A.

DC OPERATION
I. OBJECTIVE
 To be able to demonstrate the operation of a transformer coupled two-stage
amplifier by using measured circuit conditions.
 To be able to determine the dc operating conditions of a transformer coupled
two-stage amplifier by using measured values and verify the results with a
multimeter.
II. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
 F.A.C.ET. Base Unit
 Transistor Amplifier Circuits circuit board
 Power Supply, 15 Vdc (2required)
 Multimeter
 Oscilloscope, dual trace
 Generator, sine wave
III. THEORY: (Refer to manual)
IV: PROCEDURE: (Refer to manual)
V. DATA AND RESULTS
What circuit component indicates that the amplifier circuit you just connected is
transformer coupled?
 Transformer
Measure and record the supply voltage VA, with reference to the ground.
 14.93 Vdc
Measure and record in Table 8-1 the first stage amplifier Q1 dc volatges, with reference
to the ground.
Table 8-1

VC1 14.57 VDC

VB1 1.809 VDC

VE1 1.163 VDC

Do the measurements taken in step 4 indicate that the resistance of the transformer
primary coil is very low?
 Yes, it does indicate the resistance of the transformer primary coil is very low.

Do the measurements taken in step 4 indicate that the base-emitter junction is forward
biased?
 Yes
Do the measurements taken in step 4 indicate that the base collector junction is reverse
biased?
 Yes
Would you conclude that NPN amplifier Q1 is biased correctly?
 Yes
Is amplifier Q1 operating in the active region?
 Yes
Measure and record in table 8-2 the second stage amplifier Q2 dc voltages with
reference to the ground.
Table 8-2

VC2 9.31 VDC

VB2 1.815 VDC

VE2 1.173 VDC

Do the measurements taken in step
10 indicate that the base emitter junction is forward biased?
 Yes
Do the measurements taken in step 10 indicate that the base collector junction is
reverse biased?
 Yes
Would you conclude that the NPN amplifier Q2 is biased correctly?
 Yes
Is Q2 operating in the active region?
 Yes (8.41 VDC)
Is the dc bias the same for the first and second stage amplifier?
 No
Set CM switch 1 to ON. Measure and record in table 8-3 the first stage amplifier Q1 dc
voltages with reference to the ground.
Table 8-3

VC1 14.83 VDC

VB1 1.880 VDC

VE1 1.279 VDC

Did the DC bias of Q1 change?

 Yes, the dc bias of amplifier Q1 changed.

Is Q1 still operating in the active region?
 Yes (VCE=17.55 VDC)
Did the emitter, base and collector currents increase or decrease?
 Increased slightly
Did the DC bias of transistor Q2 change when R5 was changed from 1K to 4.7K?
Confirm your answer by taking measurements and comparing them to the values
recorded in table 8-2.
 No

VI. EVALUATION
1. Connect the circuit in figure 8-4. Turn on CM switch 5 to short blocking capacitor C3
to ground. Measure and record in table 8-4 the dc voltages for the second stage
amplifier Q2 with reference to the ground.
Table 8-4

VC2 14.89 VDC

VB2 0.049 VDC
VE2 0 V

Second stage amplifier Q2 is

a. Operating in the saturating region.
b. Operating in the active region.
c. At the cut-off point
d. Not transformer coupled to the first stage.
2. A transformer coupled amplifier can be identified by
a. Two NPN common emitter amplifiers
b. A capacitor connecting the secondary coil to ground
c. The voltage divider resistors of each amplifier
d. The transformer connecting the amplifier stages
3. The transformer connecting the amplifier stages
a. Blocks the dc current between amplifier stages, thus maintaining rheh dc bias of
each stage
b. Passes dc current between amplifier stages but blocks as ac signals
c. Has a high primarily coil resistance
d. Is connected between the first stage emitter terminal and the second stage base
terminal
4. The primary coil of the transformer is
a. In the collector circuit of the second stage amplifier
b. In the emitter circuit of the first stage amplifier
c. In the collector circuit if the first stage amplifier
d. Connected to the base terminal of the second stage amplifier
5. The purpose of having a voltage divider circuit for each amplifier is to
a. Prevent dc interaction between amplifiers
b. Provide a return path for the first amplifier emitter current
c. Have the same dc bias for each stage
d. Properly bias each amplifier
VII. CONCLUSION
Two amplifiers are transformer-coupled when a transformer connects the output of the
first stage amplifier to the input of the second stage amplifier. The transformer primary
coil in the collector circuit of the first-stage CE amplifier has a low dc resistance. The
transformer blocks dc current between the first and second stage amplifiers, enabling
each amplifier to maintain its dc bias. The secondary coil of the transformer in the circuit
had to be connected to ground through a capacitor to maintain the dc bias of the second
stage transistor.
B. AC OPERATION
I. OBJECTIVE

 To be able to determine the ac voltage gain, impedance matching and input/output

phase relationship of a transformer coupled amplifier by using measured calculated
values and verify the results with a multimeter.
II. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

 F.A.C.ET. Base Unit

 Transistor Amplifier Circuits circuit board
 Power Supply, 15 Vdc (2required)
 Multimeter
 Oscilloscope, dual trace
 Generator, sine wave
III. THEORY: (Refer to manual)
IV: PROCEDURE: (Refer to manual)
V. DATA AND RESULTS
Measure and record the supply voltage VA, with reference to the ground.
 14.90 VDC
Connect the channel 2 probe of the oscilloscope to the ac collector signal (VC1) at the
primary ccoil of transformer T1 and the collector of Q1. What is V OI?
 VOI = 230 mV x 2 = 460mVpk-pk
Is there any distortion in the collector signal waveform?
 None
What is the phase shift between the signals at VC1 and Vi1?
 180 out of phase
Why is the phase shift between the signals not 180 degrees for the first stage CE
amplifier Q1?
 Due to inductive reactance
Is VCE(cut-off) greater than the dc voltage supply VA?
 VCE(cut-off) =9.48 V, therefore no
What is Voi and Vi2?
 Voi = 2.44 Vrms = Vi2
Are Vo1 and Vi2 equal to VC1?
 Vc1 = 5.85 Vrms, therefore no
Do your voltage measurements verify that T1 is a step-down transformer?
 Yes
Calculate and record Av1.
 -0.3384
What is Vo2?
 5.67 Vrms
What is the phase shift between the signals at Vo2 and Vi2?
 180 out of phase
Calculate and record Av2.
 -0.7989
What is the phase shift between the signals at Vo2 and Vi1?
 In phase
Calculate and record the overall circuit gain.
 0.7864
Does Avc equal to the product of AV1 and AV2?
 No
Measure and record VO2(L).
 3.329 Vrms
Calculate and record the loaded overall circuit gain.
 0.4617
Is Avc(L) less than the unloaded overall circuit gain?
 Yes
With a 100mVpk-pk input signal measure and record V02(L-B).
 V02(L-B)= 3.843 Vrms
Calculate and record the overall gain of the circuit with a load and with an emitter
bypass capacitor.
 0.533
Did bypassing the emitter resistor greatly increase the gain?
 Increased but not greatly.
Does Vo2 increase or decrease?
 decrease
What caused the result of step 27?

 Increase in RE caused the result of step 27.

VI. EVALUATION
1. Connect the circuit in figure 8-10. Set the sine wave generator for a 100mVpk-pk
input signal. Turn on CM switch 13. Measure VO2l-b and calculate the overall circuit
gain. Your calculated gain may have a tolerance of ±25 percent from the correct
answer. AVC(L-B) equals.
a. 9.0 because the ouput load RL2 was reduced.
b. 18.0 because RL2 was reduced
c. 9.0 because RL2 was increased
d. 1. Because RL2 was increased
2. The overall circuit voltage gain of a two-stage transformer coupled amplifier is the
a. Difference between the second and first stage gains
b. Sum of the second and first stage gains
c. Second stage gain divided by the first stage gain
d. Product of the first and second stage gain
3. The purpose of the transformer in the transformer couple amplifier is to
a. Match the low output impedance of the first stage with the high input impedance
of the second stage
b. Match the high output impedance of the first stage with the low input impedance
of the second stage
c. Increase the signal amplitude between the first stage collector and second base
stage.
d. Maintain equal input and output impedance
4. The ac collector to emitter cut-off voltage VCEcutoff in a transformer coupled
amplifier
a. Can be up to twice the dc voltage supply
b. Is never greater than the dc supply voltage
c. Is one-half of the dc collector to emitter cut-off voltage
d. Is not a concern in transformer couple amplifier design
5. Connecting an external load across the second stage output of a transformer coupled
amplifier
a. Increase the amplifier gain
b. Increases the input impedance of the second stage
c. Changes the input/output phase relationship
d. Decreases the amplifier gain

VII. CONCLUSION
In a transformer-coupled two-stage amplifier, the transformer matches the second-
stage input with the high output impedance of the first stage. The first-stage amplifier ac
collector to emitter cutoff voltage (VCE) can be up to two times the dc supply voltage.
The voltage gain of a transformer-coupled two stage amplifier is the product of the gains
of each stage. Connecting an external load across the output of a transformer-coupled
amplifier reduces the voltage gain. Using a capacitor to bypass the emitter resistor of
the second stage greatly increases the voltage gain.
C. FREQUENCY RESPONSE
I. OBJECTIVE
 To be able to determine the frequency response of a transformer coupled
amplifier by using measured values and verify the results with a multimeter and
an oscilloscope.
II. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
 F.A.C.ET. Base Unit
 Transistor Amplifier Circuits circuit board
 Power Supply, 15 Vdc (2required)
 Multimeter
 Oscilloscope, dual trace
 Generator, sine wave
III. THEORY: (Refer to manual)
IV: PROCEDURE: (Refer to manual)
V. DATA AND RESULTS
Measure and record the supply voltage VA, with reference to the ground.
 14.9 Vdc
Connect the channel 2 probe of the oscilloscope to the second stage ac output signal
VO2. Measue VO2 at a frequency of 1KHz. Record your result in table 8-5.
Table 8-5.
Gain VS. Frequency
FREQUENY VO2 Gain in
AVC(L)=VO2/Vi1
Hz mVpk-pk dBv=20log10[Avc(L)]
200 1.226 Vrms 24.77 27.88 dB
1K 1.445 Vrms 29.29 29.34 dB
3K 1.467 Vrms 29.64 29.44 dB
10K 0.966 Vrms 19.52 25.81 dB

Figure 8-13
30
29
28
GAIN (dB)

27
26
25
24
23
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz)

Does the transformer coupled amplifier have a flat frequency response (figure 8-13)
within ±1 dB of the gain at 1KHz?
 Yes, the transformer coupled amplifier have a flat frequency response within ±1
dB of the gain at 1 kHz.
VI. EVALUATION
1. Expressing gain in decibel units is desirable because human hearing has a(n).
a. Arithmetic response
b. Geometric response
c. Logarithmic response
d. Exponential response
2. The logarithmic voltage gain equals
a. 10log10 (Av)
b. 20log10 (Av)
c. 20 x (Av)
d. Av/20log10
3. The frequency responses of the transformer coupled amplifier in this exercise is good
for the input signal frequencies
a. Above 100kHz
b. Less than 20Hz
c. Between 1 kHz and 10 kHz
d. Between 100 Hz and 100 kHz
4. A transformer coupled amplifier has a poorer frequency response than an RC
coupled amplifier does because
a. The effect of the transformer frequency response on the amplifier circuit
b. There is no first-stage collector resistor
c. The transformer steps down the ac signal
d. Of transformer impedance matching
5. The poor frequency response of a transformer coupled amplifier is offset by
a. High current gains
b. Low power consumption
c. High voltage gains
d. No signal distortion

VII. CONCLUSION
Voltage gain can be expressed in logarithmic units called decibels; decibels are
plotted against input signal frequency for a frequency response curve. The frequency
response curve of a transformer-coupled amplifier is poorer than that of an RC-coupled
amplifier.