Statistics

•The science of collecting, organizing,

Statistics summarizing, analyzing, & interpreting data.
•Involves complex mathematical theories
used to estimate population parameters.
Descriptive Statistics
Relevance
Statistics

Descriptive
Organising and is about translating everyday,
• Statistics
ordinary or historical information into

Statistics
Summarising Data
Nature of, Definition, Types, etc. statistical data
Inferential• and then analyzing the data (mathematically)
Chapters: 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-3 Statistics
Elementary Statistics by Alan Bluman
• to determine solutions for different issues (or

Research
problems) in various industries (health, business,
economy, politics, etc.) and daily living.
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Types of Statistics Statistics

Descriptive
• Involve the collection, organization, • The complete collection (or universe) of
Population
summary and presentation of data. people or objects that a research is
• Involve constructing frequency distributions, referring to and which samples in a
research represent.
graphs and computation of statistical
• Populations are normally too big (or most times,
measures. infinite) and impossible to study completely; and
Inferential so…
Involve making predictions by: •A portion of a population carefully
• generalizing from samples to populations, Sample
selected for study (studied, interviewed,
• performing estimations and hypothesis tests experimented on, observed) to estimate
• and determining relationships among and represent the population.
various populations.
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Statistics
Population Samples
• The information collected from studying (i.e. Sample Size (n)
Population Size (N)
Data interviewing, studying, experimenting on, etc.) the The total count of a population.
The total count or number of
samples collected.
population or samples.
Population Distribution Sample Distribution
• Sets or classifications of data Classifications of data collected Classifications of data collected
collected. from studying the population. from studying samples.
Distribution • Each value in a distribution is called a datapoint, sample,
Parameter Statistic
score or observation.
Data derived from and then Data derived from and then
• Historical data/distribution → data of past events. produced after studying the produced after studying
population. The true values being samples. Computed and produced to
•A letter or symbol used to represent each estimated in a research. serve as estimates of the true values.
Random distribution of data. μ Mean X
Variable • It represents the set of possible outcomes σ2 Variance s2
in a probability experiment. σ Standard Deviation s
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 Statistics Statistics

• Refers to all data collected by observing,

• Members or a portion of the population
interviewing, surveying or
Sample (people, objects, animals, etc.) selected for study to Sample
experimenting on samples.
represent and estimate the parameters of the Distribution • Refers to the collection of datapoints
population.
representing each group of samples

• The probability distribution when all

Sampling • May refer to the samples selected; or Sampling
• Refer to the methods of collecting samples possible samples of size n are
Distribution
repeatedly drawn form a population.

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Types of Data & Variables Collecting Data

Data ➠ Represented by Variables
Qualitative Quantitative Questionnaire (Written Survey)
e.g. •Fixed alternative (Likert Scale)
or Categorical or Numeric
Primary Information

•Open-ended questions
Nominal Discrete vs. Continuous Interview (Survey through interface)
• Gender • Easily Infinite values •Personal, Telephone,
• Focus Group Discussions
• Zip Code countable between two
• Religion • Limitedvalues
Observation and Experimentation
datapoints
• Race between two •Participative or Non-Participative
datapoints • Observing samples or the population in their natural activites
Ordinal • Designing activities for samples or the population
• Grade (A, Interval vs. Ratio Records & Field Sources
Secondary

B, C, F)
• Rankings
• 0 means • 0 denotes • Documents, Publications, Articles
something, an empty
• Rating • Local and international agencies’ studies and/or
e.g. 0° set
Scales
statistical data: NEDA, PSA, SEC, UN, IMF, ADB
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Collecting Samples Presenting Data

Random Sampling
Subjects are selected randomly (i.e. not much or no criteria used). Textual • Information presented in paragraph form.
Subjects should be selected without bias or prejudice so Table 5.4 shows that half of the company’s principals posted positive growth while half
as to achieve objective or fair (not manipulated!) findings. posted declines. San Miguel Pure Foods and Magnolia Inc., the company’s major principals,
incurred decreases in revenue. If we compare this with the company (TRM)’s 132% revenue
Systematic Sampling growth (shown in Tables 5.1 and 5.2), we can say that these two principals’ brands may have
Subjects are selected using criteria that matches the not performed as well as it did in the areas covered by the company (TRM) which is Quezon
City, Makati City, Pasay City, and Palawan.
objectives of the research or study.
Stratified Sampling The 5-year average also shows that these two principals of the company (TRM) have had
erratic revenue growth in the past five years. This hints strongly on the erratic performance
Subjects are selected by dividing the population into of its brands. In terms of net income, these two principals have been incurring net losses with

groups (strata), and subjects are randomly selected highly erratic trends; with San Miguel Pure Foods experiencing an exceptional hike in 2007,
pulling its average.
from each group.
Cluster Sampling The two other principals of the company, Del Monte and PGDPI, seem to be performing
better. In the past 5 years the two principals have had steady increases in revenues (Del

Subjects are selected by using an intact group that is Monte posted strong ones in 2005 and 2008) with very slight slumps in the years indicated.
This hints that most of its products or brands are performing relatively more stable in the
representative of the population. local market, which may have accounted for the company (TRM)’s revenue growth in 2008.
by; prof.r.q.sta.maria However, PGDPI’s net income has been on a decline from 2004 to 2006 but startedby;toprof.r.q.sta.maria
recover by 2007 and posted its biggest increase in 2008. Del Monte’s net income, on the other
hand, has been experiencing strong growth (big jumps in 2004, 2006, and 2007, while slight

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 Presenting Data Presenting Data

• Information presented in tables with • Information presented in tables with

Tabular rows and columns. Tabular rows and columns.
Manufacturers (2008 Rank) Sales Ave.%chg Trend Net Income Ave.%chg Trend Ave. GPM
(2008) (’04 - ’08) (2008) (’04 - ’08) (’05 - ’08)
San Miguel Pure Foods Company Inc. (129) (23.10%) 53.59% Erratic (62.81%) 10,527.25% Highly 4.88%
erratic
Magnolia Inc. (200) (6.83%) 12.08% Erratic 96.31% (129.00%) Erratic 18.24%
slumps
Del Monte Philippines Inc. (78) 26.29% 12.13% Slight slump 12.43% 84.70% Strong 20.22%
in 2006 jumps
Procter & Gamble Distributing (Philippines) 2.98% 2.81% Slight slump 11.70% (1.39%) Steady 9.48%
Inc. (158) in 2007 decline
Nestle Philippines Inc. (8) 12.99% 9.26% Steady (0.19%) 8.30% Picking up 36.63%
increases from 2005
Kraft Foods Inc. (Philippines) (134) 10.01% 7.53% Slight slump (3.00%) 10.59% Erratic 30.47%
in 2006
Foodsphere, Inc. (CDO Brand) 20.34% 37.22% Steady (5.09%) 100.33% Strong 14.36%
increases jumps
Dole Philippines Inc. (33) 17.73% 14.24% Steady (279.12%) 199.46% Highly 4.69%
increases erratic
Unilever Philippines Inc. (30) 8.45% 14.59% Erratic 15.47% (35.87%) Highly 53.31%
erratic
Colgate-Palmolive Phils. Inc. (110) 2.73% 7.50% Erratic (24.04%) (32.93%) Highly 52.99%
erratic
Source: The Security and Exchange Commission’s Sec i-Report and “Philippines Top 8,000 Corporations”

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Presenting Data Industry Trends

• Information presented through the use Analytics Employs advanced statistical theories to solve
Graphical of charts such as Bar Graphs, Line business issues; and present data through
Charts, Pie Charts, etc. creative and dynamic visualizations.
Dashboard

Bar Graphs Line Charts

• Used to compare groups (or Pie Charts
• Commonly used to present a
groups within groups) in the • Used to present the composition
trend: the fluctuation (rise and of a group (i.e. parts or portions
distribution. fall) of performance over a
• For single groups it can present a of a whole).
period of time.
trend.
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