06 - Solid State - Board Type Question - XI

CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE
Board Type Questions
1. An element crystallizes into a structure which may be described by a cubic-type unit cell having one atom on
each corner of the cube and two atoms on one of its diagonals . If the volume of this unit cell is 24 × 10–24 cm3
and density of the element is 7.2 g/cm3. Calculate the number of atom present in 200 g of element.
Z M
Sol. We known  
V N
1 
Number of atom per unit cell (Z)    8   1 2   3
s
8 
sse
Density of the element () = 7.2 gm/cm3
Mass of the element (M) = 200 g
la
Volume of unit cell (V) = 24 × 10–24 cm3
yC
3  200
 7.2 
 24 1024   N
or, N = 3.472 × 1024 atoms
3.472 × 1024 atoms are present in 200 g of element. str
mi
2. What are interstitials in a crystal ?
Sol. In spite of most efficient packing of particles a close-packed structure always possesses some sites which are not
he
occupied by the particles. These vacant sites are called inferstitials.

3. What is pyroelectricity ?
-C
Sol. Some polar crystals produce electric current on heating and such electicity is called pyro electricity.
4. What are the types of lattice imperfections found in crystals.
R
Sol. Any deviation from the perfectly pediodic and ordered arrangement of constituent particles in a crystal is called
imperfections / defects in the crystal.
SI
It is classified into three categories

(i) Stoichiometric defects.
O
(ii) Non stoichiometric defects.

PT
(iii) Impurity defects.

5. CsCl has bcc arrangement and its unit cell edge length is 400 pm . Calculate the interionic distance in CsCl.
DI
Sol. For b.c.c., 4r  3a (r = radius of atoms/ions)
 
SU
or, 2 r   r   3a (a = edge length of unit cell)
3
as a = 400 pm,  r   r    400  346.41 pm
2
Interionic distance in CsCl is 346.41 pm.
BLACK BOARD CLASSES - By Sudipto Sir  Ph : 86978 74159/9073541305 (Office), M : 98309 82734, Website : www.sudiptosirchemistryclass.in 37
Available Branches : Guest Keen Gate Centre (H.O. - Howrah), Kadamtala (Howrah), Gariahat.
6. A solid AB has NaCl structure. If the radius of action A+ is 120 pm, calculate the maximum possible value of
radius of the anion B¯ .
Sol. AB has NaCl structure
 r   radius of cation 
r
so,   0.414  0.732   
r 
 r  radius of anion 
r
To have the maximum possible value of radius of anion,  0.414
r
120 r   120 pm 
s
or,  0.414  

sse
r
or, r– = 289.85 pm.
la
7. What are the coordination numbers of each of the ions present in the cubic close packed structure of CaF2 at
ordinary temperature and pressure?
yC
Sol. In the cubic close-packed strucutre (CCP) of CaF2 at ordinary temperature and pressure, the coordination number
of Ca+2 = 8 and coordination number of F– = 4.
8. Although pure silicon is an insulator, then how does it behave as a semi-conductor on heating.
str
Sol. In case of Silicon (Si) the bond gap (gap between valence bond and conduction bond) is comparatively as insulator.
But with increase in temperature there occurs an increase in the vibration of the constituent atoms and the e –-s
mi
from the valence bond can be readily promoted tothe conduction bond. The system becomes conducting.
9. A compound AB crystallises in bcc lattice with unit cell edge length of 380 pm. Calculate :
he
(i) The distance between the oppositely charged ion in the lattice.
(ii) radius of A+ if radius of B¯ is 175 pm
-C
Sol. (i) In case of b.c.c. 4r  3a (r = radius of ions)
 
or, 2 r   r   3a (a = edge length of unit cell)
R
SI
  3a
or, r  r 
2
O
3
as, a = 380 pm,  r   r    380  329.09 pm
PT
2
(ii) r+ = 329.04 – r– = (329.09 – 175) pm
DI
= 154.09 pm [ r– = 175 pm]

10. How does the conductivity of a semiconductor change if its temperature is raised ?
SU
Sol. See answer of Q. no. 8.

11. In the compound AX, the radium of A+ ion is 95 pm and that of X¯ ion is 181 pm. Predict the crystal
structure of AX and write the coordination numbers of each of the ion.
 
Sol. Radius of cation rA   95 pm
 
Radius of anion rX   181 pm
38 BLACK BOARD CLASSES - By Sudipto Sir  Ph : 86978 74159/9073541305 (Office), M : 98309 82734, Website : www.sudiptosirchemistryclass.in
r  95
 A   0.525
r  181
X
So, it is NaCl type crystal

Coordination number (C.N.) of A+ = 6 and C.N. of X– = 6
12. Name the type of structure possessed by a unit cell of CsCl.
Sol. CsCl has body centred cubic (bcc) arrangement.
13. What structural change will occur if sodium chloride crystal is subjected to high pressure ?
Sol. If high pressure is applied to NaCl crystal the coordination number will increase from 6 : 6 to 8 : 8 and it will
aquire CsCl type structure.
s
sse
high P
NaCl   CsCl type structure.
6 : 6 8 : 8
la
14. What is the effect of temperature and pressure on crystal structure of NaCl and CsCl ?
Sol. (i) Effect of temperature on CsCl.
yC
On increase in temperature of CsCl, the coordination number decreases from 8 : 8 to 6 : 6 and it will acquire
NaCl type structure.

CsCl  NaCl type structure.
8 : 8 6 : 6 str
mi
(ii) Effect of pressure on NaCl.
See answer of Q. no. 14.
he
15. Structure of CsBr is same as of CsCl . Sketch the unit cell of CsBr showing the position of Cs+ ions and Br¯
ions. Find out the total number of Cs+ and Br¯
-C
Sol. See Note.

16. What is meant by ‘Point defects’ in crystals ?
Sol. Point defects are the random errors in a lattice due to the absence fo an atom/ion at its usual sites or due to the
R
pressure of an atom/ion at a site which is not ordinarily occupied.

SI
17. KF has NaCl structure . If the distance between K+ and F¯ is 269 pm , find the density of KF.
Sol. KF has NaCl structure i.e., fcc arrangment.
O
Number of atom per unit cell (Z) = 4

PT
Molecular mass of the compound (M) = 58.09

Avogadro’s number (NA) = 6.023 × 2323
DI
density () = ?
distance between K+ and F– r K  r

F   269 pm
SU
or, 2r = 269
or, 4r = 2 × 269
4r 2  269
as we know edge length of unit cell of fcc (a)   = 380.42 pm
2 2
Z M 4  58.09
   g/cm3
380.42 10 
3 10 3
a  NA  6.023  10 23
= 7.008 g/cm3
18. The density of chromium metal is 7.2 g cm–3. If the unit cell is cubic with edge length of 289 pm,
determine the type of unit cell (simple , body centred or face centred)
Sol. Density of chromium metal () = 7.2 g cm–3
Molecular mass of metal (M) = 51.99
Edge length of the unit cell (a) = 289 pm
 
s
3
Z M   a3  NA 7.2  2.89  108  6.022  1023
sse
  , a, Z    2.01 ~ 2
a3  NA M 51.99
Unit cell is bcc type.
la
19. On heating crystals of KCl in potassium vapours, the crystals start exhibiting a violet colour. Why ?
yC
Sol. When KCl heated in presence of K-vapour, K– atoms are deposited at the surface of cyrstal. Cl– ions diffuse to the
surface combine with the newly generated K+ (by loosing 1 e–) at the surface. These releases e–-s diffuse into the
crystal, occupy anionic vacancies. They absorb energy from light, get excited and this excitationof e– s imparts
20.
violet colour of the crystal.
What are the properties of : str
mi
(i) Ferro magnetics and
(ii) Ferroelectrics ?
he
Given an example of each.

Sol. (i) Ferro magnetics substance :
-C
(a) Strongly attracted by the magnetic field.

(b) Can exist as permanent magnetised state even in the absence of magnetic field.
(c) Magnetic moment of atom/sions present in each domain allign in same direction e.g., Fe.
R
(ii) Ferroelectrics substance

SI
(a) Below curie temperature these substances are polar, posses spontaneous polarization or electric dipole.
(b) A permanent allignement of the dipoles is always there even in the absence of the electric field.
O
(c) Polarity can be reversed fully or partly application of an electric field. e.g. Pottasium hydrogen phosphate
PT
(KH2PO4)
21. An element crystallises in bcc structure . The edge length of its unit cell is 288 pm . If the density of the
crystals is 7.2 g cm–3, what is the atomic mass of the element ?
DI
Sol. For bcc, number of atom per unit cell (Z) = 2

edge length of the unit cell (a) = 288 pm = 2.88 × 10–8 cm
SU
density of the element () = 7.2 g cm–3

molecular mass of element (M) = ?
Z M 2 M
  7.2 
 2.88 108    6.023 1023 
3 3
a  NA
as M = 51.79 g mol–1.
22. Define anti-fluorite structure or Mention a compound which shows antifluorite structure.
Sol. Autifluorite structures are those where the anions are arranged in cubic close packing (ccp) while these cations
occupy all the tetrahedral voids.
The C.N. of cation = 4, C.N. of anion = 8
e.g. Li2O.
23. An ionic compound AB2 possess CaF2 type crystal structure. Write the coordination number of A2+ and B¯
ions in crystals of AB2.
Sol. The C.N. of A+2 = 8 and C.N. of B– = 4 [C.N. = Coordination number].
24. Frenkel defect is not found in pure alkali metal halide . Why ?
s
 r 
sse
Sol. Frenkel defect is exhibited by the compounds where radius ratio    is low. Alkali metals are generally large in

r 
size and it is difficult for them the occupy smaller intersticies.
la
25. An element having B.C.C. crystal structure has atomic mass 50 amu and density 6.81 g cm–3. Calculate the
edge length of unit cell. [ NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1 ]
yC
Sol. For bcc, number of atom/unti cell (Z) = 2
atomic mass of the element (M) = 50
density of the element () = 6.81 g cm–3
edge length of unit cell (a) = ? str
mi
Z M 2  50
  6.81 
3
a  NA  
he
a  6.022  1023
3
or, a3 = 24.38 × 10–24

-C
or, a = 2.899 × 10–8 cm

a = 289.9 pm
If NaCl is doped with 10–3 mole % of SrCl2. What is the concentration of cation vacancies ?
R
26.
Sol. Doping of NaCl by SrCl2 gives the replacement of 2Na+ ion by Sr+2 ion and one cationic vacancy.
SI
 doping of 10–23 mole SrCl2 in 100 mole NaCl gives = 10–3 mole cationic vacancies
100 mole of NaCl will have cationic vacancies = 10–23 mole
O
103
 105 mole
PT
 1 mole of NaCl will have cationic vacancies after doping 

100
Total cationic vacancies = 10–5 × 6.022 × 1023 = 6.022 × 1018.
DI
27. What is the non-stoichiometry defect in crystals ?

SU
Sol. The point defect due to which the stoichiometry (i.e., ratio of number of cation to anion) of the compound changes
called non-stoichimetric defect.
It is of two types :
(i) Metal excess defects.
(ii) Metal deficiency defects.
28. What other element may be added to silicon to make electrons available for conduction of an electric current ?
Sol. Group - 15 elements (P, As which have 5 valence e–-s)
29. What is the effect of Frenkel structural defect on the electrical conductance of crystalline solid ?
Sol. Effects :
(i) Increases dielectric cosntant of the crystal.
(ii) Conduct electricity to a smaller extent.
30. What is the difference between ferro magnetic and ferrimagnetic substances ?
Sol. Ferromagnetic Ferrimagnetic

(i) Permanent magnetism even after removal (i) Magnetism arises when there is net dipole
s
of magnetic field. moment
sse
(ii) High curie temperature (ii) Comparatively low curie temperature
(iii) Dipoles are alligned in the same direction (iii) Dipoles are alligned in parallel and anti-parallel
la
directions in unequal numbers.
yC
31. An alloy of god and cadmium crystallises with a cubic structure in which gold atoms occupy the corners and
cadmium atoms fit into face centres. What formula would you assign to the alloy?
Sol. Gold (Au) occupy the corners,
1
 the number of Au atoms / unit cell  8   1
8
str
mi
Cadmium (Cd) occupy the face centres.
he
1
 the number of Cd atoms/unit cell  6  3
2
-C
Hence, formula of the alloy = AuCd3.

32. What do you mean by coordination number ?
Sol. The maximum number of nearest neighbour particles surrounding a given particle in a close-packed arrangement
R
of crystal is called the co-ordination number (C.N.) of that particle.

SI
33. How many atoms can be assigned to its unit cell if an element forms
(i) a body centred cubic cell
O
(ii) a face centred cubic cell

Sol. (i) For bcc cell, one atom/ion lies at the each corner of the cube while one atom/ion at the body centre.
PT
1 
Hence, total number of atoms/ions per unit cell    8   1  2
DI
8 
(ii) For fcc, one atom/ion lies at the each corner of the cube while one atom/ion lies at the centre of each faces.
SU
1  1 
So, total number of atoms/ions per unti cell    8     6   4
8   2 
34. Alluminium crystallizes in a face centred cubic close-packed structure . Its atomic radius is 125 × 10–12
m
(i) What is the length of the edge of the unit cell ?
(ii) How many such unit cells are there in 1.00 m3 piece of aluminium ?
Sol. (i) Atomic radius (r) = 125 × 10–12 m

for fcc, 4r  2a (a = edge length of the unit cell)
4  125  1012
or a   353.55  1012
2
(ii) Volume of one unit cell = a3 = (353.55 × 10–12 m)3 = 44192902.36 × 10–36 m3
 number of unit cell present in 1.00 m3 of Al
1
 = 2.263 × 1028.
36
44192902.36  10
35. Give a short note on the structure of
s
(i) NaCl
sse
(ii) Cu
Sol. See Note.
la
36. Give 2 differences between Schottky & Frenkel defects.
yC
Sol. Schottky defect Frenkel defect
(i) Equal number of cations and anions are (i) Ions (generally cations) leave their normal site
missing from their normal sites produces occupy intersticies.
equal number of cationic and anionic
vacancies. str
mi
(ii) Density of crystal decreases. (ii) Density of crystal remains same.
he
37. Why ZnO show colour on heating ?

Sol. ZnO turns yellow when heated due to incipient decomposition minute fractions of oxide lost by evaporation to
-C
form molecular while the excess Zn+2 ions occupy the intersticies and equivalent number of e–-s are trapped in
some other interstices. When these trapped e–s acquire energy, undergo transition, imparts yellow colour. This is a
familier example of metal excess defect.
 1
ZnO  Zn 2  O2  2e
R
2
SI
38. Explain Ferromagnetic Ferrimagnetic & Antiferromagnetic substance with example.

Sol. Ferrimagnetic : A substance which contains a large number of unpaired e–s but exhibits small magnetic
O
moment. e.g. Fe3O4.

Antiferromagnetic : A substance which has zero resultant magnetic moment inspite of presence of unpaired
PT
e–s. e.g. Fe2O3.

39. Derive the packing fraction for
DI
(i) FCC
(ii) BCC
SU
(iii) Simple cube

Sol. See Note.
40. With diagram give the relation between a & r.
(i) FCC
(ii) BCC
(iii) Simple cube
Sol. See Note.

41. Ag crystallises in fcc, edge length of unit cell is 4.07 × 10–8 cm and density of Ag is 10.48 g cm–3. Find relative
atomic mass of silver.
Sol. Number of atoms/unit cell (Z) = 4
edge length (a) = 4.07 × 10–8 cm, density () = 10.48 g cm–3
Z M 4 M
  10.48   106.39
a3  NA
 4.07 10    6.023 10 
8 3 23
42. What is Schottky defect ?
s
Sol. The defect in ionic crystal due to missing of equal number of cations and anions from their lattice sites.
sse
43. An element crystallises in cubic structure. Its density is 2.14 g cm–3. The edge length of unit cell is 1.8Å. How
many number of unit cells are present in 250 g of the element ?
la
Sol. Volume of unit cell (a3) = (1.8 × 10–8 cm)3
Mass of each unit cell = 2.14 × (1.8 × 10–8) g
yC
= 1.248 × 10–23 g
250
 Number of unit cel is 250 g of the element   2  1025
44. What are p-type conductors ?

1.248  10
str
23
mi
Sol. When Gr-14 elements (such as Si, Ge) are dopped with trace amount of Group-13 elements (like B, Al, Ga) which
have 3 valence electrons, p-type conductor is obtained.
he
45. Explain the term semiconductor and insulator.

-C
Sol. Semiconductors are solid having electrical conductivities between conductors and insulators. On increase in
temperature conductivity of someconductors increases. e.g. Si.
Insulators are those with very poor electrical conductivities. e.g. Wood.
R
46. A metal crystallises into two cubic phases, fcc and bcc, whose unit cell lengths are 3.5 Å and 3.0 Å respectively
Cal. ratio of densities of fcc and bcc.
SI
Z M
Sol. We know,  
3
a  NA
O
Let us consider
PT
1 = density of fcc
2 = density of bcc
DI
4 M 2 M
1  , 2 
3.0 108 
SU
3.5 108 
3 3
 NA  NA

 1  1.26
2
47. Find the ratio of densities of bcc and scc structureof same element.
Z M 2 M
Sol. bcc   [for bcc, 4r  3a ]
3 3
NA  a  4r 
NA   
 3
Z M 1 M
scc   [for scc, 2r = a]
NA  a3 N A   2r 
3

 bcc  1.3
scc
s
48. Why ionic crystal remains electrically neutral even after Schottky defect ?
sse
Sol. As the number of missing cations and anions are same crystal remains neutral.
49. Name crystal system in which the unit cell has the following crystallographic dimensions.
la
a  b  c,  90º.
Sol. Triclinic.
yC
50. Lithium (At. wt. = 6.94) crystallises in bcc lattice with density 0.533 g cm–3 and radius 152 pm. Calculate
Avogadro’s number.
Sol. For bcc, number of atom unit per cell (Z) = 2
edge length (a) 

4r

4
 152  1010 cm = 3.51 × 10–8 cm
str
mi
3 3
he
Z M 2  6.94
  0.533 
a3  NA
3.51108 
3
 NA
-C
or, NA = 6.02 × 1023.

51. What happens when AgCl is dopped with CdCl2 as impurity.
R
Sol. When AgCl is dopped with CdCl2 as impurity Cd+2 replaces some of the Ag+ sites and inorder to maintain
electonutralits one Ag+ ion is removed per Cd+2 replacement. Thereby leading to some cationic vacancies.
SI
52. A cubic crystal of a compound in formed by element P and Q where atoms of Q are situated at the corners
and P are at the centre fo cube. Find the formula of the compound.
O
Sol. Q are sitauted at the corners of the cube.

PT
1
So number of Q per unit cell  8   1
8
DI
P are at the centre of the cube

 number of P per unit cell = 1
SU
 Formula = PQ
53. Calculate the percentage of Fe+2 and Fe+3 ions in the crystal of Fe0.88O.
Sol. In ‘x’ ions of Fe are in +2 state, then (+2)x + (0.88 – x) (+3) = +2
or, 2x + 2.64 – 3x = +2
or x = 0.64
0.64
So the % of Fe+2   100  72.73%
0.88
and % of Fe+3 = (100 – 72.73) = 27.73%.
2
54. In MxOy crystal oxygen atom form cubic close packed structure and rd of the octahedral voids are occupied
3
by M atoms in the structure. Determine the value of X and Y.
Sol. Suppose the number of oxygen atom in ccp = n
 octahedral holes = n
2 n
 number of M+2 ions is ccp array   n 
s
sse
3 3
n
 M+2 : O–2  :n=2:3
la
3
yC
str
mi
he
-C
R
SI
O
PT
DI
SU

06 - Solid State - Board Type Question - XI

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

06 - Solid State - Board Type Question - XI

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE

Board Type Questions

occupied by the particles. These vacant sites are called inferstitials.

It is classified into three categories

(ii) Non stoichiometric defects.

(iii) Impurity defects.

Sol. For b.c.c., 4r  3a (r = radius of atoms/ions)

or, 2 r   r   3a (a = edge length of unit cell)

120 r   120 pm 

Sol. (i) In case of b.c.c. 4r  3a (r = radius of ions)

= 154.09 pm [ r– = 175 pm]

Sol. See answer of Q. no. 8.

So, it is NaCl type crystal

Sol. See Note.

pressure of an atom/ion at a site which is not ordinarily occupied.

Number of atom per unit cell (Z) = 4

Molecular mass of the compound (M) = 58.09

distance between K+ and F– r K  r

Given an example of each.

(a) Strongly attracted by the magnetic field.

(ii) Ferroelectrics substance

Sol. For bcc, number of atom per unit cell (Z) = 2

density of the element () = 7.2 g cm–3

or, a3 = 24.38 × 10–24

or, a = 2.899 × 10–8 cm

 1 mole of NaCl will have cationic vacancies after doping 

27. What is the non-stoichiometry defect in crystals ?

Sol. Ferromagnetic Ferrimagnetic

Hence, formula of the alloy = AuCd3.

of crystal is called the co-ordination number (C.N.) of that particle.

(ii) a face centred cubic cell

Sol. (i) Atomic radius (r) = 125 × 10–12 m

37. Why ZnO show colour on heating ?

38. Explain Ferromagnetic Ferrimagnetic & Antiferromagnetic substance with example.

moment. e.g. Fe3O4.

e–s. e.g. Fe2O3.

(iii) Simple cube

Sol. See Note.

42. What is Schottky defect ?

44. What are p-type conductors ?

45. Explain the term semiconductor and insulator.

edge length (a) 

or, NA = 6.02 × 1023.

Sol. Q are sitauted at the corners of the cube.

P are at the centre of the cube

Potrebbero piacerti anche