Republic of the Philippines

Central Luzon State University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

Laboratory Exercise 4
AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS

Prepared by:

Talaguit, Felixberto III M.

Student

Submitted to:

Mr. Elman Torres

Instructor

DATE SUBMITTED
I. INTRODUCTION

tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or
torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in
agriculture or construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle
that provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and
originally) tillage, but nowadays a great variety of tasks. Agricultural implements may be
towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of
power if the implement is mechanized.

II. OBJECTIVES

After performing the exercise, the student should be able to:

1. To learn about the agricultural tractors;

2. To know the basic functions of agricultural tractors;
3. To identify the different parts of agricultural tractors.
4. To know the advantages and disadvantages of agricultural tractor as a sources of
power;
5. To familiarized with the parts of agricultural tractors.

IV. PROCEDURE

A. Answer the following guide questions.

1. Do some research or visit the library, internet and/or read other reference
materials and know about agricultural tractors.
2. Determine and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of agricultural tractors in
comparison with other existing source of farm power.
3. Provide a diagram showing parts and function of the following unit/system in
agricultural tractors.
a. Clutch System
b. Transmission System
c. Differential Units
d. Steering System
e. Hitch System
f. PTO Unit
g. Control Unit
h. Final Drive Unit
4. Look for agricultural tractor in your area (or in university, old or new model)
Identify the different parts and components (minimum of 20 parts) of a 4 wheel
Agricultural Tractor including the accessories/implements. Show some
pictures/diagrams of these components.
Example format in guide question no. 3

Name of parts

Introduction to Hitch System

(Provide at least 2 sentences describing the system and provide a minimum of 3

major parts per unit/system in the table)

Hitch System Major Parts and Its Function

NAME OF PARTS FIGURE DESCRIPTION/FUNCTION

provide lifting, lowering, and

HITCH/LIFT ARM can be adjusted to tilt an
attachment, such as a plow

Sample Format 4

Name of parts
Name of parts

Name of parts
Name of parts
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSION
 Clutch System Basics and Operation

The parts of the clutch assembly are broken down and described along with their function.
The clutch is an often forgotten about part of a manual transmission.  A clutch is the mechanical device
that transfers all power from the engine into the transmission of a vehicle.  Without a properly operating
clutch, power transfer and gear shifting would be very difficult.  The clutch is located between the
engine flywheel and the transmission. It is often housed within the bellhousing to protect it from
external contaminants.  Much older vehicles had more of a fully open design. The first section of this
system starts at the flywheel.  Connected to the flywheel is the pressure plate, with the clutch-friction
disc between the two items.  On the out side of the pressure plate will be the clutch control unit, or the
throwout bearing.  The throw out bearing is moved by the use of a clutch fork.  The clutch fork is
operated by a slave cylinder, and the slave cylinder is control by the master cylinder ultimately
controlled by the clutch pedal.  The default state of a clutch is engaged.

Pressure Plate:  The pressure plate assembly is secured to the flywheel via bolts connecting the cover
stamping to the flywheel. During engagement, the pressure plate assembly clamps the disc assembly
against the flywheel, transmitting engine power to the transmission. During disengagement, power flow
is interrupted when the pressure plate no longer clamps the disc against the flywheel. Instead, the
pressure plate lifts away from the flywheel, creating a gap large enough for the disc to disengage from
the flywheel, enabling the driver to shift gears.

Clutch Disc: The disc assembly is mounted to the input shaft, between the pressure plate assembly and
the flywheel. During engagement, the disc slides forward on the input shaft and becomes solidly
clamped, or “engaged”, between the flywheel and the pressure plate assembly. During disengagement,
the disc is no longer engaged. Although the pressure plate assembly and flywheel continue rotating, the
input shaft and disc are no longer being rotated by the engine.

Pilot Bushings: Pilot bearings and bushings serve as a guide and seat for the transmission
input shaft during engagement and disengagement when the flywheel and pressure plate
assembly turn at speeds different than the input shaft and disc assembly, the pilot bearing
rotates.

Throw-out Bearing:  Release bearings are designed to pivot forward and compress the
pressure plate levers, which disengages the clutch system. Although release bearings are all
designed for the same basic function, they come in many shapes and sizes because they must
work in conjunction with a variety of actuation systems.
 TRANSMISSION

A transmission is an impressive puzzle to most drivers, made up of many intricate connections

among a multitude of transmission parts. The complexity of these parts and how they fit
together is intimidating, especially if you’re facing transmission repairs and you don’t
understand what’s happening or why.

While we need to trust our transmission mechanics to take care of the specifics, knowing a
little bit about the transmission parts that might be malfunctioning can help to set your mind at
ease during the transmission repair process.

The first step to a basic understanding of transmission parts is to understand the purpose of the
transmission as a whole. Your automatic transmission is responsible for transferring the power
of your engine to the drive shaft and wheels so that your car can move within its optimal range
of revolutions per minute (RPM). The transmission maintains this optimal range by shifting
transmission gears as you drive faster or slower.

1 flange 4 ring gear

(attaches to drive shaft)
5 left axle shaft
2 pinion gear
6 right axle shaft
3 side gears
7 pinion (spider)
gears
 DIFFERENTIAL UNITS

If you've read How Car Engines Work, you understand how a car's power is generated; and if
you've read How Manual Transmissions Work, you understand where the power goes next.
This article will explain differentials -- where the power, in most cars, makes its last stop
before spinning the wheels.

The differential has three jobs:

 To aim the engine power at the wheels

 To act as the final gear reduction in the vehicle, slowing the rotational speed
of the transmission one final time before it hits the wheels
 To transmit the power to the wheels while allowing them to rotate at
different speeds (This is the one that earned the differential its name.)
 STEERING SYSTEM

The steering system converts the rotation of the steering wheel into a swivelling movement of the road
wheels in such a way that the steering-wheel rim turns a long way to move the road wheels a short way.
The system allows a driver to use only light forces to steer a heavy car. The rim of a 15 in. (380 mm)
diameter steering wheel moving four turns from full left lock to full right lock travels nearly 16 ft (5 m),
while the edge of a road wheel moves a distance of only slightly more than 12 in. (300 mm). If the
driver swivelled the road wheel directly, he or she would have to push nearly 16 times as hard.
The steering effort passes to the wheels through a system of pivoted joints. These are designed to allow
the wheels to move up and down with the suspension without changing the steering angle.
They also ensure that when cornering, the inner front wheel - which has to travel round a tighter curve
than the outer one - becomes more sharply angled.
The joints must be adjusted very precisely, and even a little looseness in them makes the steering
dangerously sloppy and inaccurate.
There are two steering systems in common use - the rack and pinion and the steering box.
On large cars, either system may be power assisted to reduce further the effort needed to move it,
especially when the car is moving slowly.

HITCH SYSTEM
The three-point hitch (British English: three-point linkage) is a widely used type of hitch for
attaching ploughs and other implements to an agricultural or industrial tractor.[1][2] The three
points resemble either a triangle, or the letter A. Three-point attachment is the simplest and the
only statically determinate way of joining two bodies in engineering.

A three-point hitch attaches the implement to the tractor so that the orientation of the
implement is fixed with respect to the tractor and the arm position of the hitch. The tractor
carries some or all of the weight of the implement. The other main mechanism for attaching a
load is through a drawbar, a single point, pivoting attachment where the implement or trailer is
not in a fixed position with respect to the tractor.

The primary benefit of the three-point hitch system is to transfer the weight and resistance of an
implement to the drive wheels of the tractor. This gives the tractor more usable traction than it
would otherwise have, given the same power, weight, and fuel consumption

PTO UNIT

A power take-off or power takeoff (PTO) is any of several methods for taking power from a power
source, such as a running engine, and transmitting it to an application such as an attached implement or
separate machines.
Most commonly, it is a splined drive shaft installed on a tractor or truck allowing implements with
mating fittings to be powered directly by the engine.
Semi-permanently mounted power take-offs can also be found on industrial and marine engines. These
applications typically use a drive shaft and bolted joint to transmit power to a secondary implement or
accessory. In the case of a marine application, such shafts may be used to power fire pumps.
In aircraft applications, such an accessory drive may be used in conjunction with a constant speed
drive. Jet aircraft have four types of PTO units: internal gearbox, external gearbox, radial drive shaft,
and bleed air, which are used to power engine accessories. In some cases, aircraft power take-off
systems also provide for putting power into the engine during engine start.
ECU or ENGINE CONTROL UNIT   is the brain of the engine that controls all the
functioning of the engine. It serves several functions which includes regulating and maintaining
the amount of fuel and air in the fuel injection part and helps in increasing horsepower of the
engine.

If any problems occurs in the electrical part or in any other part of your automotive than you
must check your ECU. After all you don nota risk related to your car functioning. And that is
the reason which makes it most important part in Automotive.

ECU Engine control unit.

(Image Credits-tun-tech.com)

The main function of ECU or Engine Control Unit is the  controlling of  series of function of
actuators on an internal combustion engine and ensuring the excellent engine performance. The
Engine Control Unit is also called Power train control unit.
 FINAL DRIVE UNIT

The final drive unit has three functions to perform: it gears down the speed of the propeller
shaft to a suitable road wheel speed, it divides the transmitted torque from the engine between
the two driving wheels and, except in the case of a transverse engine, it turns the drive through
a right angle, transferring it from the propeller shaft to the driving wheels. The propeller shaft
in a conventional front-engined, rear-wheel drive car feeds the engine's torque into the final
drive unit. The function of the final drive in this application is to turn the drive through a right
angle and divide it into two equal parts which are then delivered to the rear wheels. A final
drive is also needed in a front-wheel drive car but with a transverse engine, as in the British
Leyland Mini, there is naturally no need to turn the drive through a right angle. It must still
split the drive into equal parts, however, for each driven wheel.
 VI. CONCLUSION

I therefore conclude that every part of an engine or machine is very important,

it’s has a large contribution on how machines can function well. And if there’s a failure
on one of these parts, it may affect the performance or it can destroy and cause some
troubles. As an agricultural engineering and bio-systems student we must have
knowledge on the parts and functions so we can react on how we handle and solve
problem regarding on machines, especially on tractor which we will use in the near
future.

VII. REFERENCES
https://www.quadratec.com/jeep_knowledgebase/article-64.htm
https://www.mistertransmission.com/transmission-parts/
http://www.4x4abc.com/4WD101/diff.html
https://mechanicalmania.blogspot.com/2011/07/construction-working-of-
differential.html
https://www.howacarworks.com/basics/how-the-steering-system-works
https://www.curtmfg.com/basic-towing-components
https://www.klclutch.com/power-take-offs/what-is-power-take-off-what-does-it-do/
https://aermech.com/ecu-engine-control-unit-carsecmpartsfunctioning/
https://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/how_it_works_final_drive_unit