2

!
-2 -1
10,6 pH C1 = 10 mo . S1
! "#$%& ' %$ ( )*# + ,-./
'78 9:S1 2 34)*1 % 5 6 + &1 0
-4 -1
V1 9?8. @A V2 =100m >?8 C2 = 5.10 mo . S2 < *= ;
S1 2
S2 B#2 C . .5 3 % =? D %E =FGH 9:V1 '78 ;
9,95 S2 2 pH ,- # '78 9:S2 2 34)*1 % 5 6 + &1 ; 0
S2 S1 . %7J/ ! K #$3 + LM=1. %=M %7J '78 I I
N ! %$ ( )*# D#$B#G $ O : P %7J/QJ7 R I0

!2
pH = 2,7 > CA = 2.10-2 mo . -1
RHCOOH S= T U
V3 2
G ( U 8S= T U 8,-./
! S= T U 8D#$%& ' - 0
'78 2 34)*1 6 + &1 ;
U X" KA %< %/:QJW I
U X" [ S5$ D .#Z / Y
-2
]=99? ,- \HNO3 S= J U 8. 2.10 mo 3< 2 X. G< 0
NS= T U 3 5 ,^ DEJ =B J _-34 0
'78 ` O 34)*1 % 5 6 + &1 0 0
` O pH .#Z / 0 ;
NQJ7 R [ D />b ` O X 34S= T U [a S5$ D .#Z / 0 I
pH
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( S’) ( S ) . .
CA RAH U 2 (S) •
10 C’A RA’H U 2 ( S’) •
34 "< 2 D . VA= 10cm3 XcP
( S’ ) &C 2 ?=b* " #'C 9:.WP
. = ! CB = 10-1mo . -1 R
5 V. . JJ B#DC J 4 pH ^"1%AW /
.5=R d45 3AE3 :*8e.#Z /
(S) NU 8D ) .#2 E
C’A CA . D .# 0
3 d45 GC *J #. %Wb*/fE 0
VB(cm )
d45 GC g # 0
0 2 8 . = %7J/d45 GC *J #` O pH .#Z / 0 0
b # .5=% 8%= -34 '78 9:d45 GC *J#` cD 34)*1 % 5 6 + & ?/9 0 ;
b #2
G < U pKA .#Z / ; ;
% =? % E ! " #DC % E ,b )= */D U X pH .#%=h %E =A/Z / ; 0
` O pH .#Z /( S’) ( S ) . .= 7 . ?8`O/fE I
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pH = 2,7 CA = 2.10-2 mo . -1
HCOOH
!" #$
& ' ()* +, - . " %
3 +.4 5670 1 2 -0 /
>? KA , 9 , $: ;<= 8
>? C A* ( #)B $ @
-2
F GGH !" E DHNO3 < # 2.10 mo 9 >3# 9 %
I J A !K (L<M < N" 5 %
3 +.4 O P 5670 , J A 1 2 -0 % %
O P pH #)B $ % /
I;<4+ C( $ RS O P >3 5 CQ A* ( #)B $ % 8
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<
E # V cm3 OP$TLC6H5COOH / C6H5COO- ,0 - pKA 7
CB = CA T -U V <
$ # (50-V) cm CA = 10 mo . -1
3 -2

, ;J< , E H ,=R7 WX)"

40 30 20 10 V(cm3)
3,61 4,04 4,38 4,81 pH

!" #3 $T -U V <
$ # ==" W+
"V <
EV " !" #Y G 5 <
E !" RE)$ 1
[C H COO ] = 50 − V
6 5
−

[C H COOH] V
6 5

og [C H COO ] D ( M<<
−
pH = f ( 6 5 G=R %
[C H COOH]
6 5

C6H5COOH / C6H5COO- ,0 - pKA ;<= G: )(U GL4 , - . /

+
pH = 4,04 5Na V 2 +.4 8
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S3 S2 S1 ( ,:Z: <7
#0 R7? R R A S1
pKA2 = 4,75 =2 S2
pKA3 = 3,75 R* S3
-1
CA = 10 mo . -1 [*,:Z (
, 4 V $4 Z ( pH #)B $
I;<4+ )(U pH .4 S2 S1 # # 4 # H OP$TL %
I;<4+ )(U pH .4 S3 S2 # # 4 # H OP$TL /
I;<4+ )(U pH .4 S3 S2 S1 # , 4 TH " ,:Z: OP$TL 8
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,X= $ < \ P G , 9 ,H42 5CH3CH(OH)COOH Z !A , RV $T L 7$

-
!4] T- 5670 CO2(H2O) / HCO3 ,0 -
KC !K , $: .4 ()* , - .
PkA1(CO2(H2O)/ HCO3 ) = 6,38 KA2 (CH3CH(OH)COOH /CH3CH(OH)COO-)=1,38.10-4 X
-
 I;<4+
-
B $CO2(H2O) / HCO3 ,0 - ^RE) #A B , - _ ` 5T7 pH .4 %
[HCO3-] = 1,6.10-2 mo . -1 [CO2(H2O)] = 1,4.10-3 mo . -1
-# 100m ( 5 Z # 1,4.10-4mo 7! A5, RV $TS\ PaT-pH .4 /
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! A A CH3-CH(OH)-COOH (acide lactique) Z 5! A . b* ,c4 Vd 5

-2 -1
(U ) C0 = 2,4.10 mo .
7< 5 Z e7 d!" .H fZ?=Z g.
-1
E
JR. U C1 = 5g.
iE Mh. 5 Z A
-2 -1
5CB = 5.10 mo .
;J< M)(U < -U $. # VA= 15m 6 $TL
,

17.5 15 12,5 11 10,5 10 9,5 9 7,5 5 2,5 0 V B( m )

13 12,9 12,6 12,3 12 8,5 5 4, 6 4,2 4 3, 8 2,9 PH

, E H V7
( & =" '6 5, 4 , E H 67 , E+G=R
?+: 7 #)B $G: j5A ,XL_ ) 6 M<< G=R %
,0 - pKA #)B $ * ! h , 5 $ 0()IN S " Z (3 /
Z kV Z ! h
IfZ?=Z i g . >3(3 . CA #)B $l 8
IEJR. iEU =(3 . A ;<= l
3 +#)B $ j5A 7< ) )(U O P 5670 ,J A 1 2 -0 @
Ke = 10-14 M(H) = 1g.mo -1
M(C) = 12g.mo -1
M(O) = 16g.mo -1
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CB f m Jd E
1
pH = ( pKe + pKA + logCB ) !" #$[OH-]>>[H3O+] !" [NH3]>>[NH4+] !" W ) h
2
NH4+ / NH3 ,0 - , 9 , $: KA ' f 2 ,E
4<$
,L$4 ,0 - ,< ? VdH <E ,L $4 Vd 3] # 7Y + n$4 f 2 pH .4 " %
-10 -1
KA = 5,55.10 CB = 1 mo . X
#0 R7? R R A J $ >36 $TL %
6 7<)()* , - . %
If7" )(U O P , g o 3 Ij5A U 7< )O P pH , S 3 % %
)O P pH #)B $ f 2
j5A 7< J
7E GH N 4 j5A 7< )Eg TKZ GH !" W ) h% /
X =
NH 4 +
[ ]
' pH = f ( X ) ( M<< G=R % 8
[NH 3 ] + NH 4+ [ ]
L$= 3-HhG: GL G: 0,9 0,8 0,6 0,2 0,1 X , GL ,E
4<$
-U i # 0,4g j5A U 7< ) )(U # 9 /
I -U ,5 h7$O P pH , S 3 /
I -U ,5 h :hM) >3pH F , c ,E 4< 3 / %
I;<4+ \ P & # Mh-U i # 0,4g < *" h, c ,E 4< ^>3.4 / /
-1 -1
M(Na) = 23g.mo M(O) = 16g.mo Ke = 10-14 X
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- 4 % pH 23 -5
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- @%'1 >% <( 23 5-
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BC4%'1
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! 1BG 6 2 H IJ2: 1 I !' K1 @ 1 / ,)2 F
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2
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9 ;- CB=10 mol/L 0 ,& A? !M > .4 ND 4 % SR VA=50cm ?'
- 7 % & 2; 4 % VB <( pH <T 1 4 ( U ?'% $6F ) # pH
=
70 60 50 45 30 10 0 VB(cm3)
11.4 11.2 7.0 3.3 2.6 2.2 ? PH

- %6 W ?&S .%B @2: 1 !' K1 <= ?'% $6 = 2:

1% .%B V !
- E @2- X B1 Y24 M & 2; 4 % VE <( ! 5
- VB=0 6
2pH %T[16
1D E? ? B Q % 4 % ./ % 0 1 K> -Z Z
- V1 %T F 5-Z
30cm3 ]C 6
2 ^ 2 @M % 4 % ! % .%B V _ V @B % 0 1 K> \
& 2; 4 %
3
- & 2; 4 % 100cm ]C6 2) # pH %TK> `
-1
-I * % <( Vm=24Lmol 6 2Ke=10-14 O N'
? a=25°C 6
3
O@ =
J=Y2 1 a=25°C ?%1 @B / >6
- " # $% 250ml A? !M > R 100mg % A?!M > R4 : S1
- " # $% 2 A D,/ > R 561mg % A D,/ > R4 O S2
- " # $% 1bM !? 120ml % E? ? ! Q%4 O S3
-4 @ pH [16
1D <=4 @B % 0 1 K> -
- R0 ,K> <= Y24 @ 1% .%B V _ ! 5-
3 3
- S3 V3=100cm S2 V2=200cm S1 V1=200cm3 )# A; 5
- E @2c^ 2@M % ) # '/ d -5
- R0 ,K> ) # 1
% .%B V _ ! 5-5
- ) # pH [16
1D Z-5
6
2 (> _ 2M,Y2@M 6+ * ?
! 1BC4%'1 D e > ) # . B @ 1 A; Z
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3
c (> _ 4cm U B, 6 2) # pH R 5-Z
c ? 4 % f/ M? 62^ 2@M % (> _ <( R Z-Z
-1 -1 -1
M(Na)=23g.mol M(K)=39.1g.mol M(O)=16g.mol Vm=24 lmol % <( O N'
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C1 = 0,5 mo . -1 S1
)*+,- . / $ V2 = 40 cm3 % &' ( S1 $ V1 = 60 cm3 !"#
0. 123 4 5
3
S2 $ V4 = 50 cm % &' ( S1 $ V3 = 100 cm3 !"# 6
-1
0. 123 4 5 )*+, C2 = 0,2 mo .

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B ? :@. 1= + 3=A pke 7822 9$ : ; :<=2 >

2; $
100 85 60 40 25 10 0 C (°C)
12,3 12,5 13 13,5 14 14,5 15 pke
HI *9 C 1= :3=A:F2Gpke D 5E 7<=
C :F2GpH 5E 7<= 7K:L
G* 1= 3=A - . / pH $ J G 6
HI *9
60°C 25°C 1= + 3=A2 - . / OH- H3O+ $5 9$ J G M
HI *9 60°C 25°C 1= 3=A2 / O @95 P $ J G N

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== Pm : : Q :* 7<= R@ D 5E
<, 2; SP P<G
d : E :F2G$3 =2%
1,20 1,18 1,14 1,10 1,05 1,01 d
40,1 36,2 28,2 20,4 10,5 2,36 Pm
d = 1,15 : E T U ! $3 =2% = = Pm : : Q :* $ J G 6
7;+I < 7KVG* $ ( $3 =2% = = : P* 1A : $ J G M
0D( 1= :3=2: W X Y $3 =2% = =
== , 9)*+, / $3 =2% = = ZG 5 @ 9Z,> &N
-1 -1
M(Cl) = 35,5 g.mo M(H) = 1 g.mo B SP VG*

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B 2; 5\ 25°C
]!?pH [ L 5 A\ 2* =2% :@. 5 (
10 -5
10 -4
10-6
10 -3
10 -2
CB(mo . -1)
8 9 10 11 12 pH
logCB pH $G0G9 :8 ^P I < 7KlogCB :F2GpH 5E 7<=,
- . / $ '\ NaOH $ ``mg :G_ G A\ 2* =2% S F ( 6
S $ J G 6
S pH $ J G 6 6
ZG Z, ? 9' . )*+ 7KS 123 :T 4 A3 6 M
/ A\ 2* =2?
-1 -1
M(Na) = 23 g.mo M(O) = 16 g.mo B SP