UCSP

Reviewer
Social - Power relations and how it would
 Society marginalize groups
- Governments, rules, and
 Human beings
leadership
Science
Social Sciences- research
 Facts Methodology
 Systematic study of a thing
 Survey method
 Pursuit of its true nature
 Interview
Social Science  Focus group discussion
 Field work
1. Studies people and society
2. Seeks to find solutions to social  Ethnography
problems
3. Links past, present, and future/
cause and effect Culture VS. Society
Anthropology- humans, past, and Primitive Culture
present
- Acquired by man as a member of
Sociology- social behavior and human
society
groups
- Acquired and transmitted among
Political Science- exercise of power,
groups of people through
ideology, institutions, policies, processes,
interaction
groups, and classes
- Inherited, new member is born
into
- Maybe based on ethnicity,
Understanding Culture gender, customs, values, and
- Diversity and complexity objects
- Tolerance and respect - Represents the way a group
- Articulates realities (superstitions, thinks (practices and behavioral
gossip, etc.) patterns)

Society- self in relation to others Norms- govern human behavior

Social Groups- effect in our thinking Components
and behavior
Social Institutions 1. Material Culture- tangible things,
- Family product of human cultural
- Education activities.
- Government 2. Non- Material
- Religion, etc. Cognitive- knowledge systems;
Politics values, symbols, and standards
- Rights, political participation Normative- how we act/conduct
ourselves; provides standards for
behavior
UCSP
Reviewer
Society Culture Shock- not used to the
norms/practices you experience
August Comte- social organism;
structure and function Ethnocentrism
Talcott Parsons- social system;
- Putting own culture at the center;
means-end relationships; practices
using it as a basis to evaluate
bearing cultural norms or generalized
others
symbols and meanings
- Some food is labeled as exotic
GDH Cole- composed of associations
because of their shock value
and institutions
- Food you would not normally eat
Robert Mclver and Charles Page-
are deemed gross
procedures of authority and mutual aid;
controls actions and behaviors Cultural Relativism
Characteristics of Culture - Understanding culture based on
their own context
1. Learned
- Understanding how practices fit
- Non-instinctive; socialized
the overall context
through agents such as
families, peers, and other
institutions
- Unconscious process Evolution of and Human Culture
- Acquires patterns of behavior Gerard Lenski
from environment
2. Shared - Sociocultural evolution
- Not passed by a single - Development of societies and
person; interactions lead to culture changes over time
the sharing of culture - Survival is anchored on how
- Interaction and sharing don’t society innovates/ uses its
mean it’s homogenous technology
3. Integrated - Technology- how to use
- Cultural practices are not resources to satisfy the needs;
devoid of context; all parts are how societies evolve, change,
interconnected with each and survive
other - Massive changes in society are
4. Adaptive and dynamic largely through innovation of
5. Abstract technology
- Driven by concepts,
ideologies, beliefs, norms
6. Symbolic
- Meaning giving validated
when the people agree on
what the symbols stand for
UCSP
Reviewer
5 Types of Society
1. Hunting and Gathering Society
- Foraging society; getting food
from the environment
- Division of labor: men are the
hunters and women are the
gatherers
- Nomadic
- Tools: sharpened pebbles,
stones, woods, barks, etc.
2. Horticultural and Pastoral
Societies
- Disorder of cultivation and
growing of crops using hoe
and stick (digging of the soil)
- Animal domestication
- Stable food production
- Accessible food
3. Agricultural Society
- Farming is more systematic-
irrigation, metals, wheels
- Ploughing lands is a more
massive manner
 Permanent Settlements-
cultural shifts, social classes,
religion, rise of civilizations
 Civilizations- writing systems,
wheels, transportation,
architectural designs, health,
etc.
 Formation of the States-
political community under
one leadership
4. Industrial Societies
 Steam engine- vital in the
transition from agricultural to
industrial societies
 Europe and America-
agricultural lands coveted to
Industrial and manufacturing
sites (factories)
 Rapid Modernization- use of
steam, iron, coal, and steam
engines
 Urbanization
5. Post- Industrial Societies
- Information revolution; rise of
highly advanced ICT (PC’s
and the internet)
- ICT: more accessible, faster,
and more reliable (higher
productivity through
connectivity)
- Globalization- participation to
the global
Socialization- rely for love and survival
Feral- wild/ undomesticated
Socialization
- Becoming a member “in the
group” part of society-
interaction that transcends the
family
 Skills: language, knowledge, and
values
- To conform to the norms and
roles of individuals
 Self- imposed (internal social
facts)- individual has a genuine
desire to conform
 Externally imposed- rules and
expectations from others
UCSP
Reviewer
UCSP
Reviewer
Agents- responsible for shaping how 3. Peers
we navigate our world  Most compelling during
adolescence
 Language and social skills
 Fun, emotional comfort
developed through interactions
and support, and
 Beliefs reinforced (values and
companionship
norms)
Issue: peer pressure
 Religion, government, ethnic
background, media, family, 4. Mass Media
school, peers, work, etc.
 TV Shows, movies, music,
Sociology- understanding and etc.
changing the social world  Views, beliefs, and
practices
5 Agents
5. Religion
1. Family
 Value and behavior  Values and morality
patterns of parents  Shapes how we evaluate
 Resemble parents- the rightness of things
primary caregivers
 Factors affecting- social
class of the family and Becoming a Member of Society
biology
1. Identity Formation
 Biological sex of the
- Learn the factors that affect
children- gendered
who we are
socialization.
- Overcoming the crisis:
Issue: gender
development of self-identity
stereotypes, reinforces
- Product of power relations
discrimination,
oppressive attitudes and
2. Norms and Values
behavior
- Rule and conventions
- Customs and folkways
2. Schools
- More: ethics; right vs. wrong
 Formal curriculum:
as presented by society
reading, writing, and
- Laws
arithmetic
 Social interaction: interact
with peers, teachers, and
[NOTE: Kulang notes ko rito :c]
other families
 Interact with authority Conformity
 Hidden curriculum: norms
- Submitting to norms and
and values are embedded
conventions
in the curriculum
- Out of convenience
UCSP
Reviewer
- Rewarding to conform and we
do not want to get the
consequences for not doing
so
Deviance
- Necessary in society
- Affirms norms and values
- Clarifies moral boundaries
- Unity: shared public outrage
- Encourage social change
Social Organization
Primary Groups
- Small close-knit circles;
composed of like-minded
people (family and friends)
- Communication is direct and
cordial
Secondary Groups
- Large scale; membership
across places
- Corporate organization and
professional associations
(jobs and organizations)
Intermediate Groups
- Shapes characteristics of
primary and secondary; large
scale but applies familial ties
- Primary but separated by
distance (OFW Families-
communication is virtual)
In Group
- Identify oneself with bases
maybe distinct/abstract
Ex: Hobbies, interests, values,
and etc.
Out Group
- One does not identify with
because of one’s in group; may
be a similar group
Reference Groups
- Group in which we compare
ourselves .
- Reference groups, such as
college freshmen, serve as a
standard to which we measure
our behaviors and attitudes. We
use reference groups in order to
guide our behavior and attitudes
and help us to identify social
norms.
 Informal reference groups- based
on the group members' shared
interests and goals.
1. Families
2. A group of local mothers
3. Peer groups
 Formal reference groups- have a
specific goal or mission.
1. Labor unions
2. Mensa, a society for
people with high IQ
3. Mothers Against Drunk
Driving (MADD)
 Membership- groups we not only
belong to but are also in
agreement with in regards to
attitudes, norms, and behavior
 Disclaimant- groups that we are a
part of but do not agree on a
certain behavior
 Avoidant
UCSP
Reviewer

Social Networks measure the value of the person

Ex: prestigious/ well known
- Set of relations, links, or ties families
among social actors
Kinship by descent
Function:
 Unilateral
1. Diffusion- information travels fast
 Bilateral
(news/gossip)
 Matrilineal
2. Exchanges- material/information
 Patrilineal
3. Social Support- finding jobs,
seeking advice, support groups Kinship by Marriage
4. Exclusion- those outside do not
get the benefits  Union of a couple through
socially accepted heals
 Affinal kin (in-laws) vs.
Family consanguineal kin
 Consanguineal kinship may be
- Basic unit of society; unites formed through affinal kin
people by blood/kinship/alliance
into group Rules on Marriage
- Bounded by love and the desire Endogamy- inside
to care for each other Exogamy- outside
Kinship Monogamy
Polygamy
- Membership is through marriage,
common ancestry, or adoption Post Marital Residency Rules
- Distinct from family  Matrilocal
Kinship by Blood  Patrilocal
 Neolocal
- Cultural system of recognized
family roles and relationship that Compadrazgo
define the obligation, rights, and
- relationships through baptism/
boundaries of interaction among
marriage
the members of a self-recognition
- godparents, godchildren
group
Household- variations of family
Kinship Ties
arrangements in one residence
- Roles and responsibilities
1. Nuclear Family
- Rural Filipino communities:
2. Extended Family
3. Reconstituted/blended family