 4 m/s after
channel of best cross section. the jump. 率、水流深度
Determine the flow y1 rate
與 yof2，及水躍的能量耗
water through the gate Fundamentals
13-132 在實務上，V 缺口經常被用來量測明渠 per meter of width, the flow depths y1 and y2, and the energy 13–143 Whic
13–132 In practice, the V-notch is commonly used to dissipation散比。
ratio of the jump.
中的流率。使用理想的托利切利方程式 I. Flow of wa
measure flow rate in open channels. Using the II. Draining of
idealized Torricelli’s equation V 5 !2g(H 2 y) for 給速 velocity,
度，推導一個用 Sluice
水閘門 gate III. Upward dra
develop a relation for the flow 角度 rateu through
表示通過 theVV-notch in
缺口的流率關係式， IV. Sewer lines
terms of the angle . Also, show the variation of the flow rate (a) I and II
同時展示流率隨 u 的變化，藉由計算在 783 (b) I and III
CHAPTER 13 783 (c) II and III
u = 25°、40°、60° 與 75° 的流率，並畫出 CHAPTER 13 (d ) I, II, and IV
with  by evaluating the flow rate for   25, 40, 60, and 13–138 Repeat y1Prob. 13–137 for a velocity of 3.2 m/s
結果。 after 13–138
the hydraulic Repeat
jump. Prob. 13–137 for a
(e) I, II, III, an
velocity of 3.2 m/s
with  by evaluating the flow rate for   25, 40, 60, and
75, and plotting the results.
13–139 after the
Water hydraulic
is discharged jump.
from a 5-m-deep lake into 13–144 If the
75, and plotting the results. y3 3 m
flow, the flow i
a finished concrete channel ywith a bottom
V3 4 m/s slope of 0.004
13–139 Water is discharged 2
through a sluice gate with a 0.5-m-high opening at the bot-
from a 5-m-deep(a)lake into flo
Uniform
H  25 cm 7/2/13 7:01 PM
a finished concrete channel
tom. Shortly after supercritical uniform-flow conditions are with a bottom slope (b)of 0.004
Steady flow
through
established, V the a
1.25 sluice
water
m/s gate
undergoes witha a 0.5-m-high
hydraulic jump. opening
Deter- (c)
at Varied
the flow
bot-
 1
y mine tom.the flow Shortly
depth,after supercritical
velocity, and Froude uniform-flow
number afterconditions (d ) Unsteady
are f
H  25 cm (e) Laminar flo
the jump. 圖 P13-137　
FIGURE
Disregard P13–137
the bottom slope when
established, the water undergoes a hydraulic jump. Deter- analyzing the
 hydraulic jump.
y mine the flow depth, velocity, and Froude number after
FIGURE
圖 P13-132　P13–132
13-138
13–140the若在水躍之後的流速是
Water
jump.is discharged
Disregard from the abottom3.2 into
dam m/s，重做習
a wide
slope spill- analyzing the
when
13–133 Water flows uniformly half-full in a 3.2-m-diameter way to avoid
hydraulic
題 overflow
13-137。 jump. and to reduce the 783risk of flooding.
13-133 水均勻地在一個半滿的
FIGURE 3.2 m 直徑的圓
circular channel laid P13–132
with a slope of 0.004. If the flow rate A large fraction of the destructive power of the water
CHAPTER 13 is dissi-
of water 形渠道中流動，其斜率為
is measured to be 4.5 m 3
/s, 0.004。如果量
determine the Manning 13-139
pated 13–140
by a hydraulic
水從一個 Waterjump
5 m is深的湖泊經過一個水閘門底
discharged
during which from
the watera depth
dam risesinto a wide spill-
13–138 Repeat Prob.
with  by evaluating the flow rate for   25, 40, 60, and from 0.70 to 5.0 m. Determine the velocities of water before 13–137 for a velocity of 3.2 m/s
13–133
coefficient way to avoid overflow and to reduce the risk of flooding.
75,Water
and of flows
plotting
測到的水流率是 uniformly
the channel
the and thehalf-full
results. Froude number.
4.5 m 3 /s，試決定此渠in a 3.2-m-diameter
Answers: after 783
and after
725-786_cengel_ch13.indd
the
部的一個 hydraulic0.5
the jump,
jump.
and the 高的開口，排水進入一個
m mechanical powerpowerdissipated per water is dissi-
0.0487, 0.319
circular channel laid with a slope of 0.004. If the flow ratemeter A large fraction of the destructive of the
13–139
width Water
of the is discharged from a 5-m-deep lake into
spillway.
13–134
of water 道的曼寧係數與福勞數。(Answer:
is measured
Consider waterto beflow4.5 m 3
/s, determine
through 0.487,
the
a wide rectangularManning a finished 精製水泥的渠道。其底面斜率為
pated by a hydraulic
concrete channeljump with during
a bottom which 0.004。
slopethe of water
0.004 depth rises
channel undergoing a hydraulic jump. Show that the ratio 13–141 fromWater0.70 flowing
to 5.0 in Determine
m. a 0.5-m-high
wide horizontal
the velocitieschannel of
bot-water before
coefficient of0.319)
the channel and the Froude number. Answers:approaches through 在建立超臨界流條件的不久之後，水流經
a sluice
a 20-cm-high
gate with
bump
a
with amechanical
opening
velocity of
at
1.25
the
m/sare
of the
0.0487, 0.319
Froude numbers before and after
H the
25 jump
cm can be tom. and after
Shortly the
after jump, and
supercritical the
uniform-flow power
conditions dissipated per
expressed in terms of flow depths y1 and y2 before and after
13-134 考慮在一個寬矩形渠道中流動的水流經歷 歷一個水躍。當分析水躍時，忽略底面斜
andestablished,
a flow
meter
depth
the of
width of
water1.8 undergoes
the
m. Determine
spillway.
the velocity,
a hydraulic jump. flow Deter-

13–134 Consider
the jump, water
respectively, as flow through y a wide rectangulardepth, mineandthe Froude
flow number
率，試決定水躍之後的水流深度、速度與 depth, over the bump.
velocity, and Froude number after
了一個水躍。證明水躍前後的福勞數比
channel undergoing aFr hydraulic
/Fr 5 "(y jump.
/y )3
. Show that the ratio the 13–141 Water theflowing
jump. Disregard in awhen
bottom slope wide horizontal
analyzing the channel
of the Froude numbers
1 2 2 1 福勞數。
approaches
can be hydraulic jump. a 20-cm-high bump with a velocity of 1.25 m/s
FIGURE before
可以用水躍前後的水流深度 P13–132and after ythe 1 與 jump
y2 來表
13–135 inAterms
expressed sluice of
gateflow
with depths
free outflow
y1 and is used to control
y2 before and a flow depth of 1.8 m. Determine
the after 13–140 Water is discharged from a dam into a wide spill-
and the velocity, flow
示，成為 13-140 水從一個水壩排水進入一個寬的洩洪道，
discharge
the jump, rate of wateras
respectively,
13–133
through a channel. Determine the flow
Water flows uniformly half-full in a 3.2-m-diameter waydepth, andoverflow
to avoid Froude number
y1 1.8 and
m yto over the
2 reduce the risk
bump.of flooding.
rate per unit width when the gate is raised to yield a gap of 以避免氾濫並減少洪水的危險。水的破壞 V2
circular channel laid with a slope of 0.004. If the flow rate A large fraction of the destructive power of the water is dissi-
50 cm and the upstream
Fr1/Frtoflow depth
"(y is measured
3 to be 2.8 m.
m23/y
/s,1)determine
. patedV1by 1.25 m/s
a hydraulic jump during which20thecm water depth rises
of water is measured 2 5
be 4.5 the Manning 能力的一大部分用一個水躍來破壞，其間
Also determine the flow depth and the velocity downstream. from 0.70 to 5.0 m. Determine the velocities of water before
coefficient of the channel and the Froude number. Answers:
13–135
13–136 A sluice
0.0487, Water gate with
0.319flowing in afreewideoutflow
channel is at used
a flowtodepth
controlof the and after 水的深度從the jump, and 0.70 上升至 5.0
themmechanical m。試決定
power dissipated per
13-135 一個有自由出口的水閘門被用來控制流過 meter width of the spillway. y
discharge
45 cm
13–134rate of
and an water through
average
Consider
velocity
water flow
ofa channel.
8
through Determine
m/s undergoes a the flow
hydraulic
a wide rectangular FIGURE P13–141
水躍前後的速度，與洩洪道每 y1 1.8 m 2
m 寬度消
rate jump.
perchannel
unit 一個渠道的水流率。試決定當閘門被升高
Determine
width the
when
undergoing
fraction
a the
of the is
gate
hydraulic
mechanical
raised
jump. Show toenergy
yield ofathe
that the gap
ratio of 13–141 Water flowing in a wide horizontal
V2 channel
50 cmfluidand
dissipated
the
of the 至產生一個
during this
upstream
Froude numbers flow jump.depth
before
Answer: 36.9 percent
is measured
and after the jump can beto be 2.8 m. 耗的機械能。
approaches a
V 20-cm-high
1.25 m/s bump with a velocity of 1.25 m/s
50 cm 的開口，並且上游量測 1 20 cm
Also13–137
determine
expressedWater flowing
theterms
in flowofdepth through
flow and a the
depths sluiceandgate
y1velocity undergoes
downstream.
y2 before a
and after and a flow depth of 1.8 m. Determine the velocity, flow
13–142 水在一個水平的寬矩形渠道中流動，以
13-141 Reconsider Prob. 13–141. Determine the bump
hydraulic
the jump,到的水流深度為
jump, as shownasin Fig.
respectively, 2.8 m 時每單位寬度的流
P13–137. The velocity of depth, and Froude number over the bump.
height for which the flow over the bump is critical (Fr  1).
13–136 Water flowing
the water 率。同時決定下游的水流深度與流速。 in a wide
is 1.25 m/s before reaching the gate channel at a flow
and 4 m/s after depth of 速度 1.25 m/s 逼近一個 20 cm 高的凸起，
45 cmthe and
jump. anDetermine
average velocityFr1flow
the /Fr2 5 of "(y
rate 8ofm/s )3. through the
/y1undergoes
2water a hydraulic
gate FundamentalsFIGURE of Engineering
P13–141 (FE) Exam Problems
jump.perDetermine
meter
13-136 of the
width,
水流過一個寬渠道，水流深度 fraction
the flow of
depthsthe y mechanical
and y
13–135 A sluice gate with free outflow is used to control the
1 2 , and
45 energy
the
cm，平energy of the 13–143 Which choices are examples of open-channel flow?
fluiddissipation
dissipated
discharge ratio
rate of
during
of the
waterjump.
this jump. a channel.
through Answer: Determine
36.9 percent the flow I. Flow of water in rivers y1 1.8 m y2
均速度 8 m/s，並經歷一個水躍。試決定
per unit width when the gate is raised to yield a gap of II. Draining of rainwater off highways V2
13–137rateWater flowing Sluicethrough
gate a sluice gate undergoes a 13–142
50 cm 在水躍過程中所消耗的流體的機械能的
and the upstream flow depth is measured to be 2.8 m. III. Upward 1.25Reconsider
V1draft ofm/s
rain and snow Prob. 13–141. Determine the bump
20 cm
hydraulic
Also determine the flow depth andP13–137.
jump, as shown in Fig. the velocityThe velocity ofIV. Sewer
downstream. heightlinesfor which the flow over the bump is critical (Fr  1).
比。(Answer: 36.9%)
the water is 1.25 m/s before reaching the gate and 4 m/s after(a) I and II
13–136 Water flowing in a wide channel at a flow depth of
the jump.
13-137
45 cm Determine the flow
水流經過一個水閘門時經歷了一個水躍，
and an average velocity rate
of 8ofm/s water through
undergoes the gate(b) I and
a hydraulic
Fundamentals
III of Engineering (FE) Exam Problems
(c) II and FIGURE
圖IIIP13-141　P13–141
per meter of width, the flow depths y and y , and the energy 13–143
and IV Which choices are examples of open-channel flow?
jump. Determine the fraction of the 1mechanical 2 energy of the
dissipation ratio of ythe jump. (d ) I, II,
fluid dissipated 1during this jump. Answer: 36.9 percent I. Flow of water in rivers
(e) I, II, III, and IV
13–137 Water flowing through a sluice gate undergoes a
13–144
II. IfDraining
13–142 Reconsider
the
of rainwater
flow depthProb.
off highways
13–141.
remains constantDetermine the bump
in an open-channel
hydraulic jump, as Sluice gatein Fig. P13–137.
shown y 3 3 m The velocity of III. Upward draft of rain and snow
height for which
flow, the flow is calledthe flow over the bump is critical (Fr  1).
the water is 1.25 m/s beforey 2reaching Vthe
3 gate
4 m/sand 4 m/s after
IV. Sewer lines
(a) Fundamentals
Uniform flow of Engineering (FE) Exam Problems
the jump. Determine the flow rate of water through the gate
per meter of width, the flow depths y1 and y2, and the energy (a) Iflow
(b) Steady and II
13–143
(c) Varied Which
(b) Iflow
and III choices are examples of open-channel flow?
dissipation
V1 ratio of the jump.
1.25 m/s
(d )I.Unsteady
Flow offlow
(c)
water in rivers
II and III
(e) II. Draining
Laminar flowof rainwater off highways
 66 流體力學

水流深度為 1.8 m。試決定凸起上方的速 (a) 0.531 (b) 0.787 (c) 1.0

度、水流深度與福勞數。 (d) 1.72 (e) 2.65
13-142 重新考慮習題 13-141。若凸起上方的流 13-149 水流過一個乾淨且平直的矩形截面的自然
動是臨界的 (Fr = 1)，試求凸起高度。 渠道，其底面寬度 0.75 m 且底面斜率的
角度為 0.6°。如果流動深度為 0.15 m，則
基礎工程學 (FE) 試題
水通過渠道的流率是
13-143 哪些選項是明渠流的例子？
(a) 0.0317 m3/s (b) 0.05 m3/s
I. 河流中的水流 3
(c) 0.0674 m /s (d) 0.0866 m3/s
II. 高速公路雨水的排水 (e) 1.14 m3/s
III. 向上氣流中的雨雪
13-150 水要在一個精製混凝土渠道中以 5 m3/s 的
IV. 污水管道
流率被輸送，其底面寬度為 1.2 m。渠道
(a) I 與 II
底面每 500 m 長度下降 1 m。在均勻流條
(b) I 與 III
件下渠道的最小高度是
(c) II 與 III
(a) 1.9 m (b) 1.5 m (c) 1.2 m
(d) I、II 與 IV
(d) 0.92 m (e) 0.60 m
(e) I、II、III 與 IV
13-151 水要在一個 4 m 寬的矩形明渠中輸送。最
13-144 如果在一個明渠流中的水流深度維持是常
大化流率的流動深度是
數，此流動稱為
(a) 1 m (b) 2 m (c) 4 m
(a) 均均流 (b) 穩定流 (c) 變動流
(d) 6 m (e) 8 m
(d) 不穩定流 (e) 層流
13-152 水 在 一 個 黏 土 板 鋪 面 的 矩 形 渠 道 中 以
13-145 考慮水在一個高度 2 m 與寬度 5 m 的矩
流率 0.8 m 3 /s 被輸送。渠道底面斜率是
形明渠中流動，水流深度是 1.5 m，此流
0.0015。渠道的最好截面寬度是
動的水力半徑是
(a) 0.68 m (b) 1.33 m (c) 1.63 m
(a) 0.47 m (b) 0.94 m (c) 1.5 m
(d) 0.98 m (e) 1.15 m
(d) 3.8 m (e) 5m
13-153 水在一個黏土板鋪面的梯形渠道中以流
13-146 水以 7.5 m3/s 的流率在一個寬度 5 m 的矩
率 0.8 m 3 /s 被輸送。渠道底面的斜率是
形明渠中流動。此流動的臨界深度是
0.0015。渠道的最好截面寬度是
(a) 5 m (b) 2.5 m (c) 1.5 m
(a) 0.48 m (b) 0.70 m (c) 0.84 m
(d) 0.96 m (e) 0.61 m
(d) 0.95 m (e) 1.22 m
13-147 水以 0.25 m3/s 的流率流過一個寬度 0.6 m
13-154 水在一個底面寬度 0.85 m 的精製混凝土
的矩形明渠。如果水流深度是 0.2 m，若
的矩形渠道中均勻地流動。水流深度是
流動特性要改變，什麼是替代的水流深
0.4 m 與底面斜率是 0.003。此渠道應該被
度？
分類為
(a) 0.2 m (b) 0.26 m (c) 0.35 m
(a) 陡峭的 (b) 臨界的 (c) 溫和的
(d) 0.6 m (e) 0.8 m
(d) 水平的 (e) 逆向的
13-148 水以 55 m3/s 的流率在一個 6 m 寬的矩形
13-155 水從一個水閘門排水進入一個矩形水平渠
明渠中流動。如果水流深度是 2.4 m，福
道中並經歷一個水躍。渠道為 25 m 寬且
勞數是
 第 13 章　明渠流 67

水躍之前的水流深度與速度分別為 2 m 與 13-159 在一個 3 m 寬的水平明渠中的水流率用一

9 m/s。水躍之後的水流深度是 個等寬度的 0.4 m 高的銳緣矩形堰量測。
(a) 1.26 m (b) 2 m (c) 3.61 m 若上游的水深是 0.9 m，則水的流率是
(d) 4.83 m (e) 6.55 m (a) 1.37 m3/s (b) 2.22 m3/s
13-156 水從一個水閘門排水進入一個矩形的水平 (c) 3.06 m3/s (d) 4.68 m3/s
渠道中並經歷一個水躍。水躍之前的水流 (e) 5.11 m3/s
深度與速度分別是 1.25 m 與 6 m/s。由於 設計與小論文題
水躍造成的可用的水頭損失百分比是
13-160 使用目錄或網站，得到三個不同的堰製造
(a) 4.7% (b) 6.2% (c) 8.5%
商的訊息。比較不同的堰設計，並討論每
(d) 13.9% (e) 17.4%
種設計的優缺點，指出每種設計最適合的
13-157 水從一個水閘門排水進入一個 7 m 寬的矩
應用。
形的水平渠道中並經歷一個水躍。水躍之
13-161 考慮水在一個 5 m 寬的矩形渠道的水平
前的水流深度與速度分別是 0.65 m 與 5
段中的流動，範圍從 10 至 15 m3/s。一個
m/s。由於水躍浪費的功率能力是
矩形或三角形的細板堰要被建置來量測流
(a) 158 kW (b) 112 kW
率。如果水深在所有時間都要維持在 2 m
(c) 67.3 kW (d) 50.4 kW
以下，指出合適的堰的形式與尺寸。若流
(e) 37.6 kW
動範圍是 0 到 15 m3/s，你的回答會是什
13-158 水從一個 0.8 m 深的水庫排水進入一個 4
麼呢？
m 寬的明渠中，排水是經過一個在渠道
底部有一個 0.1 m 高的開口的水閘門進行
的，水流深度在所有紊流都平息後是 0.5
m。排水率是
(a) 0.92 m3/s (b) 0.79 m3/s
(c) 0.66 m3/s (d) 0.47 m3/s
(e) 0.34 m3/s
68 流體力學