2007 Paper 2 Chemistry

1(a) Alkane
(Hydrocarbon is not accepted as it can be alkenes or arenes)
Topic: Introduction to Organic Chemistry

(b) 2 C14H30 + 43 O2  28 CO2 + 30H2O

(It is better to give balanced equation in whole number)

(c)(i) Mass required = 10.8 x 10700 kg

= 115560 kg
= 115560 = 116 tonnes

116
x106
(ii) No of moles of C14H30 = 198 mol
116
x106
No of moles of CO2 = 14 ( 198 ) mol = 8.20 x 106 mol
Mass of CO2 = 8.20 x 106 x 44 g
= 361 x 106 g = 361 tonnes
(Some students divided the mass in tonnes with Mr which is in g/mol in order to find the moles.
Although the final answer works out to be correct, these students have clearly not understood
the need to maintain same unit for mass in both denominator and numerator)
Topic: AMS

(d) p = 6 bar = 6 x 100 = 600 kPa = 600 x 106 Pa

vol = 670 cm3 = 670 x 10-6 m3
pV = nRT
No of moles of air in the tyre at sea level = pV/RT
= (600 x 106 x 670 x 10-6)/(8.31x293)
= 0.165 mol
(e) pV = nRT
 p x 670 x 10-6 = 0.165 x 8.31 x (273 + 5)
p = 5.7 x 105 Pa or 5.7 bar
Alternative answer:
Since V, mole are constant,
p1/T1 = p2/T2
6/293 = p2/278
p2 = 5.7 bar

Topic: The gaseous State

(f) Safe difference in pressure at sea level = (8 – 1.01) = 6.99 bar or 6.99 x 105 Pa
Difference in pressure in flight = (5.7 – 0.28) x 105 Pa = 5.42 x 105 Pa
From the data, it is not necessary to reduce the air pressure inside the tyre for flying.

(To answer this question, students need to read the information given in the question carefully.
It says “the tyre will burst if the difference between the internal pressure and external
pressure becomes too great” From the maximum internal pressure of 8 bar at sea level of
atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa, the safety difference is hence (8 – 1.01) bar.
At a ht of 10 000m, the student will hence need to find the difference between the internal
pressure calculated and external pressure of 0.28 bar to find if the difference is within the
safety region
Skill: Application

2(a)(i) Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + NaClO(aq) + H2O(l)

(ii) 3Cl2(g) + 6NaOH(aq)  5NaCl(aq) + NaClO3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
(State symbols are not necessary. If students cannot remember the equation, they are still
advised to remember the difference in the products formed under hot and cold OH- so that they
can balance the equation on the spot)
Topic: Group VII
(bi)
Species Oxidation species Oxidation
number number
Reactant Cl2 0 - -
Products NaCl / Cl- -1 NaClO / ClO- +1

(Some students gave the product NaClO3 instead of NaClO, clearly another sad case of not
reading question carefully!)
Topic: Group VII

(ii) Disproportionation (oxidation or reduction in the same reaction) of chlorine

[oxidation and reduction with reference to chlorine is needed]
Topic: Redox

(ci) O2 + 2H+ + 2e  H2O2

(some students switch the half equation into oxidation process. Although oxidation does occur
to H2O2, the students are to respond to the question and identify and write the half equation as
taken from the Data Booklet without reversing equation. Half equations are always in the
reduction direction from Left to Right!
For students who have chosen the reduction of H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e  2H2O, they have
obviously failed to realise that both ClO3- and H2O2 cannot be reduced together in the same
reaction!
Yet a few students have chosen H2O2 to be reduced and switched the reaction to oxidation of
ClO2 to ClO3-. These students exhibited carelessness in reading the question which states that
the reaction is about the ClO2 manufactured from ClO3- and hence ClO3- is the reactant)
Topic: Electrochem I

(ii) 2ClO3- + 2H+ + H2O2  2ClO2 + 2H2O + O2

(iii) H2O2 is a reducing agent.

(Student ought to realise that when the two half equations are chosen, oxidation and reduction
occurs. One must be a reducing agent while the other is acting as the oxidizing agent, hence
the catalyst answer suggested is irrelevant )

3(ai) 6
Topic: TM

(ii) ClO2 + 4H+ 5[Co(H2O)6]2+ 　 Cl- + 2H2O + 5[Co(H2O)6]3+

E0cell = +1.50 – 1.82 = – 0.32 V < 0
Reaction is not feasible.
Topic: Electrochem I

(iii) [Co(NH3)6]2+
(Students who have changed the charge on the complex to 3+ have to realise that ligand
exchange seldom occurs together at the same time as reduction or oxidation. They should just
keep the oxidation state constant as NH3 replaces H2O, the complex ion formula of unfamiliar
TM can be suggested either from the given data or from the data booklet if not given in
question)
Topic: TM

(iv) 5[Co(NH3)6]2++ ClO2 + 4H+  Cl- + 2H2O + 5[Co(NH3)6]2+

OR Cl- and [Co(NH3)6]2+
E0cell = +1.50 – 0.11 = + 1.39 V > 0
The reaction takes place because of positive E0cell.
(Some students have forgotten to state the products formed. If they have given the balanced
equation, they would have been awarded the mark though, hence it will be a good practice to
always write the overall equation whenever calculating Eocell.)
Topic: Electrochem I
4(a) Hreaction = Hformation (pdts) - Hformation (rxts)

-356 = [2 x Hf (COCl2) + 2 x Hf (HCl) – [2 x Hf (CHCl3) + Hf (O2)]

= 2 x Hf (COCl2) + 2 x (-92) – [2 x (-134) + 0]
Hf (COCl2) = -220 kJ mol-1

(It will be much easier to apply formula in this case than to draw the energy cycle. For those
who drew energy cycle without the state symbol, they are not penalized in this question but
they ought to realise that in all energy cycles, state symbols are required.
Some students did not remember that the definition for formation enthalpy is for 1 mole of
substance formed and gave -440 as the answer instead)
Topic: Energetics I

(b) The oxidation of chloroform is light sensitive or initiated by the presence of u.v. light.
Skill: Data response

(c)(i)

(Don’t forget to add in all valence electrons on the surrounding atoms!)

Topic: Chemical Bonding

(ii) 120o
(3 bond pairs, 0 lone pairs => trigonal planar)
Topic: Chemical Bonding

(d)(i) Stage 1 – Nucleophilic substitution

 Stage II – Elimination
(Stage I: Although hydrolysis is accepted as the answer, nucleophilic substitution is a better
answer as we try to give mechanism name whenever possible. Students have to see that the
OH- is a nucleophile which kicks away one Cl-
Stage II: Since H and Cl is eliminated within the same molecule to create a double bond, it
simulates the elimination in the making of alkene)
Topic: Halogenoalkane + Alkene

(ii) ONE STEP MECHANISM

OR
TWO STEP MECHANISM

Include
 A pair of + and - on C and either O or any of the Cl atom
 lone pairs on O of OH- nucleophile
 Arrows pointing from lone pair of OH- to the electron deficient C in COCl2 and
from the middle of the C-Cl bond (where shared pair of electrons is) to the chlorine
atom which leaves.
(Both one step or two step mechanism is acceptable.)
Topic: Halogenoalkane

(e)

(Though both answers are accepted, the LHS answer is a better one as the question mentioned
a small amount and not excess amount of ethanol is added)
Skill: Pattern recognizing where the ethoxide RO- mimicks HO-

(f)(i) NH3
(Reagent is sufficient, condition is not asked)
Skill: Pattern recognizing /
Topic: N compound

(ii) The lone pair electrons on the N atoms in urea is contributed to H+ to form dative
bond / urea undergoes protonation by using its lone pair electrons on N atom
(Bronsted-Lowry Base : proton acceptor OR Lewis Base : electron pair donor)
Topic: N compound

(g)(i) 4CO(NH2)2 + 6NO2  4 CO2 + 8H2O + 7N2

(Many students have difficulty balancing the equation. If ever students find difficulty balancing
an overall equation, they should realise that they can fall back on the technique of balancing
half equations as long as the reactants and products are given.)
Start from
Topic: AMSbalancing
/ Redox redox half equations, assuming acidic medium if you have difficulty
balancing.
NO2  N2 and Co(NH2)2  CO2 + N2
(ii) NO2 is highly toxic and can cause acid rain which damages crops and sculptures.
(NO2 is a pollutant is not acceptable as it is too vague)
Skill: General knowledge

5(a)
Reagent Compound A, B, C or D Structural formula of the
organic product
CH3COCl C

Dil HNO3 C

Na C

Tollen’s reagent A

Many students are not aware that phenol, having an highly activated ring, reacts with dil
HNO3 to form mono-nitration product (Electrophilic substitution). Many assumed the dil
HNO3 would cause hydrolysis of ester bond in B. Students must be aware that hydrolysis of
ester or amide bonds require refluxing with acids and usually, aq HCl or aq H2SO4 are used
instead of aq HNO3.
Topic: Various Organic topics

(bi)
Many students did not realise that there are two possible reactions hence they only had either
EA or ES. The mark allocated will be a good guide to the demand of the answer.
Although Cambridge had accepted two Br added across C=C, students need to be reminded
that a better answer will always be the major pdt where Br and OH are added across C=C
when aq Br2 is added and recognize that the difference from when Br2(l) is used.
Also, when applying EA, Markovnikov’s rule is applicable and the major pdt will be Br
(electrophile) added to C with more H.
Topic: Alkene + phenol
(ii)

Many students gave only the benzoic acid product and not the ethanoic acid. They have
probably treated this as a side chain oxidation and not oxidative cleavage of C=C and thought
that CO2 and H2O are the products upon oxidation. Once again, the mark allocation suggests
that 2 products are likely.
Topic: Alkene

(c)(i)

Topic: Carbonyl

(ii) Stage I
Reagents: LiAlH4
Conditions: dry ether
Many students gave dry ether with LiAlH4 as the reagent instead of as the condition. In fact,
some suggested heating which can pose danger in this reaction!
Topic: Alkene and Carbonyl

[Stage I: H2 + Ni is not acceptable as it cause hydrogenation of C=C.]

Stage II
Reagents: CH3COCl or CH3COOH
Conditions: room temperature or conc. H2SO4, reflux/ heat
Once again conc H2SO4 is the condition and not the reagent
[Marks for conditions are awarded only if reagents were correct]
Topic: Acid derivative / alcohol