Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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By
Y. SRINIVASA RAO,
M.A (English); B.Ed; B.L., (LL.M).
I Additional Junior Civil Judge,
Bhimavaram, West Godavari Dist.
Andhra Pradesh. India.
E-mail: y.srinu.judge@gmail.com
- He/she can dispose of all his/her property or any part of property under a
Will.
A Will should be made by the testator who has having sound mind in
state.
The maker of the Will should sign or put his /her mark at the end of
the Will. If the testator does not signor put his/her mark at the end of
the Will, the text following the singature or mark usually be ignored or
the entire Will may be invalidated. Therefore, care should be taken to
avoid defeat of intention of the testator.
Muslim may make a Will either orally or in written. Yet, writtten Will
is desirable.
-At this juncture, it would be more useful to look into Section 68 of the
Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and also Section 63 of the Indian Succession
Act, 1925. Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 reads as follows17;
"Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested.- If a
document is required by law to be attested, it shall not be used as
evidence until one attesting witness at least has been called for the
purpose of proving its execution, if there be an attesting witness alive, and
subject to the process of the Court and capable of giving evidence:
-From the cursory look of the provisions of the said Section, the Court
can easily cull out the following aspects;
c) The Will shall be attested by two or more witnesses, each of whom has
seen the testator sign or affix his mark to the Will or has been some other
person sign the Will, in the presence and by the direction of the testator,
or has received from the testator a personal acknowledgment of his
signature or mark, or of the signature of such other person; and each of
the witnesses shall sign the Will in the presence of the testator, but it shall
not be necessary that more than one witness be present at the same time,
and no particular form of attestation shall be necessary."
-The provision of the said Section can be vivisected as follows; a)In every
Will, the concerned testator should sign or affix his mark or it shall be
signed by some other person in his presence and that too by his direction.
-In Jaswant Kaur Vs. Amrit Kaur and others18 the Honourable Apex
Court held that the cases in which the execution of the Will is surrounded
by suspicious circumstances stand on a different footing. A shaky
signature, a feeble mind, an unfair and unjust disposition of property, the
propounder himself taking a leading part in the making of the will under
which he receives a substantial benefit and such other circumstances raise
suspicion about the execution of the Will. It is an acknowledged principle
of law that each decision must be applied according to the facts and
circumstances of the given case.
-In PPK Gopalan Nambiar Vs. Balakrishnan Nambiar and others 19,
the Honoruable Apex Court held that there must be real, germane and
valid suspicious features and not fantasy of the doubting mind.
-In Savithri and others Vs. Karthyayani Amma and others 20, the
Honourable Apex Court held that the natural heirs have either been
excluded or a lesser share has been given to them, by itself without
anything more, cannot be held to be suspicious circumstances.
2. 2003 (12) SCC 35 (Bhagat Ram and another vs. Suresh and others)
3. 2006 (13) SCC 449 (B.Venkatamuni vs. C.J.Ayodhya Ram Singh and
others)
(ii) 2005(1) SCC 280 [Meenakshiammal (Dead) through LRs. and others
vs. Chandrasekaran and another]
(iii) 2005(1) CTC 443 [Sridevi and others vs. Jayaraja Shetty and others]
(vi) AIR 1982 SC 133 [Smt.Indu Bala Bose and others vs. Manindra
Chandra Bose and another]
(vii) AIR 1985 SC 500 [Satya Pal Gopal Das vs. Smt. Panchubala Dasi
and others]
(viii) AIR 1991 Bom. 148 [Asber Reuben Samson and others v. Eillah
Solomon and others]
(x) 2006(4) L.W.942 [Gurdev Kaur & others vs. Kaki & others]
(xi) 2008(1) MLJ 1337 SC [Savithri and others vs. Karthyayani Amma
and others]
(xii) 2007(3) L.W.916 [1. J.Mathew (died) 2. J.Damien and 3 others vs.
Leela Joseph]
(xiii) (1990) 1 SCC 266 (Kalyan Singh, London Trained Cutter, Johri
Bazar, Jaipur vs. Smt.Chhoti and others)
(xiv) (1990) 3 SCC 364 (Ram Piari vs. Bhagwant and others)
(xvi) 1976 STPL (LE) 8415 SC (Smt.Jaswant Kaur vs. Smt.Amrit Kaur
and others)
(xvii) 1984 (II) MLJ 133 (M.Krishnan vs. Ramaswami and others)
(xviii) 2004 (1) CTC 619 (SC) (P.S.Sairam and another vs. P.S.Rama Rao
Pisey and others)
(xix) (2008) 8 MLJ 647 (Thayammal vs. Ponnusamy and another) Among
the aforesaid decisions, the decision of this Court (Madras High Court)
reported in 2001(3)CTC 283 [Corra Vedachalam Chetty and another vs.
G.Jankiraman] is on the point that the Court while analysing the Will is
acting as a Court of conscience. An excerpt from the above said decision
would run thus: "26. This need for caution, cannot be exploited by
unscrupulous caveators who choose to cull out imaginary suspisions with
a view to prevent the legatees under the Will from claiming the benefit
thereunder and to render the last Will of the deceased wholly ineffective.
In this context, the conduct of the persons who raise the alleged ground
for suspision is also to be looked at, to know as to how credible are the
grounds for suspisions sought to be raised by such persons. In this case,
the suspicion is sought to be raised by a person who is keenly interested
in making the Will ineffective and whose conduct is far from one which
would inspire confidence in truthfulness of his statements." As such, the
cited precedent would also highlight that the Court should not attach
undue importance to imaginary suspicions. All these aforesaid decisions
are on the point that the Court should not at the time of analysing the
validity of the Will proceed on the hypothesis that the Will is an invalid
one.
(a) .....
(b) .....
(c) The will shall be attested by two or more witnesses, each of whom has
seen the testator sign or affix his mark to the will or has seen some other
person sign the will, in the presence and by the direction of the testator, or
has received from the testator a personal acknowledgement of his
signature or mark, or of the signature of such other person; and each of
the witnesses shall sign the will in the presence of the testator, but it shall
not be necessary that more than one witness be present at the same time,
and no particular form of attestation shall be necessary."
Provided..."
"71. Proof when attesting witness denies the execution.- If the attesting
witness denies or does not recollect the execution of the document, its
execution may be proved by other evidence."
To say will has been duly executed the requirements mentioned in clauses
(a), (b) and (c) of Section 63 of the Succession Act are to be complied
with i.e., (a) the testator has to sign or affix his mark to the will, or it has
got to be signed by some other person in his presence and by his
direction; (b) that the signature or mark of the testator, or the signature of
the person signing at his direction, has to appear at a place from which it
could appear that by that mark or signature the document is intended to
have effect as a will; (c) the most important point with which we are
presently concerned in this appeal, is that the will has to be attested by
two or more witnesses and each of these witnesses must have seen the
testator sign or affix his mark to the Will, or must have seen some other
person sign the Will in the presence and by the direction of the testator, or
must have received from the testator a personal acknowledgement of
signature or mark, or of the signature of such other person, and each of
the witnesses has to sign the Will in the presence of the testator. It is thus
clear that one of the requirements of due execution of will is its attestation
by two or more witnesses which is mandatory.''
In Apoline D' Souza v. John D' Souza [(2007) 7 SCC 225]29, the
Hon'ble Supreme Court held that the question as to whether due
attestation has been established or not will depend on the fact situation
obtaining in each case. Therein, it was held :
" Section 68 of the Evidence Act, 1872 provides for the mode and manner
in which execution of the will is to be proved. Proof of attestation of the
will is a mandatory requirement. Attestation is sought to be proved by PW
2 only. Both the daughters of the testatrix were nuns. No property,
therefore, could be bequeathed in their favour. In fact one of them had
expired long back. Relation of the testatrix with the respondent admittedly
was very cordial. The appellant before us has not been able to prove that
she had been staying with the testatrix since 1986 and only on that
account she was made a beneficiary thereof. The will was full of
suspicious circumstances. PW 2 categorically stated that the will was
drafted before her coming to the residence of the testatrix and she had
only proved her signature as a witness to the execution of the will but the
document was a handwritten one. The original will is typed in Kannada,
although the blanks were filled up with English letters. There is no
evidence to show that the contents of the will were read over and
explained to the testatrix. PW 2 was not known to her. Why was she
called and who called her to attest the will is shrouded in mystery. Her
evidence is not at all satisfactory in regard to the proper frame of mind of
-Now, with regard to the proof of the will, it is apposite to quote the
observations of Gajendragadkar, J. in AIR 1959 SC 44330 : "The party
propounding a will or otherwise making a claim under a will is no doubt
seeking to prove a document and, in deciding how it is to be proved,
reference must inevitably be made to the statutory provisions which
govern the proof of documents. Sections 67 and 68 of the Evidence Act
are relevant for this purpose. Under Section 67, if a document is alleged
to be signed by any person, the signature of the said person must be
proved to be is his handwriting, and for proving such a handwriting under
Sections 45 and 47 of the Act, the opinion of experts and of persons
acquainted with the handwriting of the person concerned are made
relevant. Section 68 deals with the proof of the execution of the document
required by law to be attested; and it provides that such a document shall
not be used as evidence untill one attesting witness at least has been
called for the purpose of proving its execution. These provisions prescribe
the requirements and the nature of proof which must be satisfied by the
party who relies on a document in a court of law. Similarly, Sections 59
and 63 of the Indian Succession Act are also relevant. Thus the question
as to whether the will set up by the propounder is proved to be the last
will of the testator has to be decided in the light of these provisions. It
would prima facie be true to say that the will has to be proved like any
other document except as to the special requirements of attestation
prescribed by Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act. As in the case of
proof of other documents so in the case of proof of wills it would be idle
to expect proof with mathematical certainty. The test to be applied would
be the usual test of the satisfaction of the prudent mind in such matters".
-In AIR 1974 Andh Pra 13 (K. Nookaraju v, P, Venkatarao) it has been
held that (at p. 15)31," But, proof of execution by the testator alone is not
sufficient. A will is a document which is required to be attested by at least
two witnesses. Thai is clear from Clause (c) of Section 63 of the Indian
Succession Act. Section 68 of the Evidence Act forbids the using of a
document which is required by law to be attested as evidence until at least
one attesting witness has been called for the purpose of proving its
execution, if there be an attesting witness alive. What is required to be
proved by calling at least one attesting witness is the execution of the
document. By execution of a will is meant the whole process prescribed
under Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act. Indeed its marginal note
reads execution of unprivileged wills. Such execution includes not only
the signing or affixing the mark of the testator to the will or by somebody
else in his presence and by his direction but also attestation by two
witnesses, Reading Section 63 it is quite plain that attestation as
postulated by Clause (c) is a part of execution of a will. Such attestation
has to be by two or more witnesses. Each of them must have either seen
the testator sign or affix his mark to the will or has seen some other
person sign the will in the presence and by the direction of the testator or
has received from the testator a personal acknowledgment of his signature
or mark or of the signature of such other person. It is also necessary that
each of the witnesses shall sign the will in the presence of the testator.
However, it is not incumbent that more than one witness be present at the
same time. Nor, is there any particular form of: attestation prescribed."
31 . it was observed in '' T. Venkat Sitaram Rao And Anr. vs T. Kamakshiamma And Ors. On
20/12/1977; AIR 1978 Ori 145''
-In (Venkatachala v. Thimmajamma) the Hon'ble Supreme Court held-
"As in the case of proof of other documents so in the case of proof of will
it would be idle to expect proof with mathematical certainty. The test to
be applied would be the usual test of the satisfaction of the prudent mind
in such matters.
"The mode of proving a Will does not ordinarily differ from that of
proving any other document except as to the special requirement of
attestation prescribed in the case of a Will by S. 63 of the Indian
Succession Act."
-In Abdul Jabbar Sahib v. Venkata Sastril the Hon'ble Supreme Court
while considering the meaning of the word "attestation" in Section 3 of
Transfer of Property Act held- "To attest is to bear witness to a fact.
Briefly put, the essential conditions of a valid attestation under Section 3
are : (1) two or more witnesses have seen the executant sign the
instrument or have received from him a personal acknowledgment of his
signature; (2) with a view to attest or to bear witness to this fact each of
them has signed the instrument in the presence of the executant. It is
essential that the witness should have put his signature animo attestandi,
that is, for the purpose of attesting that he has seen the executant sign or
has received from him" a personal acknowledgment of his signature. If a
person puts his signature on the document for some other purpose, e.g., to
certify that he is a scribe or an identifier or a registering officer, he is not
an attesting witness."
32. it was observed in AIR 1999 Mad 149 ; A. Ramesh vs A. Manohar Prasad And Ors.
attestations are not made at the same time, it is necessary to prove that the
attestators had signed so on the acknowledgement of the testator."
-In Indu Bala Bose v. Manindra Chandra Bose the Hon'ble Apex Court
explained the meaning of the word "suspicious" in the following words-
-In Smt. Sushila Devi v. Pandit Krishna Kumar Missir their Lordships
held-
"Prima facie, the circumstance that no bequest was made to the appellant
by the testator would make the Will appear unnatural but if the execution
of the Will is satisfactorily proved, the fact that the testator had not
bequeathed any property to one of his children cannot make the Will
invalid."
-In Girja Datt Singh v. Gangotri Datt Singh, it was held that in order to
prove the due attestation of the Will, the pro-pounder of the Will, has to
prove that the two witnesses saw testator sign the will and they
themselves signed the same in the presence of the testator.
-While deciding the attestation of the Will, the Hon'ble Supreme Court in
Naresh Charan Das Gupta v. Paresh Charan Das Gupta, -"It cannot
be laid down as a matter of law that because the witnesses did not state in
examination-in-chief that they signed the will in the presence of the
testator, there was no due attestation. It will depend on the circumstances
elicited in evidence whether the attesting witnesses signed in the presence
of the testator. This is a pure question of fact depending on appreciation
of evidence."
-x-