Sulaimany polytechnic university

Petroleum and energy engineering department 2nd stage

Reservoir fluid properties

Prepared by: Ahmed Adeeb karim

Supervisor: Zheno Ahmed

Calculating viscosities of reservoir fluids from their

composition

Date: june12th 2020

2019-2020
Table of contents
1
1. title p1
2. table of content p2
3. abstract p3
4. introduction p(4-5)
5. meathods and materials p6
6. results p (7-8)
7. discussion p9
8. conclusion p10
9. bibliography p11

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Abstract

A simple and accurate correlation has been developed for predicting the viscosity of CO2-
reservoir oil mixtures from composition. The method is suitable for equation-of-state based
reservoir simulations, and is useful for a wide range of oil viscosities from 0.2 to 400,000 cP.
The correlation is based on a generalized power mixing rule and was developed with
experimental viscosity data from 20 oil systems, ranging from volatile oils to heavy bitumens.
The pressure-temperature range of the data was 14.7-7000 psi and 70-255 deg F. A Peng-
Robinson equation of state characterization was developed for each of the oils to match PVT
data. This PREOS characterization was then used in the viscosity correlation. Accurate
predictions require an experimental value of CO2-free reservoir oil at reservoir temperature
above bubble point pressure. For the oils and bitumens tested, this method predicts oil-solution
gas-CO2 mixture viscosity with 12.5% average absolute deviation (AAD)
This report will provide every single detail about how to calculate and measure the viscosity of
reservoir fluids from their compositions .[ CITATION WSF96 \l 1033 ]

therefore the main objective of this report is to show and demonstrate how to know the amount
of viscosity of petroleum of a reservoir by using their compositions.

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Introduction

Accurate estimation of CO2-oil mixture viscosity is important in reservoir engineering studies of

miscible and immiscible CO2 injection projects. The Lohrenz-Bray-Clark (LBC) correlation is
commonly used. LBC correlation is a modification of the Jossi, Stiel and Thodos correlation for
pure components, and is suitable for gases and light oils. For liquid phase viscosity, the LBC
correlation was developed using a database of mixtures containing 4% or less CO2. The
correlation has proven inaccurate for liquid phase Oil-CO2. Lansangan et al. reported an AAD of
40.5% for 9 oil systems tested (oil viscosity up to 4.4 cP) using the LBC correlation. For heavier
oils, errors of greater than 100% AAD are common. For bitumens, the predictions can be in error
by two orders of magnitude.

One contributing factor to those deviations is that small errors in EOS density predictions can
cause large errors in the LBC correlation. Alternative correlations available in the literature are
Simon and Graue's graphical method (1964), corresponding state methods of Ely and Hanley
(1981); Pedersen et al. (1983), mixing rule method by Emanuel (1985), and improved LBC by
Lansangan et al. (1990). Compared with other correlations, the correlation presented in this paper
is simple, compatible with EOS description of other PVT properties, and covers a wider range of
viscosities with good accuracy.

CORRELATION FOR PURE HYDROCARBONS

A new correlation developed by Orbey and Sandler (1993) is used here for pure components in a
reservoir oil mixture. Their correlation is briefly outlined as follows:

Low Pressure Viscosity as a Function of Temperature

The reduced liquid viscosity , defined as viscosity at temperature T divided by its viscosity , at
normal boiling temperature Tb.

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Methods and materials

The data that exists in this report had been provided from researches and reports and websites
from the internet, it is worth mentioning that there are no respondents in this report because its
only theoretical and there is no practical procedure, that means scientific experiments have not
been exercised in the lab of my university.
It is worth saying that no problems had been encountered.

5
  

Results and findings

Half-Cells and Cell Potential

 Electrochemical Cells are made up of two half-cells, each consisting of an electrode

which is dipped in an electrolyte. The same electrolyte can be used for both half cells.
 These half cells are connected by a salt bridge which provides the platform for ionic
contact between them without allowing them to mix with each other. An example of a
salt bridge is a filter paper which is dipped in a potassium nitrate or sodium chloride
solution.
 One of the half cells of the electrochemical cell loses electrons due to oxidation and the
other gains electrons in a reduction process. It can be noted that an equilibrium reaction
occurs in both the half cells, and once the equilibrium is reached, the net voltage becomes
0 and the cell stops producing electricity.
 The tendency of an electrode which is in contact with an electrolyte to lose or gain
electrons is described by its electrode potential. The values of these potentials can be
used to predict the overall cell potential. Generally, the electrode potentials are measured

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 with the help of the standard hydrogen electrode as a reference electrode (an electrode of
known potential).

Primary and Secondary Cells

 Primary cells are basically use-and-throw galvanic cells. The electrochemical reactions
that take place in these cells are irreversible in nature. Hence, the reactants are consumed
for the generation of electrical energy and the cell stops producing an electric current
once the reactants are completely depleted.
 Secondary cells (also known as rechargeable batteries) are electrochemical cells in which
the cell has a reversible reaction, i.e. the cell can function as a Galvanic cell as well as an
Electrolytic cell.
 Most of the primary batteries (multiple cells connected in series, parallel, or a
combination of the two) are considered wasteful and environmentally harmful devices.
This is because they require about 50 times the energy they contain in their
manufacturing process. They also contain many toxic metals and are considered to be
hazardous waste.

Types of Electrochemical Cells

The two primary types of electrochemical cells are
1.  Galvanic cells (also known as Voltaic cells)
2. Electrolytic cells
The key differences between Galvanic cells and electrolytic cells are tabulated below.

Galvanic Cell / Voltaic Cell Electrolytic Cell

Chemical energy is transformed into electrical Electrical energy is transformed into chemical
energy in these electrochemical cells. energy in these cells.

An input of energy is required for the redox

The redox reactions that take place in these cells
reactions to proceed in these cells, i.e. the reactions
are spontaneous in nature.
are non-spontaneous.

In these electrochemical cells, the anode is

These cells feature a positively charged anode and a
negatively charged and the cathode is positively
negatively charged cathode.
charged.

The electrons originate from the species that Electrons originate from an external source (such as
undergoes oxidation. a battery).

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Applications of Electrochemical Cells

 Electrolytic cells are used in the electrorefining of many non-ferrous metals. They are
also used in the electrowinning of these metals.
 The production of high-purity lead, zinc, aluminium, and copper involves the use of
electrolytic cells.
 Metallic sodium can be extracted from molten sodium chloride by placing it in an
electrolytic cell and passing an electric current through it.
 Many commercially important batteries (such as the lead-acid battery) are made up of
Galvanic cells.
 Fuel cells are an important class of electrochemical cells that serve as a source of clean
energy in several remote locations.
[ CITATION byj19 \l 1033 ]

Discussion

Electrochemical cells are very important and they are very vital for absolutely everything,
because nearly everything on this planed needs electricity and energy to work properly and
electrochemical cells provides that needed energy. For example they are inside phones, laptops,
cars, ships, factories, etc….

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Conlusion

in conclusion it is obvious that in the light of the previous information , electrochemical cells are
easy to manufacture and easy to use, therefore they are part of our lives .

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Bibliography

Bibliography
(n.d.).
byjus. (2019). Retrieved from byjus: https://byjus.com/chemistry/electrochemical-cell/
cliffs notes. (2020). Retrieved from houghton mifflin harcourt.

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