Construction and Building Materials 176 (2018) 608–617

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Construction and Building Materials

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Evaluation of mechanical properties of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash concrete

P. Jagadesh a,⇑, A. Ramachandramurthy b, R. Murugesan c
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641014, Tamil Nadu, India
b
Fatigue Fracture Laboratory, CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre, Taramani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
c
Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Road Transport and Technology, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India

h i g h l i g h t s

Characterized Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) material.

SCBA blended concretes exhibited higher Modulus of Rupture (MOR) than control.

P-SCBA concrete has higher Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) than control concrete.

Empirical equation is proposed to predict the MOR and MOE of SCBA blended concrete.

Established a relationship between MOR and MOE.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) is an advanced cementitious material contains significant amount of poz-
Received 12 September 2017 zolanic minerals like silica, alumina, etc. In view of this, in the present study it is proposed to partial
Received in revised form 3 May 2018 replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by SCBA up-to 30%. OPC was replaced in two forms,
Accepted 6 May 2018
namely, Original SCBA (O-SCBA) and Processed SCBA (P-SCBA). The mechanical properties such as cylin-
der compressive strength, Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) were evaluated for
SCBA blended concrete and compared with conventional concrete. Further the relationships between
Keywords:
cylinder compressive strength, MOR and MOE were established as per AS3600 (Australian Standards
Cementitious material
Cylinder compressive strength
3600), ACI318 (American Concrete Institute 318) and NZS3101 (New Zealand Standard 3101).
Modulus of rupture Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Modulus of elasticity
Relationships

1. Introduction
Developing nation like India, solid waste management is cur-
rently most important domain in view of ecology and environmen-
tal aspects. About 960 million tonnes of solid wastes are being
generated by India every year [1]. Solid waste generated from
Indian agricultural sector contributes approximately to 13.64%
overall solid waste generated in Asia every year [2]. With reference
to overall production of SCBA across globe, India contributes to 45%
which shows that bulk quantity is available in India and it has to be
utilized for several purposes on urgent basis. In India, there are 500
operational sugar mills and is second largest sugar production
across globe [3].
The fuel cost for electricity generation and demand, has
increased drastically in the recent years. The dried sugar cane
bagasse (heating value in order of 7.74 MJ/kg) can be employed
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jaga.86@gmail.com (P. Jagadesh).
as one of the major sources of fuel for boilers [4] for electricity gen-
eration of parent industries [5,6]. Every tonne of sugarcane crush,
will yield 270 kg of wet bagasse [7–9]. The combustion of dried
bagasse will not contribute to Carbon di Oxide (CO2) emission into
the environment as the amount of CO2 liberated is neutralized by
CO2 consumed during sugarcane plant growth [10]. It is mentioned
that an amount of 62 kg of SCBA is obtained by burning dried
bagasse in boilers at temperature varying from 300 °C to 600 °C
[9] per tonne of sugarcane crushed. Cement Industries are second
largest industries in emission of CO2. For production of one tonne
of OPC, an equivalent amount of CO2 is delivered into atmosphere
[11], which accounts for 8% of overall production [12–14]. And
also, for production of every tonne of OPC, 1.6 tonnes of natural
resources are consumed [15].
In order to reduce CO2 emission, one of the alternatives is to
make use of blended Pozzolans like SCBA with OPC and produce
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC). A Pozzolan is either natural or
artificial which is finely divided siliceous or aluminous material,
in presence of moisture it reacts with additional lime at ordinary

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.037
0950-0618/Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 P. Jagadesh et al. / Construction and Building Materials 176 (2018) 608–617 609

Table 1 In this paper, a simple and effective method has been proposed
Physical properties of binders. to process SCBA for use in cement industries. Hence in this study,
Properties OPC O-SCBA P-SCBA combination of grinding for 45 min initially and burning at low
Specific gravity 3.158 1.856 2.218 temperature for 4-h is proposed to reduce the energy consump-
Retained on sieve 75 mm – 29.5% 7.25% tion, reduction in time for SCBA process to obtain the so called
Density (kg/m3) 3144 2235 2454 processed-SCBA (P-SCBA). P-SCBA has been used for further
Mean particle size (mm) 28 105 30 studies.

Table 2 2. Experimental program

Chemical properties of binders in mass (%).
Properties OPC O-SCBA
SiO2 21.15 55.05
Al2O3 5.10 3.87
Fe2O3 2.62 0.42
CaO 65.52 5.09
Na2O – 0.94
K2O 0.35 4.00
MgO 3.04 4.82
temperature and form secondary calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel
[16]. ASTM C618 (1992) classified SCBA as N Pozzolan, many stud-
ies were reported in the literature and it was used in blended
cements [6,9]. The specific surface area is increased due to reduc-
tion in size uniformly. The increased specific surface area is directly
useful for the kinetics of their pozzolanic reactions. By the addition
of fine pozzolan, packing density of mix will improve significantly
due to micro-filler effect [17]. The other physical effect is that with
the decrease in particle size results in heterogeneous nucleation
due to increase in specific area surface for reaction. In this situa-
tion, pozzolan fine constituent part settles in between the clinker
minerals, allowing nucleation of hydrates on fine particles of silica
from SCBA and decreasing the energy obstruction [18]. Original
SCBA (O-SCBA) contains higher carbon content and higher quanti-
ties of crystalline silica which acts in adverse manner if it is used as
pozzolan. Other possibilities to improve the reactivity of crystalline
silica in SCBA are burning or grinding, etc. On other hand, SCBA
consumes higher energy to grind or burn into finer parts. This lim-
its the usage of SCBA in cement. Although some studies were
reported in improvement of SCBA properties, but the procedures
are not clear in terms of burning temperatures, controlled condi-
tions/operatable conditions, optimum conditions. In view of this,
a study has been undertaken to optimize the conditions.
2.1. Materials
P-SCBA
O-SCBA sample was collected at Bannari Sugars Private Limited, Sathyaman-
66.50
galam, Tamil Nadu, India which produces sugar, alcohol and electricity. Samples
4.82
were collected during the cleaning process of the boilers from the factory. The sugar
4.67
cane bagasse is burnt in boiler for the temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 600 °C,
3.83
reliant on the moisture content and feedstuff of the bagasse. Table 1 shows a sum-
0.59
mary of the physical characteristics and Table 2 shows the summary of the chemical
4.07
composition of both SCBA and OPC. In the present study, sieved raw SCBA is
2.87
denoted as O-SCBA. The sieving is done for selection of appropriate size of SCBA
in view of binder materials. P-SCBA used in this investigation is obtained by grind-
ing O-SCBA in laboratory ball mill for 45 min, with three balls of 8 mm, 18 mm and
25 mm diameter in the ratio of 1:5 (volume of ash: ball), 1:10 ratio (volume of ball
and ash: volume of mill container) at 300 rpm.
After grinding SCBA, it is kept in muffle furnace for four hours at a temperature
of 400 °C, hence forth, it is called P-SCBA. This process results in energy consump-
tion reduction, decrease of SCBA wastage, less CO2 emission, natural resources pro-
tection, avoiding negative environmental effects, etc., may lead to achieving the
sustainability of SCBA based concrete. Other school of thought reported that high
grinding time and high burning temperature as processing techniques for making
SCBA as reactive Pozzolan [6,19]. In order to increase the packing density of con-
crete mixture, the combination of 20 mm aggregate and 12.5 mm aggregate in pro-
portions of 70% and 30% respectively is used as coarse aggregate. Fig. 1 shows the
particle size distribution of aggregates and SCBAs used in this investigation. The
physical properties of fine and coarse aggregate are presented in Table 3. In the pre-
sent study, processed SCBA has been utilized concrete by partial replacement of
cement aiming at compressive strength is about 20 MPa. To demonstrate the effi-
cacy of SCBA initially, the studies were carried out for compressive strength of
20 MPa.
2.2. Mixture proportions
Six mix proportions of O-SCBA and P-SCBA blended concrete and one control
mix proportion are proposed to study and the details are shown in Table 4. Mixture
proportions ‘O1, O2, . . . O6’ for O-SCBA, blending varying from 5% to 30% of OPC
replacement. Another series of mixture proportions ‘P1, P2, . . . P6’ denotes for P-
SCBA with varying proportion in 5%, 10%, . . . 30% for OPC replacement. Table 4 also
presents the various quantities for several combinations. The mix design for control
mix and blended mixes are carried out as per IS 10262:2009 [20].

Coarse aggregate (20mm) Coarse aggregate (12.5mm)

Fine aggregate O-SCBA

P-SCBA

100
90
80
70
% RETAINED

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
40 400 4000 40000
SIEVE SIZE MICROMETRE
Fig. 1. Particle Size Distribution of Aggregates and SCBAs.
610 P. Jagadesh et al. / Construction and Building Materials 176 (2018) 608–617

Table 3 of 2376–2441 kg/m3and 2381–2459 kg/m3, with a standard devia-

Physical properties of aggregates.
Properties Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
20 mm 12.5 mm
Specific gravity 2.717 2.753 2.726
Water absorption (%) 2.25 0.45 0.82
Moisture Content (%) 1.84 0.20 0.32
2.3. Method of casting and curing
Dried SCBA is blended with OPC for two minutes in required proportions in
mixer machine and it is stored in separate air tight container. The SCBA blended
concrete mixtures were mixed in a laboratory pan mixer. Initially two types of
coarse aggregates are mixed for two minutes in dry state, then the fine aggregate
conforming to zone II as per IS 383:2016 [21] is mixed for two more minutes in
dry state. Later, the blended cements in required proportions are mixed in dried
condition for further two minutes. Once, the dry mix appears to have equal distri-
bution of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and the binders, then the required
amount of water is added gradually and mixing was continued for another 4–6
min until a consistent mixture was obtained. The fresh concrete mixture was
poured in the moulds (Cylinder size: 150 mm diameter and 300 mm depth; prism
size: 100  100  500 mm, width  depth  length) by filling in two layers and
each layer was compacted using a vibrating table as per IS 516:1999 [22]. The
moulds were then kept in a chamber where in the temperature is maintained at
27 °C ± 2 °C and the relative humidity was 90%. The samples were demoulded after
24 h of casting and immersed in clean water for curing. The samples were tested
after 7 days and 28 days to evaluate the mechanical properties.
2.4. Test methods
All the specimens were tested for unit weight, cylinder compressive strength,
modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) at 7 (168 ± 0.5 h) and
28 (672 ± 0.5 h) days. Cylindrical compressive strength was evaluated as per IS
516:1999 [22]. The dimensions and weight of each specimen was measured to cal-
culate unit weight of blended concrete. The mean of the MOR from three prism
specimens was reported. Loading is applied at a rate of 180 kg/min, in such a man-
ner that load applied shall be divided equally between two supports and it is
mounted in such a manner that load is applied axially without subjecting the spec-
imen to any torsional restrains or stresses. The flexural strength is expressed as the
MOR and it is calculated as per IS 516:1999 [22]. Typical experimental set up for
MOR and MOE is shown in Fig. 2.
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Unit weight
Table 5 presents the results of mechanical properties such as
density, cylinder compressive strength, MOE and MOR for various
mixtures of SCBA. The density or unit weight of the fresh and hard-
ened concrete was determined for samples of each mix before
compressive strength test. The theoretical and actual fresh mean
density of the SCBA blended mixtures found to vary in the range
tion of 18.13 and 20.95. The density of O-SCBA blended concrete is
found to be lesser than control concrete. The mean density of the-
oretical, fresh, at 7th and 28th days of O-SCBA blended concrete
varies from 2400 kg/m3 to 2422 kg/m3. The density of O-SCBA
blended concrete is decreasing with increase in replacement ratio
and also lesser than control and P-SCBA blended concrete, due to
larger particle sizes with porous nature [23,24]. In case of P-SCBA
blended, the mean theoretical, fresh, at 7th and 28th days concrete
found to vary from 2421 kg/m3 to 2442 kg/m3. The density is
increased than O-SCBA blended concrete mixes but lesser than
control concrete. The increase in density may be due to improved
properties of P-SCBA like increase in finer size, proper particle size
distribution of SCBA, etc., [25].
From Table 5, it can be observed that the theoretical density and
the density obtained for fresh concrete and hardened concrete at 7
and 28 days are similar and the maximum difference is about 1%.
In general, the density of fresh concrete is slightly higher for all
the mixes compared to the density of hardened concrete at 7 and
28 days. Other general observation is that the density of hardened
concrete at 28 days is less compared to the density at 7 days. The
decrease in density could be due to completion of hydration pro-
cess. Compressive strength of concrete is a function of density of
concrete [26], and it is important to compare the density of
blended concrete at various ages with compressive strength
(Fig. 3).
From Fig. 3, it can be observed that a direct relationship can be
deduced between the density and compressive strength of con-
crete. Further, it can be noted from Fig. 3 that higher density yields
higher compressive strength. The finer size of P-SCBA fills the voids
[27] and reactions will be more active and in turn increases the
concrete density [28]. This infers that the packing density of con-
crete contributes to the compressive strength [17].
3.2. Compressive strength
From Table 5, it can be observed that for the case of ’O’ series,
the compressive strength reduces with the increase of replacement
levels. For the case of 30% replacement of cement by SCBA, the
strength decreased by about 50%. The decrease in strength could
be due to larger particle size or less specific gravity or less bulk
density. Pores will increase due to larger particle size and hence
compressive strength will reduce [29]. Further, P-SCBA blended
concrete (P2) exhibited a maximum of 27.8% increase in cylinder
compressive strength compared to control concrete. The increase
in strength may due to finer particle size of P-SCBA which are well
distributed all over the mix. The finer reactive silica content reacts

Table 4
Mix proportions.

Mix ID OPC (kg/m3) O-SCBA (kg/m3) P-SCBA (kg/m3) Coarse aggregate (kg/m3) Fine aggregate (kg/m3) Water (kg/m3)
20 mm 12.5 mm
N 358 0 0 811 344 731 197
O1 340 18 0 806 342 727 197
O2 322 36 0 801 340 722 197
O3 305 54 0 797 338 718 197
O4 287 71 0 792 336 714 197
O5 269 90 0 787 334 710 197
O6 251 108 0 783 332 705 197
P1 340 0 18 808 343 728 197
P2 322 0 36 805 342 726 197
P3 305 0 54 802 340 723 197
P4 287 0 71 800 339 721 197
P5 269 0 90 796 338 718 197
P6 251 0 108 794 337 716 197
 P. Jagadesh et al. / Construction and Building Materials 176 (2018) 608–617 611

Fig. 2. MOR and MOE experiments for SCBA blended concrete.

Table 5
Density, Cylinder Compressive Strength, MOR and MOE.

Mix ID Density of Concrete (kg/m3) Compressive Strength MOR (MPa) MOE (MPa)
(MPa)
Theoretical Fresh 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days
N 2441 2459 2438 2432 11.18 18.19 2.31 3.18 13734 19619
O1 2430 2448 2435 2428 10.67 17.43 2.34 3.23 13079 19205
O2 2418 2433 2421 2412 10.15 15.67 2.31 3.21 12244 18032
O3 2409 2425 2415 2404 9.70 14.46 2.28 3.15 11482 17265
O4 2397 2409 2398 2385 8.34 12.92 2.05 2.96 10813 16392
O5 2387 2398 2390 2382 7.30 11.60 1.92 2.84 10125 15157
O6 2376 2383 2379 2362 6.02 9.32 1.78 2.61 9340 14044
P1 2434 2439 2436 2423 13.27 20.97 2.59 3.56 14431 21066
P2 2428 2440 2438 2429 14.87 23.24 2.67 3.62 15058 22176
P3 2421 2444 2442 2437 13.60 21.61 2.49 3.44 14371 21385
P4 2415 2449 2445 2441 12.43 20.00 2.29 3.20 13661 20573
P5 2408 2437 2434 2428 10.66 18.33 2.11 3.06 12991 19803
P6 2403 2423 2418 2414 8.77 15.88 1.89 2.79 11879 18331

2450 25
Compressive Strength (MPa)

2430
20
Density (Kg/m3)

2410
15
2390
10
2370

5
2350

2330 0
N O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
Mix ID
7 days 28 days 7 days strength 28 days strength
Fig. 3. Comparison of unit weight with cylinder compressive strength of SCBA blended and normal concretes.

with calcium hydroxide (produced as result of cement hydration The compressive strength increases up to 20% replacement of
process) and forms CSH matrix [30–32] or finer size of P-SCBA, fills cement by P-SCBA. The percentage increase in strength is 13.3%,
voids and increase the density which results in increase of strength 27.8%, 18.8% and 10.0% for the mixes P1, P2, P3 and P4 respectively.
[17]. The increase in strength is due to high specific gravity and larger
612 P. Jagadesh et al. / Construction and Building Materials 176 (2018) 608–617

surface area. The maximum strength gained is at level of 10%
replacement (27.8%). The strength gained for the mixes P1 to P4
is higher than that of control concrete i.e. 18.19 MPa. For other
mixes, namely, P5 and P6, the compressive strength is found to
decrease than the control concrete. The decrease in strength could
be due to unavailability of the required amount of calcium hydrox-
ide. The nucleation sites are located at area of non-availability zone
of calcium hydroxide or it may have located at the area where cal-
cium hydroxide can’t reach, which results in lesser formation CSH
which affects strength directly.
3.3. Modulus of rupture (MOR)
Flexure or MOR test of the specimens can be conducted for
determination of tensile strength. However, MOR generally shows
higher value than the indirect split tensile strength. For design pur-
pose, it is useful to mention the type of test conducted for tensile
strength determination. The MOR for control and SCBA blended
concrete is presented in Table.5. Fig. 4 compares the MOR of SCBA
blended concrete with respect to compressive strength for 7th and
28th days. Due to the presence of larger fibrous nature of SCBA, the
value of MOR is slightly more (1.6%) for the case of 5% O-SCBA
blended concrete. On further replacement, the MOR value is found
to be equal or slightly below the value of control concrete. The rea-
son for reduction in MOR is either due to poor microstructure or
less formation of hydration products. There is an average increase
of MOR by about 12.9% than control concrete till 10% of P-SCBA
blended concrete. The reasons are two folds (i) micro fibrous nat-
ure of SCBA [24], (below 30 mm length) which is associated with
CSH gel formation (ii) formation of aluminate products, which
results in thin plates or needles [33] due to hydration.
These plates interlock between hydrate matrix and contribute
to the tensile strength of SCBA blended concrete. For the mixes
P3 and P4, the reduction in compressive strength may be due to
less amount of alumina in mix which leads to formation of calcium
aluminates [6,24]. The formation of secondary CSH is larger (Silica
in SCBA is higher compared to alumina) results in less pores
between coarse aggregate and blended mortar, improves Interfa-
cial Transition Zone (ITZ) [34]. With the increase of replacement
levels further, MOR values are decreasing and the values are below
the control concrete. The decrease in values are due to lack of for-
mation of secondary CSH and calcium aluminate, resulting in weak
ITZ.
3.4. Predicted modulus of rupture
Concrete design principles and standards of various countries
like Australia, America and New Zealand have suggested empirical
equations to predict the MOR of conventional concrete by utilizing
cylinder compressive strength. But in this study, MOR was pre-
dicted by using the same equations for SCBA blended concrete
and compared with the experimental results.
The MOR (ffc) at 28 days can be determined by using Eq. (1) as
mentioned by AS3600 [35] and NZS3101 [36]. The difference
between mean experimental MOR and predicted MOR by using
Eq. (1) for O-SCBA blended concrete at 7th and 28th days is found
to be 0.34 and 0.77. Similarly, for P-SCBA blended concrete at 7th
and 28th days is found to be 0.25 and 0.60 respectively.
qffiffiffiffi
f fc ¼ 0:6 f c ð1Þ
ACI318 [37], suggests Eq. (2) to predict the MOR by utilizing the
cylinder compressive strength at 28 days. The difference between
mean experimental MOR and predicted MOR by Eq. (2) for O-
SCBA blended concrete is found to be 0.28 and 0.70 for 7thand
28thdays respectively. Similarly, for P-SCBA blended concrete the
value decreases further to 0.18 and 0.51. The comparison of mean
difference indicates that MOR predicted by Eq. (2) is relatively
accurate when compared to Eq. (1).
qffiffiffiffi
f fc ¼ 0:62 f c ð2Þ
Using the experimental data of MOR and cylinder compressive
strength, a relationship similar to Eqs. (1) and (2) was deduced
by 0.5 power law regression analysis. The following Eq. (3) for O-
SCBA blended concrete and Eq. (4) for P-SCBA best fits the results,
are shown in Fig. 5. The proposed equation shows higher constant
than the theoretical codal provisions by AS3600 [35], NZS3101 [36]
and ACI318 [37].
qffiffiffiffi
f fc ¼ 0:6336 f c ð3Þ
qffiffiffiffi
f fc ¼ 0:6463 f c ð4Þ
The predicted MOR by using Eqs. (3) and (4) is about 5.6% lesser
and 7.2% higher than those calculated by Eq. (1) and also 2.1% les-
ser and 3.2% higher than those calculated by Eq. (2) for O-SCBA and
P-SCBA blended concrete at 28 days. Although, the constant value

25 4

3.5
Compressive Strength (MPa)

20
Modulus of Rupture (MPa)

15 2.5

2
10 1.5

1
5
0.5

0 0
N O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
Mix ID
7 days 28 days 7days Comp. strength 28days Comp. strength

Fig. 4. MOR Compared with Cylinder Compressive strength.

 P. Jagadesh et al. / Construction and Building Materials 176 (2018) 608–617 613

4.1

3.8

3.5

Flexural Strength (MPa)

y = 0.6463x0.4974
3.2
y = 0.6336x0.4988
2.9

2.6

2.3

1.7
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Compressive Strength (MPa)
O-SCBA Proposed Eqn P-SCBA Proposed Eqn O-AS 3600 P-AS 3600
O-ACI 318 P-ACI 318 O-SCBA Exp P-SCBA Exp

Fig. 5. Comparison of experimental, theoretical and proposed flexural strength at 28 days.

Table 6 Table 7
MOR (MPa) of SCBA blended mixtures at 28 days. MOE (MPa) of SCBA blended mixtures at 28 days.

Mix Test AS 3600 ACI 318 Test/AS 3600 Test/ACI 318 Mix Experiment AS 3600 NZS 3101 Test/AS Test/NZS
ID’s [35] [37] [36] [37] ID [35] [36] 3600 [35] 3101 [36]
N 3.18 2.56 2.65 0.81 0.84 N 19619 21996 21060 0.90 0.94
O1 3.23 2.51 2.59 0.78 0.81 O1 19205 21478 20761 0.90 0.93
O2 3.21 2.38 2.46 0.75 0.77 O2 18210 20164 20043 0.91 0.91
O3 3.15 2.29 2.36 0.74 0.76 O3 17493 19274 19525 0.91 0.90
O4 2.96 2.16 2.23 0.73 0.76 O4 16536 18003 18834 0.92 0.88
O5 2.84 2.05 2.12 0.73 0.75 O5 15668 17026 18208 0.93 0.87
O6 2.61 1.84 1.90 0.71 0.73 O6 14044 15070 17036 0.94 0.83
P1 3.56 2.75 2.84 0.78 0.80 P1 21066 23486 22104 0.90 0.96
P2 3.62 2.90 2.99 0.81 0.83 P2 22176 24816 22906 0.90 0.97
P3 3.44 2.79 2.89 0.82 0.85 P3 21385 24049 22334 0.89 0.96
P4 3.20 2.69 2.78 0.85 0.87 P4 20573 23192 21748 0.89 0.95
P5 3.06 2.59 2.67 0.85 0.88 P5 19803 22146 21192 0.90 0.94
P6 2.79 2.40 2.48 0.87 0.89 P6 18331 20324 20131 0.91 0.92

(0.6, 0.6336 and 0.6463) is more or less similar, these equations
will be useful to predict MOR for the concrete made up of SCBA.
The P-SCBA series blended concrete shows better fit curve with
higher MOR than O-SCBA series blended concrete.
Table 6 presents the experimental MOR values obtained for all
SCBA mixes and the predicted values by using the relationship
given in AS3600 [35] and ACI318 [37]. From Table 6, it can be noted
that the ratio of experimental MOR values to AS3600 [35] MOR val-
ues for O-SCBA and P-SCBA mixes are in the range of 0.71 to 0.78
and 0.78 to 0.87 respectively. Similarly, for the experimental
MOR values to ACI318 [37] MOR values for O-SCBA and P-SCBA
mixes are in the range of 0.73 to 0.81 and 0.80 to 0.89 respectively.
Hence, the MOR equation deduced for P-SCBA blended concrete by
ACI318 [37] is more appropriate than the other equations.
3.5. Modulus of Elasticity (MOE)
MOE or Young’s modulus is the resistance measured by any
material against elastic deformation to applied force. It is also
one of the most important parameters for structural design. The
MOE at 28thday for O-SCBA and P-SCBA blended concrete was
determined from experimental tests and the values obtained by
AS3600 [35] and NZS3101 [36] are given in Table 7. Fig. 6 shows
the variation of MOE of SCBA blended concrete with respect to
cylinder compressive strength at 7th and 28th days. Generally,
MOE is directly proportional to cylinder compressive strength. It
can be realized from experimental results that MOE of O-SCBA
blended concrete is 28.4% (30% partial replacement) lesser than
control concrete. P-SCBA blended concrete, the value is 13.1%
(10% partial replacement as optimum) higher MOE than control
concrete. For 20% partial replacement, the value is 4.9% higher
MOE than control concrete. Similar observations were also made
by other investigators [38–40].
The maximum increase in MOE of SCBA blended concrete in
both cases is 6.94% and similarly the compressive strength of P-
SCBA exhibited higher MOE, which may be due to less pore size,
fibrous structures [6,24], improved ITZ, formation of hydrated
compounds, filling effect and arrangement of micro fibrous of SCBA
[25] in blended concrete. The MOE obtained for 7 days is very less
compared to that of the value obtained at 28 days. The MOE
obtained for the mixes of P-SCBA is found to be higher compared
to the mixes of O-SCBA. This is due to the hydration product forma-
tion, and due to the fibrous nature of SCBA, plates (calcium alumi-
nate), reduction of voids, resulted in higher MOE values.
3.6. Predicted Modulus of elasticity
The applicability of conventional concrete design principles for
MOE from cylinder compressive strength of SCBA blended concrete
is verified and compared with experimental results.MOE obtained
614 P. Jagadesh et al. / Construction and Building Materials 176 (2018) 608–617

24 22500

Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) (MPa)

20 18750

Compressive Strength (MPa) 16 15000

12 11250

8 7500

4 3750

0 0
N O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
Mix ID
MOE at 7 days MOE at 28 days

Compressive strength at 7 days Compressive strength at 28 days

Fig. 6. Comparison of cylinder compressive strength and MOE at 7 days and 28 days.

23000

21000
Modulus of Elasticity (MPa)

19000

17000

y = 5900 + 3270x0.5
15000

13000 y = 5590 + 3110x0.5

11000

9000
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Compressive Strength (MPa)
O-NZS P-NZS O-Exp P-Exp

Fig. 7. Proposed equation based on NZS3101.

from international standards like ACI318 [37], AS3600 [35] and the value predicted by using Eq. (5). The mean MOE of P-SCBA
NZS3101 [36] are presented in Table 7. The international codes blended concrete at 7th day is 16.26% higher than O-SCBA blended
ACI318 [37] and AS3600 [35] (Eq. (5)) and NZS3101 [36] (Eq. (6)) concrete and for 28th day MOE it is 15.93%. The mean MOE pre-
define the relationship between MOE and cylinder compressive dicted by using Eq. (5) for P-SCBA blended concrete is 14.95%
strength of concrete as and 16.88% for 7 and 28 days respectively. Similarly, the values
 obtained by using Eq. (6) for P-SCBA blended concrete are 8.58%
qffiffiffiffi
and 10.51% for 7th and 28th days respectively. Eq. (5) appears to
Ec ¼ q1:5 0:043 f c ð5Þ
be similar pattern of experimental with mean variation of 1.50%
but using Eq. (6), the mean variation of MOE is 8.19%. Table 7
qffiffiffiffi reveals that 28 days MOE is almost 90% of O-SCBA and P-SCBA
Ec ¼ 3320 f c þ 6900 ð6Þ blended concrete calculated by using Eqs. (5) and (6), but there
is variation of MOE for the case of 7 days.
Ec – Modulus of Elasticity (MPa)
The relation proposed for O-SCBA blended concrete and P-SCBA
fc – Cylindrical Compressive Strength (MPa)
blended concrete between MOE and cylinder compressive strength
q – Density of concrete (kg/m3).
as per NZS3101 [36] standards by 0.5 power law regression analy-
sis is shown in Fig. 7 and the relation is shown below
The ratio of MOE obtained from experiment and by using
AS3600 is found to be in the range of 0.89–0.94 and by using
qffiffiffiffi
NZS3101 [36], the range is 0.83–0.97. The MOE predicted by using
Ec ¼ 3110 f c þ 5590 ð7Þ
Eq. (6) is found to closer with experimental results compared to
 P. Jagadesh et al. / Construction and Building Materials 176 (2018) 608–617 615

0.2

Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) / Density 1.5

0.19
y = 0.0398x0.494
0.18
0.17
y = 0.0389x0.5005
0.16
0.15

0.14
0.13

0.12
0.11
0.1
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Compressive Strength (MPa)
O-ACI P-ACI O-Exp P-Exp

Fig. 8. Proposed equation based on ACI318 [37] and AS3600 [35].

qffiffiffiffi
Ec ¼ 3270 f c þ 5900 ð8Þ Ec ¼ 0:0717q1:5 f fc ð11Þ
 
From Eqs. (7) and (8), it can be noted that the coefficient and con- EC
f fc ¼ 13:953 ð11:AÞ
stants terms are high in Eq. (8). The mean difference between pre- q1:5
dicted MOE as per Eqs. (7) and (8) with that of experimental MOE is
Based on NZS3101 [36], Eqs. (1) and (6), a relationship between
1.58 and 4.71. The negative value indicates that the MOE value for
MOR and MOE is derived without density of conventional concrete,
O-SCBA concrete is less than control concrete and positive value
which is given below:
indicates that the MOE value for P-SCBA concrete is higher than
control concrete. Ec ¼ 5533f fc þ 6900 ð12Þ
The proposed equations for O-SCBA and P-SCBA blended con-
crete considering density of concrete are derived by 0.5 power f fc ¼ 0:000181Ec  1:247 ð12:AÞ
regression analysis as shown in Fig. 8 and the mean difference of
As per ACI318 [37], Eqs. (2) and (5), the MOR and MOE is related
MOE of experiment and by using proposed equation Eqs. (9) and
with density for conventional concrete as
(10) is 18 and 5.72 respectively. The negative indicates larger
deviation which is more than obtained by using Eq. (8). Ec ¼ 0:0693q1:5 f fc ð13Þ
 qffiffiffiffi  
Ec ¼ q1:5 0:0389 f c ð9Þ EC
f fc ¼ 14:419 ð13:AÞ
q1:5
 qffiffiffiffi From Eqs. (3) and (7), the proposed MOR and proposed MOE for O-
Ec ¼ q1:5 0:0398 f c ð10Þ SCBA blended concrete is related without density as

Table 7 presents the values of MOE obtained from experiments, Ec ¼ 4908:46f fc þ 5590 ð14Þ
by using AS 3600 [35], NZS 3101 [36] and the ratio of experimental
to respective standards. From Table 7, it can be observed that the f fc ¼ 0:000204Ec  1:139 ð14:AÞ
ratio of experimental MOE and by AS3600 [35] increases with
Based on Eqs. (3) and (9), the proposed MOR and proposed MOE
the increase of cement replacement by O-SCBA and decreases for
with density for O-SCBA blended concrete is related as
the case of P-SCBA. Hence, AS3600 [35] standard can be used for
O-SCBA blended concrete. Similarly, from Table 7, it can also be Ec ¼ 0:0614q1:5 f fc ð15Þ
observed that the ratio of experimental MOE and by NZS 3101
[36] decreases with increase in replacement of cement by O-  
EC
SCBA. Hence, NZS 3101 [36] can be used for P-SCBA blended con- f fc ¼ 16:287 ð15:AÞ
crete to predict MOE. q1:5
The applicability of MOE equations of various Codes of practice
3.7. Relationship between modulus of rupture and modulus of and the proposed equations are verified by computing the ratio
elasticity between experimental results and the predicted values from pro-
posed equations. The results are presented in Table 8. From Table 8,
It is well known that the compressive strength of concrete is it can be noted that the ratio varies from 0.701 to 0.874. A relation-
function of many variables. Studies were made to establish the ship between MOR and MOE is proposed for O-SCBA concrete.
relation between MOR and MOE. If one value is known, other can From Eqs. (4) and (8), the proposed MOR and proposed MOE for
be determined or vice versa. By using the equation Eqs. (1) and P-SCBA blended concrete is related without density as
(5), a relationship between MOR and MOE with density of concrete
Ec ¼ 5059:57f fc þ 5900 ð16Þ
is determined for conventional concrete as per AS3600 [35].
616 P. Jagadesh et al. / Construction and Building Materials 176 (2018) 608–617

 
Table 8 EC
f fc ¼ 16:234 ð17:AÞ
Validation of MOE from derived equations and experiment. q 1:5

Mix Test/Eq. Test/Eq. Test/Eq. Test/Eq. Test/Eqs. (15) and

ID (12) (14) (11) (13) (17)
The applicability MOR value is verified by computing the ratio
between experimental MOR to MOR values obtained from pro-
N 0.801 0.926 0.718 0.743 0.838
posed equations and the results are presented in Table 9.
O1 0.776 0.896 0.694 0.718 0.810
O2 0.732 0.845 0.662 0.685 0.773 From Table 9, it can be noted that the ratio varies from 1.233 to
O3 0.713 0.824 0.653 0.676 0.763 1.514. A relationship between MOR and MOE is proposed for P-
O4 0.705 0.815 0.664 0.687 0.775 SCBA concrete. From Eqs. (4) and (8), the proposed MOR and pro-
O5 0.671 0.777 0.641 0.663 0.748
posed MOE for P-SCBA blended concrete is related without density
O6 0.659 0.764 0.654 0.677 0.764
P1 0.793 0.881 0.692 0.716 0.806 as
P2 0.824 0.916 0.714 0.739 0.831  
EC
P3 0.825 0.918 0.721 0.746 0.839 f fc ¼ xJ ð18Þ
P4 0.837 0.932 0.744 0.770 0.866 q 1:5

P5 0.831 0.927 0.755 0.781 0.879

P6 0.821 0.916 0.773 0.800 0.900 f fc ¼ KEc  A ð19Þ

From Table 10, it can be noted that the constant J lies between 20
and 21, the mean value for the ratios are varies between 0.9936
Table 9
Validation of MOR derived from equations and experiment. and 1.0430. If the constant J value is 20.85, then the mean value
for the ratio is 1 for O-SCBA blended concrete. The constant K lies
Mix Test/Eq. Test/Eq. Test/Eq. Test/Eq. Test/Eqs. (15.A)
between 0.00025 and 0.00023, with a value of constant A constant
ID (12.A) (14.A) (11.A) (13.A) and (17.A)
ranging between 0.70 and 1.24 and a mean value of 0.9963–1.0093.
N 1.380 1.154 1.393 1.349 1.194
From Table 11, it can be noticed that the constant J lies between
O1 1.449 1.210 1.442 1.396 1.236
O2 1.592 1.320 1.512 1.463 1.295 18 and 19 and the mean value varies from 1.0329 to 0.9790. For
O3 1.667 1.376 1.532 1.482 1.312 instance, If the J value is 18.48, then the mean value for the ratio
O4 1.721 1.412 1.508 1.459 1.291 is 1.006 for P-SCBA blended concrete. The constant K lies between
O5 1.898 1.539 1.561 1.511 1.338 0.00025 and 0.00023, and the constant A varies between 1.25 and
O6 2.016 1.614 1.529 1.479 1.310
P1 1.388 1.185 1.445 1.398 1.242
1.94 with a mean value of 0.9793 to 1.0036.
P2 1.309 1.123 1.401 1.355 1.204 From the overall, it can be summarized that the constant J lies
P3 1.311 1.121 1.387 1.342 1.192 between 18 and 21 for SCBA blended concrete, K lies between
P4 1.292 1.101 1.344 1.301 1.156 0.00022 and 0.00025 and constant A lies between 0.73 and 1.94.
P5 1.309 1.111 1.325 1.282 1.139
The constants J, K and A related to the specific surface area of
P6 1.348 1.133 1.294 1.252 1.112
blending materials, density of concrete, formation of CSH and Cal-
cium aluminates, curing period, grade of concrete, etc.

f fc ¼ 0:000198Ec  1:166 ð16:AÞ

Based on Eqs. (4) and (10), the proposed MOR and proposed MOE
with density for O-SCBA blended concrete is related as
Ec ¼ 0:0616q1:5 f fc
4. Summary and conclusion
The mechanical properties of O-SCBA and P-SCBA blended con-
crete were studied. SCBA was added in different proportions (5%,
ð17Þ 10%, . . . 30%) by replacing cement. The results of the study are sum-
marized below

Table 10
Validation of MOR for O-SCBA blended concrete derived from Eqs. (18) and (19).

Mix ID Test/Eq. (18) Test/Eq. (18) Test/Eq. (18) Test/Eq. (19) Test/Eq. (19) Test/Eq. (19)
(If J = 20) (If J = 21) (If J = 20.85) (If K = 0.00025, A = 1.24) (If K = 0.00022, A = 0.70) (If K = 0.000235, A = 0.967)
N 0.970 0.925 0.930 0.897 0.879 0.872
O1 1.004 0.956 0.965 0.905 0.916 0.910
O2 1.053 1.004 1.010 0.982 0.982 0.979
O3 1.069 1.017 1.023 1.017 1.010 1.010
O4 1.050 1.000 1.007 1.035 1.018 1.025
O5 1.089 1.037 1.045 1.114 1.076 1.093
O6 1.066 1.016 1.020 1.135 1.093 1.116

Table 11
Validation of MOR for P-SCBA blended concrete derived from Eqs. (18) and (19).

Mix ID Test/Eq. (18) Test/Eq. (18) Test/Eq. (18) Test/Eq. (19) Test/Eq. (19) Test/Eq. (19)
(If J = 18) (If J = 19) (If J = 18.48) (If K = 0.00025, A = 1.94) (If K = 0.00022, A = 1.33) (If K = 0.000235, A = 1.638)
N 0.885 0.840 0.862 0.879 0.851 0.876
P1 1.120 1.060 1.089 1.070 1.051 1.073
P2 1.084 1.029 1.056 1.003 0.998 1.012
P3 1.075 1.018 1.046 1.009 0.995 1.015
P4 1.039 0.985 1.013 0.997 0.976 1.000
P5 1.027 0.972 1.000 1.014 0.984 1.014
P6 1.000 0.949 0.976 1.042 1.000 1.045
 P. Jagadesh et al. / Construction and Building Materials 176 (2018) 608–617

The mean of theoretical O-SCBA blended concrete density is 2409
kg/m3 and that of P-SCBA blended concrete density is 2422 kg/m3,
indicates that the pore volume of P-SCBA blended concrete is filled
by finer processed SCBA. The density of P-SCBA blended concrete
increased to 0.78%, 1.04% and 1.21% at fresh state, 7th and 28th days
compared to O-SCBA blended concrete.

Relationship between cylindrical compressive strength and
density is found to be directly proportional irrespective of nat-
ure of curing period for SCBA blended concrete.

Strength activity index [15] for cylindrical compressive strength
shows that the enhanced strength is about 28% compared to
control for 10% partial replacement cement by P-SCBA. Up to
20% partial replacement of OPC by P-SCBA, strength enhance-
ment is observed compared to control.

MOR of SCBA blended concrete also followed similar trend like
compressive strength. Addition of 10% of P-SCBA and O-SCBA by
cement replacement enhanced MOR compared to control mix.
P-SCBA mix exhibited 10.64% higher MOR than O-SCBA. The
increase in tensile strength in both series of SCBA blended con-
crete MOR is due to presence of micro fibers in SCBA.

Similar to compressive strength, MOE of O-SCBA blended con-
crete is lesser compared to P-SCBA blended concrete. The rela-
tionship between the cylinder compressive strength and MOE
based on NZS3101 [36] and ACI 318 [37] Codes of practice for
O-SCBA and P-SCBA blended concrete is established.

It is recommended that the relationship between MOR and
cylinder compressive strength based on ACI-318 [37] and rela-
tionship between MOE and cylinder compressive strength
based on NZS-3101 [36] for SCBA blended concrete can be
employed for all computations.

Relationship between MOR and MOE of SCBA blended concrete
is derived with and without the density of concrete and cylinder
compressive strength with appropriate constants.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the support of
Structural Engineering Laboratory Technician and usage of DST-
FIST sponsored UTM Machine of 3000 kN Capacity.
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