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WIMAX TECHNOLOGY
Bachelor of Technology
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ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
Submitted By:
BATCH: 2016-20
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) has been serving enterprises and operators for
years, to the great satisfaction of its users. However, the new IP-based standard
developed by the IEEE 802.16 is likely to accelerate adoption of the technology. It
will expand the scope of usage thanks to: the possibility of operating in licensed and
unlicensed frequency bands, unique performance under Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS)
conditions, Quality of Service (QoS) awareness, extension to nomadicity, and more.
In parallel, the WiMAX forum, backed by industry leaders, will encourage the
widespread adoption of broadband wireless access by establishing a brand forthe
technology and pushing interoperability between products.
The purpose of this White Paper is to highlight and assess the value of WiMAX as
the right solution to:
• offer fixed broadband access in urban and suburban areas where copper quality is
poor or unbundling difficult,
• bridge the digital divide in low-density areas where technical and economic factors
make broadband deployment very challenging. In addition to these uses, this paper
will highlight other potential applications, such as telephony or an effective point-to
multipoint backhauling solution for operators or enterprises.
CHAPTER 2
WHAT IS WIMAX?
USES:
The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential
applications:
• Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for "last mile” broadband
access.
IEEE 802 refers to a family of IEEE standards dealing with local area networks and
metropolitan area networks. More specifically, the IEEE 802 standards are restricted
to networks carrying variable-size packets. (By contrast, in cell-based networks data
is transmitted in short, uniformly sized units called cells. Isochronous networks,
where data is transmitted as a steady stream of octets, or groups of octets, at regular
time intervals, are also out of the scope of this standard.) The number 802 was
simply the next free number IEEE could assign, though “802” is sometimes
associated with the date the first meeting was held — February 1980.
• In July 2004, IEEE 802.16REVd, now published under the name IEEE
802.16-2004,introduces support for indoor CPE (NLOS) through additional
radio capabilities such as antenna beam forming and OFDM sub-channeling.
• Early 2005, an IEEE 802.16e variant will introduce support for mobility.
See Figure 2.2 for the applications associated with each of these standards The
WiMAX Forum intends to do for 802.16 what the Wi-Fi Alliance did for 802.11:
As mentioned above, WiMAX can offer very high data rates and extended coverage.
However,
•75 Mbit/s capacity for the base station is achievable with a 20 MHz channel in
bestpropagation conditions. But regulators will often allow only smaller channels
(10 MHz orless) reducing the maximum bandwidth.
• Even though 50 km is achievable under optimal conditions and with a reduced data
rate (a few Mbit/s), the typical coverage will be around 5 km with indoor CPE
(NLOS) and around 15 km with a CPE connected to an external antenna(LOS).
CHAPTER 3
WHY WIMAX?
Range
The wide range of the WiMAX technology depends on the height of the antennas, if
they are installed at the suitable position from where there is no barrier between the
transmitter and receiver, and then we can get better range and service from it. Even
though the frequency for operation of WiMAX is not definite, the most likely band
at 3.5GHz is higher in frequency than the 3G bands at around 2.1 GHz. Range will,
as a result, be lower, perhaps somewhere between 50% and 75% of the range of 3G.
WiMAX can therefore support 30 to 50 kilometres distance with Line-of-Sight
(LOS) links. As far as Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) links in concerned WiMAX can
support the broad range from 3 to 10 kilometres using advanced modulation
algorithm that can overcome many interfering objects that Wi-Fi systems cannot
pass through.
Data Rates
Timing
It is normally believed that WiMAX will enter into the market some five years after
3G is well established. This drawback in time is likely to be important since without
a convincing advantage only a few service providers will choose to move from 3G to
WiMAX. However, those yet to deploy a system may find the choice balanced
between the two technologies.
Cost
The network costs of WiMAX will be likely to be higher than for 3G because of the
reduced range and hence the necessity to build more cells. The subscriber subsidy
costs may be lower if WiMAX is built into processor chips, although this may not
apply if users wish to have WiMAX handsets.
Grant request mechanism for accessing to network is the first aspect of Quality of
Service. The WiMAX functioning of disagreement allocates only a fixed amount of
time to be given to these grant requests. Disagreement refers to the act of competing
for access to the network. Because of the limited amount of time available,
bandwidth cannot be consumed by contention requests. When a disagreement
request comes into the network, the system compares the request with a service
level agreement for the user making the request, and they are granted, or denied,
access accordingly.
CHAPTER 4
WiMAX technology
For the phase I standardization, PG302 decided several system parameters and
Radio access requirements. Major system parameters include duplex scheme (TDD)
and multiple access (OFDMA) and Channel bandwidth (10MHz) as well. Any
detailed contents could be shown in Table 2. For the radio access requirements,
some parameters have been determined as follows:
• Throughout per user should be 0.512 to 3 Mbps for downlink and 0.128 to 1
Mbps for uplink.
Table 4.1 shows the development contents in association with system requirement.
Requirements could be induced by consideration on radio access requirements
Table 4.1
Supporting mobility
Short OFDM symbol length can minimize the degradation due to
the mobility.
The design of the WiMAX is ideal for challenges related with earlier versions of
wired and wireless access networks. At the same time the backhaul connects the
WiMAX system to the network, it is not an integrated part of WiMAX system.
Normally a WiMAX network consists of two parts, a WiMAX Base Station (BS)
and a WiMAX receiver also referred as Customer Premise Equipment (CPE).
Backhaul
Backhaul is actually a connection system from the Access Point (AP) back to the
provider and to the connection from the provider to the network. A backhaul can set
out any technology and media provided; it connects the system to the backbone. In
most of the WiMAX deployments circumstances, it is also possible to connect
several base stations with one another by use of high speed backhaul microware
links. This would also allow for roaming by a WiMAX subscriber from one base
station coverage area to another, similar to roaming enabled by cellular phone
Receiver
So far one of the biggest restrictions to the widespread acceptance of WiMAX has
been the cost of CPE. This is not only the cost of CPE itself, but also that of
installation. In the past, Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) have been
predominantly Line Of Sight (LOS), requiring highly skilled labour and a truck role
to install and provide a service to customer. The concept of a self-installed CPE has
been difficult for BWA from the beginning, but with the advent of WiMAX, this
issue seems to be getting resolvedBase Station (BS)
A WiMAX base station comprises of internal devices and a WiMAX tower. A base
station can normally covers the area of about 50 kilometres or 30 miles radius, but
some other and environmental issues bound the limits of WiMAX range to 10 km or
6 miles. Any wireless user within the coverage area would be able to access the
WiMAX services (Fig: 2). The WiMAX base stations would use the media access
control layer defines in the standard and would allocate uplink and downlink
bandwidth to subscribers according to their requirements on real time basis.
The WiMAX family of standards concentrate on two types of usage models a fixed
usage model and a mobile usage model. The basic element that differentiates these
systems is the ground speed at which the systems are designed to manage. Based on
mobility, wireless access systems are designed to operate on the move without any
disruption of service; wireless access can be divided into three classes; stationary,
pedestrian and vehicular.
A mobile wireless access system is one that can address the vehicular class, whereas
the fixed serves the stationary and pedestrian classes. This raises a question about
the nomadic wireless access system, which is referred to as a system that works as a
fixed wireless access system but can change its location
Fixed WiMAX
Service and consumer usage of WiMAX for fixed access is expected to reflect that
of fixed wire-line service, with many of the standards-based requirements being
confined to the air interface. Because communications takes place via wireless links
from Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) to a remote Non Line-of-sight (NLOS)
base station, requirements for link security are greater than those needed for a
wireless service. The security mechanisms within the IEEE 802.16 standards are
sufficient for fixed access service.
Another challenge for the fixed access air interface is the need to set up high
performance radio links capable of data rates comparable to wired broadband
service, using equipment that can be self installed indoors by users, as is the case for
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable modems. IEEE 802.16 standards provide
advanced physical (PHY) layer techniques to achieve link margins capable of
supporting high throughput in NLOS environments.
Mobile WiMAX
CHAPTER 5
Unlike WLAN, WiMAX provides a media access control (MAC) layer that uses a
grant-request mechanism to authorize the exchange of data. This feature allows
better exploitation of the radio resources, in particular with smart antennas, and
independent management of the traffic of every user. This simplifies the support of
real-time and voice applications. One of the inhibitors to widespread deployment of
WLAN was the poor security feature of the first releases. WiMAX proposes the full
range of security features to ensure secured data exchange:
WiMAX must be able to provide a reliable service over long distances to customers
using indoor terminals or PC cards (like today's WLAN cards). These requirements,
with limited transmit power to comply with health requirements, will limit the link
budget. Subchannelling in uplink and smart antennas at the base station has to
overcome these constraints. The WiMAX system relies on a new radio physical
(PHY) layer and appropriate MAC layer to support all demands driven by the target
applications. The PHY layer modulation is based on OFDMA, in combination with a
centralized MAC layer for optimized resource allocation and support of QoS for
different types of services (VoIP, real-time and non real-time services, best effort).
The OFDMA PHY layer is well adapted to the NLOS propagation environment in
the 2 - 11 GHz frequency range. It isinherently robust when it comes to handling the
significant delay spread caused by the typical NLOS reflections. Together with
adaptive modulation, which is applied to each subscriber individually according to
the radio channel capability, OFDMA can provide a high spectral efficiency of about
3 - 4 bit/s/Hz. However, in contrast to single carrier modulation, the OFDMA signal
has an increased peak: average ratio and increased frequency accuracy requirements.
Therefore, selection of appropriate power amplifiers and frequency recovery
concepts are crucial. WiMAX provides flexibility in terms of channelization, carrier
frequency, and duplex mode (TDD and FDD) to meet a variety of requirements for
available spectrum resources and targeted services. An important and very
challenging function of the WiMAX system is the support of various
advancedantenna techniques, which are essential to provide high spectral efficiency,
capacity, system performance, and reliability:
• beam forming using smart antennas provides additional gain to bridge long
distances or to increase indoor coverage; it reduces inter-cell interference and
improves frequency reuse,
• transmit diversity and MIMO techniques using multiple antennas take advantage
of multipath reflections to improve reliability and capacity.
WiMAX technology can provide coverage in both LOS and NLOS conditions.
NLOS has many implementation advantages that enable operators to deliver
broadband data to a wide range of customers. WiMAX technology has many
advantages that allow it to provide NLOS solutions, with essential features such as
OFDM technology, adaptive modulation and error correction. Furthermore,
WiMAX has many optional features, such as ARQ, sub-channeling, diversity, and
space-time coding that will prove invaluable to operators wishing to provide quality
and performance that rivals wireline technology. For the first time, broadband
wireless operators will be able to deploy standardized equipment with the right
balance of cost and performance; choosing the appropriate set of features for their
particular business model.
System performance
Table 5.1 gives typical cell size and throughput at 3.5 GHz in various configuration
and environments.
6 ENHANCEMENTS IN WIMAX
OFDM
6.1 OFDM
The facility to remove delay spread, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and multi-path
in a proficient manner allows for higher data rate throughput. It is simpler to
equalize the individual OFDM carriers than it is to equalize the broader single
carrier signal. For these entire reasons modern international standard such as those
set by IEEE 802.16, have created OFDM as the ideal technology.
Directional antennas enhance the fade margin by adding together extra gain. This
increases the link accessibility comparisons between directional and Omni-
directional antennas. Delay spread is further reduced by directional antennas at both
the Base Station and Customer Premise Equipment (CPE). The antenna pattern
restrains any multi-path signals that appear in the side lobes and back lobes. The
efficiency of these methods has been verified and demonstrated in booming
deployments, in which the service operates under considerable NLOS fading.
Adaptive Modulation
“IMT-Advanced is a continuing effort. The full criteria, being extended within ITU-
R Working Party 8F, are not expected until 2008. The specification of IMT-
Advanced technologies will probably not be completed until at least 2010. In
preparation for IMT-Advanced, the IEEE 802.16 Working Group has moved to
initiate a new project designated as “802.16m” with the intent of developing
enhancements to IEEE STD 802.16 to ensure suitability as an IMT-Advanced
proposal”.
Power Control
Algorithms of power control are applied to enhance the general performance of the
system, it is deployed by the base station sending power control information to
every Customer Premise Equipments (CPEs) to control the transmit power level so
that the level inward bound at the base station is at a fixed level. In a dynamical
changing fading environment this pre-determined performance level indicates that
the CPE only broadcasts sufficient power to meet this constraint. The
communication would be that the CPE broadcast level is supported on worst case
circumstances. The power control decreases the general power consumption of the
CPE and the possible interference with other base stations. For Line-of-Sight (LOS)
WiMAX have built-in error detection techniques to reduce the system Signal to
Noise Ratio (SNR) obligations. Convolutional Encoding, Strong Reed Solomon
FEC, and interleaving algorithms are used to identify and correct errors to enhance
throughput. These strong error correction techniques assist to recover corrupted
frames that may have been missing due to frequency selective fading or burst errors.
To remove the errors, Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) is used that cannot be
corrected by the FEC by resending the error-ed information again. This notably
improves the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance for a similar maximum level.
CHAPTER 7
Hurdles to overcome are the poor line quality of the installed copper base, the large
distances to the central offices or cabinets, or the low population density. In this
context, WiMAX, with its QoS support, longer reach, and data rates similar to DSL,
is naturally positioned as a viable first mile option to offer broadband access to
residential users.
WiMax is of interest for large enterprises with several locations in the same
metropolitan area. WiMax will permit Operator's bypass under license conditions:
building a metropolitan private network of IP lines at a very low cost (no civil
works). The comparison to leased lines rental fee is in favor of Wimax even for two
sites only.
Deployment topologies
Several topology and backhauling options are to be supported on the WiMAX base
stations: wireline backhauling (typically over Ethernet), microwave Point-to-Point
connection, as well as WiMAX backhaul. See Figure 3. With the latter option,
thebase station has the capability to backhaul itself. This can be achieved by
reserving part of the bandwidth normally used for the end-user traffic and using it
for backhauling purposes.
Mobile networks offer full mobility, nation-wide coverage voice support and
moderate data rates. WiMAX can then be positioned as a complementary solution
by offering higher bandwidth when required, in particular in dense urban areas.
Public WLAN, while offering clear benefits, is limited in coverage and mobility
While nomadicity offers connectivity within the coverage area of a single base
station, Portable Internet implies session continuity throughout the network. In
addition a new generation of networks with multi-access (3G, Wi-Fi, WiMAX,
DSL, FTTU, etc.) enable end-users to enjoy an "Always Best Connected"
experience when accessing their applications via the best available network at home,
on the pause, or on the move. See Figure 4. WiMAX becomes an additional radio
access solution in the global network architecture.
In most case, a simple plug and play terminal, similar to a DSL modem, provides
connectivity. For customers located several kilometers from the WiMAX base
station, a self-install outdoor antenna may be required to improve transmission
quality. To serve isolated customers, a directive antenna pointing to the WiMAX
base station may be required. For customers requesting voice in addition to
broadband services, specific CPE will allow the connection of standard or VoIP
phones. Ultimately, WiMAX chipset will be embedded in data-centric devices.
• The incumbent operators can use the wireless technology as a complement to DSL,
allowing them to offer DSL-like services in remote, lowdensity areas that cannot be
served with DSL.
• For alternate operators, the wireless technology is the solution for a competitive
high-speed Internet with applicability in urban or sub-urban areas.
• The larger opportunity will come with the Portable Internet usage, complementing
fixed and mobile solution in urban and suburban areas. Therefore it will enhance the
business case by giving access to a large potential of end users.
By integrating WiMAX into their networks, mobile operators can boost their service
with high bandwidth, when necessary, the same applications (messaging, agenda,
location-based services, …) being offered on both networks with a single billing and
subscriber profile. Mobile operators can also reuse existing radio sites and
backhauling equipment to facilitate the deployment of WiMAX. Fixed operators,
incumbent or alternate, will offer nomadic and Portable Internet usage as an addition
to their fixed access offering to complement their DSL and Wi-Fi bundle. For those
having deployed WiMAX for fixed access, this is also a natural evolution of their
offering.
CHAPTER 8
Throughput
By using a robust modulation scheme, IEEE 802.16 delivers high throughput at long
ranges with a highlevel of spectral efficiency that is also tolerant of signal
reflections. Dynamic adaptive modulation allows the base station to tradeoff
throughput for range. For example, if the base station cannot establish a robust link
to a distant subscriber using the highest order modulation scheme, 64 QAM
(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), the modulation order is reduced to 16 QAM or
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), which reduces throughput and increases
effective range.
Scalability
Coverage
Quality of Service
service to homes, similar to cable-level service, all within the same base station
service area cell.
Security
Privacy and encryption features are included in the 802.16 standard to support
secure transmissions and provide authentication and data encryption.
Benefits of Standards
Standards are important for the wireless industry because they enable economies of
scale that can bring down the cost of equipment, ensure interoperability, and reduce
investment risk for operators. Without industry-wide standards, equipment
manufacturers must provide all the hardware and software building blocks and
platforms for themselves, including the fundamental silicon, the sub- scriber station,
the base station, and the network management software that is used to provision
services and remotely manage the subscriber station. With the 802.16 standard in
place, suppliers can amortize their research and development costs over much higher
product volume. For example, a volume silicon supplier can supply the same
standard component to many equipment makers at a far lower cost than would be
possible if the device manufacturers were required to develop proprietary silicon for
use only by their equipment. Standards also specify minimum performance criteria
for equipment, enabling a common broadband wireless access baseline platform that
equipment manufacturers can use as the foundation for ongoing innovations and
faster time to market. With its broad industry support, the 802.16 standard lets device
manufacturers and solutions vendors do what they do best, achieving overall
price/performance improvements and opening mass-market opportunities that cannot
be equaled by proprietary approaches.
so they can design in conformance and interoperability during the earliest possible
phase of product development. Typically, this activity will begin when the first
integrated prototype becomes available. Ultimately, the WiMAX suite of
conformance tests, in conjunction with interoperability events, will enable service
providers to choose from multiple vendors of broadband wireless access equipment
that conforms to the IEEE 802.16a standard and that is optimized for their unique
operating environment. Internationally, WiMAX will work with ETSI, the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute, to develop similar test suites for the ETSI
HIPERMAN standard for European broadband wireless metropolitan area access.
WiMAX has key benefits for operators. By choosing interoperable, standards-based
equipment, the operator reduces the risk of deploying broadband wireless access
systems.
• Operators are not locked in to a single vendor because base stations will
interoperate with subscriber stations from different manufacturers
CHAPTER 9
WIMAX SERVICES
Potential services
9.1 SERVICES 1
VoD/MoD/AoD Streaming
MMS Background
m-Commerce Interactive
Current Service
KT offers 18.4Mbit/s/4Mbit/s for $22 a month with unlimited data usage. WiMAX
seems faster than HSDPA. There are similar service in U.S. operated by wireless
company but much more expensive and slower. Hanaro Telecom have announced a
partnership to roll out WiMAX nationwide in Korea, excluding Seoul and six
provincial cities, where independent networks will be rolled out.In November 2004,
Intel and LG Electronics executives agreed to ensure compatibility between
WiMAX and WiMAX technology In September 2005, Samsung Electronics signed
a deal with Sprint Nextel Corporation to provide equipment for a WiMAX trial. In
November 2005, KT Corporation(aka Korea Telecom) showed off WiMAX trial
services during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in Busan.
9.2 SERVICES2
February 10th 2006: Telecom Italia, the dominant telephony and internet service
provider in Italy, together with Korean Samsung Electronics, has demonstrated to
the public a WiMAX network service on the occasion of the 2006 Winter Olympics,
held in Turin, with downspeed of 10 Mbit/s and upspeed of some hundreds of kbit/s
even in movement up to 120 km/h.
In the same event Samsung tlc div. president Kitae Lee assured a future of 20-30
Mbit/s by the end of this year (2006) and 100+ Mbit/s down / 1+ Mbit/s up in 2008
KT Corporation launched commercial WiMAX service in mid-2006 as reported
Sprint (US), BT (UK), KDDI (JP), and TVA (BR) have or are trialing WiMAX. KT
Corporation and SK Telecom launched WiMAX around Seoul on June 30, 2006.
More about the KT launch.On April 3, 2007, KT launched WiMAX coverage for all
areas of Seoul including all subway lines.
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 11
WIMAX IN INDIA
Connectivity is vital to Indian business and society. Globalization and the Internet
have created rapid growth in information technology-related businesses in India.
Although only half a percent of the Indian population has residential Internet access
(4.7 million out of 1 billion people), India’s more than 9,000 Internet cafes can be
seen bustling with people everywhere in the Indian cities.These Internet services
provide a means for people to stay connected with their friends and family through e-
mail, audio or video chat, and to browse the Internet for job and academic
opportunities. While Indians are enthusiastic about the Internet, the lack of physical
connectivity or telecommunications infrastructure and the cost and lack of broadband
technologies are a big hindrance to more widespread adoption of the Internet. In fact,
14 percent of India’s 0.6 million villages still do not have a single public telephone.
But wireless technologies are beginning to offer reliable alternatives to fixed-line
access, offering the potential for widespread, affordable connectivity to every region,
village, and person in India.
entertainment services as it has done elsewhere in the world. And the solution must
be wireless, to avoid the overwhelming cost and resources that would be required to
deploy countrywide fixed-line broadband Internet infrastructure.With widespread
wireless broadband facilities, the Indian information technology (IT) industry could
grow beyond a few cities, students in rural areas could videoconference with
educators across the country, and entertainment programs could be telecast to remote
areas along with Internet telephony services, using technologies like Voice over
Internet Protocol (VoIP). Improved communications could bring remote villages into
the world economy, information access could speed worker productivity, and faster
communication between producers and suppliers could fuel demand for Indian
products.
With higher bandwidth and faster speeds, broadband Internet can make education
more accessible by delivering interactive distance education at a low cost. TRAI
reports that in Korea, the government provided training on PC and Internet usage for
low-income and disabled households with children. They also launched programs to
provide these families with heavily subsidized and sometimes free PCs. Over 55
percent of all educational documents are electronic at this point. Teachers in schools
have access to their own PCs with Internet connections, and are required to leverage
information and communication technologies as an integral part of their curriculum.5
In India, schools and libraries in rural or remote areas without wired infrastructure or
broadband services can be costeffectively connected to broadband using WiMAX.
Video conferencing tools can help students to study a variety of subjects with
educators who may not be able to commute to remote areas. Lecture classes from
urban schools and top universities can be broadcast to rural students, and the students
could use the broadband facilities of WiMAX for communicating with teachers and
with their remote classmates. The Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
is already encouraging state governments and conventional universities to establish
distance learning programs, providing financial support and grants for programs and
Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, are already offering distance learning
programs through relationships with industry and development agencies. BITS
conducts off-campus degree programs as a means of continuing education for
employed professionals as part of the human resource development programs of
specific organizations at various off-campus centers.” BITS offerings include degree
programs in math, science and engineering, computer science, medical and
healthcare and other fields.
7 Extensive and reliable broadband Internet can help these Internet-based quality
distance education reach more people across the nation. Agriculture and health care
can also benefit from broadband services. High-resolution pictures or real-time
images of crop diseases can be transmitted to agricultural experts in a different
geographic location for immediate expert advice, thus containing the crop diseases
faster. Similarly, doctors can use real-time video conferencing to discuss patient
symptoms with faraway experts, thus providing faster and better care to the patients.
LaBrecque estimates that there are over 2,400 wireless Internet service providers
(ISPs) in the United States, serving over 6,000 markets (ISP-Market, LLC
Broadband Wireless Access 2002). But they use expensive, proprietary equipment
that's not interoperable with equipment from other vendors. A lack of standards has
also limited the usefulness of the technology and made it hard for wireless broadband
access providers to be competitive and profitable. To combat these issues the 802.16
standard was conceived. 802.16 will provide definitive standards for a carrier-class
solution that can scale to support thousands of users with a single base station and
provide differentiated service levels. For example, a single base station sector can
provide enough data rate to simultaneously support more than 60 businesses with T1-
type connectivity and hundreds of homes with DSL-type connectivity.
The benefits of 802.16 are many: by enabling standards-based products with fewer
variants and larger volume production, it will drive the cost of equipment down, and
having standardized equipment will also encourage competition, making it possible
to buy from many sources. For areas poorly served by a wired infrastructure,
including many developing countries, 802.16 will be important both for its ease of
implementation and its low cost
The IEEE 802.16 standard body members are working toward incremental
evolution, from fixed operation to portability and mobility. The IEEE 802.16e
amendment will amend the base specification to enable not just fixed, but also
portable and mobile operation. IEEE 802.16f and IEEE 802.16g task groups are
addressing the management interfaces for fixed and mobile operation. Clients will
be able to hand-off between 802.16 base stations, enabling users to roam between
service areas. In a fully mobile scenario users may be moving while simultaneously
engaging in a broadband data access or multimedia streaming session. All of these
improvements will help make WiMAX an even better Internet access solution for
growing economies like that of India.
CHAPTER 12
CONCLUSION
The latest developments in the IEEE 802.16 group are driving a broadband wireless
access (r) evolution thanks to a standard with unique technical characteristics. In
parallel, the WiMAX forum, backed by industry leaders, helps the widespread
adoption of broadband wireless access by establishing a brand for the technology.
Initially, WiMAX will bridge the digital divide and thanks to competitive equipment
prices, the scope of WiMAX deployment will broaden to cover markets where the
low POTS penetration, high DSL unbundling costs, or poor copper quality have
acted as a brake on extensive high-speed Internet and voice over broadband.
WiMAX will reach its peak by making Portable Internet a reality. When WiMAX
chipsets are integrated into laptops and other portable devices, it will provide high-
speed data services on the move, extending today's limited coverage of public
WLAN to metropolitan areas. Integrated into new generation networks with seamless
roaming between various accesses, it will enable end users to enjoy an "Always Best
Connected" experience. The combination of these capabilities makes WiMAX
attractive for a wide diversity of people: fixed operators, mobile operators and
wireless ISPs, but also for many vertical markets and local authorities. Alcatel, the
worldwide broadband market leader with a market share in excess of 37%, is
committed to offer complete support across the entire investment and operational
cycle required for successful deployment of WiMAX services