Bentley - Modelling Francis Turbine PDF

1/18/2020 Modeling reference - Turbines - OpenFlows | Hydraulics and Hydrology Wiki - OpenFlows | Hydraulics and Hydrology - Bentley Com…
Questions about this article, topic, or product? Click here.
Modeling reference - Turbines

Applies To
Product(s): HAMMER
Version(s): V8 XM, V8i, CONNECT Edition
Area: Modeling
Original Author: Scott Kampa, Bentley Technical Support Group
Overview
This Technote provides a reference for modeling turbines in Bentley HAMMER, for hydropower
applications. Additional information can be found in the Help documentation for the product.
For information on modeling turbine energy recovery in WaterCAD or WaterGEMS, see: Using the
Scenario Energy Cost and Energy Management tools in WaterGEMS and WaterCAD
Background
https://communities.bentley.com/products/hydraulics___hydrology/w/hydraulics_and_hydrology__wiki/7139/modeling-reference---turbines 1/17
Turbines are used to convert the potential energy of flowing water into electricity. They can be used in
large scale applications like dams, or small scale such as recovering energy on the downstream side
of a hill.. Given the importance of turbines in these systems, it is essential for a modeler to predict the
transient pressures that might occur and to implement an adequate surge control strategy to ensure
the safety and reliability of the turbine.
Bentley HAMMER can be used to model transient simulations where turbines are involved and
analyze potential protective measures that can be used to mitigate the effects of transient events.
Turbines in HAMMER
Hydropower turbines are located at the downstream end of a conduit, or penstock, to absorb the
moving water's energy and convert it to electrical current. Conceptually, a turbine is the inverse of a
pump, but very few pumps or turbines can operate in both directions without damage. If the electrical
load generated by a turbine is rejected, a wicket gate must rapidly stop flow, resulting in a large
increase in pressure, which propagates upstream (in the penstock).
Note: HAMMER currently does not support modeling a pump-turbine element - see more at the
bottom of this article.
The primary purpose of transient simulations with turbines is to look at ways to protect the system
against rapid changes in the electrical and/or hydraulic components of the hydroelectric system. In
each case, hydraulic transients result from changes in the variables controlled by the governor.
Electrical Load or Torque on the turbine-generator system varies with the electrical load in the
distribution grid. In steady-state operation, the electrical torque and the hydraulic torque are in
dynamic equilibrium. From a hydraulic perspective, electrical torque is an external load on the turbine.
The moment of inertia comes into play here as it can influence the rate at which a turbine speeds up
or slows down.
What value should I use for moment of inertia of a turbine?

Should I use WR^2 or GD^2?
Moment of inertia in HAMMER is defined by the equation WR^2, where W is the weight of the turbine
and R is the "radius of gyration" (not the radius of the impeller). Reference.
Moment of inertia is related by torque by way of the following equation:
I*d /dt = M
where:
I is the moment of inertia, which is a constant

is the rate at which the turbine is spinning (measured in radians per second)
d /dt is the rate of change in (omega) over time (radians per second per second)
M is the net torque applied to the turbine (i.e., the difference between the torque from the water that is
spinning the turbine and the torque from the generator that the turbine is attached to).
So if M = 0, then the hydraulic and electrical torque is balanced, and the turbine speed doesn't change
(d /dt = 0)
But if the electrical torque drops to zero, such as in a load rejection operating case, then M becomes
greater than zero and the turbine starts to speed up. It will speed up quickly if it has a small moment of
inertia, and it will speed up less quickly if it has a large moment of inertia.
Speed is another possible control variable for numerical simulations. For turbines, however, the
governor strives to keep the turbine at synchronous speed by varying the wicket gate position during
load variation and acceptance (assuming a 'perfect' governor). If field data were available, the speed
could be used to determine whether the model simulates the correct flow and pressures.
Once the time-varying electrical torque and wicket gate positions are known, HAMMER solves flow, Q,
and rotational speed, N, in conjunction with the characteristic curves for the turbine. This yields the
transient pressures for the load rejection, load acceptance, emergency shutdown, operator error or
equipment failure. The possible emergency or transient conditions are discussed separately in the
sections that follow.
Note: The turbine element in HAMMER is not used to represent impulse turbines. Transients caused
by impulse turbines can be approximated in HAMMER by using a Throttle Control Valve (TCV) or
Discharge to Atmosphere element to represent the turbine nozzle.
How do I model the Draft Tube?

In the above first illustration, this is simply the pipe immediately downstream of the turbine. You can
model it as a pipe going to a reservoir, sometimes with a surge tank between.
How do I model a bypass valve?

In some cases the turbine may have a built-in "synchronous bypass valve" which opens as the wicket
gates close, to help prevent damaging transients.
This can be modeled with the Throttle Control Valve (TCV) element. You would need to manually
control the open and closure of the bypass valve using the TCV's operating rule pattern. Here is an
illustration of the plan view layout:
The TCV's closure characteristics can be based on either headloss coefficients or discharge
coefficients. For more information on TCV modeling, see: Modeling Reference - Valve Closure
You may need to use a smaller timestep to prevent excessive adjustment to the length or wave speed
of the two short pipes adjacent to the turbine and TCV, unless you can neglect such adjustments (see
this for more).
Although the bypass valve may help keep the water column moving to avoid damaging transient
pressures, you would still want to analyze this in HAMMER to confirm. You may also want to consider
modeling the case of the bypass valve being stuck, to see what would happen if it did not open as the
wicket gates close.
Turbine Properties
Time (Delay until Valve Operates): The period of time that must elapse before the spherical valve of
the turbine activates. This should be set to a large value if it will not impact the operation of the
turbine.
Time for Valve to Operate: The time required to operate the spherical valve. By default, it is set equal
to one time step. This should be set to a large value if it will not impact the operation of the turbine.
Pattern (Gate Opening): The percentage of wicket gate opening with time. This is set up in the
Patterns dialog, found in the Components pulldown.
Operating Case: Allows you to choose among the four possible cases: Instantaneous Load Rejection,
Load Rejection (requires torque/load vs. time table), Load Acceptance, and Load Variation.
Diameter (Spherical Valve): The diameter of the spherical valve.
Efficiency: The efficiency of the turbine as a percentage. This is typically shown in the curves
provided by the manufacturer. A typical range is 85% to 95%, but values outside this range are
possible. See below wiki solution for more on turbine efficiency:
http://communities.bentley.com/products/hydraulics___hydrology/w/hydraulics_and_hydrology__wiki/t
urbine-efficiency.aspx
Moment of Inertia: This value will account for the turbine, generator, and entrained water. This is also
typically provided by the manufacturer. As mentioned in the previous section, Moment of inertia is
HAMMER is defined by the equation WR^2, where W is the weight on the turbine and R is the radius
of gyration.
Speed (Rotational): The rotation of the turbine blades per unit time, typically as rotations per minute
or rpm. The power generated by the turbine depends on this value.
Specific Speed: Enables you to select from a list of available Specific Speeds, which represent a
characteristic curve (see further below) that is used to model the hydraulics of the turbine during the
transient simulation. The following default specific speeds are included: 30, 45, or 60 (U.S. customary
units) and 115, 170, or 230 (SI metric units). The source of these three defaults is the US Bureau of
Reclamation. You can enter your own data in the XML library. See the Help documentation for more
information.
Turbine Curve: This curve is used to define the flow and head for the turbine in the initial conditions
computation, corresponding to the fully open position of the wicket gate. For a transient run, HAMMER
uses a characteristic curve based on Specific Speed, Rated (initial) Head, and Rated (initial) Flow.
See more on this below.
Flow (Rated): Denotes the flow under normal operating conditions. Only applies to the Load
Acceptance operating case.
Head (Rated): Denotes the headloss through the turbine under normal operating conditions,
corresponding to the rated flow. Only applies to the Load Acceptance operating case.
Electrical Torque Curve: defines the time vs. applied (electrical) torque response for the turbine.
Only applies to the Load Rejection operating case.
Configuring Turbine Parameters

This section provides additional information on configuring turbine parameters. The exact information
entered will vary based on the turbine and the modeling case that is being used.
Initial Conditions Configuration
The properties fields “Operating Case” and “Pattern (Gate Opening)” go hand-in-hand, and are the
primary modeling usage for a turbine. More details can be found in the next section. There are four
operating cases to choose from: Load Rejection, Instant Load Rejection, Load Acceptance, and Load
Variation. The pattern is created in the section “Operational (Transient, Turbine). It used in conjunction
with this will represent the relative wicket gate opening at the time from the start of the simulation.
The property field “Turbine Curve” is used to determine the relation between flow and head during the
steady state analysis used for the initial conditions. If you are modeling a Load Acceptance operating
case, you will need to manually enter a rated flow and rated head instead of the turbine curve. This is
so that the program has a starting point for the development of the characteristic curve (based on the
shape of the curve specified by way of the Specific Speed selection.) In the other modeling cases, the
flow and head used are derived from the turbine curve in the initial conditions. Load Acceptance
assumes that the initial status of the turbine is closed, meaning there is no rated flow and head
results. Instead, the program will use the rated flow and head entered in the properties.
The relationship here is typically the reverse of a pump. Meaning, as flow increases, head increases.
This is because the "Head" in this case is not the head added, but rather it is the head drop across the
turbine (difference between downstream and upstream HGL) during the initial conditions, some of
which will be converted to electrical energy.
The flow and head relationship defined in the Turbine Curve is only used to establish the initial
conditions operating point of the turbine and is not used directly during the transient simulation. The
transient simulation uses a separate characteristic curve based on the selection of "Specific Speed".
The specific speed's characteristic curve defines the shape of the turbine characteristics for each
position of the wicket gate (since the wicket gate is built into the turbine) and it applies that
dimensionless shape to the set of head and flow from the initial conditions (based on the turbine
curve) to establish the characteristic curve used to simulate the turbine during the transient simulation.
In other words, the points on the constructed curve are relative to the initial conditions operating point
(head/flow) which is derived from the turbine curve.
Since load rejection and variation events assume the wicket gate starts fully open, the Turbine Curve
that you enter (for the initial conditions) should represent the turbine's rated/nominal characteristics
when the gate is in the fully open position. Meaning, when using the load rejection or load variation
operating case, HAMMER assumes that the turbine begins in the fully open position. This assumption
should be acceptable for the purposes of a transient simulation where you are typically looking at
worst-case conditions.
For load acceptance, the gate is assumed to be initially fully closed. Since the flow is zero, you would
enter the "rated" head and flow input fields instead of the turbine curve, and they would also represent
the nominal operating point of the turbine when the gate is fully opened (since the wicket gates will
open during the transient simulation). This information should be available from the turbine
manufacturer or you can obtain it by performing a steady state initial conditions run with the turbine
open, and note the calculated head and flow (then close the turbine and enter those values for the
nominal operating point for load acceptance). See more in the load acceptance section further below.
If you want to force a specific flow and head for your turbine's initial conditions, there are some
options:
1) Enter a minimum number of points on the turbine curve, all close to the desired operating point
2) Use the "specify initial conditions" calculation option. This is a rarely used, legacy feature that
allows you to manually specify the initial conditions, instead of allowing the initial conditions steady
state solver to calculate them for you. For most models this is not a feasible approach, but if your
turbine model is relatively small, it may be worth considering. To do this, open your calculation options
under Analysis > Calculation Options > Transient Solver. At the bottom of the list you will see an option
called "Specify Initial Conditions". Set this to true to expose various "initial" fields in the properties of
your elements. For example for your pipes, you will see a "Flow (Initial)", "Hydraulic Grade (Initial
Start)" and "Hydraulic Grade (Initial Stop)". By way of the initial flow and hydraulic grade in the pipes
adjacent to the turbine, HAMMER will know what the initial operating point is and will use that for the
transient simulation (along with the other parameters like the specific speed). Extra care needs to be
taken with this approach, but you won't need to enter an accurate "turbine curve" (though you may
need to enter some values in the turbine curve to avoid a validation message, even though the curve
won't be used with the calculation option set to True).
Transient Simulation Configuration
The specific speed can be estimated with the following equation:
In US units n is in rpm, P is in hp, and H is in ft.

In SI units n is in rpm, P is in kW, and H is in m.
See also: Estimating the Specific Speed of a Pump or Turbine
There are three different default specific speeds available to choose from, obtained from the USBR:
“SI=115, US=30,” “SI=170, US=45,” and “SI=230, US=60.”
Note: In a case where you need to use a characteristic curve not represented by the choices above, it
is possible to create a custom Specific Speed (and underlying characteristic curve). Please see the
Help topic “Pump and Turbine Characteristics in Bentley HAMMER” for details. Note that the data that
you enter for the curve is unitless - it represents the shape of the curve, which is applied to the initial
head drop and flow across the turbine to construct the characteristics curve (with units) used during
the simulation. Note that this information may be difficult to obtain, as a separate curve needs to be
entered for each position of the built-in wicket gates.
Lastly, the property field “Report Period (Transient)” will allow the user to see the turbine results in the
Transient Analysis Detailed Report. These results will include the time, the gate opening percentage,
flow, speed, and head.
Note: the lowest wicket gate position defined in the default characteristic curves is 20% open Because
of this, HAMMER will not display output information during times when the wicket gate is between 0%
and 20% open. Internally, HAMMER linearly interpolates from the flow at 20% open down to zero flow
(at the time when the operating rule says the wicket gates are 0% open). See: Why do turbine
extended transient results stop at the time when the gate is 20% open?
Modeling cases with Turbines

Like pumps, there are specific operating rules that can be assigned to a turbine in HAMMER. Below is
a brief description of each case. There is a sample model which uses each case below. The sample
model can be found at C:\Program Files (x86)\Bentley\HAMMER8\Samples\Turbine_Example.wtg.
Instant Load Rejection
Instant Load Rejection is similar to the Load Rejection case, except the electrical load on the turbine
drops instantaneously to zero (i.e. the turbine is disconnected from the generator).
Load rejection occurs when the distribution grid fails to accept electrical load from the turbine-
generator system. The "Instant" Load Rejection Operating case simulates this by dropping the
electrical torque to zero instantly at the start of the simulation. After the load is rejected by the grid,
there is no external load on the turbine-generator unit and the speed of the runner increases rapidly.
This can be catastrophic if immediate steps are not taken to slow and stop the system. To keep the
speed rise within an acceptable limit, the wicket gates (simulated inside the turbine element) must
close quickly and this may result in high (followed by low) hydraulic transient pressures in the
penstock. Since load rejection usually results in the most severe transient pressures, it typically
governs the design of surge control equipment.
A balance must be found between the speed rise and the pressure envelope. The wicket gates must
be closed gradually in order to prevent damaging surge pressures, but fast enough to prevent a
damaging rise in turbine speed. In a real turbine a governor would control the wicket gate closure rate,
however the turbine governor is not modeled explicitly in HAMMER and the user controls the rate of
wicket gate closure.
Note: the wicket gate pattern must begin at 100% open and decrease to 0%. If you need to model an
instant load rejection with the wicket gate starting less than 100% open, see this article: Modeling
turbine instant load rejection with wicket gate starting less than 100% open
Load Rejection
The Load Rejection operating case is similar to the Instant Load Rejection case, except you can
define a pattern of electrical torque over time rather than assuming it drops to zero in the first
timestep. The speed of the turbine will then react accordingly based on the inertia and hydraulic
conditions, and the closure rate of the wicket gate pattern. See the above description of instant load
rejection for more information.
If the power generated by the water flowing through the turbine (hydraulic torque) is greater than the
electrical load (electrical torque), then the turbine will speed up; if the electrical load is greater, the
turbine will slow down.
Note: Load and gate position are entered in different parameter tables in HAMMER because they may
not use the same time interval. HAMMER interpolates automatically as required. With the Load
Rejection Operating Case, the wicket gate position (in the Operating Rule) must start at 100% and
drop to 0%. To model a wicket gate that does not change position, enter a 0% point on the Operating
Rule, after the end of the transient simulation.
Load Rejection can be used to model a turbine in "island" operation (it is the only source of a
electricity for a small grid such as a village or an island) where you want to determine the maximum
electrical load change that can be achieved within acceptable pressures. For example if there is a
surge in electrical demand (load), you may want to simulate how the turbine reacts to this - how the
speed changes. If a governor controls the wicket gates to compensate for the load change, you would
model that with the operating rule pattern.
Load Acceptance
Full load acceptance occurs when the turbine-generator unit is connected to the electrical grid.
Transient pressures generated during full load acceptance can be significant but they are usually less
severe than those resulting from full load rejection.
HAMMER assumes the turbine initially operates at no-load speed (NLS), and the turbine generates no
electrical power. When the transient simulation begins, HAMMER assumes the electrical grid is
connected to the output terminal of the generator and wicket gates have to be open as quickly as
possible to meet the power demand, all without causing excessive pressure in the penstock.
Note that in this case, HAMMER assumes the turbine governor is ‘perfect.’ In other words the power
produced by the turbine always equals the electrical load. Therefore the user doesn't need to enter an
electrical load, just a curve of wicket gate position versus time, and the turbine's rated flow and head.
Under the Load Acceptance case the turbine will always operate at its rated (or synchronous) speed.
When using Load Acceptance, you must enter the Flow (Rated) and Head (Rated) for the turbine. The
transient solver needs these values into order to use the characteristic curve for the turbine during the
transient simulation. Since the initial flow is zero for load acceptance, the "rated" head and flow input
fields are used instead of the turbine curve, to represent the nominal operating point of the turbine
when the gate is eventually fully open. This information should be available from the turbine
manufacturer or you can obtain it by performing a steady state initial conditions run with the turbine
open, and note the calculated head and flow from the "results" section of the properties, then set the
turbine initial status to Closed and enter those values for the nominal operating point.
Load Variation
Load variation on the turbine-generator unit can occur due to the diurnal changes in electricity demand
in the distribution grid. During load variation, the governor controls the wicket gate opening to adjust
flow through the turbine so that the unit can match the electrical demand. The water column in the
penstock and conduit system accelerates or decelerates, resulting in pressure fluctuations.
The transient pressures that occur during general load variation may not be significant from a
hydraulic design perspective since they are often lower than the pressure generated during a full load
rejection or emergency shutdown.
At steady-state, the turbine-generator system usually runs at full load with the wicket gates 100%
open. The amount of electricity produced by the system depends on the flow through the wicket gates.
A decrease in electrical load requires a reduction in the wicket gate opening to adjust the flow.
The wicket gate pattern must start at 100% and cannot drop below 30%.
Note that in this case, like in the case of the Load Acceptance operating case, HAMMER assumes the
turbine governor is ‘perfect.’ Under the Load Variation case the turbine will always operates at its rated
(or synchronous) speed.
Viewing Results
As with other elements in HAMMER, results for turbines can be viewed using the Transient Results
Viewer. Profile animations will show how the pressure and hydraulic grade will change along a path
and over the length of the simulation. The Time History tab will allow the user to view results for flow,
hydraulic grade, pressure, air/vapor volume, as well as velocity and force, at points in the model.
Locations will need to be added as report points to see the results at points in the model. In the
Extended Node Data tab, the user can view a graph for speed or wicket gate opening for the turbine.
If a value was included for the "Report Period (Transient)”, the user can see select turbine results in
the Transient Analysis Detailed Report. These results will include the time, the gate opening
percentage, flow, speed, and head. This data can be copied into an Excel spreadsheet and graphed, if
you want to see graphical results. As mentioned above, speed and wicket gate opening can be
graphed from the Extended Node Data tab in the Transient Results Viewer.
Note that most of the default turbine characteristic curves (used by way of the selected "specific
speed") do not have data for when the wicket gates are nearly closed. So, HAMMER performs a linear
interpolation, and you will see text output results truncated for wicket gate positions below 20%.
See: Why does my text output report for my turbine stop at the time when the gate is 20% open in
HAMMER?
A Note on Simulating "Runaway Speed" or

"Overspeed"
If you would like to model a runaway speed scenario in which the turbine gates do not close, see the
following article. Speed can be graphed in the Extended Node Data tab of the Transient Results
Viewer, when a number is entered in the Report Period field of the turbine.
Setting up a Runaway speed scenario for a turbine
A Note on Impulse or Pelton Wheel Turbines

An impulse turbine has one or more fixed nozzles through which pressure is converted to kinetic
energy as a liquid (typically water) jet. The jet impinges on the moving plates of the turbine runner that
absorbs virtually all of the moving water's kinetic energy. In practice, the most common impulse
turbine is the Pelton wheel shown in the figure below.
Its rotor consists of a circular disc with several "buckets" evenly spaced around its periphery. The
splitter ridge in the center of each bucket divides the incoming jet(s) into two equal parts that flow
around the inner surface of the bucket. Flow partly fills the buckets and water remains in contact with
the air at ambient (or atmospheric) pressure.
It is important to note that the turbine element in HAMMER is not used to represent impulse turbines.
Transients caused by impulse turbines can be approximated in HAMMER by using a Throttle Control
Valve (TCV) or Discharge to Atmosphere element to represent the turbine nozzle.
An example of this setup would be to approximate the gate closure on the impulse turbine using a
"Discharge to Atmosphere" (D2A) element. See the schematic below for one possible setup of the
system:
If you want to model the impulse turbine gate closing in 10 seconds, you would set the D2A property
field "Discharge Element Type" to Valve with an initial status of Open. Then you would set "Time to
Fully Open or Close" to 10 seconds.
Note: remember to enter values for "Pressure Drop (Typical)" and "Flow (Typical)". The "Flow
(Typical)" is simply the expected flow from the turbine. You can calculate the typical pressure drop
using the orifice equation). More information on entering this information can be found in the
Discharge to Atmosphere TechNote found here
If you want more control over the valve closure, you could use a Trottle Control Valve (TCV) element
instead.
The TCV allows you to enter an Operating Rule that has curve of valve closure (or gate closure, for an
impulse turbine) versus time. For example, you could have the gate close quickly until it 10% open,
then close more slowly the rest of the way.
If you are modeling a Load Acceptance type case with for a Pelton turbine when using a TCV, you
may end up with user notifications after computing the initial conditions stating that the Discharge to
Atmosphere element has an demand that cannot be satisfied. The reason for this is that the TCV
would be initial closed and the D2A would be set such that the program will see a demand on element.
With the valve closed, there is no way to satisfy this demand. There are a couple of things that you
can try in a case like this.
First, you can remove the TCV and use the valve feature on the D2A. This will use simplified closure
characteristics, but this may be suitable for some modeling cases. See the information above for more
information.
Second, rather than start with the TCV closed, start with the valve open. Set up the valve pattern so
that it closes and remains closed for a time. How long will depend on how long it takes for the system
to reach a new equilibrium and may take some trial and error. Once a new equilibrium is achieved,
reopen the valve. The key results for your model will be during and after the valve reopening.
Third, you can set the Coefficient Type to "Valve Characteristic Curve" and set the valve status to
Active. For the initial position of the valve, set this to be 100% closed. With this setting, you will see a
very small amount of flow, but there will be no messages about the system being disconnected.
Lastly, you can ignore the user notifications. It will be very importance to make sure that the initial
conditions results (such as flow and hydraulic grade) are correct and reasonable. If they are not, one
of the options above will need to be implemented instead.
A Note on Pump-Turbines
HAMMER currently does not support modeling an emergency shutdown event for a pump-
turbine element (as typically the wicket-gate characteristics are built in) and the turbine element
currently cannot start with reverse flow/speed. A pump-turbine option will be considered for a future
release via Enhancement # 1060393.
As a workaround, you may want to try a sensitivity analysis with the valve characteristics, using a
pump element plus TCV for the wicket gate. Try a range of configurations that you feel are within what
would represent the characteristics of the wicket gate closure (discharge coefficient and valve
characteristics curves). Compare the overall transient results for different configurations and if they do
not vary significantly, then you may not need to bother trying to accurately model the pump-turbine
wicket gates.
See Also
Protective Equipment FAQ
General HAMMER V8i FAQ
Convergence problems with turbine transient simulation
Modeling turbine instant load rejection with wicket gate starting less than 100% open
Why does my text output report for my turbine stop at the time when the gate is 20% open in
HAMMER?
 Turbine  Pump-turbine  Runaway  HAMMER  hydroelectric  Load Rejection
 Load Acceptance  hydropower  draft tube  turbines  Electrical Torque
Created by Scott Kampa

When: Mon, May 13 2013 12:26 PM
Last revision by Jesse Dringoli

When: Fri, Jan 3 2020 11:14 AM
Revisions: 33
Comments: 0
 0 comments  0 members are here

Bentley - Modelling Francis Turbine PDF

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Bentley - Modelling Francis Turbine PDF

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

1/18/2020 Modeling reference - Turbines - OpenFlows | Hydraulics and Hydrology Wiki - OpenFlows | Hydraulics and Hydrology - Bentley Com…

Questions about this article, topic, or product? Click here.

Modeling reference - Turbines

Version(s): V8 XM, V8i, CONNECT Edition

Original Author: Scott Kampa, Bentley Technical Support Group

What value should I use for moment of inertia of a turbine?

Moment of inertia is related by torque by way of the following equation:

I is the moment of inertia, which is a constant

How do I model the Draft Tube?

How do I model a bypass valve?

Diameter (Spherical Valve): The diameter of the spherical valve.

possible. See below wiki solution for more on turbine efficiency:

Configuring Turbine Parameters

Initial Conditions Configuration

Transient Simulation Configuration

The specific speed can be estimated with the following equation:

In US units n is in rpm, P is in hp, and H is in ft.

See also: Estimating the Specific Speed of a Pump or Turbine

Modeling cases with Turbines

Instant Load Rejection

A Note on Simulating "Runaway Speed" or

Setting up a Runaway speed scenario for a turbine

A Note on Impulse or Pelton Wheel Turbines

General HAMMER V8i FAQ

Convergence problems with turbine transient simulation

 Turbine  Pump-turbine  Runaway  HAMMER  hydroelectric  Load Rejection

 Load Acceptance  hydropower  draft tube  turbines  Electrical Torque

Created by Scott Kampa

Last revision by Jesse Dringoli

 0 comments  0 members are here

Potrebbero piacerti anche