ROBERT DARWIN D.

GABRIEL
20160200113

Physics is concerned with energy - how it interacts with matter and how energy of one form is
converted into other forms of energy as a result of those interations.

e.g. passing electrical energy (current) along a conductor will produce magnetic energy. By
modifying the conductor into a coil and suspending this in a fixed magnetic field we can
increase the (electro)magnetic field and make the fixed and electro magnetic energy interact to
produce forces which cause motion and hence kinetic energy and thermal energy.

Chemistry is concerned with the study of atoms and how they are held together by chemical
bonds to form different substances, then how we can rearrange those atoms to produce
different materials that have a different use or set of properties.

By learning how useful materials are structured at a molecular level (often naturally occurring
but expensive to extract or in short supply) and how we can manipulate the bonds in simple
chemicals, we can use simple, cheap and common chemicals to construct molecules that can
have specific physical and chemical properties.

e.g. polymers have many useful properties. A simple one, polyethene (= polythene = PE) can be
manufactured easily and cheaply from cheap, abundant, smaller molecule, Ethene.
Understanding the principles allows us to modify the process to include similar molecules of
different sizes and shapes to provide other plastics with different properties and uses

Physics - First see whats happening , then assume a theory, then perform experiments to
prove it, sometimes even if you can not derive a formula still your assumed formula will be
right (I am talking about E= mc^2). Mostly there is huge probability that today’s theory will
be rectified or replaced by another, Stephen Hawkins replaced some of Einstein’s, then
some day another great talent will replace Sir Hawkins. String theory isn’t the last
fascinating theory; there will be more. Its physics….ever expanding…more virtually, less
applicably.
Chemistry - First see what are the probable reaction mechanisms for a particular reaction,
perform the reaction, see the product, Establish the mechanistic path depending on that
for once and all, these are not likely to be changed after decades as far as organic and
inorganic chemistry is concerned. For physical chemistry its as per physics, specially
quantum chemistry.

2.A Biochemistry, study of the chemical substances and processes that occur in plants,
animals, and microorganisms and of the changes they undergo during development and life. It
deals with the chemistry of life, and as such it draws on the techniques of analytical, organic,
and physical chemistry, as well as those of physiologists concerned with the molecular basis of
vital processes. All chemical changes within the organism—either the degradation of
substances, generally to gain necessary energy, or the buildup of complex molecules necessary
for life processes—are collectively termed metabolism. These chemical changes depend on the
action of organic catalysts known as enzymes, and enzymes, in turn, depend for their existence
on the genetic apparatus of the cell. It is not surprising, therefore, that biochemistry enters into

Robert Darwin D. Gabriel

20160200113
 the investigation of chemical changes in disease, drug action, and other aspects of medicine, as
well as in nutrition, genetics, and agriculture.
The term biochemistry is synonymous with two somewhat older terms: physiological chemistry
and biological chemistry. Those aspects of biochemistry that deal with the chemistry and
function of very large molecules (e.g., proteins and nucleic acids) are often grouped under the
term molecular biology. Biochemistry is a young science, having been known under that term
only since about 1900. Its origins, however, can be traced much further back; its early history is
part of the early history of both physiology and chemistry.

2B. Analytical ChemistryAnalytical chemistry is the science of obtaining, processing, and

communicating information about the composition and structure of matter. In other words, it is
the art and science of determining what matter is and how much of it exists. In 2012 (salary
survey data), analytical chemistry was the most popular field of work for ACS chemists.
2C. Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and
preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also
compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain
at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and
sulfur. This branch of chemistry was originally limited to compounds produced by living
organisms but has been broadened to include human-made substances such as plastics. The
range of application of organic compounds is enormous and also includes, but is not limited to,
pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food, explosives, paints, and cosmetics.

2D. Inorganic chemistry deals with the synthesis and behavior

of inorganic and organometallic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds except
the myriad organic compounds (carbon based compounds, usually containing C-H bonds),
which are the subjects of organic chemistry. The distinction between the two disciplines is far
from absolute, as there is much overlap in the subdiscipline of organometallic chemistry. It has
applications in every aspect of the chemical industry, including catalysis, materials
science, pigments, surfactants, coatings, medications, fuels, and agriculture.

2E. Physical Chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate

phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts
of physicssuch as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical
mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibrium.
Physical chemistry, in contrast to chemical physics, is predominantly (but not always) a
macroscopic or supra-molecular science, as the majority of the principles on which it was
founded relate to the bulk rather than the molecular/atomic structure alone (for example,
chemical equilibrium and colloids).

3. Shape and volume Arrangement of Motion of Force and

molecules molecules attraction
between
molecules
Solid retains a fixed In the solid state,  have molecules In solids, particles
Robert Darwin D. Gabriel
20160200113
 volume and molecules are very that are packed don’t have enough
shape  close to each together so that kinetic energy to
rigid - particles other (almost they do not move overcome the
locked into place stacked) and the around. The force of attraction
space they occupy molecules are not between them.
is small: they are too far apart so The particles are
said to have a that they are able packed closely
compact to move around. together and
arrangement. cannot move
around. All they
can do is vibrate.
This explains why
solids have a fixed
volume and
shape.
Liquid assumes the Molecules are still  are able to flow In liquids, particles
shape of the part very close to each and move around have enough
of the container other and form a because their kinetic energy to
which it occupies  compact molecules are not partly overcome
particles can arrangement. packed too closely the force of
move/slide past Nevertheless, the together, so they attraction
one another molecules are not are able to move. between them.
stationary, they They can slide past
can move by one another but
sliding over each not pull
other and are completely apart.
slightly agitated: This explains why
they are organized liquids can change
in a disorderly shape but have a
manner. fixed volume.

Gas assumes the The molecules are are able to spread In gases, particles
shape and volume relatively far from out because there have a lot of
of its container  each other and is a lot of space kinetic energy.
particles can move form a dispersed between the They can
past one another arrangement. molecules, which completely
They are highly allows them to overcome the
agitated and move move as well. force of attraction
very quickly in a between them
disorderly and move apart.
manner. This explains why
gases have neither
a fixed volume nor
a fixed shape.

Robert Darwin D. Gabriel

20160200113
4. A plasma is a hot ionized gas consisting of approximately equal numbers of positively
charged ions and negatively charged electrons. The characteristics of plasmas are significantly
different from those of ordinary neutral gases so that plasmas are considered a distinct "fourth
state of matter." For example, because plasmas are made up of electrically charged particles,
they are strongly influenced by electric and magnetic fields (see figure) while neutral gases are
not. An example of such influence is the trapping of energetic charged particles along
geomagnetic field lines to form the Van Allen radiation belts.

In addition to externally imposed fields, such as the Earth's magnetic field or the interplanetary
magnetic field, the plasma is acted upon by electric and magnetic fields created within the
plasma itself through localized charge concentrations and electric currents that result from the
differential motion of the ions and electrons. The forces exerted by these fields on the charged
particles that make up the plasma act over long distances and impart to the particles' behavior
a coherent, collective quality that neutral gases do not display. (Despite the existence of
localized charge concentrations and electric potentials, a plasma is electrically "quasi-neutral,"
because, in aggregate, there are approximately equal numbers of positively and negatively
charged particles distributed so that their charges cancel.)

5. A physical property is an aspect of matter that can be observed or measured without

changing its chemical composition. Examples of physical properties include color, molecular
weight and volume while a chemical property may only be observed by changing the
chemical identity of a substance. In other words, the only way to observe a chemical property is
by performing a chemical reaction. This property measures the potential for undergoing
a chemical change. Examples of chemical properties include reactivity, flammability and
oxidation states.

6. Physical Properties

 density (intensive)
 volume (extensive)
 mass (extensive)
 boiling point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance boil
 melting point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance melt

Chemical Properties

 Heat of combustion is the energy released when a compound undergoes complete

combustion (burning) with oxygen. The symbol for the heat of combustion is ΔHc.
Robert Darwin D. Gabriel
20160200113
  Chemical stability refers to whether a compound will react with water or air (chemically
stable substances will not react). Hydrolysis and oxidation are two such reactions and are
both chemical changes.
 Flammability refers to whether a compound will burn when exposed to flame. Again,
burning is a chemical reaction—commonly a high-temperature reaction in the presence
of oxygen.
 The preferred oxidation state is the lowest-energy oxidation state that a metal will
undergo reactions in order to achieve (if another element is present to accept or donate
electrons).
 Corrosion is the unwanted oxidation of metals resulting in metal oxides.

7. A physical change takes place without any changes in molecular composition. The same
element or compound is present before and after the change. The same molecule is present
through out the changes. Physical changes are related to physical properties since some
measurements require that changes be made while chemical change results in one or more
substances of entirely different composition from the original substances. The elements and/or
compounds at the start of the reaction are rearranged into new product compounds or
elements. A chemical change alters the composition of the original matter. Different elements
or compounds are present at the end of the chemical change. The atoms in compounds are
rearranged to make new and different compounds.

8. Examples of Chemical Changes

 Burning wood
 Souring milk
 Mixing acid and base
 Digesting food
 Cooking an egg

Examples of Physical Changes

 Crumpling a sheet of aluminum foil

 Melting an ice cube
 Casting silver in a mold
Robert Darwin D. Gabriel
20160200113
  Breaking a bottle
 Boiling water

Robert Darwin D. Gabriel

20160200113