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We are pleased to take this opportunity to thank all those who helped us during
this project. First and foremost, we would like to express our deepest gratitude
and sincere appreciation to our guide – Prof. C.D.Patel who guided and
supported us at every step. Without his stimulating suggestions and
encouragements we could not have completed the projects. We are obliged to
Prof. A.R.Gandhi (HOD), Applied Mechanics Department and Prof.
R.B.Khasiya (HOD), Civil Department to allow us to participate and represent
our college in such a distinguished competition.
We would also like to thank our parents, friends and seniors whose constant
support and motivation culminated the project. Their blessings, motivation and
inspiration have also provided us high mental support and contributed in all
possible ways in the completion of this project.
Kishan Tripathi
Hiral Mevada
Misha Shah
Rishabh Pandey
The second phase of the project involves the structural design of the food grain
go down considering the general guidelines given by INSDAG. The frames of
the structure are analyzed and designed iterations are done in STAAD to arrive
at an optimum section. The analysis of the obtained critical sections is checked
manually. The various considerations and assumptions in design are mentioned
separately at appropriate locations. Manual design is done for critical slab,
staircase slab and foundation. Connections between the various members are
designed.
The third phase includes estimation of the bills of materials after calculating
total quantity of materials and considering current market
Acknowledgement
Abstract
1.0 Introduction
1.1 General
1.2 Application of food grain go down/cold storage
1.3 Classification of food grain/cold storage
1.4 Objective of work
1.5 Scope of work
2.0 Planning considerations – Survey
2.1 Survey for planning of food grain/cold storage
3.0 Functional Layout
4.0 General guidelines by INSDAG
5.0 Design considerations
5.1 For cold storage building
5.2 Design Standards
5.3 Design Loads
6.0 Load cases combinations
7.0 Design check of critical sections
7.1 Design of simply supported beams
7.2 Design of beam column
7.3 Design of Tension members
7.4 Design of Compression members
8.0 Design of slabs
8.1 Design of Floor slab
8.2 Design of Staircase slab
9.0 Design of Foundation
9.1 Design of slab base footing
10.0 Design of connections
10.1 Design of Truss joints
10.2 Design of Truss end connections
10.3 Design of Bearing connections
10.4 Design of Column splicing
10.5 Design of Beam Column connections
1.1 GENERAL
The main purpose of go down is storing goods along with preserving
quality. Go down / cold storage is used for the storing of goods like food-
grains, furniture, cement etc. There are mainly two types’ dry storage and
cold storage. Furthermore warehouse for storage of food-grains require more
special facilities. Depending on the functional needs according to bye-laws
and owner’s requirements planning is done, and based on planning we can
use either steel structure or RCC structure. Steel structure is preferable as
more work-space available, easy future expansions, light weight section and
more durable.
All components have been designed according to the Limit State Method of
Design.
During the planning phase of Food Grain Storage Go down / Cold Storage, our
main concern was as follows:
Sr.
Question Answer
No.
1. Capacity of the go down? 7500 metric ton
Fork lift, Conveyer belt,
2. Equipment for shifting material?
Stairs
Approximate space required for
3. 6m x 6m
100 bags?
Fruits/Veg. = 2 to 2.5 °C
Temperature to be maintained in
4. Chiller chamber = Below 0°C
different chamber?
Grains = 10 to 11° C
5. System used for chiller chamber? Diffuser
Spacing between stacks for
6. 2 to 2.5 feet
proper cooling?
What kind of machinery has been
7. Condenser, Ammonia tanks
included in the go down?
How much clearance has been
8. provided between two stacks of Approximately 2.5 feet
grains?
Sr.
Question Answer
No.
1. Capacity of the go down? 8000 metric ton
Fork lift, Conveyer belt,
2. Equipment for shifting material?
Stairs
Approximate space required for
3. 7.5m x 7m
100 bags?
Fruits/Veg. = 2 to 2.5 °C
Temperature to be maintained in
4. Chiller chamber = Below 0°C
different chamber?
Grains = 10 to 11° C
5. System used for chiller chamber? Diffuser
Spacing between stacks for
6. 2 to 2.5 feet
proper cooling?
Something you would like to
change in current condition of
7. N.A
your warehouse than what it
would be?
How much clearance has been
8. provided between two stacks of Approximately 3m
grains?
After studying various Storage Go-down, Cold storages and analyzing the
requirements of various units, all the major components of the storage
spaces are planned accordingly.
Also along with various chamber as well as the chamber units, proper
planning of different units such as Office building, Septic tank,
Underground water tank, Machine room, Transformer room, Weigh
Bridge, Washrooms, etc. is required. Proper arrangement of such
equipments not only provides smooth flow in operation of goods but is
also important from the structural aspect of the building.
Proper care was also taken to design the whole structure in accordance to
the various space requirements of the utility equipments like the forklifts,
Gravity lifts, Elevators, etc. Also, separate access for the vertical
movement between floors has been provided in each and every storage
area and chambers. The emergency exits have also been provided for the
ease of evacuation during emergency situations.
A-Dry Shed (Area provided 15 *8.5): This is the place from where the goods
will be loaded as well as unloaded from the trucks. Ramps of sufficient
dimensions have also been provided to impart access to the trucks into the shed
with ease. The shed has also been provided with intent of the temporary
F-Fork Lift (Area provided 3 *1.8): Fork lift is provided for the movement of
palletized crates, so that there will be the ease of lift and will also help in
moving heavy material over shorter distances.
H-Stairs (Area provided 2.505*4.1): It will be used for the manual transport of
the goods and also by the workers in case of emergency and other functional
shut downs.
L-Septic Tank: The waste from the warehouse is eliminated by using natural
filtering of the process of the soil in the septic tank. Hence wastewater is first
filtered by septic tank before ending up in the drain field.
N-Condenser: The hot gases released from the chambers are condensed from
gaseous to liquid form by cooling it in the condenser.
Q-Washroom
3. Welding
Symbols for welding -As per IS: 813-1986
Weld joint details -As per IS: 9595-1996
4. Fasteners
High strength structural bolts -As per IS: 3757-1985 & IS: 4000-
1992Foundation bolts -As per IS: 5624-1993
Sr. No. DL
1. LL
2. TEMPERATURE
3. EQ+ZDIR
4. EQ-ZDIR
5. EQ+XDIR
6. EQ-XDIR
7. WL+ZDIR
8. WL-ZDIR
9. WL+XDIR
10. WL-XDIR
11. 1.5(DL+EQ+ZDIR)
12. 1.5(DL+EQ-ZDIR)
13. 1.5(DL+EQ+XDIR)
14. 1.5(DL+EQ-XDIR)
15. 0.9DL+1.5EQ-ZDIR
16. 0.9DL+1.5EQ+ZDIR
17. 0.9DL+1.5EQ-XDIR
18. 0.9DL+1.5EQ+XDIR
19. 1.5DL+LL
20. 1.5(DL+WL+ZDIR)
21. 1.5(DL+WL-ZDIR)
22. 1.5(DL+WL+XDIR)
23. 1.5(DL+WL-XDIR)
24. 0.9DL+1.5WL-ZDIR
25. 0.9DL+1.5WL+ZDIR
26. 0.9DL+1.5WL-XDIR
27. 0.9DL+1.5WL+XDIR
BEAM
PRELIMINARY DATA NO. 555
ϒm0 1.1
SPAN 2 2 m fy 250
GRADE OF STEEL 410 MPa
Fcr 522.9
Fcr fy
250
600 197.7
500 188.6
522.9 190.6839
Zp (REQUIRED) 800.2584 cm3
SECTION CLASSIFICATION
Ɛ 1
b/tf 4.929577 <9.4 PLASTIC SECTION
d/tw 36.24691 <84 PLASTIC SECTION
PLASTIC
TYPE OF SECTION SECTION
d/tw 36.24691 OK
CHECK FOR
ADEQUACY OF THE
SECTION TO
INCLUDE SELF
WIGHT OF BEAM
FACTORED SELF
WEIGHT OF BEAM 0.771 KN/m
TOTAL BENDING
MOMENT 139.1095 KNm
THEREFORE PLASTIC
SECTION MODULUS
REQUIRED(Zp) 612.0818 OK
DESIGN SHEAR
FORCE V 121.621
DESIGN SHEAR
STRENGTH(Vd) 371.9973
0.6Vd 223.1984
CHECK DESIGN
SHEAR FORCE(V) 121.621 OK
d/tw 36.24691
kL/ry 70.42254
h/tf 24.64789
Fcr Fy
250
150 106.8
100 77.3
234.8753025 156.8764 fbd
PLASTIC
βb 1 SECTION
b˳ 140 NOT OK
ALLOWABLE
MAXIMUM
DEFLECTION Δmax 6.666667
ASSUME STIFF
PORTION OF WEB(b1) 75
n2=2.5*d1 70.5
b1 + n2 145.5
CRIPPLING
STREBGTH OF WEB 267852.3 OK
SECTION CLASSIFICATION
Ɛ 1
b/tf 9.84252 COMPACT
d/tw 38.08791 PLASTIC
Nd=Ag*fy/ϒm0 2242.273 KN OK
βb 1 PLASTIC SECTION
Mdz=βb*Zp*fy/ϒm0
Vp=Av*fyw/(ѵ3*ϒm0) 477.6261 KN
Av=H*tw 3640
Av=bf*tf 3175
Vp=Av*fyw/(ѵ3*ϒm0) 416.6107
d/tw 38.08791 OK
CROSS-SECTION RESISTANCE
Mndz=1.11Mdz(1-n)<=Mdz 403.2387 OK
n=N/Nd 0.017177
Nd=Ae*fcd
fcd=((fy/ϒm0)/(Ф+(Ф2-λ2)0.5)<=fy/ϒm0 fcd=fy*χz/ϒm0
Ф=0.5(1+α(λ-0.2)+λ2))
λ=SQRT(fy/fcr)
fcr=Π2E/(Kl/r)2
BUCKLING RESISTANCE
Фz=0.5(1+α(λ-0.2)+λ2)) 0.495339
χz=1/(Ф+(Ф2-λ2)0.5) 0.998513
Pdz=Ae*fcd 2238.938 OK
fcd 226.9347
Фz=0.5(1+α(λ-0.2)+λ2)) 0.578419
χz=1/(Ф+(Ф2-λ2)0.5) 0.802435
Pdz=Ae*fcd 1799278 OK
fcd 182.3716
Md=βb*Zp*fbd 369.6716 OK
βb 1
H/tf 31.49606
member subjected to combined axial compression and biaxial bending shall satisfy the following interaction
relationships
(P/Pdy)+(KyCmyMy/Mdy)+(KltMz/Mdz)<1.0
(P/PdZ)+(0.6KyCmyMy/Mdy)+(KzCmzMz/Mdz)<1.0 Eq2
Ky=1-(λy-0.2)ny<=1+0.8ny
λz 0.104054
nz 0.017177
Cmz 0.4
FROM Eq2
Ag 2912 mm2 OK
Tdy=Ag*fy/ϒm0 661818 N
TAKE 2
MIN PITCH 50 mm
g 40
Tdn=α*An*fu/
α 0.8
An 1120 mm2
Tdn 293.888 KN OK
Avg 720
Avn 456
Atg 80
Atn -8
Tdb1=Avg*fy/(1.73*ϒm0) +
(0.9*Atn*fu/ϒm1)
Tdb1 92225.9 N
Tdb1 92.2259 KN
Tdb2=0.9*Avn*fu/(1.73*ϒm1)
+ (Atg*fy/ϒm0)
Tdb2 95991.8 N
Tdb 184.452 KN OK
GENERAL DETAILS
h 150
bf 115
t 12
GP 12
STRESS 0.0118
AREA 1456
LOAD 17.1808
ASSUME SLENDERNESS
RATIO OF 100
fcd 107
A 1456 mm2
rmin 9.7
k 0.85
L 1827
Kl/Ry 160.0979
fy 250
KL/R fy
250
160 61.4
170 55
160.0979381 61.33732
Pd 89.30714 KN
DEFLECTION
PERMISSIBLE
LIMIT
Fy 415 27
Lx 5000 mm
Ly 5000 mm
TWO-
WAY
Ly/Lx 1 SLAB
TWO-WAY SLAB
CLEAR COVER 15
EFFECTIVE COVER 20
D.L. 4.5
L.L. 7.5
F.F. 1
TOTAL LOAD 13
EFFECTIVE SPAN
WIDTH 160
CLEAR SPAN+EFFECTIVE
DEPTH OF SLAB 5160
CLEAR
SPAN+WIDTH(BEAM OR
WALL) 5160
CONSIDER 1m LENGTH OF
SLAB
LOAD 19.5
MAXIMUM MOMENT IN Y-
DIRECTION 24.48225
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OK
REQUIRED FOR FLEXURE 84.30935
Mu/Bd2 0.956338
pt 0.277822
Ast 444.5152
REMAINING BARS
PROVIDED (Ast) 261.6667
100Ast/bD 0.14537 OK
REINFORCEMENT ALONG
Y-DIRECTION
Mu/Bd2 1.0881
pt 0.318345
Ast 477.517
REMAINING BARS
PROVIDED (Ast) 261.6667
100Ast/bD 0.14537 OK
DESIGN SHEAR
STRENGTH 0.364
SHEAR FORCE AT
CRITICAL SECTION 48.75
Ld 402.9576 OK
SPAN/D 27
Pt 0.348889
FROM
MODIFICATION FACTOR 1.5 GRAPH
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE
SPACING IN X-DIRECTION 480
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE
SPACING IN Y-DIRECTION 450
GENERAL DETAILS
RISER 120 mm
TREAD 300 mm
secФ 1.077033
NO. OF STAIRS
REQUIRED 20
NO. OF RISERS ON EACH
FLIGHT 10
NO. OF TREAD PER
FLIGHT 9
DESIGN OF FLIGHT
SPAN 4.1 m
L/d 20
MODIFICATION FACTOR
(M.F.) 1.32
LOAD CALCULATION
DESIGN MOMENT
d REQUIRED 118.8404 mm OK
STEEL CALCULATION
pt% 0.46637
mm mm
REQUIRED 12 DIA @ 134.7 c/c
mm mm
PROVIDE 12 DIA @ 100 c/c
DISTRIBUTION STEEL
mm mm
REQUIRED 8 DIA @ 232.6 c/c
mm mm
PROVIDE 8 DIA @ 200 c/c
Vu 37.96594 KN
τv 0.237287 N/mm2 OK
pt% M25
pt% 0.628 0.5 0.49
0.75 0.57
FOR GIVEN pt% τc 0.53096 N/mm2 0.628 0.531
SPAN/d 20
pt% 0.628
PERMISSIBLE SPAN/d 28
GENERAL DETAILS
b 550 Mm
d 250 Mm
PROJECTION 75 Mm
a(LONGER PROJECTION) 75 Mm
b(SHORTER PROJECTION) 75 Mm
PROVIDE RHICKNESS OF
BASEPLATE 15 > Tf OK
ALSO PROVIDE 4-20Ф AND 300 mm LONG ANCHOR BOLTS TO CONNECT THE BASE
PLATE TO FOUNDATION CONCRETE
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF
WELD AVAILABLE 1537.8 Mm OK
REQUIRED LENGTH OF
WELD 1419.2 Mm
6 mm WELD IS ADEQUATE
CONSIDER RECTANGULAR
BLOCK 1.8 X 2.1
AVAILABLE AREA 3.78 m2
p 265.55 KN/m2
BENDING MOMENTS
ALONG X
ALONG Y
DEPTH OF FOOTING
PROVIDE 350 Mm
COVER 50 Mm
OVERALL DEPTH 420 Mm
REINFORCEMENT
ALONG X
DIA WITH
REQUIRED BAR 12 Mm @ 174.01 NO. 10.7
DIA WITH
PROVIDE BAR 12 Mm @ 168.8 NO. 11
ALONG Y
DIA WITH
REQUIRED BAR 12 Mm @ 173.11 NO. 12.48
DIA WITH
PROVIDE BAR 12 Mm @ 165.67 NO. 13
b 1.8 M
Vu=p*AREA OF CRITICAL
SECTION 167.29 KN
τv 0.2655 N/mm2 OK
pt% 0.16
τc 0.29 N/mm2
b 2.1 M
Vu=p*AREA OF CRITICAL
SECTION 195.18 KN
τv 0.2655 N/mm2 OK
τc 0.29 N/mm2
a' 1050 Mm
b' 750 Mm
AREA OF CRITICAL
SECTION 2.9925 m2
τv 0.5406 N/mm2 OK
τc 1.25 N/mm2
k 1
τc' 1.25 N/mm2
LOADS
PROVIDE
NO OF BOLTS REQUIRED IN
MEMBER 4125 3.71766 4
NO OF BOLTS REQUIRED IN
MEMBER 4178 4.103974 5
NO OF BOLTS REQUIRED IN
MEMBER 4126 4.42649 5
NO OF BOLTS REQUIRED IN
MEMBER 4170 3.393377 4
NO OF BOLTS REQUIRED IN
MEMBER 4124 3.204194 4
GENERAL DETAILS
FORCE 82.407 KN
fu 410 N/mm2
ϒmw 1.5
Fwd=fu/(1.73*ϒmw) 157.9961
THROAT(t) 3.733333
Pwd=Lw*t*Fwd
Lw 139.7079
TAKE 150 mm
BEARING CONNECTION
FACTORED LOAD 95 KN
fy 250 N/mm2
AREA=LOAD/(0.87*fy) 436.7816
PROVIDE
L 400
PROVIDE BOLTS 3
ISHB
Section 350
Pu 91.7 kN ymb 1.25
Mu 50 kNm t 8
a(lever arm) 270 mm d 20
Bf 250 mm Kb 0.5
tf 11.6 mm ymo 1.1
grade of plate fu 410 N/mm2 fy 250
grade of bolts 4.6 fub 400
Ends of columns are milled for complete bearing
therefore, splice plates are designed for 50% of
axial load of column
Bolt connection
For 20 mm dia bolts of 4.6 grade
Strength of bolt in single shear 45.26 kN
Strength of bolt in bearing 64 kN
Bolt value 45.26 kN
No. of bolts required 4.598 do 22
Provided no. of bolts 5
(as per cl.
Minimum pitch 50 mm 10.2.2)
(as per cl.
Edge distance 33 mm 10.2.4.2)
Provided no. of bolts 40 mm
Depth of splice plate 560 mm
Provide splice plate 560* 250 * 8 mm on column
flange
General details
Stress calculations
a)Due to direct loading (q)
P/A 81.0810811 N/mm2
b) Bending stress due to bending moment
M/Z 532.835821 N/mm2
Resultant stress (q^2 + f^2)^1/2 538.96953
Strength of weld
Fu *5*t /
Strength of weld (1.5*1.73*8)
Strength of weld = Resultant sress 98.7475915
T 5.45805241
size of weld 8.73288385
PROVIDE 10
CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATION
TYPE OF FOUNDATIONS
NO. OF FOOTINGS
TRENCHING
DEPTH = 2m
VOLUME OF EXCAVATION
FI1 = 1.6 X 1.6 X 2 = 5.12
FI2 = 2.0 X 2.0 X 2 = 8
FI3 = 2.5 X 2.5 X 2 = 12.5
FI4 = 2.5 X 2.5 X 2 = 12.5
FI5 = 2.95 X 2.95 X 2 = 17.4
RCC CONCRETING
VOLUME OF CONCRETE
FI1 1.6 X 1.6 X 0.31 = 0.794
FI2 2.0 X 2.0 X 0.31 = 1.24
FI3 2.5 X 2.5 X 0.375 = 2.37
FI4 2.5 X 2.5 X 0.50 = 3.125
FI5 2.95 X 2.95 X 0.31 = 2.7
TOTAL =(18 X 0.794) + (21 X 1.24) + (19 X 2.37) +(18 X 3.125) + (1 X 2.7) =
144.31 m3
RATE = 2200
TOTAL COST =3,817,500Rs
MAXIMUM SIZE OF BASE PLATE 700 X 400 X 8
QUANTITY OF STEEL = 4 TONNE
COST OF BASE PLATE = 4 X 45,000 = 1,80,000Rs
QUANTITY OF REINFORCEMENT = 3 TONNE
COST OF REINFORCEMENT = 3 X 50,000=1,50,000Rs
TOTAL COST OF FOUNDATION = 9,61,000Rs
STEEL FLOORING
STORAGE AREA
THE SIZE OF GRATING AVAILABLE IN MARKET IS 3 X 20 ft VALUE
IS 1200 PER UNIT OBTAINED FROM NICON ENTERPRISE, GARIA,
KOLKATA.
TOTAL STORAGE AREA = 990 m2= 10,656 sq. ft. PER FLOOR
SIZE OF GRATING = 20 X 3 = 60sq. ft.
NO. OF GRATING REQUIRED = 10,656 / 60 = 180 PER FLOOR
CONSIDERING 10% OF WASTAGE AND CUT-OUTS WE GET = 200
PASSAGE AREA
STEEL CHEQUERED PLATE VALUES OBTAINED FROM SHREE JI
STEEL CORPORATION, BURRABAZAR, KOLKATA IS 37,500PER
METRIC TOONE FOR 8 mm THICKNESS.
WALL
Location: Jalpaiguri
Considering industrial zone where the height of the building will vary up to
10m.
Category 3
Class B
K1=1
K2=0.916
K3=1
Basic wind speed Vb=47m/s
Design wind speed Vz=Vb x K1 x K2 x K3
=47 x 1 x 0.916 x 1
=43.052
Location: Jalpaiguri
Zone 3, zone factor=0.36
Importance factor=1
Response reduction Factor for SMRF: 5
Rock and salt site factor=1